In this paper, a novel bidirectional underwater visible light communication (BiUVLC) is proposed. The VLC transmitter transmits an information signal using the one of RGB LED through the water tank that represents an underwater environment and then is received by VLC receiver via a color filter. The color LEDs and color filters are utilized in bidirectional systems. The single link is created by a LED on the transmitter and the color filter on the receiver with the same color which represents a single wavelength. The performance of the proposed BiUVLC system was evaluated via implementations. The experimental result shows that the transmitted signal undergoes attenuation over the underwater optical channel and the pair of the blue wavelength in link 1 and the green wavelength in link 2 have the best performance than the other wavelength pair. In the crosstalk measurement, the red wavelength color is the worst in the underwater environment.
System Design of Hybrid Underwater Wireless Optical /Acoustic LinkIRJET Journal
This document proposes a hybrid underwater wireless optical/acoustic communication link system. It summarizes that while acoustic communication has been used traditionally, it has limitations like low data rates. Optical communication can provide higher data rates but over shorter distances due to water absorption and scattering. The proposed system uses both optical and acoustic links to overcome individual limitations. It describes two hybrid link arrangements - one with both nodes having optical and acoustic capabilities and one with acoustic downlinks and optical uplinks between nodes and control platform. Key factors like extinction coefficient, optical attenuation and acoustic transmission loss affecting the different link types are also defined through equations.
A 3 – 14 GHZ LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER FOR ULTRA WIDE BAND APPLICATIONSVLSICS Design
This paper presents an ultra wide band (UWB) low noise amplifier (LNA) with very high gain, better input matching, low noise figure, better linearity and low power consumption. A dual source degenerated resistive current reuse is used as an input stage and a cascode stage with shunt-series peaking is used to enhance the bandwidth and reverse isolation. The proposed LNA achieves a peak power gain of 20.92 dB at 9 GHz while achieving a gain greater than 20.3 dB over 3 – 14 GHz bandwidth. The achieved noise figure is in the range of 3.72 – 4.78 dB, while the input matching and the output matching are kept below – 9 dB and –10 dB respectively. The reverse isolation is below –52 dB throughout the entire band. This LNA ensures better linearity with an IIP3 of 4 dBm at 9 GHz with very low power consumption of 5.876 mW at 1 V supply.
About Digital Communication Methods for Visible Light Communication IJCNCJournal
The visible light communication (VLC) by LED is one of the important communication methods because LED can work as high speed and VLC sends the information by high flushing LED. We use the pulse wave modulation for the VLC with LED because LED can be controlled easily by the microcontroller, which has the digital output pins. At the pulse wave modulation, deciding the high and low voltage by the middle voltage when the receiving signal level is amplified is equal to deciding it by the threshold voltage without amplification. In this paper, we proposed two methods that adjust the threshold value using counting the slot number and measuring the signal level. The number of signal slots is constant per one symbol when we use Pulse Position Modulation (PPM). If the number of received signal slots per one symbol time is less than the theoretical value, that means the threshold value is higher than the optimal value. If it is more than the theoretical value, that means the threshold value is lower. So, we can adjust the threshold value using the number of received signal slots. At the second proposed method, the average received signal level is not equal to the signal level because there is a ratio between the number of high slots and low slots. So, we can calculate the threshold value from the average received signal level and the slot ratio. Unfortunately, the first proposed method adjusts the threshold value after receiving the data, once the distance between the sender and the receiver is changed, then the performance becomes worse. And after adjusting the threshold, the performance becomes better. Therefore, this method should be used in stable environments. The second proposed method can change the threshold value during the signal is received. That means this method can work very quickly. So, this method can show good performance for the wide range. We show these performances as real experiments.
The document provides an overview of principles of electronic communication systems. It discusses the importance of communication and basic communication systems components. It also covers topics like modulation, multiplexing, the electromagnetic spectrum, bandwidth, and various communication applications. Finally, it discusses careers in the communication industry and major employers.
1) Diversity techniques in mobile wireless systems take advantage of multiple propagation paths to improve reliability by creating independent fading channels and combining the signals.
2) Common diversity techniques include space, time, frequency, angle, and polarization diversity which are created using multiple antennas, frequency bands, time slots, antenna angles or polarizations.
3) A Rake receiver is used to implement path diversity, capturing multipath signal energy with fingers tuned to peaks in the delay profile and maximizing ratio combining.
This document provides an overview of analog and digital data transmission and optical fibers. It discusses how analog signals carry data continuously while digital signals carry data in discrete pulses. It also explains the advantages of digital transmission such as noise immunity, multiplexing capability, and ability to detect errors. The document then describes how optical fibers transmit data using total internal reflection and their construction. It discusses the types of optical fibers and their properties. Finally, it outlines the advantages and applications of optical fibers, including their high bandwidth, low loss, immunity to interference, flexibility and secure transmission.
The document provides an overview of topics covered in Chapter 1 of an introduction to electronic communication textbook. It discusses the significance of human communication, components of communication systems including transmitters, channels, and receivers. It also describes types of electronic communication such as simplex, full duplex, and digital/analog signals. Modulation, multiplexing, and the electromagnetic spectrum are explained. The chapter concludes with an overview of various communication applications and careers in the communication industry.
The physical layer overview document discusses:
1. The physical layer architecture and clear channel assessment function.
2. The standardized physical layers for 802.11 including frequency hopping, direct sequence, and infrared.
3. Licensed and unlicensed frequency bands where 802.11 operates, requiring spread spectrum technology in unlicensed bands.
System Design of Hybrid Underwater Wireless Optical /Acoustic LinkIRJET Journal
This document proposes a hybrid underwater wireless optical/acoustic communication link system. It summarizes that while acoustic communication has been used traditionally, it has limitations like low data rates. Optical communication can provide higher data rates but over shorter distances due to water absorption and scattering. The proposed system uses both optical and acoustic links to overcome individual limitations. It describes two hybrid link arrangements - one with both nodes having optical and acoustic capabilities and one with acoustic downlinks and optical uplinks between nodes and control platform. Key factors like extinction coefficient, optical attenuation and acoustic transmission loss affecting the different link types are also defined through equations.
A 3 – 14 GHZ LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER FOR ULTRA WIDE BAND APPLICATIONSVLSICS Design
This paper presents an ultra wide band (UWB) low noise amplifier (LNA) with very high gain, better input matching, low noise figure, better linearity and low power consumption. A dual source degenerated resistive current reuse is used as an input stage and a cascode stage with shunt-series peaking is used to enhance the bandwidth and reverse isolation. The proposed LNA achieves a peak power gain of 20.92 dB at 9 GHz while achieving a gain greater than 20.3 dB over 3 – 14 GHz bandwidth. The achieved noise figure is in the range of 3.72 – 4.78 dB, while the input matching and the output matching are kept below – 9 dB and –10 dB respectively. The reverse isolation is below –52 dB throughout the entire band. This LNA ensures better linearity with an IIP3 of 4 dBm at 9 GHz with very low power consumption of 5.876 mW at 1 V supply.
About Digital Communication Methods for Visible Light Communication IJCNCJournal
The visible light communication (VLC) by LED is one of the important communication methods because LED can work as high speed and VLC sends the information by high flushing LED. We use the pulse wave modulation for the VLC with LED because LED can be controlled easily by the microcontroller, which has the digital output pins. At the pulse wave modulation, deciding the high and low voltage by the middle voltage when the receiving signal level is amplified is equal to deciding it by the threshold voltage without amplification. In this paper, we proposed two methods that adjust the threshold value using counting the slot number and measuring the signal level. The number of signal slots is constant per one symbol when we use Pulse Position Modulation (PPM). If the number of received signal slots per one symbol time is less than the theoretical value, that means the threshold value is higher than the optimal value. If it is more than the theoretical value, that means the threshold value is lower. So, we can adjust the threshold value using the number of received signal slots. At the second proposed method, the average received signal level is not equal to the signal level because there is a ratio between the number of high slots and low slots. So, we can calculate the threshold value from the average received signal level and the slot ratio. Unfortunately, the first proposed method adjusts the threshold value after receiving the data, once the distance between the sender and the receiver is changed, then the performance becomes worse. And after adjusting the threshold, the performance becomes better. Therefore, this method should be used in stable environments. The second proposed method can change the threshold value during the signal is received. That means this method can work very quickly. So, this method can show good performance for the wide range. We show these performances as real experiments.
The document provides an overview of principles of electronic communication systems. It discusses the importance of communication and basic communication systems components. It also covers topics like modulation, multiplexing, the electromagnetic spectrum, bandwidth, and various communication applications. Finally, it discusses careers in the communication industry and major employers.
1) Diversity techniques in mobile wireless systems take advantage of multiple propagation paths to improve reliability by creating independent fading channels and combining the signals.
2) Common diversity techniques include space, time, frequency, angle, and polarization diversity which are created using multiple antennas, frequency bands, time slots, antenna angles or polarizations.
3) A Rake receiver is used to implement path diversity, capturing multipath signal energy with fingers tuned to peaks in the delay profile and maximizing ratio combining.
This document provides an overview of analog and digital data transmission and optical fibers. It discusses how analog signals carry data continuously while digital signals carry data in discrete pulses. It also explains the advantages of digital transmission such as noise immunity, multiplexing capability, and ability to detect errors. The document then describes how optical fibers transmit data using total internal reflection and their construction. It discusses the types of optical fibers and their properties. Finally, it outlines the advantages and applications of optical fibers, including their high bandwidth, low loss, immunity to interference, flexibility and secure transmission.
The document provides an overview of topics covered in Chapter 1 of an introduction to electronic communication textbook. It discusses the significance of human communication, components of communication systems including transmitters, channels, and receivers. It also describes types of electronic communication such as simplex, full duplex, and digital/analog signals. Modulation, multiplexing, and the electromagnetic spectrum are explained. The chapter concludes with an overview of various communication applications and careers in the communication industry.
The physical layer overview document discusses:
1. The physical layer architecture and clear channel assessment function.
2. The standardized physical layers for 802.11 including frequency hopping, direct sequence, and infrared.
3. Licensed and unlicensed frequency bands where 802.11 operates, requiring spread spectrum technology in unlicensed bands.
This document discusses transmission systems in satellite communications. It begins by defining a transmission line as a device that transmits or guides energy from one point to another. It then discusses how transmission lines carry alternating current and are used to connect radio transmitters and receivers. The document goes on to describe the key components of fiber optic and wireless transmission systems, including transmitters, receivers, optical fiber cables, antennas, and amplifiers. It explains how each component functions and its role in transmitting signals across long distances.
This document provides an overview of the topics that will be covered in an IT 802 mobile communications course. It includes sections on recommended books, introduction, module topics like history and standards, usage scenarios, mobile devices that need to communicate, radio frequency concepts, propagation basics, modulation schemes, and cellular systems. Recommended reading includes books on mobile communications, wireless communications, and data communications and networking.
This document provides an overview of the topics to be covered in a course on mobile communications. It discusses the history and basics of mobile communications including transmission medium, standards, usage scenarios, and mobile devices. It also covers modulation techniques, propagation effects, multiple access techniques, cellular system design considerations and challenges. Recommended books are provided to supplement the course material.
This document discusses diversity techniques for wireless communication. It begins by describing how wireless communication channels suffer from impairments like fading that degrade system performance. It then explains that diversity techniques address this issue by providing multiple replicas of transmitting signals over different fading channels to a receiver. This reduces the probability that all signals will fade simultaneously. The document outlines different types of diversity techniques and emphasizes that spatial diversity using multiple transmitting and receiving antennas is most popular as it improves performance without requiring extra power or bandwidth. It also discusses diversity combining methods used at receivers to optimize the received signal-to-noise ratio by collecting and combining unfaded signals from different branches.
Diversity techniques in mobile wireless systems aim to improve channel performance without increasing transmitted power. This is done by receiving multiple replicas of the same signal over different propagation paths. Common diversity techniques include space, frequency, time, polarization, and angle diversity. When multiple diversity branches are created, signals must be combined, with maximum ratio combining providing the best performance but also being the most complex technique. Selection combining is simpler to implement making it more suitable for mobile radio applications.
This document discusses a cross-layer technology program developed by IMEC that aims to improve quality of experience for mobile multimedia services by offering the best tradeoff between energy consumption and perceived quality. There is a growing gap between available battery energy and increasing energy demands of wireless multimedia systems. IMEC's program designs smart controllers for wireless multimedia systems to minimize total energy consumption while providing required quality. The program was applied to a video surveillance scenario with multiple cameras sending video to an access point, and a smart controller was developed to ensure reliable and timely delivery of different video streams while maximizing battery lifetime. The proposed approach was shown to save up to 3 times more energy than state-of-the-art approaches and guarantee video quality over
1. The document discusses various wireless transmission methods including radio transmission, microwave transmission using terrestrial or satellite systems, and infrared transmission.
2. It provides details on how wireless communication systems work by modulating, amplifying and radiating a carrier signal using an antenna, which can then be received by another antenna tuned to the same frequency.
3. The key types of wireless transmissions are described as direct line-of-sight waves, ground-based surface waves that follow the earth's curvature, and skywaves that are reflected by the ionosphere for long distance propagation.
Development of an Audio Transmission System Through an Indoor Visible Light ...Mohammad Liton Hossain
This study presents an approach to develop an indoor visible light communication system capable of transmitting audio signal over light beam within a short distance. Visible Light Communication (VLC) is a pretty new technology which used light sources to transmit data for communication. In any communication system, both analog and digital signal transmission are possible, though, due to having the capability of providing a faithful quality of signal regeneration after the transmission process, digital communication system is much more popular than the analog one. In the current project, digital communication process was adopted also. To convert the analog audio signal into the digital transmission signal and vice versa, Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) was used as the signal encoding strategy. As the light emitter, white Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) were used and as photo sensor, a solar cell was used instead of a photodiode to obtain greater signal power and sensitivity. In the system, the carrier signal for transmission was chosen to have a frequency of 50 KHz. At the receiving end, a 4th order Butterworth lowpass filter having a cutoff frequency of 8 KHz was used to demodulate the audio signal. Using only 2 white LEDs, the indoor transmission range of this visible light communication system was found to be 5 meters while reproducing a satisfactory quality audio.
Mathematical model for communication channelssafeerakd
This document discusses mathematical models for communication channels. It begins by showing a block diagram of a basic digital communication system and defines the key components. It then discusses different types of communication channels and mediums that can be used to transmit signals, including wires, wireless spectra, and optical fibers. The rest of the document discusses several common mathematical models used to represent communication channels, including additive noise channels, linear filter channels, and linear time-variant filter channels. It also discusses parameters that characterize channels and limits on data transmission rates. Finally, it covers optimum receivers for signals corrupted by additive white Gaussian noise.
This document discusses the performance analysis of a DS-CDMA rake receiver system in the presence of nonlinear distortion. It begins by introducing CDMA technology and explaining how rake receivers are used in CDMA systems to combine signals from multiple propagation paths to maximize signal-to-noise ratio. It then analyzes the effects of nonlinear distortion from high power amplifiers on the bit error rate performance of DS-CDMA signals. Specifically, it develops analytical expressions to characterize the relationship between input back-off level and signal characteristics that impact bit error rate degradation. Finally, it derives an expression for the bit error rate in the presence of the considered nonlinear predistortion-high power amplifier chain.
An implementation of_partial_transmit_seWaleed Raza
In this article we research about underwater
acoustics transceivers. As Underwater acoustic transceivers
consume more power than Radio frequency transceivers.
The techniques which are being utilized in radio frequency
cannot be implemented directly in underwater acoustic
system it needs to be re investigated to design new methods.
To achieve reliable acoustic data transmission new
techniques should be achieved or the traditional
Orthogonal frequency divisional multiplexing techniques
should be revised. The power consumption also relies upon
underwater acoustic signal propagation and transmission
distances. Several underwater acoustic applications require
long-term monitoring of the sea. For the battery powered
modems, it becomes very serious problem. By designing an
Energy efficient OFDM Communication system we can
solve this problem. We study about peak to average power
ratio in an Orthogonal frequency divisional multiplexing
system by reducing the major draw-back of OFDM system.
The PAPR reduction utilized in this paper is Partial
Transmit Sequences for underwater acoustic OFDM
communication system which has lesser complexity. The
results have provided better performance in underwater
acoustic OFDM communication system.
Diversity Techniques in Wireless CommunicationSahar Foroughi
This document discusses diversity techniques for wireless communication, including cooperative diversity. It begins by introducing wireless systems and the impairments they face like fading. It then covers various diversity techniques like space, frequency, and time diversity that provide multiple transmission paths to reduce fading. Cooperative diversity is described as allowing single-antenna devices to achieve MIMO-like benefits by sharing antennas. The document outlines cooperative transmission protocols and challenges at different network layers in implementing cooperation. In conclusion, diversity techniques improve performance by providing multiple signal replicas to overcome fading, while cooperation enables reliability and throughput gains with challenges to address across protocol layers.
This document discusses various channels of communication including copper wires, wire pairs, coaxial cables, optic fibers, radio waves, microwaves, and satellites. It provides details on each method such as the bandwidth, attenuation rates, and applications. Copper wires were the first communication system but have limited bandwidth. Optic fibers now provide the highest bandwidth for communication over the longest distances with the lowest attenuation rates. Satellites can provide communication coverage to both local and global areas depending on their orbit types.
Network transmission involves sending signals over a medium to transmit information between nodes. There are two main types of signals: analog signals where voltage varies continuously and digital signals composed of discrete positive and zero voltages. Transmission can be unidirectional (simplex), allow communication in one direction at a time (half-duplex), or allow simultaneous bidirectional communication (full-duplex). Multiplexing allows multiple signals to travel together over one medium by separating them into logical subchannels. Wireless transmission uses infrared or radio frequency waves to transmit over the air without cables.
The document is a chapter from a textbook on digital communication techniques. It covers topics such as digital transmission of data, parallel and serial transmission, and data conversion. Some key points include:
- Digital communication has largely replaced analog communication since the 1970s due to benefits like noise immunity, error detection/correction, and compatibility with technologies like time-division multiplexing.
- Data can be transmitted either in parallel (all bits at once) or serially (one bit at a time). Serial transmission is more practical for long distances.
- Analog to digital conversion (ADC) involves sampling an analog signal and assigning it a digital value, while digital to analog conversion (DAC) reconstructs an analog signal from digital values.
Short Range Underwater Communication Using Visible Ledguestcd295
This document proposes using visible light LEDs for short-range underwater wireless communication as an alternative to conventional acoustic systems. It analyzes the performance of such an optical system by modeling the underwater wireless optical channel based on underwater optics. The analysis shows that a single-color LED performs poorly in the wavelength-dependent underwater environment. To address this, the paper proposes a multi-wavelength adaptive scheme combined with rate adaptive transmission that can adapt to channel changes by controlling data rate and power for each wavelength band. An experiment was conducted to confirm the analysis by measuring received power and bit error rate in a turbid water tank.
Upon completion of this chapter, students will be able to:
- Understand the key elements of a communication system including information sources, transmitters, transmission mediums, receivers, and destination equipment.
- Comprehend core concepts such as signals, modulation, noise, interference, and frequency spectrums.
- Learn about various communication system types including radio, broadcasting, and computer networks.
1 . introduction to communication systemabhijitjnec
This document provides an introduction to communication systems. It discusses the basic components and elements of a communication system including the input, transmitter, channel, receiver and output. It also covers various modulation techniques used to transmit signals over different types of channels. Finally, it discusses different types of signal propagation including ground waves, sky waves and space waves and how radio frequency spectrum is allocated internationally.
Diversity Techniques in mobile communicationsDiwaker Pant
The document discusses diversity techniques in wireless communication. It introduces different types of diversity including frequency diversity and time diversity. Frequency diversity involves transmitting the same information over multiple carrier frequencies separated by more than the coherence bandwidth. Time diversity involves repeated transmission of information with time spacing exceeding the channel coherence time. The document provides examples of how techniques like frequency division multiplexing and rake receivers implement frequency and time diversity respectively.
Mitigating effect of flickering and dimming in visible light communication us...IISRT
This paper proposes using MIMO techniques in visible light communication (VLC) systems to achieve high data transmission rates. It simulates various VLC system configurations (SISO, MISO, MIMO) using overlapping pulse position modulation. The results show that a MIMO system using an array of LEDs at the transmitter and receiver achieves much lower bit error rates than SISO or MISO systems as SNR increases. Specifically, at high SNR the MIMO system can provide bit error rates several orders of magnitude smaller. This confirms that MIMO is well-suited for VLC and can enable data rates of several hundred megabits per second or even gigabits per second depending on the circumstances. The paper concludes OPPM
Mitigating effect of flickering and dimming in visible light communication us...Ramesh Patriotic
This paper proposes using MIMO techniques in visible light communication (VLC) systems to achieve high data transmission rates. It simulates various VLC system configurations (SISO, MISO, MIMO) using overlapping pulse position modulation. The results show that a MIMO system using an array of LEDs at the transmitter and receiver achieves much lower bit error rates than SISO or MISO systems as SNR increases. Specifically, at high SNR the MIMO system can provide bit error rates several orders of magnitude smaller than SISO. This confirms that MIMO is well-suited for VLC and can enable data rates of several hundred Mbps or even Gbps. The paper also evaluates modulation techniques for mitigating flickering and
This document discusses transmission systems in satellite communications. It begins by defining a transmission line as a device that transmits or guides energy from one point to another. It then discusses how transmission lines carry alternating current and are used to connect radio transmitters and receivers. The document goes on to describe the key components of fiber optic and wireless transmission systems, including transmitters, receivers, optical fiber cables, antennas, and amplifiers. It explains how each component functions and its role in transmitting signals across long distances.
This document provides an overview of the topics that will be covered in an IT 802 mobile communications course. It includes sections on recommended books, introduction, module topics like history and standards, usage scenarios, mobile devices that need to communicate, radio frequency concepts, propagation basics, modulation schemes, and cellular systems. Recommended reading includes books on mobile communications, wireless communications, and data communications and networking.
This document provides an overview of the topics to be covered in a course on mobile communications. It discusses the history and basics of mobile communications including transmission medium, standards, usage scenarios, and mobile devices. It also covers modulation techniques, propagation effects, multiple access techniques, cellular system design considerations and challenges. Recommended books are provided to supplement the course material.
This document discusses diversity techniques for wireless communication. It begins by describing how wireless communication channels suffer from impairments like fading that degrade system performance. It then explains that diversity techniques address this issue by providing multiple replicas of transmitting signals over different fading channels to a receiver. This reduces the probability that all signals will fade simultaneously. The document outlines different types of diversity techniques and emphasizes that spatial diversity using multiple transmitting and receiving antennas is most popular as it improves performance without requiring extra power or bandwidth. It also discusses diversity combining methods used at receivers to optimize the received signal-to-noise ratio by collecting and combining unfaded signals from different branches.
Diversity techniques in mobile wireless systems aim to improve channel performance without increasing transmitted power. This is done by receiving multiple replicas of the same signal over different propagation paths. Common diversity techniques include space, frequency, time, polarization, and angle diversity. When multiple diversity branches are created, signals must be combined, with maximum ratio combining providing the best performance but also being the most complex technique. Selection combining is simpler to implement making it more suitable for mobile radio applications.
This document discusses a cross-layer technology program developed by IMEC that aims to improve quality of experience for mobile multimedia services by offering the best tradeoff between energy consumption and perceived quality. There is a growing gap between available battery energy and increasing energy demands of wireless multimedia systems. IMEC's program designs smart controllers for wireless multimedia systems to minimize total energy consumption while providing required quality. The program was applied to a video surveillance scenario with multiple cameras sending video to an access point, and a smart controller was developed to ensure reliable and timely delivery of different video streams while maximizing battery lifetime. The proposed approach was shown to save up to 3 times more energy than state-of-the-art approaches and guarantee video quality over
1. The document discusses various wireless transmission methods including radio transmission, microwave transmission using terrestrial or satellite systems, and infrared transmission.
2. It provides details on how wireless communication systems work by modulating, amplifying and radiating a carrier signal using an antenna, which can then be received by another antenna tuned to the same frequency.
3. The key types of wireless transmissions are described as direct line-of-sight waves, ground-based surface waves that follow the earth's curvature, and skywaves that are reflected by the ionosphere for long distance propagation.
Development of an Audio Transmission System Through an Indoor Visible Light ...Mohammad Liton Hossain
This study presents an approach to develop an indoor visible light communication system capable of transmitting audio signal over light beam within a short distance. Visible Light Communication (VLC) is a pretty new technology which used light sources to transmit data for communication. In any communication system, both analog and digital signal transmission are possible, though, due to having the capability of providing a faithful quality of signal regeneration after the transmission process, digital communication system is much more popular than the analog one. In the current project, digital communication process was adopted also. To convert the analog audio signal into the digital transmission signal and vice versa, Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) was used as the signal encoding strategy. As the light emitter, white Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) were used and as photo sensor, a solar cell was used instead of a photodiode to obtain greater signal power and sensitivity. In the system, the carrier signal for transmission was chosen to have a frequency of 50 KHz. At the receiving end, a 4th order Butterworth lowpass filter having a cutoff frequency of 8 KHz was used to demodulate the audio signal. Using only 2 white LEDs, the indoor transmission range of this visible light communication system was found to be 5 meters while reproducing a satisfactory quality audio.
Mathematical model for communication channelssafeerakd
This document discusses mathematical models for communication channels. It begins by showing a block diagram of a basic digital communication system and defines the key components. It then discusses different types of communication channels and mediums that can be used to transmit signals, including wires, wireless spectra, and optical fibers. The rest of the document discusses several common mathematical models used to represent communication channels, including additive noise channels, linear filter channels, and linear time-variant filter channels. It also discusses parameters that characterize channels and limits on data transmission rates. Finally, it covers optimum receivers for signals corrupted by additive white Gaussian noise.
This document discusses the performance analysis of a DS-CDMA rake receiver system in the presence of nonlinear distortion. It begins by introducing CDMA technology and explaining how rake receivers are used in CDMA systems to combine signals from multiple propagation paths to maximize signal-to-noise ratio. It then analyzes the effects of nonlinear distortion from high power amplifiers on the bit error rate performance of DS-CDMA signals. Specifically, it develops analytical expressions to characterize the relationship between input back-off level and signal characteristics that impact bit error rate degradation. Finally, it derives an expression for the bit error rate in the presence of the considered nonlinear predistortion-high power amplifier chain.
An implementation of_partial_transmit_seWaleed Raza
In this article we research about underwater
acoustics transceivers. As Underwater acoustic transceivers
consume more power than Radio frequency transceivers.
The techniques which are being utilized in radio frequency
cannot be implemented directly in underwater acoustic
system it needs to be re investigated to design new methods.
To achieve reliable acoustic data transmission new
techniques should be achieved or the traditional
Orthogonal frequency divisional multiplexing techniques
should be revised. The power consumption also relies upon
underwater acoustic signal propagation and transmission
distances. Several underwater acoustic applications require
long-term monitoring of the sea. For the battery powered
modems, it becomes very serious problem. By designing an
Energy efficient OFDM Communication system we can
solve this problem. We study about peak to average power
ratio in an Orthogonal frequency divisional multiplexing
system by reducing the major draw-back of OFDM system.
The PAPR reduction utilized in this paper is Partial
Transmit Sequences for underwater acoustic OFDM
communication system which has lesser complexity. The
results have provided better performance in underwater
acoustic OFDM communication system.
Diversity Techniques in Wireless CommunicationSahar Foroughi
This document discusses diversity techniques for wireless communication, including cooperative diversity. It begins by introducing wireless systems and the impairments they face like fading. It then covers various diversity techniques like space, frequency, and time diversity that provide multiple transmission paths to reduce fading. Cooperative diversity is described as allowing single-antenna devices to achieve MIMO-like benefits by sharing antennas. The document outlines cooperative transmission protocols and challenges at different network layers in implementing cooperation. In conclusion, diversity techniques improve performance by providing multiple signal replicas to overcome fading, while cooperation enables reliability and throughput gains with challenges to address across protocol layers.
This document discusses various channels of communication including copper wires, wire pairs, coaxial cables, optic fibers, radio waves, microwaves, and satellites. It provides details on each method such as the bandwidth, attenuation rates, and applications. Copper wires were the first communication system but have limited bandwidth. Optic fibers now provide the highest bandwidth for communication over the longest distances with the lowest attenuation rates. Satellites can provide communication coverage to both local and global areas depending on their orbit types.
Network transmission involves sending signals over a medium to transmit information between nodes. There are two main types of signals: analog signals where voltage varies continuously and digital signals composed of discrete positive and zero voltages. Transmission can be unidirectional (simplex), allow communication in one direction at a time (half-duplex), or allow simultaneous bidirectional communication (full-duplex). Multiplexing allows multiple signals to travel together over one medium by separating them into logical subchannels. Wireless transmission uses infrared or radio frequency waves to transmit over the air without cables.
The document is a chapter from a textbook on digital communication techniques. It covers topics such as digital transmission of data, parallel and serial transmission, and data conversion. Some key points include:
- Digital communication has largely replaced analog communication since the 1970s due to benefits like noise immunity, error detection/correction, and compatibility with technologies like time-division multiplexing.
- Data can be transmitted either in parallel (all bits at once) or serially (one bit at a time). Serial transmission is more practical for long distances.
- Analog to digital conversion (ADC) involves sampling an analog signal and assigning it a digital value, while digital to analog conversion (DAC) reconstructs an analog signal from digital values.
Short Range Underwater Communication Using Visible Ledguestcd295
This document proposes using visible light LEDs for short-range underwater wireless communication as an alternative to conventional acoustic systems. It analyzes the performance of such an optical system by modeling the underwater wireless optical channel based on underwater optics. The analysis shows that a single-color LED performs poorly in the wavelength-dependent underwater environment. To address this, the paper proposes a multi-wavelength adaptive scheme combined with rate adaptive transmission that can adapt to channel changes by controlling data rate and power for each wavelength band. An experiment was conducted to confirm the analysis by measuring received power and bit error rate in a turbid water tank.
Upon completion of this chapter, students will be able to:
- Understand the key elements of a communication system including information sources, transmitters, transmission mediums, receivers, and destination equipment.
- Comprehend core concepts such as signals, modulation, noise, interference, and frequency spectrums.
- Learn about various communication system types including radio, broadcasting, and computer networks.
1 . introduction to communication systemabhijitjnec
This document provides an introduction to communication systems. It discusses the basic components and elements of a communication system including the input, transmitter, channel, receiver and output. It also covers various modulation techniques used to transmit signals over different types of channels. Finally, it discusses different types of signal propagation including ground waves, sky waves and space waves and how radio frequency spectrum is allocated internationally.
Diversity Techniques in mobile communicationsDiwaker Pant
The document discusses diversity techniques in wireless communication. It introduces different types of diversity including frequency diversity and time diversity. Frequency diversity involves transmitting the same information over multiple carrier frequencies separated by more than the coherence bandwidth. Time diversity involves repeated transmission of information with time spacing exceeding the channel coherence time. The document provides examples of how techniques like frequency division multiplexing and rake receivers implement frequency and time diversity respectively.
Mitigating effect of flickering and dimming in visible light communication us...IISRT
This paper proposes using MIMO techniques in visible light communication (VLC) systems to achieve high data transmission rates. It simulates various VLC system configurations (SISO, MISO, MIMO) using overlapping pulse position modulation. The results show that a MIMO system using an array of LEDs at the transmitter and receiver achieves much lower bit error rates than SISO or MISO systems as SNR increases. Specifically, at high SNR the MIMO system can provide bit error rates several orders of magnitude smaller. This confirms that MIMO is well-suited for VLC and can enable data rates of several hundred megabits per second or even gigabits per second depending on the circumstances. The paper concludes OPPM
Mitigating effect of flickering and dimming in visible light communication us...Ramesh Patriotic
This paper proposes using MIMO techniques in visible light communication (VLC) systems to achieve high data transmission rates. It simulates various VLC system configurations (SISO, MISO, MIMO) using overlapping pulse position modulation. The results show that a MIMO system using an array of LEDs at the transmitter and receiver achieves much lower bit error rates than SISO or MISO systems as SNR increases. Specifically, at high SNR the MIMO system can provide bit error rates several orders of magnitude smaller than SISO. This confirms that MIMO is well-suited for VLC and can enable data rates of several hundred Mbps or even Gbps. The paper also evaluates modulation techniques for mitigating flickering and
Iisrt 2-mitigating effect of flickering and dimming in visible light communic...IISRTJournals
This paper proposes using MIMO techniques in visible light communication (VLC) systems to achieve high data transmission rates. It simulates various VLC system configurations (SISO, MISO, MIMO) using overlapping pulse position modulation. The results show that a MIMO system using an array of LEDs at the transmitter and receiver achieves much lower bit error rates than SISO or MISO systems as SNR increases. Specifically, at high SNR the MIMO system can provide bit error rates several orders of magnitude smaller. This confirms that MIMO is well-suited for VLC and can enable data rates of several hundred megabits per second or even gigabits per second depending on the configuration. The paper concludes OPPM
The document summarizes visible light communication (VLC) technology. VLC uses visible light LEDs to transmit data wirelessly. It has advantages over infrared communication such as existing lighting infrastructure that can act as transmitters. The document describes VLC components including LED transmitters and photodiode receivers. It also discusses indoor non-directed line-of-sight channels and considerations for VLC like illumination requirements and LED modulation bandwidth. VLC has potential for indoor wireless applications but further research is needed for commercialization.
This document summarizes research on visible light communication (VLC) using white LED lights. It discusses how VLC works by modulating data onto the light intensity of LEDs. It describes the basic system architecture, including transmitters that encode data onto white LEDs and receivers that decode the light signals with photodiodes. The document also discusses modulation techniques like frequency-shift keying that are used to encode data onto light pulses for transmission through VLC systems. It concludes that VLC using white LED lights has potential for indoor optical wireless communication.
Smart transmitters & receivers for underwater freespace optical communicationAshutha K
This document describes smart transmitters and receivers for underwater free-space optical communication. It discusses how smart receivers have a wide field of view and can detect the angle of arrival of signals to adjust their field of view towards the desired signal. Smart transmitters can use this information to electronically steer their output beam direction. Experimental results show a linear relationship between attenuation coefficient and power of backscattered light, which can be used to assess water quality. The system allows non-mechanical pointing and tracking for underwater vehicles and provides sensory information, but is limited to point-to-point communication only.
Image transmission using visible light communication in data communicationTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The development of network communication technology is currently emerging rapidly, one of which is the use of LED lights that are not only used as lighting in the room but can also be used as a medium of data communication between users through light media. VLC is the latest innovation in the field of data communication that is currently being developed where light media is used in the process of sending data. The simulation of sending data using VLC can be done on the transmitter and receiver side by using Visual Studio application as an application that can visualize the process of sending data. By using this system, the process of sending data can be seen bit by bit so that the success rate of sending data can be easily seen by the user. system used Arduino Uno as microprocessor. From the test results obtained the success rate of displaying images sent by the transmitter is 100% with a maximum distance of 50 cm with an image capacity of 20 KB with a delivery time of approximately 30 minutes.
Visible light communication (VLC) uses visible light spectrum to transmit data wirelessly. It has advantages over radio frequency communication like no health hazards, no interference, and low cost. Early experiments with VLC were done by Alexander Graham Bell in 1880 with the photophone. Modern standardization efforts are led by the Visible Light Communication Consortium, which has proposed standards like JEITA CP-1221 and JEITA CP-1222 defining modulation schemes and frequency ranges. VLC shows promise for various applications including indoor localization, smart retail, and vehicle-to-vehicle communication.
Visible light communication (VLC) uses visible light spectrum to transmit data wirelessly. It has several advantages over traditional wireless technologies like WiFi, including no interference with other devices, safety in medical settings, and ubiquitous availability with rising LED usage. Early experiments with VLC date back to 1880 with Alexander Graham Bell's photophone. Modern standardization efforts aim to avoid fragmentation and promote applications like indoor localization, smart retail, and vehicle-to-vehicle communication. Key challenges include increasing data rates and providing bidirectional communication capabilities. VLC remains an emerging technology but shows promise for a variety of uses.
IRJET- Combine RF Ambient for Power Harvesting using Power Detector for Senso...IRJET Journal
1. The document describes a circuit designed to harvest ambient radio frequency (RF) energy from base transceiver stations (BTS) for powering wireless sensor applications.
2. The circuit combines dual RF input signals using a T-junction power combiner coupler to maximize output power. It then uses an L-type matching network and voltage doubler rectifier to convert the alternating current to a direct current.
3. Simulations and measurements showed the circuit could successfully harvest power across the L, S, and C frequency bands from 1650-3650 MHz and 6600-7250 MHz, with potential applications in powering devices for 3G, 4G and 5G networks.
PC to PC Transfer of Text, Images Using Visible Light Communication (VLC)IJAEMSJORNAL
Light Emitting Diodes are assuming a noteworthy part in numerous regions of our everyday life. Aside from transmitting light, these LED's can be used for data transmission utilizing Visible Light Communication (VLC). In this paper, We propose a complete model to transfer text, images from one device to another using Visible light communication, in which transmitter transmits the encrypted data through visible light and the receiver at the receiving end identifies the transmitted data and decrypts it to retrieve the data sent.
Fiber-optic communication transmits information using pulses of light through transparent fibers made of glass or plastic. It has high bandwidth, can transmit over long distances with immunity to electromagnetic interference, and is used widely in telecommunications, networking, and data transmission. Key developments include the introduction of single-mode fibers with increasing bit rates and repeater spacing over successive generations. The basic components of a fiber-optic system include a transmitter, fiber channel, and receiver.
Applying The LED System instead Of The RFID System In Transportations TollEng_Ahmad
The document proposes replacing RFID technology with an LED-based optoelectronic system for toll collection. It describes the basic principles of LEDs, how they can function as both light emitters and sensors. Calculations are shown to determine system parameters like wavelength and beam divergence over the 5m distance between vehicles and road sensors. The proposed system would use a programmed LED on each vehicle to transmit a unique code to multiple photo-receivers at the toll point. This would allow toll collection without vehicles stopping. The system aims to reduce radiation risks compared to RFID and could integrate with vehicle systems to provide additional transportation data. In conclusion, the LED system design aims to successfully implement non-stop tolling using similar principles as remote
Low-Cost Short –Range Wireless Optical FSK Modem for Swimmers Feed.docxSHIVA101531
Low-Cost Short –Range Wireless Optical FSK Modem for Swimmers Feedback
Rabee M. Hagem1, David V. Thiel1,2*, Steven G. O’Keefe1
Thomas Fickenscher3
Andrew Wixted1,2
3Chair, High-Frequency Engineering, Helmut Schmidt
1Centre for Wireless Monitoring and Applications
University
2Centre for Excellence in Applied Sports Research
University of the Federal Armed Forces
Queensland Academy of Sport
Hamburg, Germany
Griffith University
Abstract—This paper reports 3 axis accelerometer datatransfer over a one meter underwater path at 10 cm depth using a 2400 bps optical wireless frequency shift keying (FSK) at very low frequency (VLF). The modulation frequencies used were 10 and 12 KHz. The prototype modem was designed and implemented for real time feedback for swimmers in the pool. The optical transmitter included an accelerometer unit with a microcontroller, the modulator and a detector circuit based on an integrated detector preamplifier (IDP). The cost of the components for the optical transmitter and receiver was less than AU$25. Range experiments were performed in air and underwater, with and without bubbles. The received data was error free for 1.3 m in air and for more than 1.1 m underwater without bubbles. The underwater range decreased to 70 cm with bubbles. The availability of the link between the wrist and head of a swimmer was approximately 50% and varied with the position of the wrist. This enables stroke rate data to be presented to the swimmer via a goggle mounted display.
I. INTRODUCTION
The evaluation of swimmers can be performed wirelessly using a small portable accelerometer/gyroscope unit with data capture. Post processing allows interpretation of the swimming data [1]. No previous work has been reported for optical real time swimmer feedback. In training and longer swim events, feedback to the swimmer using sensors can improve training and performance by pre-setting the stroke rate and lap times and providing the swimmer with visual information about their current performance. The challenge is to achieve sufficient communication distance underwater between the sensor unit and a display unit mounted on the goggles.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
Wireless communications between motion sensors placed on various parts of the body of a swimmer can be used to provide real time feedback through a heads-up display on the swimmer’s goggles. A wrist-mounted accelerometer can provide data such as stroke rate and lap time which can be used to improve compliance with swimming strategies and training regimes. The communications system between the wrist and the head must achieve a maximum distance of
approximately 1 m. Radio frequency suffers from severe attenuation in water and the antenna size is relatively large. Acoustic communications has the disadvantages of relative low speed and multipath problems. An optical wireless link can provide a relatively high speed data rate with low attenuation in the visible part of the spectrum. In parti ...
Development of Compact P-Band Vector Reflectometer IJECEIAES
A compact and low cost portable vector reflectometer is designed for a reliable measurement of reflection coefficient, S . This reflectometer focuses on return loss measurement of frequency ranges from 450 MHz to 550 MHz. The detection of magnitude and phase is based on the utilization of surface mount Analog Devices AD8302 gain/phase detector. The data acquisition is controlled by using Arduino-Nano 3.0 microcontroller, with the use of two analog to digital converter (ADC) and a digital to analog converter (DAC). One port (Open, short and matched load) calibration technique is used to eliminate systematic errors prior to data acquisition. The evaluation of the reflectometer is done by comparing the result of the measurement to that of vector network analyzer. 11
IRJET- Audio Transmission and Waveform Shaping using Visible Light Commun...IRJET Journal
This document discusses audio transmission and waveform shaping using visible light communication (VLC). It presents a system for real-time audio transmission using VLC and analyzes the bandwidth of the system by testing square waveforms with and without a waveform shaping circuit. The system transmits audio signals from a source like a mobile phone to a receiver using a white LED and solar panel. Testing of square waveforms shows that the bandwidth is higher when using a waveform shaping circuit, as it recovers the original waveform shape after transmission. The system demonstrates that VLC can transmit audio signals over a distance without data loss or noise and has benefits over traditional wireless communication technologies.
Performance evaluation of VLC system using new modulation approachjournalBEEI
This document evaluates the performance of a new modulation scheme called catenated-OFDM for visible light communications (VLC) systems. Catenated-OFDM involves transmitting multiple OFDM signals simultaneously over different optical bands. The proposed system is simulated using Optisys software. Results show the system can achieve transmission distances of up to 12 meters for 2 dBm input power with 3 optical bands and a data rate of 10 Gbps. Higher data rates, up to 15 Gbps, are also possible. Increasing the number of optical bands or decreasing the data rate improves the receiver sensitivity. The catenated-OFDM approach shows potential for high-speed optical wireless communications.
This document describes a project that implements visible light communication using bi-directional LEDs. A system is designed using microcontrollers that can alternately emit and detect light with LEDs and photodiodes. On the transmitter side, 8 LEDs are connected to a microcontroller and each LED can act as a wireless communication port. On the receiver side, 8 photodiodes are connected. The system allows for both audio and serial communication between two modules using light as the transmission medium. The project aims to provide a low-cost solution for wireless communication using visible light.
Wireless Networks using Visible Light Communication: A Reviewijwmn
Provisioning of quality of service (QoS) is a critical issue in visible light communication (VLC) systems and other wireless communication systems. LED lights are becoming widely used for homes and offices for their luminous efficacy improvement. VLC is a new way of wireless communication. Typical transmitters used for visible-light communication are visible-light LEDs, and receivers are photodiodes and image sensors. We present new applications that will be made possible by visible light communication technology. Especially location-based services are considered suitable for visible light communication applications.
Similar to Bidirectional Underwater Visible Light Communication (20)
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Neural network optimizer of proportional-integral-differential controller par...IJECEIAES
Wide application of proportional-integral-differential (PID)-regulator in industry requires constant improvement of methods of its parameters adjustment. The paper deals with the issues of optimization of PID-regulator parameters with the use of neural network technology methods. A methodology for choosing the architecture (structure) of neural network optimizer is proposed, which consists in determining the number of layers, the number of neurons in each layer, as well as the form and type of activation function. Algorithms of neural network training based on the application of the method of minimizing the mismatch between the regulated value and the target value are developed. The method of back propagation of gradients is proposed to select the optimal training rate of neurons of the neural network. The neural network optimizer, which is a superstructure of the linear PID controller, allows increasing the regulation accuracy from 0.23 to 0.09, thus reducing the power consumption from 65% to 53%. The results of the conducted experiments allow us to conclude that the created neural superstructure may well become a prototype of an automatic voltage regulator (AVR)-type industrial controller for tuning the parameters of the PID controller.
An improved modulation technique suitable for a three level flying capacitor ...IJECEIAES
This research paper introduces an innovative modulation technique for controlling a 3-level flying capacitor multilevel inverter (FCMLI), aiming to streamline the modulation process in contrast to conventional methods. The proposed
simplified modulation technique paves the way for more straightforward and
efficient control of multilevel inverters, enabling their widespread adoption and
integration into modern power electronic systems. Through the amalgamation of
sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) with a high-frequency square wave
pulse, this controlling technique attains energy equilibrium across the coupling
capacitor. The modulation scheme incorporates a simplified switching pattern
and a decreased count of voltage references, thereby simplifying the control
algorithm.
A review on features and methods of potential fishing zoneIJECEIAES
This review focuses on the importance of identifying potential fishing zones in seawater for sustainable fishing practices. It explores features like sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height (SSH), along with classification methods such as classifiers. The features like SST, SSH, and different classifiers used to classify the data, have been figured out in this review study. This study underscores the importance of examining potential fishing zones using advanced analytical techniques. It thoroughly explores the methodologies employed by researchers, covering both past and current approaches. The examination centers on data characteristics and the application of classification algorithms for classification of potential fishing zones. Furthermore, the prediction of potential fishing zones relies significantly on the effectiveness of classification algorithms. Previous research has assessed the performance of models like support vector machines, naïve Bayes, and artificial neural networks (ANN). In the previous result, the results of support vector machine (SVM) were 97.6% more accurate than naive Bayes's 94.2% to classify test data for fisheries classification. By considering the recent works in this area, several recommendations for future works are presented to further improve the performance of the potential fishing zone models, which is important to the fisheries community.
Electrical signal interference minimization using appropriate core material f...IJECEIAES
As demand for smaller, quicker, and more powerful devices rises, Moore's law is strictly followed. The industry has worked hard to make little devices that boost productivity. The goal is to optimize device density. Scientists are reducing connection delays to improve circuit performance. This helped them understand three-dimensional integrated circuit (3D IC) concepts, which stack active devices and create vertical connections to diminish latency and lower interconnects. Electrical involvement is a big worry with 3D integrates circuits. Researchers have developed and tested through silicon via (TSV) and substrates to decrease electrical wave involvement. This study illustrates a novel noise coupling reduction method using several electrical involvement models. A 22% drop in electrical involvement from wave-carrying to victim TSVs introduces this new paradigm and improves system performance even at higher THz frequencies.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Bibliometric analysis highlighting the role of women in addressing climate ch...IJECEIAES
Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
that is evident in unusual flooding and draughts, and global warming. Over
the past ten years, women's involvement in society has grown dramatically,
and they succeeded in playing a noticeable role in reducing climate change.
A bibliometric analysis of data from the last ten years has been carried out to
examine the role of women in addressing the climate change. The analysis's
findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
particularly SDG 7 and SDG 13. The results considered contributions made
by women in the various sectors while taking geographic dispersion into
account. The bibliometric analysis delves into topics including women's
leadership in environmental groups, their involvement in policymaking, their
contributions to sustainable development projects, and the influence of
gender diversity on attempts to mitigate climate change. This study's results
highlight how women have influenced policies and actions related to climate
change, point out areas of research deficiency and recommendations on how
to increase role of the women in addressing the climate change and
achieving sustainability. To achieve more successful results, this initiative
aims to highlight the significance of gender equality and encourage
inclusivity in climate change decision-making processes.
Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine inter...IJECEIAES
The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage
and frequency. In this paper, in order to stabilize the microgrid (MG) against
load variations in islanding mode, the active and reactive power of all
distributed generators (DGs), including energy storage (battery), diesel
generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is
connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and
the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and
frequency of MG. In addition, a method is introduced for voltage and
frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from gridconnected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix
converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the
micro-turbine to the grid-side frequency of the utility system. Moreover,
using the switching strategy, the low-order harmonics in the output current
and voltage are not produced, and consequently, the size of the output filter
would be reduced. In fact, the suggested control strategy is load-independent
and has no frequency conversion restrictions. The proposed approach for
voltage and frequency regulation demonstrates exceptional performance and
favorable response across various load alteration scenarios. The suggested
strategy is examined in several scenarios in the MG test systems, and the
simulation results are addressed.
Enhancing battery system identification: nonlinear autoregressive modeling fo...IJECEIAES
Precisely characterizing Li-ion batteries is essential for optimizing their
performance, enhancing safety, and prolonging their lifespan across various
applications, such as electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. This
article introduces an innovative nonlinear methodology for system
identification of a Li-ion battery, employing a nonlinear autoregressive with
exogenous inputs (NARX) model. The proposed approach integrates the
benefits of nonlinear modeling with the adaptability of the NARX structure,
facilitating a more comprehensive representation of the intricate
electrochemical processes within the battery. Experimental data collected
from a Li-ion battery operating under diverse scenarios are employed to
validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The identified
NARX model exhibits superior accuracy in predicting the battery's behavior
compared to traditional linear models. This study underscores the
importance of accounting for nonlinearities in battery modeling, providing
insights into the intricate relationships between state-of-charge, voltage, and
current under dynamic conditions.
Smart grid deployment: from a bibliometric analysis to a surveyIJECEIAES
Smart grids are one of the last decades' innovations in electrical energy.
They bring relevant advantages compared to the traditional grid and
significant interest from the research community. Assessing the field's
evolution is essential to propose guidelines for facing new and future smart
grid challenges. In addition, knowing the main technologies involved in the
deployment of smart grids (SGs) is important to highlight possible
shortcomings that can be mitigated by developing new tools. This paper
contributes to the research trends mentioned above by focusing on two
objectives. First, a bibliometric analysis is presented to give an overview of
the current research level about smart grid deployment. Second, a survey of
the main technological approaches used for smart grid implementation and
their contributions are highlighted. To that effect, we searched the Web of
Science (WoS), and the Scopus databases. We obtained 5,663 documents
from WoS and 7,215 from Scopus on smart grid implementation or
deployment. With the extraction limitation in the Scopus database, 5,872 of
the 7,215 documents were extracted using a multi-step process. These two
datasets have been analyzed using a bibliometric tool called bibliometrix.
The main outputs are presented with some recommendations for future
research.
Use of analytical hierarchy process for selecting and prioritizing islanding ...IJECEIAES
One of the problems that are associated to power systems is islanding
condition, which must be rapidly and properly detected to prevent any
negative consequences on the system's protection, stability, and security.
This paper offers a thorough overview of several islanding detection
strategies, which are divided into two categories: classic approaches,
including local and remote approaches, and modern techniques, including
techniques based on signal processing and computational intelligence.
Additionally, each approach is compared and assessed based on several
factors, including implementation costs, non-detected zones, declining
power quality, and response times using the analytical hierarchy process
(AHP). The multi-criteria decision-making analysis shows that the overall
weight of passive methods (24.7%), active methods (7.8%), hybrid methods
(5.6%), remote methods (14.5%), signal processing-based methods (26.6%),
and computational intelligent-based methods (20.8%) based on the
comparison of all criteria together. Thus, it can be seen from the total weight
that hybrid approaches are the least suitable to be chosen, while signal
processing-based methods are the most appropriate islanding detection
method to be selected and implemented in power system with respect to the
aforementioned factors. Using Expert Choice software, the proposed
hierarchy model is studied and examined.
Enhancing of single-stage grid-connected photovoltaic system using fuzzy logi...IJECEIAES
The power generated by photovoltaic (PV) systems is influenced by
environmental factors. This variability hampers the control and utilization of
solar cells' peak output. In this study, a single-stage grid-connected PV
system is designed to enhance power quality. Our approach employs fuzzy
logic in the direct power control (DPC) of a three-phase voltage source
inverter (VSI), enabling seamless integration of the PV connected to the
grid. Additionally, a fuzzy logic-based maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) controller is adopted, which outperforms traditional methods like
incremental conductance (INC) in enhancing solar cell efficiency and
minimizing the response time. Moreover, the inverter's real-time active and
reactive power is directly managed to achieve a unity power factor (UPF).
The system's performance is assessed through MATLAB/Simulink
implementation, showing marked improvement over conventional methods,
particularly in steady-state and varying weather conditions. For solar
irradiances of 500 and 1,000 W/m2
, the results show that the proposed
method reduces the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the injected current
to the grid by approximately 46% and 38% compared to conventional
methods, respectively. Furthermore, we compare the simulation results with
IEEE standards to evaluate the system's grid compatibility.
Enhancing photovoltaic system maximum power point tracking with fuzzy logic-b...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic systems have emerged as a promising energy resource that
caters to the future needs of society, owing to their renewable, inexhaustible,
and cost-free nature. The power output of these systems relies on solar cell
radiation and temperature. In order to mitigate the dependence on
atmospheric conditions and enhance power tracking, a conventional
approach has been improved by integrating various methods. To optimize
the generation of electricity from solar systems, the maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) technique is employed. To overcome limitations such as
steady-state voltage oscillations and improve transient response, two
traditional MPPT methods, namely fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and perturb
and observe (P&O), have been modified. This research paper aims to
simulate and validate the step size of the proposed modified P&O and FLC
techniques within the MPPT algorithm using MATLAB/Simulink for
efficient power tracking in photovoltaic systems.
Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...IJECEIAES
Robot manipulators have become important equipment in production lines, medical fields, and transportation. Improving the quality of trajectory tracking for
robot hands is always an attractive topic in the research community. This is a
challenging problem because robot manipulators are complex nonlinear systems
and are often subject to fluctuations in loads and external disturbances. This
article proposes an adaptive synchronous sliding control scheme to improve trajectory tracking performance for a robot manipulator. The proposed controller
ensures that the positions of the joints track the desired trajectory, synchronize
the errors, and significantly reduces chattering. First, the synchronous tracking
errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
designed,the unknown components of the model are estimated online by the neural network, and the parameters of the switching elements are selected by fuzzy
logic. The built algorithm ensures that the tracking and approximation errors
are ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB). Finally, the effectiveness of the constructed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.
Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller is effective with small synchronous tracking errors, and the chattering phenomenon is
significantly reduced.
Remote field-programmable gate array laboratory for signal acquisition and de...IJECEIAES
A remote laboratory utilizing field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technologies enhances students’ learning experience anywhere and anytime in embedded system design. Existing remote laboratories prioritize hardware access and visual feedback for observing board behavior after programming, neglecting comprehensive debugging tools to resolve errors that require internal signal acquisition. This paper proposes a novel remote embeddedsystem design approach targeting FPGA technologies that are fully interactive via a web-based platform. Our solution provides FPGA board access and debugging capabilities beyond the visual feedback provided by existing remote laboratories. We implemented a lab module that allows users to seamlessly incorporate into their FPGA design. The module minimizes hardware resource utilization while enabling the acquisition of a large number of data samples from the signal during the experiments by adaptively compressing the signal prior to data transmission. The results demonstrate an average compression ratio of 2.90 across three benchmark signals, indicating efficient signal acquisition and effective debugging and analysis. This method allows users to acquire more data samples than conventional methods. The proposed lab allows students to remotely test and debug their designs, bridging the gap between theory and practice in embedded system design.
Detecting and resolving feature envy through automated machine learning and m...IJECEIAES
Efficiently identifying and resolving code smells enhances software project quality. This paper presents a novel solution, utilizing automated machine learning (AutoML) techniques, to detect code smells and apply move method refactoring. By evaluating code metrics before and after refactoring, we assessed its impact on coupling, complexity, and cohesion. Key contributions of this research include a unique dataset for code smell classification and the development of models using AutoGluon for optimal performance. Furthermore, the study identifies the top 20 influential features in classifying feature envy, a well-known code smell, stemming from excessive reliance on external classes. We also explored how move method refactoring addresses feature envy, revealing reduced coupling and complexity, and improved cohesion, ultimately enhancing code quality. In summary, this research offers an empirical, data-driven approach, integrating AutoML and move method refactoring to optimize software project quality. Insights gained shed light on the benefits of refactoring on code quality and the significance of specific features in detecting feature envy. Future research can expand to explore additional refactoring techniques and a broader range of code metrics, advancing software engineering practices and standards.
Smart monitoring technique for solar cell systems using internet of things ba...IJECEIAES
Rapidly and remotely monitoring and receiving the solar cell systems status parameters, solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity, are critical issues in enhancement their efficiency. Hence, in the present article an improved smart prototype of internet of things (IoT) technique based on embedded system through NodeMCU ESP8266 (ESP-12E) was carried out experimentally. Three different regions at Egypt; Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira cities were chosen to study their solar irradiance profile, temperature, and humidity by the proposed IoT system. The monitoring data of solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity were live visualized directly by Ubidots through hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) protocol. The measured solar power radiation in Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira ranged between 216-1000, 245-958, and 187-692 W/m 2 respectively during the solar day. The accuracy and rapidity of obtaining monitoring results using the proposed IoT system made it a strong candidate for application in monitoring solar cell systems. On the other hand, the obtained solar power radiation results of the three considered regions strongly candidate Luxor and Cairo as suitable places to build up a solar cells system station rather than El-Beheira.
An efficient security framework for intrusion detection and prevention in int...IJECEIAES
Over the past few years, the internet of things (IoT) has advanced to connect billions of smart devices to improve quality of life. However, anomalies or malicious intrusions pose several security loopholes, leading to performance degradation and threat to data security in IoT operations. Thereby, IoT security systems must keep an eye on and restrict unwanted events from occurring in the IoT network. Recently, various technical solutions based on machine learning (ML) models have been derived towards identifying and restricting unwanted events in IoT. However, most ML-based approaches are prone to miss-classification due to inappropriate feature selection. Additionally, most ML approaches applied to intrusion detection and prevention consider supervised learning, which requires a large amount of labeled data to be trained. Consequently, such complex datasets are impossible to source in a large network like IoT. To address this problem, this proposed study introduces an efficient learning mechanism to strengthen the IoT security aspects. The proposed algorithm incorporates supervised and unsupervised approaches to improve the learning models for intrusion detection and mitigation. Compared with the related works, the experimental outcome shows that the model performs well in a benchmark dataset. It accomplishes an improved detection accuracy of approximately 99.21%.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
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Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
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his team, they applied visible light communication to underwater communication. By narrowing the half-
power corner of the Light Emitting Diode (LED) aimed at increasing the light intensity of the transmitter.
The use of Single Photon Avalanche Diode (SPAD) on the receiver improves the detection sensitivity in this
study. Therefore, to our knowledge, there has been no the bidirectional VLC (BiVLC) research in the
underwater environment.
In this paper, a novel bidirectional underwater visible light communication (BiUVLC) is proposed.
The systems are implemented by the two transceivers in an experimental method. And the proposed system
utilizes the one of Red Green Blue (RGB) LED and a color filter that represents a wavelength to build the
bidirectional systems. The bidirectional condition in optical communication occurs while each link using a
wavelength which is represented by a color LED and a color filter. The proposed system utilized the water
tank that represents the underwater environment. The first link, the VLC transmitter with the single color
LED transmits an information signal through the water tank that represents an underwater environment and
then is received by VLC receiver via a color filter. The same condition occurs for the second link where the
information signal is transmitted from VLC transmitter toward VLC receiver using same or different color
LED. The crosstalk measurement is used. Therefore, this research is prospective to give the contribution to
finding the best of the color pair for the bidirectional VLC system in underwater environment. The proposed
systems can support the bidirectional communication between vehicles, divers, and devices in the underwater
environment.
2. RESEARCH METHOD
In this chapter, we will discuss about the steps in conducting the research of bidirectional visible
light communication in underwater environment.
2.1. System Design
In designing this system, the two transceiver are used which comprises of 2 (two) transmitters and 2
(two) receivers. The equipment is combined to get a single link transceiver. Then put the LED light on the
transmitter and photodiode on the receiver.
Figure 1 shows the block diagram of a visible light communication system, which consists of a
transmit and receiving system. In the transmitter, the input section is given information in the form of an
analog signal with the human frequency limit which is 400 - 4000 Hz, generated by the audio generator. The
signal processed on the transmitter circuit; then the information signal is transmitted through the light using
the LED.
Figure 1. Block diagram system
The signal from transmitter undergoes a process of altering from an analog signal into the light
through the Light Emitting Diode (LED). The light generated by the LED contains information from the
transmitter. To proceed to the next section, the light contains information must be captured using components
that can convert light into electricity. The part that can turn light into electrical are photosensors, and the one
used in this design is a photodiode. The captured light by the photodiode contains information. Since the
information received directly by the photodiode is too weak, the amplifier is used as a booster from the
photodiode to forwarded to the receiver output.
2.2. VLC Transmitter
In the transmitter section, the process of information signal changes coming from the signal
generator into the form of light, which will be transmitted through the color LED. At the time of sending
information in the form of visible light waves, the LED will emit visible light according to the transmitter
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signal. The color of filters is to set the links to avoid wavelength interference. Figure 2 is a block diagram of
the entire transmitter.
Figure 2 shows the connection between components in the transmitter system, input from the audio
generator connected to the power amplifier then to the transformer and to the LED to transmit the signal. The
voltage input used is 12 volts, the cathode on the LED is connected to the secondary transformer winding, for
the primary transformer winding is connected to the power amplifier. The connection of these components
can be seen in Figure 3 which is part of the transmitter with the specification:
a. Source : Power Supply (12 V)
b. LED : 5 mm (Everlight 334-15/T1C1-4WYA )
c. Amplifier : Kit Power Amplifier
d. Transfomator : Center Tap, Step Down, 0/CT 6-8-10-12 V
Figure 2. VLC transmitter diagram block
(a) (b)
Figure 3. Transmitter (a) circuit (b) LEDs
2.3. Receiver VLC
In this receiver, the visible light that captured by the photodiode converted into an information
signal. The workflow of this receiver section can see in Figure 4, the information transmitted captured by the
photodiode proceeds to a circuit containing some resistor, capacitors, and bc547 transistors components, the
component is a series of amplifiers. In the block diagram the captured light will be forwarded to the amplifier
circuit to be amplified to a certain level, then the reinforced value will be displayed through the oscilloscope
through the output of the amplifier. The circuit of receivers has specification:
a. Source : Power Supply (9 V)
b. Photodiode : 5 mm (SFH203)
c. Transistor : BC547
d. Resistor : 100 Ω, 1 kΩ, 1 MΩ, 470 kΩ, 56 kΩ, 3,3 kΩ
e. Capasitor : 100 nF 2 pcs
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Figure 4. VLC receiver diagram block
Figure 5(a) shows the implementation for receiver circuit where output of the circuit will be sent to
the oscilloscope and figure 5(b) is photodiode array.
(a) (b)
Figure 5. Receiver implementation (a) circuit (b) photodiode array
This channel model implements the workings of VLC in underwater. The aquarium with dimensions
190x40x40 cm coated by scotlights on the inner side of the aquarium, it aims to avoid the incoming outer
light from the side of the tank, then covered with black corriboard so that no light enters at the top. Next
aquarium filled with tap water with 35 cm high. Figure 6 is the concept and realisation of channel model
implementation.
(a)
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(b)
Figure 6. Prototype of channel model (a) design (b) implementation
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
After the design process, the next step is to measurements. Measurements were made to obtain
system performance data, then compared to determine the performance of a device that has been designed.
The measurement results can be used as a reference in the overall analysis.
3.1. Position based Measurement System
On the measurement, the system is tested in two conditions. First transmitter 1 and transmitter two
also receiver 1 and receiver 2 are on the same level or can be called crossed. The second situation, the
position of transmitter 1 and receiver 1 and transmitter 2 and receiver 2 are on the same level or can be called
directional. The purpose of this measurement is to know the optimal position in transmitting the information
between links. Figures 7 and 8 are diagrammatic of both previously conditions.
Figure 9 show graph of measured values from the two previously mentioned conditions with
frequency is 400 - 4000 Hz and 5 Vp - p signal amplitude.
Transmitter
Circuit
LED
Receiver
Circuit
Photodiode
Audio
Generator
oscillosco
pe
Power
Supply
Power
Supply
Visible Light
Transmitter
Circuit
LED
Receiver
Circuit
Photodiode
Audio
Generator
oscillosco
pe
Power
Supply
Power
Supply Visible Light
Link 1
Link 2
Figure 7. Block diagram system from directional measurement
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Transmitter
Circuit
LED
Receiver
Circuit
Photodiode
Audio
Generator
oscillosco
pe
Power
Supply
Power
Supply
Visible Light
Transmitter
Circuit
LED
Receiver
Circuit
Photodiode
Audio
Generator
oscillosco
pe
Power
Supply
Power
Supply
Figure 8. Block diagram system from cross measurement
Figure 9. Position based measurement result
From the measurements on transmitter 1 and receiver 1 and transmitter 2 and receiver two positions
in the same area display values that are not much different. In transmitter condition 1 and transmitter 2 and
receiver 1 and receiver two are in the same area or can be called crossed shown that the values between links
are much different. It can be assumed that directional position is the best condition on this system.
3.2. Bidirectional Measurement using RGB LEDs
The next measurement by using color LED on the transmitter side to compare. The color LED used
as many as three pieces placed on the transmitter side and the receiver set a color LED similar to the color on
the transmitter. Figure 10 is a block diagram in measurement using color LED. Measurements were made in
water with a water depth of 35 cm with a distance between the links as far as 50 cm. Each color is tested
based on a frequency range of 400 – 4000 Hz with an amplitude of 5 Vp-p. Figure 11 shows the results of
measurements using RGB LEDs.
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Link 2
Link 1 Aquarium
Transmitter
Circuit
LED
Receiver
Circuit
Photodiode
Audio
Generator
oscillosco
pe
Power
Supply
Power
Supply
Visible Light
Transmitter
Circuit
LED
Receiver
Circuit
Photodiode
Audio
Generator
oscillosco
pe
Power
Supply
Power
Supply
Visible Light
Color Filter
Color Filter
Link 2
Link 1
Figure 10. Diagram block of bidirectional measurement using RGB LEDs
In Figure 11, three graphs are showing the response of each link. The red line displays the response
on link 2 and for the blue line represents the response on the link 1. The explanation for writing the title of
each graph "Red - Red" the first color mentioned is a link one which contained a color LED on the
transmitter and color filters on the receiver it aims to obtain one wavelength in one link. On the second color
after the "-" sign is a link 2 containing the color LED on the transmitter and the color filter on the receiver it
aims to obtain one wavelength in one link. In this measurement, the use of filters and color LEDs on link two
are changed interchangeably. Table 1 shows the average results of each measured link.
Figure 11. Measurement result where λ red on link 1
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Table 1 is the average value of the output voltage on the receiver side of link 1 and link 2, to
determine whether a solid color combination is seen from a large number of values between links. In Table 4
the "Red - Blue" color combination has the highest output voltage value of 8.50 volts.
Table 1. Average of Measurement Value where λ Red on Link 1
λ on link 2 Red (volt) Green (volt) Blue (volt)
Link 1 4.32 4.45 4.49
Link 2 3.74 3.79 4.01
Total 8.06 8.24 8.50
In Figure 12, three graphs are showing the response of each link. The red line displays the response
on link 2 and for the blue line represents the response on the link 1. The explanation for writing the title of
each graph "Blue-Blue" on the first color mentioned is a link one that contains color LEDs on the transmitter
and color filters on the receiver it aims to get one wavelength in one link. In the second color after the "-"
sign is a link 2 containing color LEDs on the transmitter and color filters on the receiver it aims to get one
wavelength in one link.
Table 2 represents the average value of the output voltage on the receiver side of link 1 and link 2,
to determine whether a solid color combination is seen from a large number of values between links. In Table
5 the "Blue-Green" color combination has the highest output voltage value of 8.90 volts. Figure 12 addresses
the results of measurements using color LEDs.
Table 2. Average of Measurement Value where λ Blue on Link 1
λ on link 2 Blue (volt) Red (volt) Green (volt)
Link 1 4.44 3.73 4.05
Link 2 3.80 4.47 4.85
Total 8.24 8.20 8.90
Figure 12. Measurement result where λ blue on link 1
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In Figure 13, three graphs are showing the response of each link. The red line represents the
response on link 2 and for the blue line represents the response on the link 1. The explanation for writing the
title of each "Green - Green" graph on the first color mentioned is a link one that contains color LEDs on the
transmitter and color filters on the receiver it aims to get one wavelength in one link. In the second color after
the "-" sign is a link 2 containing color LEDs on the transmitter and color filters on the receiver, it aims to get
one wavelength in one link.
Table 3 is the average value of the output voltage on the receiver side of link 1 and link 2, to
determine whether a solid color combination is seen from a large number of values between links. In Table 6
the "Green - Blue" color combination has the highest output voltage value of 8.78 volts. Based on the nine
pairs of tested colors and from the data obtained, proving that a good color pair is used as link1 and link two
on bidirectional communication is a "Blue-Green" color LED pair with a value of 8.90 volts. This result is
obtained from a significant amount of output voltage at the receiver, and this conclusion can be corroborated
by the literature that states the best wavelength in the underwater environment is the blue-green wavelength
of 400 - 500 nm [2]. Based on the comparison in the use of filters and LEDs found that the color pair that
produces a good response is on the color filter with a combination of blue and red with a value of 10 volt.
Table 3. Average of Measurement Value where λ Green on Link 1
λ on link 2 Green (volt) Red (volt) Blue (volt)
Link 1 4.42 3.88 4.05
Link 2 3.94 4.50 4.73
Total 8.36 8.38 8.78
Figure 13. Measurement result where λ green on link
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3.3. Crosstalk Measurement
To know the value of interference between the links, then the measurement of crosstalk by involving
two links simultaneously but in the state of one of the links are not given signal information. In the
measurement process, the information sent from link 1 has a distance of 50 cm, and the value of crosstalk
obtained from the output link two connected to the oscilloscope. Figure 14 is a block diagram of crosstalk
measurement.
Link 2
Link 1 Aquarium
Transmitter
Circuit
LED
Receiver
Circuit
Photodiode
Audio
Generator
oscillosco
pe
Power
Supply
Power
Supply
Visible Light
Transmitter
Circuit
LED
Receiver
Circuit
Photodiode
oscillosco
pe
Power
Supply
Power
Supply
Visible Light
Color Filter
Color Filter
Link 2
Link 1
Crosstalk
Figure 14. Crosstalk measurement diagram block using RGB LEDs
Figure 14 is diagram block of the previously mentioned conditions, subsequently for data retrieval,
the transmitted frequency value of 1 Hz with the 5 Vp-p signal amplitude generated by the audio generator
and for each link spacing of 50 cm. In this crosstalk measurement, the color used is similar to the previous
test, red (~ 675 nm), blue (~470 nm), and green (~550 nm). Table 4 are the results of crosstalk
measurements.
Table 4. Crosstalk Measurement Using RGB LEDs
Link 1 Vout (Volt) Freq (Hz) Link 2 Vout (Volt) Freq (Hz)
Red
4.55 1029 Red 3.68 1093
4.88 1006 Blue Unmeasured Unmeasured
4.8 1009 Green Unmeasured Unmeasured
Blue
4.88 1065 Red Unmeasured Unmeasured
4.96 1067 Blue Unmeasured Unmeasured
4.55 1007 Green Unmeasured Unmeasured
Green
4.48 1028 Red Unmeasured Unmeasured
4.48 1046 Blue Unmeasured Unmeasured
4.71 1088 Green Unmeasured Unmeasured
From the results obtained that the use of color filters is perfect regarding separation between links, it
is shown from the discovery of information from link one on link 2. In the method of color LEDs precisely
on the red one link and red link 2, there is crosstalk of 2.66 dB. That value shows that bidirectional
communication with a similar color causes leakage of information on link two that will cause a collision of
the received information signal.
From all the experiments performed, the system can work bidirectional using color LEDs as well as
wavelength separation that does work well, because there is no interference between links on the second
wavelength condition of the different links. Conversely, if using a similar wavelength on each link, then the
interference will occur.
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4. CONCLUSION
From the results of research Bidirectional Underwater Visible Light Communication System can be
concluded, among others, as follows:
a. On the measurement of the system with two positions, the system with a direct position can work well
and this is evidenced from the system can receive information signal with the average of the highest
voltage value of 3.46 volts on the links 1 and 4.2 volts on link 2.
b. On bidirectional system measurements using RGB LEDs instead of filters mounted on the LED front, a
value of 8.90 volts is obtained and consists of a blue combination of link 1 and green on link 2.
c. In crosstalk measurements with 1 kHz frequency, the use of similar color LEDs can cause crosstalk, as
in red - red, there is a crosstalk value of 2.66 dB.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This research was supported by Hibah Penelitian Terapan Unggulan Perguruan Tinggi (PTUPT) 2018 funded
by the Kementerian Riset, Teknologi, dan Pendidikan Tinggi Republik Indonesia.
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12. ISSN: 2088-8708
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 8, No. 6, December 2018 : 5203 - 5214
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Arsyad Ramadhan Darlis received a B.Sc. on Electrical Engineering from Institut Teknologi
Nasional Bandung, Indonesia in 2009 and an M.Sc. on Telecommunication Engineering from
Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB), Indonesia, in 2011, respectively. His research interests are
underwater visible light communications, digital signal processing, and Internet-of-Things. He is
currently a lecturer in Institut Teknologi Nasional Bandung.
Andre Widura received a B.Sc. on Electrical Engineering from Maranata University, Indonesia
in 2003 and an M.Sc. on Biomedical Engineering from Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB),
Indonesia, in 2010, respectively. His research interests are Internet-of-Things, networking, and
instrumentation. He is currently a lecturer in Institut Teknologi Nasional Bandung.
Muhamad Rifan Andrian received a B.Sc. on Electrical Engineering from Institut Teknologi
Nasional Bandung, Indonesia in 2018. His research interests are visible light communication.