Behcet's disease is a chronic, relapsing vasculitis affecting multiple organ systems. It is characterized by recurrent oral and genital ulcers, eye lesions, skin lesions, and arthritis. The cause is unknown but is believed to involve infectious agents triggering an autoimmune response in genetically susceptible individuals. Treatment involves managing symptoms with medications tailored to specific organ manifestations, with the goal of reducing exacerbations and preventing long term complications like blindness or vascular damage.
Erythema multiforme, Steven-Johnson syndrome and Toxic Epidermal NecrolysisBinaya Subedi
Erythema Multiforme is a common Vesiculobullous deramtological condition with mucosal manifestations trigged by Herpes virus infection and certain sulpha containing drugs.
Erythema multiforme, Steven-Johnson syndrome and Toxic Epidermal NecrolysisBinaya Subedi
Erythema Multiforme is a common Vesiculobullous deramtological condition with mucosal manifestations trigged by Herpes virus infection and certain sulpha containing drugs.
Not only the lesions in the body helps us to know about syphilis but also a minute nodule or lesion helps us to discover the syphilis. He who knows syphilis knows the medicine well. Earlier you found the disease the treatment and the prognosis will be good. Discover syphilis through your body's gateway.
Not only the lesions in the body helps us to know about syphilis but also a minute nodule or lesion helps us to discover the syphilis. He who knows syphilis knows the medicine well. Earlier you found the disease the treatment and the prognosis will be good. Discover syphilis through your body's gateway.
Thyroid eye disease is a condition in which the eye muscles, eyelids, tear glands and fatty tissues behind the eye become inflamed. Also known as:-
Graves ophthalmopathy
Thyroid associated ophthalmopathy
Thyrotoxic exophthalmos and several other terms.
Meningococci are a type of bacteria that cause serious infections. The most common infection is meningitis, which is an inflammation of the thin tissue that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. Meningococci can also cause other problems, including a serious bloodstream infection called sepsis. In its early stages, you may have flu-like symptoms and a stiff neck. But the disease can progress quickly and can be fatal. Early diagnosis and treatment are extremely important. Lab tests on your blood and cerebrospinal fluid can tell if you have it. Treatment is with antibiotics. Since the infection spreads from person to person, family members may also need to be treated.
A vaccine can prevent meningococcal infections.
Dentists play an important role in the diagnosis and management of desquamative gingivitis. The importance of being able to recognise and properly diagnose this condition is accentuated by the fact that a serious and life threatening disease may initially manifest as desquamative gingivitis.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
2. Historical aspects:
In 1937, Prof. Hulusi
Behçet, a Turkish
dermatologist (1889-
1948), described a
syndrome characterized by
recurrent oral ulcers,
genital ulcers, &
hypopyon uveitis of
unknown cause.
3. Behcet’s disease is a chronic, relapsing,
occlusive vasculitis affecting multiple organ
systems.
4. World wide occurrence with varying prevalence.
Endemic along the Silk Road(Eastern and Central
Asian and the Eastern Mediterranean countries).
5. Prevalence rate:(per 100000 population)
Turkey:110-420.
Israel:50-185.
Japan:13-20.
Male preponderance.
Age group-20-35 years.
6. Etiology unknown.
Caused by certain environmental factors (infectious
agents) in genetically susceptible host.
In endemic areas ,strongly associated with HLA-B51
gene.
Also linkage disequilibrium of HLA-B51 with
MICA*009 and TNF-1031C genes.
7. Other genes causing genetic susceptibility are those
coding for ERAP-1,
IL-23R,
IL-12B2R,
Coagulation factor-V,
Endothelial nitric oxide synthase,
Intercellular adhesion molecule-1.
9. Infective agents trigger auto immune
response against self antigens.
Antigens against which Auto Ab found are,
Endothelial antigen(alpha enolase),
Retinal S antigen,
Heat Shock proteins(60 & 70 Kda),
Tropomyosin,
Costimulatory molecules,
Oxidized low density lipoprotein
10. Behcets disease both autoinflammatory and
autoimmune disorder.
Autoinflammatory refers to inherited disorders
with episodes of recurrent inflammatory
reactions of the innate immune system without
remarkable provocation.
Autoimmunity refers to significant levels of
high titer autoantibodies or antigen specific T
cells.
11. Recurrent oral &genital
ulcers,ocular lesions,skin
manifestations & arthritis
/arthropathy most frequent
clinical manifestations.
Vascular,GIT,CNS,psychia
tric,pulmonary,renal and
cardiac
manifestations,epididymiti
s can also occurs.
13. • Major features(4)
• Recurrent ulceration of oral mucous membrane
• Skin lesions - Erythema nodosum–like lesions, superficial
thrombophlebitis, papular skin hypersensitivity
• Eye lesions – Iridocyclitis or its sequele,
-Posterior uveitis or its sequele
• Genital ulcers
• Minor features(5)
• Arthritis without deformity or sclerosis
• Gastrointestinal lesions characterized by ileocecal ulcers
• Epididymitis
• Vascular lesions
• Central nervous system symptoms moderate or severe
14. a) Complete –
Four major features
b) Incomplete –
(1) 3 major features or,
(2) 2 major and 2 minor features or,
(3) Typical ocular symptom and 1 major or 2 minor features
c) Possible –
(1) 2 major features or,
(2) 1 major and 2 minor features
15. Recurrent oral ulcers-
Presenting sign in >90% of
cases.
Recur(atleast 3 episodes in a
year)
Grossly & histologically
similar to common oral
ulcers, but are more
extensive and multiple ulcers.
Lesions are
multiple,painful,1-3 cm in
diameter & sharply margined
with fibrin coated base and
surrounding erythema.
Heals without scarring in 4-
30 days.
16. • Genital ulcers (90%,
M>F) resemble their oral
counterparts but cause
greater scarring.
• In males, usually occur on
scrotum, penis, and groin.
• In females, occur on
vulva, vagina, groin, and
cervix
• Ulcers may found in
urethral orifice and
perianal area.
• Epididymitis may arise.
17. 47-65% of cases
Major cause of morbidity.
Ocular lesions are,
Anterior uveitis
Posterior uveitis(Retinal vasculitis)-lead to blindness.
Hypopyon.
Secondary complications(Cataract,Glaucoma,Tractional
retinal detachment,chronic cystoid macular edema,vision
loss & Neovascular lesions)
Blindness occur within 4-5 years from onset of ocular
symptoms.
26. Characteristic features are
vasculitis & thrombosis.
Neutrophilic vascular
reaction with endothelial
swelling (predominant
finding)
Extravasation of
erythrocytes,
Leukocytoclasia/fully
developed leukocytoclastic
vasculitis
Fibrinoid necrosis of blood
vessel walls
Lymphocytic perivasculitis.
27.
28. PATHERGY TEST:
Site: Commonly volar
aspect of forearm.
Intradermal injection of 0.1
ml isotonic salt solution
using 20 G needle without
prior disinfection of the
injection site.
3-5 mm intradermally,at an
angle of 45 degree.
Reading – after 24-48 hours
+ve result- Erythematous
papule or pustule (>2 mm)
at prick site.
29. Pathergy test is not pathognomic.
It can also occur in patients with,
Pyoderma gangrenosum
Rheumatoid arthritis
Crohn disease
Genital herpes infection
31. • Treatment of BD symptomatic and empiric.
• Choice of treatment depends on site and
severity of clinical manifestations
32. Mucous membrane inv:
Topical glucocorticoids (Triamcinolone
acetonide in orabase/ prednisolone 5 mg in 20
ml water/ tetracycline 250 mg in 20 ml water
used as mouth wash TID)
Topical anesthetics(Lidocaine 2% /tetracaine
0.5-1% in gel form)
Topical immunosuppressant( Cyclosporine
solution)
Serious cases- thalidomide
33. Arthritis:
Colchicine(1-2 mg/day)
Azathioprine(2.5 mg/kg/day)
Thrombophlebitis
Aspirin
Uveitis:
Systemic steroids( Methyl prednisolone 40 mg IM
once in 3 wks)
Azathioprine(2.5 mg/kg/day)
Cyclosporin(2-10 mg/kg/day)
35. • Behcet's disease has an undulating course of
exacerbations and remissions, and may become
less severe after approximately 20 years.
• Appears to be more severe in young, male, and
Middle Eastern or Far Eastern patients.
36. IADVL text book of dermatology,4 th edition
ROOK’s text book
Fitzpatrick text book
Internet sources