This document summarizes a master's thesis that examined the response of barley genotypes to different inorganic fertilizer types under acidic soil conditions in Hagerselam, Ethiopia. The study tested 5 barley genotypes with 4 fertilizer treatments (no fertilizer, DAP, NPS, NPSB) in a randomized complete block design. Data was collected on plant growth, yield, and yield components and analyzed for interactions between genotype and fertilizer. Results showed significant effects of fertilizer and genotype on traits like days to emergence/heading, plant height, tillers, spike length, grain number, and grain yield. The 217176b and 240478 genotypes had the highest grain yield with NPSB fertilizer and
Seed management’s influences on nodulation and yield of improved variety of s...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— A pot study was carried out on an improved soybean variety (TGX 1448-2E) to assess the effects of seed management on its nodulation and yield. The experiment was in factorial combinations with six replicates at the teaching and research farm of University of Abuja. The factors were 2 soils, 2 levels of phosphorus fertilizer (-P and + P), and 2 seed sources (farmer’s and researcher’s managed seeds). P was applied as triple superphosphate at 30 kg P ha-1. Destructive sampling was done at 8 weeks after planting to record growth parameters and nodulation. At maturity, the number and weight of pods, weight of 50 seeds and total seed yield were recorded. The results showed that generally researchers’ managed seeds showed a significantly higher mean values than farmers’ managed seeds. The pod and total seed weight from researchers’ seeds were 106.26 g and 52.43 g per plant respectively against the farmers’ managed seed with pod weight of 80.23 g and total seed weight of 44.35 g per plant. P application influenced significantly the weight of nodules, pods and seeds per plant. This significant lower performance observed in farmers’ managed seeds could have resulted from factors such poor seed handling or mix up during harvesting or storage, poor quality seed selection for planting.
Contributers: Norman Uphoff, CIIFAD, Cornell University, USA
Iswandi Anas, Biotechnology Lab, IPB, Indonesia
O.P. Rupela, former Principal Scientist, ICRISAT, India
A.K. Thakur, Directorate of Water Management, India
T.M. Thiyagarajan, Tamil Nadu Agric. Univ., India
Presented at: Conference of Association of Applied Biologists on Positive Plant-Microbial Interactions
Kasahun's presentation on garlic tissue cultureAmare Kassahun
The document summarizes experiments conducted to optimize a protocol for in vitro propagation of garlic (Allium sativum L.) variety Tseday 92 using basal plate culture. Key findings include:
1) The highest shoot initiation percentage (86.66%) was achieved on medium supplemented with 0.5 or 1.5 mg/L BAP.
2) The maximum number of shoots per explant (9 shoots) was obtained from medium with 1 mg/L BAP and 0.5 mg/L NAA.
3) The highest rooting percentage (100%) and number of roots per explant (10.67) was achieved on medium with 0.5 mg/L NAA.
The document discusses the effects of biochar on soil amendment and potato cultivation. It found that adding biochar to soil improved potato plant growth, yield, and tuber quality. Specifically, biochar increased plant height, number of leaves and tubers, and tuber weight. It also improved soil properties like moisture retention and increased total carbon in soil. The optimal biochar level for maximizing potato yield was found to be 2.5 cubic meters per feddan. In conclusion, biochar amendment enhanced potato production while reducing environmental pollution through carbon sequestration.
The document discusses organic nutrient management strategies in agriculture. It compares organic manures to inorganic fertilizers, noting organic manures improve soil health while fertilizers only provide nutrients. Organic sources like farm yard manure and compost are described along with their nutrient contents. Research findings show organic farming led to higher yields than inorganic in some crops and improved soil properties like organic carbon. Foliar sprays and topdressings of vermicompost were also found to increase yields and nutrient uptake in sorghum compared to chemical fertilizers alone.
The document discusses organic nutrient management strategies in agriculture. It compares organic manures to inorganic fertilizers, noting organic manures improve soil health while fertilizers only provide nutrients. The need for organic sources like farm yard manure, vermicompost, and green manures is explained. Tables show benefits of organic farming including higher yields, soil organic carbon, and microbial activity compared to inorganic practices. Topics covered include nutrient contents of organic sources and their effect on crop growth and nutrient uptake.
Seed management’s influences on nodulation and yield of improved variety of s...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— A pot study was carried out on an improved soybean variety (TGX 1448-2E) to assess the effects of seed management on its nodulation and yield. The experiment was in factorial combinations with six replicates at the teaching and research farm of University of Abuja. The factors were 2 soils, 2 levels of phosphorus fertilizer (-P and + P), and 2 seed sources (farmer’s and researcher’s managed seeds). P was applied as triple superphosphate at 30 kg P ha-1. Destructive sampling was done at 8 weeks after planting to record growth parameters and nodulation. At maturity, the number and weight of pods, weight of 50 seeds and total seed yield were recorded. The results showed that generally researchers’ managed seeds showed a significantly higher mean values than farmers’ managed seeds. The pod and total seed weight from researchers’ seeds were 106.26 g and 52.43 g per plant respectively against the farmers’ managed seed with pod weight of 80.23 g and total seed weight of 44.35 g per plant. P application influenced significantly the weight of nodules, pods and seeds per plant. This significant lower performance observed in farmers’ managed seeds could have resulted from factors such poor seed handling or mix up during harvesting or storage, poor quality seed selection for planting.
Contributers: Norman Uphoff, CIIFAD, Cornell University, USA
Iswandi Anas, Biotechnology Lab, IPB, Indonesia
O.P. Rupela, former Principal Scientist, ICRISAT, India
A.K. Thakur, Directorate of Water Management, India
T.M. Thiyagarajan, Tamil Nadu Agric. Univ., India
Presented at: Conference of Association of Applied Biologists on Positive Plant-Microbial Interactions
Kasahun's presentation on garlic tissue cultureAmare Kassahun
The document summarizes experiments conducted to optimize a protocol for in vitro propagation of garlic (Allium sativum L.) variety Tseday 92 using basal plate culture. Key findings include:
1) The highest shoot initiation percentage (86.66%) was achieved on medium supplemented with 0.5 or 1.5 mg/L BAP.
2) The maximum number of shoots per explant (9 shoots) was obtained from medium with 1 mg/L BAP and 0.5 mg/L NAA.
3) The highest rooting percentage (100%) and number of roots per explant (10.67) was achieved on medium with 0.5 mg/L NAA.
The document discusses the effects of biochar on soil amendment and potato cultivation. It found that adding biochar to soil improved potato plant growth, yield, and tuber quality. Specifically, biochar increased plant height, number of leaves and tubers, and tuber weight. It also improved soil properties like moisture retention and increased total carbon in soil. The optimal biochar level for maximizing potato yield was found to be 2.5 cubic meters per feddan. In conclusion, biochar amendment enhanced potato production while reducing environmental pollution through carbon sequestration.
The document discusses organic nutrient management strategies in agriculture. It compares organic manures to inorganic fertilizers, noting organic manures improve soil health while fertilizers only provide nutrients. Organic sources like farm yard manure and compost are described along with their nutrient contents. Research findings show organic farming led to higher yields than inorganic in some crops and improved soil properties like organic carbon. Foliar sprays and topdressings of vermicompost were also found to increase yields and nutrient uptake in sorghum compared to chemical fertilizers alone.
The document discusses organic nutrient management strategies in agriculture. It compares organic manures to inorganic fertilizers, noting organic manures improve soil health while fertilizers only provide nutrients. The need for organic sources like farm yard manure, vermicompost, and green manures is explained. Tables show benefits of organic farming including higher yields, soil organic carbon, and microbial activity compared to inorganic practices. Topics covered include nutrient contents of organic sources and their effect on crop growth and nutrient uptake.
Assessing Constituents and Efficiency of Neem Seeds Powder (Azadirachtaindica...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Neem is an indigenous tree spreading over some tropical arid climatic area. The trees are carrying fruits containing seeds. The importance of this study is to identify the benefits gained from Neem seeds powder being applied as soil conditioner. The objective is to estimate the inherent chemical components of Neem powder and eventually assess its potential on decreasing soil pH values and salinity levels. Soil samples were collected from College of Agricultural Studies, Sudan University of Science and Technology (SUST). A total of 6 kilogram soil was taken at a depth of 0-30cm from the soil surface, dried and grinded to pass 2mm sieve, divided equally into 4 groups each of 1.5Kg (equivalent to 1500mg). The soil samples were analyzed to determine their chemical and physical properties. Neem seeds were obtained from Department of Integrated Pest Management that belongs to the Institution of ENRDRI. Neem seeds are dried, grinded and kept under room temperature, further used for determine their physical and chemical properties. To each subsoil sample (1.5Kg.) and amount of 0g, 25g, 50g and 75g Neem seeds powder was added and thoroughly mixed. Each of the 4 soils-Neem seeds powder mixture was subdivided into 15 pots, each containing 10mg of the mixture. The experiment ended up with 3 different treatments and the control. After 14 week incubation, the soil-Neem mixtures were analyzed for pH and Ec. At 25% Neem seeds powder, pH recorded values ranging from 7.22-7.99, and values of 7.47-7.89 were for Neem seeds powder of 50% and 75% respectively. Variation in electrical conductivity among different treatments recorded different values according to change in Neem seeds contents. At 25%, electrical conductivity values ranged from 0.22-0.33, at 50% and 75% recorded 0.17-0.28, and 0.17-0.28 respectively, while being 0.22-0.32 in the control. Results showed that the soil pH and electrical conductivity have decreased with increasing Neem seeds powder. Also on conclusion, the results indicated that Neem seeds powder can be used as organic amendment for saline and alkaline soil.
The document discusses the System of Rice Intensification (SRI), a method for growing rice that modifies standard practices to improve yields. SRI involves changing the management of plants, soil, water, and nutrients to support larger, more extensive root systems and promote soil biota. This agroecological management improves the growing environment and yields better rice phenotypes from any genotype using less water, seeds, and other inputs. SRI has led to increased yields of 50-100% or more in many countries along with other benefits like water savings, increased resistance to stresses, and reduced costs, methane emissions, and environmental impacts.
This document summarizes a study on the effect of different organic manures on the yield and characteristics of sweet pepper. The study found that poultry manure was the most effective treatment, increasing flowering speed, fruit diameter, number of fruits per plant, and overall yield. Vermicompost combined with urea was the next best treatment. The current farming practice of Nepalese farmers using farmyard manure and chemical fertilizers performed significantly better than the control treatment. The study concludes that poultry manure is the best organic manure to use for sweet pepper based on its positive impacts on various plant characteristics and yield.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the effects of different organic fertilizers on the growth and yield of two potato varieties. The fertilizers tested included cow dung, Annapurna organic fertilizer, a combination of Annapurna and vermicompost, and vermicompost alone. The study found that a combination of 75% Annapurna and 25% vermicompost produced the highest yield for one variety, while Annapurna alone produced the highest yield for the other variety. In general, organic fertilizers improved plant growth and tuber yield compared to the control treatment of no fertilizer.
Effect of Different Sources of Nutrient on Growth and Yield of Okra (Abelmosc...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The experiment was carried out at Nepal Polytechnic Institute field, Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal to study the effect of different nutrient sources on growth and yield of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L Monech). Five different treatments; poultry manure, FYM, goat manure, chemical (as per N equivalent) and no fertilizer (control) were replicated four times. The experiment was arranged in Randomize Complete Block Design (RCBD). The okra variety ArkaAnamika was used for experiment. The data were collected on the growth and yield parameters including plant height (cm), canopy (cm), numbers of leaves per plant, numbers of branches per plant, fruit length, diameter and yield. Results indicated that different nutrient sources had significant (P<0.05) affected on plant height, canopy, leaf number, branches and also in yield parameters. Based on the findings of the experiments, it can be concluded that application of poultry manure significantly increased the growth and yield performances on Abelmoschus esculentus L. Monech (okra) compared to other types of fertilizers. As the study reflected the use of no fertilizer results in the lowest vegetative growth and yield performances which indicates to use some nutrient sources for better growth and production of okra.
A field experiment was conducted on at M.lekhe district (Ethiopia) during 2002 and 2003 years to investigate the response of tomato to rates of Nitrogen (N) and Phosphorus (P) fertilizers. The treatment consisted of factorial combination of four Nitrogen fertilizers rates (50 kg, 100 and 150 urea/ha) and four P rates (100,150 and 200 DAP/ha) arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design. Statistically significant and highest yield per plant was recorded at the highest rate of DAP (200 kg/ha). The significantly lowest yield was found at the zero level (with out DAP applied). The marketable yield in Q/ha of the rates is 939.96, 822.44, 731.1067 and 421.44 for 200, 150, 100 and 0 rates respectively. As the partiual budget analisis showed increasing rate of phosphorus and urea fertilizers increased profitability until 200 kg/ha and 150 kg/ha respectively.
The document summarizes the results of several studies on the effects of organic manures and integrated nutrient management on crop yields. Key findings from tables in the document include:
- Application of farmyard manure or vermicompost along with reduced chemical fertilizers increased yields of crops like groundnut, wheat, soybean, garlic, maize, cabbage, and sweet orange compared to chemical fertilizers alone.
- Maximum yields were often obtained at treatments combining farmyard manure or other organic manures with 50-75% of the recommended chemical fertilizer dose.
Yogendra Katuwal on Influence of N levels on Yield of Improved and Hybrid Ric...Yogendra Katuwal
Not always increasing N dose can be economical. Use efficiency of hybrids and improved varieties vary greatly.
Prepared By:
Yogendra Katuwal a MSc.Ag (Agronomy) student in AFU, Rampur, Nepal.
Technical Programme of P.h.D Experiment on Maize shikharverma26
This document provides details of a proposed PhD experiment on the effects of nano zinc, inorganic fertilizers, and organic manures on the growth and yield of maize. The experiment will have 21 treatments in a split plot design with 3 replications. Treatments will evaluate the effects of farmyard manure, vermicompost, and different combinations of recommended NPK doses with zinc sulfate and nano zinc on maize growth parameters, yield, nutrient uptake, and soil properties. Economic analysis of treatments will also be conducted.
Integrated nutrient management influence on crop yields in dryland agriculturearchana reddy
The document discusses integrated nutrient management (INM) in dryland agriculture systems. INM involves optimizing the use of nutrients from various sources, including inorganic fertilizers, crop residues, organic manures, and biofertilizers, to improve soil health and crop productivity. Tables from various studies show that INM approaches, such as combining reduced inorganic fertilizers with organic amendments, resulted in higher crop yields, nutrient uptake, rainfall use efficiency, and benefit-cost ratios compared to conventional practices.
Reaction of Elite Faba Bean Genotypes for Soil Acidity StressAI Publications
Soil acidity is one of the major abiotic stresses in Ethiopian highland agriculture that limits crop production in general and a prime factor of faba bean production in particular. The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of soil acidity stress on grain yield of 50 faba bean genotypes of which 22 were released varieties. The experiment was comprised two stress levels (lime treated and untreated) arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications. The analysis of variance for both potential yield (YP) and stress yield (YS) indicated significant differences among fifty genotypes. Also, significant differences were observed among faba bean genotypes regarding seven soil acidity stress indices. Based on the YP, the genotypes Moti, CS20DK, EKLS/CSR02010-4-3, Cool-0024 and EH07023-3, had the highest yield under non-stressed condition, while the genotypes CS20DK, Obse, Wolki, Didi’a and Dosha displayed the highest yield under stressed condition. In terms of grain yield (g/5plants) CS20DK was ranked 2nd and 1st with 113.24g and 79.56g under non-stressed and stressed, respectively. However, based on the overall performances of multiple stress indices (YI, STI, MP, GMP, HM, SSI and RYR) Wolki, Dosha and Obse were confirmed as soil acidity stress tolerant genotypes whereas Wayu was identified as the most sensitive genotype. The STI, MP, GMP and HM indices exhibited strong correlation with YP, while YI showed strong correlation with YS indicating YS can discriminate soil acidity tolerant genotypes with high grain yield under stress conditions. Hence, use of multiple stress indices confirms the performance consistency of the genotypes considered for the stress.
Efficacy of new herbicide in summer ground nut in saurashtr regionRaju Daki
This document presents a thesis presentation on evaluating weed management techniques in summer groundnut. The presentation was given by Mr. Daki Raju and guided by Dr. B.K. Sagarka and Dr. N.M. Zalawadia. The research aims to evaluate the efficacy and economics of different weed control treatments and their effect on yield and yield attributes of summer groundnut. A field experiment was conducted using a randomized block design with 12 treatments and 3 replications. Preliminary results suggest that the highest production, profit and economic weed management can be achieved through a weed free treatment or integrated methods using pre-emergence herbicides with one hand weeding.
Agriculture met the challenge of feeding the world’s poor by the Green Revolution with the help of high yielding varieties (HYV), high fertilizer application. This high fertilizer application increased the world food grain production as well as micro nutrient deficiencies in the soil decade to decade. in 1950 only Nitrogen is deficient in soil but due to green revolution, higher fertilizer application leads to micro nutrient deficiencies in soil (Fig.1). Iron, zinc and Vitamin A deficiencies in human nutrition are widespread in developing countries. About 2 billion people suffer globally from anaemia due to Fe deficiency, more than one-third of the world’s population suffers from Zn deficiency and estimated to be responsible for approximately 4% of the worldwide burden of morbidity and mortality in under 5-year children.
Bio-fortification entails the development of micronutrient-dense food crops (Nestel et al., 2006). Plant breeding strategies hold great promise in this process because of its enormous potential to improve dietary quality. Well-known examples of bio-fortification for fighting micronutrient malnutrition are golden rice and breeding of low phytate legumes and grains (Beyer et al., 2006). Application of fertilizers to soil and/or foliar to improving grain nutrient concentration and the potential of nutrient containing fertilizers for increasing nutrient concentration of cereal grains. Increasing the Zn and Fe concentration of food crop plants, resulting in better crop production and improved human health is an important global challenge. Among micronutrients, Zn and Fe deficiency are occurring in both crops and humans. Zinc deficiency is currently listed as a major risk factor for human health and cause of death globally.
In view of globally widespread deficiencies of micronutrients in humans, bio-fortification of food crops with micronutrients through agricultural approaches is a sustainable widely applied strategy. Agronomic bio-fortification (e.g., fertilizer applications) and plant breeding (e.g., genetic bio-fortification and transgenic breeding) represent complementary and cost-effective solution to alleviate malnutrition. Bio-fortified varieties assume great significance to achieve nutritional security of the country.
Micronutrient malnutrition Causes….
• More severe illness
• More infant and maternal deaths
• Lower cognitive development
• Stunted growth
• Lower work productivity and ultimately - Lower GDP.
• Higher population growth rates.
Malnutrition Problem
• 800 million people go to bed hungry
• 250 million children are malnourished
• 400 million people have vitamin A deficiency
• 100 million young children suffer from vitamin A deficiency
• 3 million children die as a result of vitamin A deficiency
Effect of Transplanting date on the Growth and Yield of Aromatic Rice in Irri...iosrjce
A field experiment was conducted at the Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA) farm
Mymensingh, Bangladesh during the irrigated ecosystem in December, 2009 to May 2010, with a view to study
the performance of aromatic fine rice under different date of transplanting. The experiment was carried out with
four aromatic fine rice (V1= Chinisagar, V2= Chiniatab, V3= Basmati, V4=Awnless Minicat) and three different
date of transplanting (D1=20 January, D2=5 February, D3=20 February). The experiment was laid out in splitplot
design with three replications assigning four varieties in the main plot and the three different transplanting
dates in the sub plot. Aromatic fine rice and dates of transplanting individually showed significant effect on the
agronomic parameters. Among the aromatic fine rice Awnless Minicat gave the highest yield (3.10 t ha-1
) but
that was at per with those of Basmati (1.77 t ha-1
). Transplantation on 20 January gave the highest grain yield
(2.41 t ha-1 ) which was at per with the transplantation on 5 February (1.99 t ha-1 ).The result revealed that 20 January and 5 February produced highest grain yield by all the variety. In later date of transplanting 20 February produced lower grain yield.
Yield potentials of recently released wheat varieties and advanced lines unde...Innspub Net
An experiment was conducted to study the varietals /genotypic potentiality in producing maximum yield under
different soil and environmental conditions and N-use efficiency of different genotypes and to support wheat
breeding program in selecting the genotype with relatively higher yield potential. The experiment was conducted
in split plot design with three replications to evaluate the two soil management practices: (i) Recommended
fertilizer (N100P30K50S20) with all the production package of Wheat Research Center (WRC) (timely sowing, one
weeding, 3 irrigations) (ii) Treatment (i) plus soil treatment (application of granular fungicide in moist soil before
seeding) with plant protection (foliar application of tilt at anthesis and grain filling). One additional irrigation
(schedules: 17-21, 35-40, 55-60, 75-80 DAS) in the main plot and eight varieties/lines, varities: i) Shatabdi ii)
Prodip iii) Bijoy iv) BARI Gom-25 v) BARI Gom-26, lines: vi) BAW 1051 vii) BAW 1135 and viii) BAW 1141 in subplot were adopted. The results conclude that best management practice with Prodip, Bijoy and BAW 1141 are best performance among the genotypes/varieties and will give a new concept on identification of the strategy for the improvement of wheat cultivation and yield.
This study evaluated the effects of different nitrogen levels on the growth and yield of potato cultivar Kufri Khyati. Seven nitrogen treatments ranging from 0 to 300 kg N/ha were applied. Results showed that almost all growth characteristics like plant height, number of stems, leaves, and fresh/dry weight were significantly higher with increasing nitrogen levels up to 200 kg N/ha. Treatment with 200 kg N/ha produced the maximum plot yield and yield per hectare during both study years. Higher nitrogen levels improved plant growth and photosynthesis, leading to greater tuber formation and higher potato yields.
The document discusses the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) developed in Madagascar, which has led to increased rice yields without external inputs through improved soil and plant management. Key points include: SRI has been validated in over 35 countries, increasing yields by 50-100% on average through practices like transplanting young seedlings in wide spacing and intermittent wetting and drying of soils to encourage root and microbial growth. Studies show SRI methods can work in African countries like The Gambia, Sierra Leone, Guinea, Benin, Rwanda, and Zambia, increasing yields from 1-2 tons/hectare to over 5 tons/hectare.
Effect of Conservation Agriculture with INM Under Rice-Wheat cropping system”SauhardDubey
This document summarizes the results of a study on the effects of conservation agriculture with integrated nutrient management under a rice-wheat cropping system. Key findings from tables in the document are:
1) Systems using zero tillage, crop residue retention, and balanced nutrient sources like farmyard manure had higher wheat yields compared to conventional tillage without residues.
2) For rice, the system of rice intensification (SRI) technique combined with integrated nutrient management using zinc and vermicompost led to increased growth, yield, and harvest index compared to conventional practices.
3) Overall, conservation agriculture practices like zero tillage, crop rotation, and permanent soil cover were found to improve soil properties and
Effect of Biofertilizers and their Consortium on Horticultural CropsSourabhMohite
The presentation includes detailed information about the mode of action of different biofertilizers including plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. By the use of different biofertilizers, we can minimize the quantity of chemical fertilizers and other agrochemicals. use of biofertilizers enhances plant growth with increased yield and quality sustainably. it also includes some case studies which confirm the beneficial use of biofertilizers and PGPR.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
Assessing Constituents and Efficiency of Neem Seeds Powder (Azadirachtaindica...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Neem is an indigenous tree spreading over some tropical arid climatic area. The trees are carrying fruits containing seeds. The importance of this study is to identify the benefits gained from Neem seeds powder being applied as soil conditioner. The objective is to estimate the inherent chemical components of Neem powder and eventually assess its potential on decreasing soil pH values and salinity levels. Soil samples were collected from College of Agricultural Studies, Sudan University of Science and Technology (SUST). A total of 6 kilogram soil was taken at a depth of 0-30cm from the soil surface, dried and grinded to pass 2mm sieve, divided equally into 4 groups each of 1.5Kg (equivalent to 1500mg). The soil samples were analyzed to determine their chemical and physical properties. Neem seeds were obtained from Department of Integrated Pest Management that belongs to the Institution of ENRDRI. Neem seeds are dried, grinded and kept under room temperature, further used for determine their physical and chemical properties. To each subsoil sample (1.5Kg.) and amount of 0g, 25g, 50g and 75g Neem seeds powder was added and thoroughly mixed. Each of the 4 soils-Neem seeds powder mixture was subdivided into 15 pots, each containing 10mg of the mixture. The experiment ended up with 3 different treatments and the control. After 14 week incubation, the soil-Neem mixtures were analyzed for pH and Ec. At 25% Neem seeds powder, pH recorded values ranging from 7.22-7.99, and values of 7.47-7.89 were for Neem seeds powder of 50% and 75% respectively. Variation in electrical conductivity among different treatments recorded different values according to change in Neem seeds contents. At 25%, electrical conductivity values ranged from 0.22-0.33, at 50% and 75% recorded 0.17-0.28, and 0.17-0.28 respectively, while being 0.22-0.32 in the control. Results showed that the soil pH and electrical conductivity have decreased with increasing Neem seeds powder. Also on conclusion, the results indicated that Neem seeds powder can be used as organic amendment for saline and alkaline soil.
The document discusses the System of Rice Intensification (SRI), a method for growing rice that modifies standard practices to improve yields. SRI involves changing the management of plants, soil, water, and nutrients to support larger, more extensive root systems and promote soil biota. This agroecological management improves the growing environment and yields better rice phenotypes from any genotype using less water, seeds, and other inputs. SRI has led to increased yields of 50-100% or more in many countries along with other benefits like water savings, increased resistance to stresses, and reduced costs, methane emissions, and environmental impacts.
This document summarizes a study on the effect of different organic manures on the yield and characteristics of sweet pepper. The study found that poultry manure was the most effective treatment, increasing flowering speed, fruit diameter, number of fruits per plant, and overall yield. Vermicompost combined with urea was the next best treatment. The current farming practice of Nepalese farmers using farmyard manure and chemical fertilizers performed significantly better than the control treatment. The study concludes that poultry manure is the best organic manure to use for sweet pepper based on its positive impacts on various plant characteristics and yield.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the effects of different organic fertilizers on the growth and yield of two potato varieties. The fertilizers tested included cow dung, Annapurna organic fertilizer, a combination of Annapurna and vermicompost, and vermicompost alone. The study found that a combination of 75% Annapurna and 25% vermicompost produced the highest yield for one variety, while Annapurna alone produced the highest yield for the other variety. In general, organic fertilizers improved plant growth and tuber yield compared to the control treatment of no fertilizer.
Effect of Different Sources of Nutrient on Growth and Yield of Okra (Abelmosc...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The experiment was carried out at Nepal Polytechnic Institute field, Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal to study the effect of different nutrient sources on growth and yield of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L Monech). Five different treatments; poultry manure, FYM, goat manure, chemical (as per N equivalent) and no fertilizer (control) were replicated four times. The experiment was arranged in Randomize Complete Block Design (RCBD). The okra variety ArkaAnamika was used for experiment. The data were collected on the growth and yield parameters including plant height (cm), canopy (cm), numbers of leaves per plant, numbers of branches per plant, fruit length, diameter and yield. Results indicated that different nutrient sources had significant (P<0.05) affected on plant height, canopy, leaf number, branches and also in yield parameters. Based on the findings of the experiments, it can be concluded that application of poultry manure significantly increased the growth and yield performances on Abelmoschus esculentus L. Monech (okra) compared to other types of fertilizers. As the study reflected the use of no fertilizer results in the lowest vegetative growth and yield performances which indicates to use some nutrient sources for better growth and production of okra.
A field experiment was conducted on at M.lekhe district (Ethiopia) during 2002 and 2003 years to investigate the response of tomato to rates of Nitrogen (N) and Phosphorus (P) fertilizers. The treatment consisted of factorial combination of four Nitrogen fertilizers rates (50 kg, 100 and 150 urea/ha) and four P rates (100,150 and 200 DAP/ha) arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design. Statistically significant and highest yield per plant was recorded at the highest rate of DAP (200 kg/ha). The significantly lowest yield was found at the zero level (with out DAP applied). The marketable yield in Q/ha of the rates is 939.96, 822.44, 731.1067 and 421.44 for 200, 150, 100 and 0 rates respectively. As the partiual budget analisis showed increasing rate of phosphorus and urea fertilizers increased profitability until 200 kg/ha and 150 kg/ha respectively.
The document summarizes the results of several studies on the effects of organic manures and integrated nutrient management on crop yields. Key findings from tables in the document include:
- Application of farmyard manure or vermicompost along with reduced chemical fertilizers increased yields of crops like groundnut, wheat, soybean, garlic, maize, cabbage, and sweet orange compared to chemical fertilizers alone.
- Maximum yields were often obtained at treatments combining farmyard manure or other organic manures with 50-75% of the recommended chemical fertilizer dose.
Yogendra Katuwal on Influence of N levels on Yield of Improved and Hybrid Ric...Yogendra Katuwal
Not always increasing N dose can be economical. Use efficiency of hybrids and improved varieties vary greatly.
Prepared By:
Yogendra Katuwal a MSc.Ag (Agronomy) student in AFU, Rampur, Nepal.
Technical Programme of P.h.D Experiment on Maize shikharverma26
This document provides details of a proposed PhD experiment on the effects of nano zinc, inorganic fertilizers, and organic manures on the growth and yield of maize. The experiment will have 21 treatments in a split plot design with 3 replications. Treatments will evaluate the effects of farmyard manure, vermicompost, and different combinations of recommended NPK doses with zinc sulfate and nano zinc on maize growth parameters, yield, nutrient uptake, and soil properties. Economic analysis of treatments will also be conducted.
Integrated nutrient management influence on crop yields in dryland agriculturearchana reddy
The document discusses integrated nutrient management (INM) in dryland agriculture systems. INM involves optimizing the use of nutrients from various sources, including inorganic fertilizers, crop residues, organic manures, and biofertilizers, to improve soil health and crop productivity. Tables from various studies show that INM approaches, such as combining reduced inorganic fertilizers with organic amendments, resulted in higher crop yields, nutrient uptake, rainfall use efficiency, and benefit-cost ratios compared to conventional practices.
Reaction of Elite Faba Bean Genotypes for Soil Acidity StressAI Publications
Soil acidity is one of the major abiotic stresses in Ethiopian highland agriculture that limits crop production in general and a prime factor of faba bean production in particular. The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of soil acidity stress on grain yield of 50 faba bean genotypes of which 22 were released varieties. The experiment was comprised two stress levels (lime treated and untreated) arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications. The analysis of variance for both potential yield (YP) and stress yield (YS) indicated significant differences among fifty genotypes. Also, significant differences were observed among faba bean genotypes regarding seven soil acidity stress indices. Based on the YP, the genotypes Moti, CS20DK, EKLS/CSR02010-4-3, Cool-0024 and EH07023-3, had the highest yield under non-stressed condition, while the genotypes CS20DK, Obse, Wolki, Didi’a and Dosha displayed the highest yield under stressed condition. In terms of grain yield (g/5plants) CS20DK was ranked 2nd and 1st with 113.24g and 79.56g under non-stressed and stressed, respectively. However, based on the overall performances of multiple stress indices (YI, STI, MP, GMP, HM, SSI and RYR) Wolki, Dosha and Obse were confirmed as soil acidity stress tolerant genotypes whereas Wayu was identified as the most sensitive genotype. The STI, MP, GMP and HM indices exhibited strong correlation with YP, while YI showed strong correlation with YS indicating YS can discriminate soil acidity tolerant genotypes with high grain yield under stress conditions. Hence, use of multiple stress indices confirms the performance consistency of the genotypes considered for the stress.
Efficacy of new herbicide in summer ground nut in saurashtr regionRaju Daki
This document presents a thesis presentation on evaluating weed management techniques in summer groundnut. The presentation was given by Mr. Daki Raju and guided by Dr. B.K. Sagarka and Dr. N.M. Zalawadia. The research aims to evaluate the efficacy and economics of different weed control treatments and their effect on yield and yield attributes of summer groundnut. A field experiment was conducted using a randomized block design with 12 treatments and 3 replications. Preliminary results suggest that the highest production, profit and economic weed management can be achieved through a weed free treatment or integrated methods using pre-emergence herbicides with one hand weeding.
Agriculture met the challenge of feeding the world’s poor by the Green Revolution with the help of high yielding varieties (HYV), high fertilizer application. This high fertilizer application increased the world food grain production as well as micro nutrient deficiencies in the soil decade to decade. in 1950 only Nitrogen is deficient in soil but due to green revolution, higher fertilizer application leads to micro nutrient deficiencies in soil (Fig.1). Iron, zinc and Vitamin A deficiencies in human nutrition are widespread in developing countries. About 2 billion people suffer globally from anaemia due to Fe deficiency, more than one-third of the world’s population suffers from Zn deficiency and estimated to be responsible for approximately 4% of the worldwide burden of morbidity and mortality in under 5-year children.
Bio-fortification entails the development of micronutrient-dense food crops (Nestel et al., 2006). Plant breeding strategies hold great promise in this process because of its enormous potential to improve dietary quality. Well-known examples of bio-fortification for fighting micronutrient malnutrition are golden rice and breeding of low phytate legumes and grains (Beyer et al., 2006). Application of fertilizers to soil and/or foliar to improving grain nutrient concentration and the potential of nutrient containing fertilizers for increasing nutrient concentration of cereal grains. Increasing the Zn and Fe concentration of food crop plants, resulting in better crop production and improved human health is an important global challenge. Among micronutrients, Zn and Fe deficiency are occurring in both crops and humans. Zinc deficiency is currently listed as a major risk factor for human health and cause of death globally.
In view of globally widespread deficiencies of micronutrients in humans, bio-fortification of food crops with micronutrients through agricultural approaches is a sustainable widely applied strategy. Agronomic bio-fortification (e.g., fertilizer applications) and plant breeding (e.g., genetic bio-fortification and transgenic breeding) represent complementary and cost-effective solution to alleviate malnutrition. Bio-fortified varieties assume great significance to achieve nutritional security of the country.
Micronutrient malnutrition Causes….
• More severe illness
• More infant and maternal deaths
• Lower cognitive development
• Stunted growth
• Lower work productivity and ultimately - Lower GDP.
• Higher population growth rates.
Malnutrition Problem
• 800 million people go to bed hungry
• 250 million children are malnourished
• 400 million people have vitamin A deficiency
• 100 million young children suffer from vitamin A deficiency
• 3 million children die as a result of vitamin A deficiency
Effect of Transplanting date on the Growth and Yield of Aromatic Rice in Irri...iosrjce
A field experiment was conducted at the Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA) farm
Mymensingh, Bangladesh during the irrigated ecosystem in December, 2009 to May 2010, with a view to study
the performance of aromatic fine rice under different date of transplanting. The experiment was carried out with
four aromatic fine rice (V1= Chinisagar, V2= Chiniatab, V3= Basmati, V4=Awnless Minicat) and three different
date of transplanting (D1=20 January, D2=5 February, D3=20 February). The experiment was laid out in splitplot
design with three replications assigning four varieties in the main plot and the three different transplanting
dates in the sub plot. Aromatic fine rice and dates of transplanting individually showed significant effect on the
agronomic parameters. Among the aromatic fine rice Awnless Minicat gave the highest yield (3.10 t ha-1
) but
that was at per with those of Basmati (1.77 t ha-1
). Transplantation on 20 January gave the highest grain yield
(2.41 t ha-1 ) which was at per with the transplantation on 5 February (1.99 t ha-1 ).The result revealed that 20 January and 5 February produced highest grain yield by all the variety. In later date of transplanting 20 February produced lower grain yield.
Yield potentials of recently released wheat varieties and advanced lines unde...Innspub Net
An experiment was conducted to study the varietals /genotypic potentiality in producing maximum yield under
different soil and environmental conditions and N-use efficiency of different genotypes and to support wheat
breeding program in selecting the genotype with relatively higher yield potential. The experiment was conducted
in split plot design with three replications to evaluate the two soil management practices: (i) Recommended
fertilizer (N100P30K50S20) with all the production package of Wheat Research Center (WRC) (timely sowing, one
weeding, 3 irrigations) (ii) Treatment (i) plus soil treatment (application of granular fungicide in moist soil before
seeding) with plant protection (foliar application of tilt at anthesis and grain filling). One additional irrigation
(schedules: 17-21, 35-40, 55-60, 75-80 DAS) in the main plot and eight varieties/lines, varities: i) Shatabdi ii)
Prodip iii) Bijoy iv) BARI Gom-25 v) BARI Gom-26, lines: vi) BAW 1051 vii) BAW 1135 and viii) BAW 1141 in subplot were adopted. The results conclude that best management practice with Prodip, Bijoy and BAW 1141 are best performance among the genotypes/varieties and will give a new concept on identification of the strategy for the improvement of wheat cultivation and yield.
This study evaluated the effects of different nitrogen levels on the growth and yield of potato cultivar Kufri Khyati. Seven nitrogen treatments ranging from 0 to 300 kg N/ha were applied. Results showed that almost all growth characteristics like plant height, number of stems, leaves, and fresh/dry weight were significantly higher with increasing nitrogen levels up to 200 kg N/ha. Treatment with 200 kg N/ha produced the maximum plot yield and yield per hectare during both study years. Higher nitrogen levels improved plant growth and photosynthesis, leading to greater tuber formation and higher potato yields.
The document discusses the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) developed in Madagascar, which has led to increased rice yields without external inputs through improved soil and plant management. Key points include: SRI has been validated in over 35 countries, increasing yields by 50-100% on average through practices like transplanting young seedlings in wide spacing and intermittent wetting and drying of soils to encourage root and microbial growth. Studies show SRI methods can work in African countries like The Gambia, Sierra Leone, Guinea, Benin, Rwanda, and Zambia, increasing yields from 1-2 tons/hectare to over 5 tons/hectare.
Effect of Conservation Agriculture with INM Under Rice-Wheat cropping system”SauhardDubey
This document summarizes the results of a study on the effects of conservation agriculture with integrated nutrient management under a rice-wheat cropping system. Key findings from tables in the document are:
1) Systems using zero tillage, crop residue retention, and balanced nutrient sources like farmyard manure had higher wheat yields compared to conventional tillage without residues.
2) For rice, the system of rice intensification (SRI) technique combined with integrated nutrient management using zinc and vermicompost led to increased growth, yield, and harvest index compared to conventional practices.
3) Overall, conservation agriculture practices like zero tillage, crop rotation, and permanent soil cover were found to improve soil properties and
Effect of Biofertilizers and their Consortium on Horticultural CropsSourabhMohite
The presentation includes detailed information about the mode of action of different biofertilizers including plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. By the use of different biofertilizers, we can minimize the quantity of chemical fertilizers and other agrochemicals. use of biofertilizers enhances plant growth with increased yield and quality sustainably. it also includes some case studies which confirm the beneficial use of biofertilizers and PGPR.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
1. RESPONSE OF BARLEY (Hordeum vulgare L.)GENOTYPES
TO INORGANIC FERTILIZER TYPES UNDER ACIDIC SOIL
OF HAGERESELAM, SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA
11:42:00 AM 1
M.sc Thesis
By: Hailu Hameso
Advisor: Walelign Worku (Professor)
Co-Advisor: Tewodros Ayalew (Associate Professor)
Hawassa, Ethiopia
July 2020
2. OUTLINE
Introduction
Objective of the study
Materials and Methods
Treatments and experimental design
Collection of data
Data analysis
Results and Discussions
Summary and Reccomendation
11:42:00 AM 2
3. 1. INTRODUCTION
Barley is one of the most important cereal crops in the world, ranking fourth in
production area next to wheat, maize and rice (USDA, 2017)
Barley is a staple food grain, especially for Ethiopian highlanders
Its grain contains carbohydrate, starch, protein and small amount of fat
(Martin et al., 2006)
11:42:00 AM 3
4. Introduction……….
The national average yield of barley in Ethiopia is low (2.16 ton ha-1)
(CSA, 2018)
Due to declining soil fertility
(Amsal and Tanner, 2001)
Depletion of soil nutrients especially N and P could be one of the major
reasons for the decreases in grain yield of barley
11:42:00 AM 4
5. Introduction…
Similarly, nutrients such as sulfur and boron are also, found to be limiting in many
soils of Ethiopia (Atlas, 2016)
Soil acidity is the most important soil factors,
Which affect plant growth, and
ultimately limit crop productivity
Acidic soils may not adequately respond to inorganic fertilizers and/or may require
application of higher rates (Achalu, et al., 2012)
11:42:00 AM 5
6. Introduction…
So far in Ethiopia only a few fertilizer and other agronomic trials have been
done
However, response of plants to fertilizer sources vary with mainly
Varieties and soil conditions
Soil acidity problems can be overcome through use of
Adequate plant nutrition systems
The use of nutrient efficient and responder genotype
(Kochian et al., 2004)
11:42:00 AM 6
7. Introduction…
Genotypic variation in response under various fertilizers application has been
reported
Barley wheat and other cereal crops under normal PH
However, the information in barley genotypic variation for inorganic fertilizers
types under acidic soil is low
11:42:00 AM 7
8. Introduction…
The study of barley genotypes response to soil acidity
and
to inorganic fertilizers application has been
limited in the study area
Improving barley productivity through fertilizer management
and
selection of genotypes which is respond
to fertilizer under acidic soil is important
11:42:00 AM 8
9. Objectives…
Main objective was:
To examine the response of barley genotypes to inorganic fertilizer sources
under acidic soil of Hagerselam, Sidama region, Southern Ethiopia
11:42:00 AM 9
10. Specific objectives
To investigate the effects of inorganic fertilizers on growth, yield and yield
components of barley genotypes on acidic soil
To determine the best performing barley genotypes in terms of yield and its
components under acidic soil
To analyze the economic feasibility of fertilizer application for barley
production under acidic soil conditions
11:42:00 AM 10
11. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Table 1. Location of the Study Area
Longitude 380 27’44’’E
Latitude 060 26’59’’, N
Altitude 2648 m a s l
Climate Sub-humid Type with Bi-modal
Rainfall Pattern
Precipitation 1000-to- 1300 mm
Rainy Season June to September
12. 2.2 Treatments and Experimental design
The experiment consisted of 20 treatment combinations, in factorial arrangement
It laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three
replications
Table 2. Treatments of genotypes and phosphorus fertilizer types
11:42:00 AM 12
Genotypes Types of Fertilizers
217176b 0 fertilizer
240478 NPS
234911b NPSB
208855b DAP
HB-1307
13. Seed Sowing and Fertilizer application
Seeds were sown in 8 rows at each plot in August 2019
Treatments were randomly assigned to the experimental plots of each replication
The type fertilizers were applied at sowing depending on the treatment and
covered with soil
11:42:00 AM 13
14. Cultural Practice
Other Agronomic managements such as
weeding, cultivation and pest control
were done as per the recommendation
for barley production in Ethiopia
11:42:00 AM 14
15. 2.4 Collection of Data
Crop phenology
Days to Emergence: Recorded by counting the number of days taken from
date of sowing to plants started emerge
Days to Heading: by counting the number of days from sowing to plants
reached heading
11:42:00 AM 15
16. Crop phenology ……….
Days to Physiological Maturity: were determined as the number of days
from sowing to plants reached maturity
Growth attributes
Plant Height: The height of ten randomly selected plants was measured
from the ground to the tip of the plant and averaged and expressed as cm
11:42:00 AM 16
17. Yield Attributes
Spike Length: was the length of the spike from the node where the first
spike branches emerge to the tip of the spike, from an average of five selected
plants per plot
Numbers of Tillers: were determined by counting the tillers from an area
of 1 m x 1 m plants by throwing a quadrant into the middle portion of each plot
11:42:00 AM 17
18. Yield Attributes……….
Grain per Spike: Five ears were taken randomly from each plot and number
grain/ spike, was measured at physiological maturity of the crop prior to
harvest
1000- grain Weight (g): 1000 seeds were counted in samples drawn from
the finally cleared seed and weighed (g)
11:42:00 AM 18
19. Harvest Index: was calculated by dividing grain yield by the total above ground
air dry biomass yield
Yields
Grain Yield: After threshing and winnowing, clean seeds obtained from
individual net plot were weighed separately and converted into ton ha-1
Straw Yield : was measured by substracting the grain yield from the total
biomass yield after threshing
11:42:00 AM 19
20. Yields………
Biomass Yield : was measured by weighing the sun dried total plant
biomass (straw + grain) of the net plot
GYRI
Grain Yield Response Index: was calculated for each genotypes by
selecting fertilizer type that caused the highest response
GYRI=
Grain Yield Under NPSB Fertilizer Applid−Grain Yield Under Zero Fertilizer
amount of Fertilizer In Kg
11:42:00 AM 20
21. 2.4 Data analysis
The data collected were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using GLM
procedure within SAS version 9.0
For parameters whose ANOVA tested significant with respect to treatment
effects, further means separation was done using least significant difference
method (LSD) at 0.05 probability level
11:42:00 AM 21
22. 3. Results and Discussions
11:42:00 AM 22
Table 5: Physic- chemical Characteristics of the Experimental soil before sowing
Soil properties Value
Sand 31%
Silt 32%
Clay 37%
Texture class Clay loam
PH 4.48
OC 2.38
TN% 0.14
Available P(mg kg-1) 3.56
B (mg kg-1) 0.47
CEC (Cmol (+) kg-1) 19.78
Exchangeable acidity (cmolc kg-1) 0.92
23. Table 6: Main Effects on Days to Emergence and Heading under Acidic Soil
11:42:00 AM
Treatments Day to emergence Day to heading
Fertilizers types
0 8 78a
DAP 8 73b
NPS 8 72b
NPSB 8 71b
Fertilizer NS ***
LSD - 1.15
Genotypes
217176b 7c 65d
240478 6d 56e
234911b 8b 72c
208855b 9a 81b
HB- 1307 9a 93a
Genotype *** ***
Fertilizer x genotypes NS NS
CV
LSD
2.89 2.13
0.19 1.29
Aynewa et al. (2013);
Shrivastava et al. (1992)
24. Table 7: Interaction Effect on Physiological Maturity
11:42:00 AM
Means followed by the same letter(s) are not significantly different
Genotypes
Days to physiological maturity
Types of fertilizer
Control DAP NPS NPSB
HB-1307 140a 120b 120b 120b
208855b 106c 100d 102d 99d
234911b 92e 85fg 86f 84f
217176b 90e 83fg 85fg 82gh
240478 85fg 79hi 79hi 77i
Interaction ***
CV 2.306
LSD 3.73
Wosene et al. (2015);
25. Table 8: Interaction Effect on Plant Height and Number of Effective
Tillers
Plant height (cm) Number of effective tiller
(m2)
Types of fertilizers
Genotypes Control DAP NPS NPSB Control DAP NPS NPSB
217176b 71.24gh 109.03a 105.95ab 110.28a 35.667ef 65.33ab 62.3abc 69.33a
240478 73.81gh 102.7abc 98.2bc 108.86a 38.66e 59.3bcd 58.6bcd 65.0ab
234911b 66.77hi 87.51de 85.59ef 94.98cd 30.33ef 54.0d 53.3d 55.3cd
HB-1307 62.89i 76.25gh 75.98gh 79.497fg 28.3gh 36.0ef 36.0ef 36.33ef
208855b 68.61hi 75.807gh 74.673gh 79.843efg 22.66h 24.6gh 24.66gh 27.3gh
Interaction *** ***
CV 5.69 9.55
LSD 8.16 7.01
11:42:00 AM 25
SHahzad et al. (2007) and
Frehiwot et al. (2014)
26. Table 9: Main Effect on Spike Length, Number of Grain per Spike and
Thousand Grain Weight
11:42:00 AM 26
Means with the same letter(s) are not significantly different
SL NGS 1000-GW
Fertilizers
NPSB 9.9093a 41.901a 37.5120a
DAP 9.4320ab 39.351b 36.2160ab
NPS 8.8880b 38.416b 35.5847b
0 6.7213c 26.120c 20.9560c
Fertilizer
LSD
***
0.72
***
2.33
***
1.47
Genotypes
217176b 10.9858a 46.231a 38.0333a
240478 10.3292a 43.502b 35.9700b
234911b 8.2367b 39.474c 31.1600c
HB- 1307 6.8425c 32.723d 29.9300c
208855b 7.294c 20.306e 27.7425d
Genotype *** *** ***
Fertilizer X genotypes NS NS NS
CV
LSD
11.26
0.81
8.65
2.6
6.11
1.64
Bekalu and Mamo et al.
(2011);
Guluma et al. (2010) and
Yestedaw et al. (2013)
27. 11:42:00 AM 27
Figure 1: Interaction effects of barely genotypes and inorganic
fertilizer types with regard to above ground biomass yield (ton ha-1).
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
217176b 240478 234911b HB-1307 208855b
a ab
cd
de
fg
ab ab
cd
ef
gi
bc bc
cd
efg
ij
ijk
jkl jkl
kl
l
Above
ground
total
biomass
yield
(ton
/ha
-1
)
Barley Genotypes
NPSB
DAP
NPS
cont
Fayera et al. (2014)
28. 11:42:00 AM 28
Figure2: Interaction effects of barely genotypes and inorganic fertilizer
application with regard to grain yield (ton ha -1).
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
217176b 240478 234911b HB-1307 208855b
a
ab
cd
def
hi
ab
b
cde
fg
i
c c
efg
gh
ij
jk kl
m lm
m
Grain
yied
in
t
ha-
1
Barley genotypes
NPSB
DAP
NPS
Controll
Fayera et al. (2014)
29. Table 10: Main Effect on Straw Yield and Harvest Index under Acidic Soil
11:42:00 AM 29
Means followed by the same letters are not significantly different at (p ≤ 0.05)
Fertilizers Straw yield ton ha-1 Harvest index (%)
NPSB
DAP
NPS
5.908a
5.8147a
5.60a
38.593a
37.69ab
35.487b
0
Fertilizer
3.2687b
***
28.993c
***
LSD 0.56 2.96
Genotypes
217176b 5.88a 38.63a
240478 5.93a 37.38ab
234911b 5.65a 32.025c
208855b 3.7325c 33.208c
HB- 1307 4.54b 34.767bc
Genotype *** ***
LSD 0.62 3.32
Fertilizer X genotypes NS NS
CV 14.71 11.42
Amsal et al. (2000) and
Shahryar and Mollasadeghi
(2008)
Harfe. (2017)
30. 11:42:00 AM 30
Figure 3: Grain Yield Response Index
Where: GYRI: grain yield response index, ER: efficient and
responsive, NER: not efficient and responsive and NENR: not efficient
and not responsive
217176b &
240478 ER
234911b &
HB-1307
NER
208855b
NRNE
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
GYRI
31. Table11: Correlation Coefficients between Mean Agronomic Traits of Barley Genotypes
Grown With Types of Inorganic Fertilizers under Acidic Soil at Hagerselam
11:42:00 AM 31
DE DH DPM PH NET SL NGS AGBM GY SY TGW
DE 1000
DH 0.89*** 1000
DM 0.79*** 0.93*** 1000
PH -0.68*** -0.72*** -0.68** 1000
NET -0.74*** -0.72*** -0.66*** 0.91** 1000
SL -0.69*** -0.74*** -0.7*** 0.87*** 0.81*** 1000
NG -0.68*** -0.64*** -0.58*** 0.83*** 0.92*** 0.80*** 1000
BY -0.49*** -0.58*** -0.54*** 0.84*** 0.84*** 0.77*** 0.84*** 1000
GY -0.53*** -0.57*** -0.53*** 0.9*** 0.88*** 0.81*** 0.86*** 0.95*** 1000
SY -0.43** -0.54*** -0.52*** 0.73*** 0.76*** 0.68*** 0.76*** 0.97*** 0.84*** 1000
TGW -0.43** -0.52*** -0.49*** 0.88*** 0.80*** 0.81*** 0.79*** 0.91*** 0.94*** 0.82*** 1000
HI -0.35** 0.34*** -0.29** 0.68*** 0.61*** 0.59*** 0.59*** 0.54*** 0.76*** 0.33** 0.72***
32. 4. SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATION
In the increasing population, there is a growing need to improve crop productivity
However, the majority of tropical soils like Ethiopia have limited capacity of
producing crop yields because of production constraints
Due to such constraints, yield is usually below the genetic potential of barley
11:42:00 AM 32
33. Summary And Recommendation………
Alternatives ways to overcome such problem is
supplying appropriate type of nutrients
use of nutrient efficient and responder genotype
Study was conducted to evaluate the response of barley genotypes to
inorganic fertilizers types under acidic soil
11:42:00 AM 33
34. The result showed that
Day to emergence, day to heading,
spike length, number of grain per Spike, were significantly influenced
1000 grain weight and harvest index by main effects of genotypes
and types of fertilizers
Day to maturity, plant height, number of effective were significantly affected
tillers, above ground biomass, straw yield by interaction effects
and grain yield
11:42:00 AM 34
35. Summary And Recommendation………
Genotype 217176b with NPSB fertilizer gave the highest grain yield (4.9 ton
ha-1)
But was statistically not par with that obtained under DAP fertilizer with same
genotype (4.72 ton ha-1)
This also had no significant difference with grain yield obtained from genotype
240478 with NPSB fertilizer (4.58 ton ha-1)
36. Summary and Recommendation………
Two genotypes (217176b and 240478) were grouped as efficient and
responder genotypes
Grain yield was positively and significantly correlated with plant height and
yield components
11:42:00 AM 36
37. Summary and Recommendation..
The result indicated considerable barley genotypic variation in terms of growth
and yield characters,
and differently responded to types of inorganic fertilizers under acidic soil
The highest (MRR %) 3745.35 was recorded from the application of NPSB
fertilizer for genotype 217176b
11:42:00 AM 37
38. Summary and Recommendation………
Similarly, the same genotype with application DAP gave a comparatively high
net benefit and MRR
Genotype 240478 either with NPSB or DAP fertilizer provided adequately
high net benefit and MRR much greater than the minimum requirement
(100%)
11:42:00 AM 38
39. Summary and Recommendation………
Given the fact that grain yield performance between the two varieties in
combination with either NPSB or DAP is not statistically significant,
Either of the two genotypes with the recommended rates of DAP and NPSB
fertilizers can be used
for production of barley in acidic soils of Hagereselam
and acidic soils of similar agro-ecologies in the highlands of Ethiopia
11:42:00 AM 39
40. Summary and Recommendation………
However, it would be too early to reach at a conclusive recommendation,
since the current study was carried out only in one location and one
cropping season
Further studies that are replicated at least over seasons are needed
To investigate response of the two promising barley genotypes to application of
inorganic fertilizers under acidic soil conditions
11:42:00 AM 40