Before first law of thermodynamics, there is zeroth law of thermodyn.pdf
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Before first law of thermodynamics, there is zeroth law of thermodynamics. The thermometer works on the principle of zeroth law of thermodynamics. Can you explain what is a zeroth law of thermodynamics? Solution Zeroth law states that Objects into contact will reach a thermal equilibrium (and heat transfers from hotter to colder), this means one can use a device that can measure this difference of this quantity as follows: We have a device (called a thermometer) which has an indication. When the \"thermometer device\" comes into contact with another object, 0th law states that they wil reach thermal equilibrium . Then the indication of the device will change to reflect the difference of this quantity that changed or transfered and refered to as temperature . One such device is the thermometer based on mercury (which is used as the indicator due to its special heat expansion factor)..
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Physics Thermodynamics Notes Grade 11
This presentation is prepared for the students of grades 11 and 12 concluding the chapter thermodynamics. Proper notes with diagrams, facts, and figures are presented. Numericals are solved too.
Recommended
Physics Thermodynamics Notes Grade 11
This presentation is prepared for the students of grades 11 and 12 concluding the chapter thermodynamics. Proper notes with diagrams, facts, and figures are presented. Numericals are solved too.
Why is it incorrect to say that a system contains heatSolution.pdf
Why is it incorrect to say that a system contains heat?
Solution
System and heat are two different things. Heat is a type of energy, and system is system. The
system can gain heat, but the heat can\'t gain system.
Heat is a property of system . You cannot \"contain heat\". Heat can be regarded as a sense of
the \"energy levels\" of a system.
Strictly speaking heat is the transfer of energy- the flow due to the temperature difference
between one piece of matter to the other.
That is, if you touch your fingers together, you do not feel heat - but if you touch fire (an
ongoing chemical reaction that evolves heat) you will obviously feel heat.
OR
Heat capacity or thermal capacity, is the measurable physical quantity that characterizes the
amount of heat required to change a substance\'s temperature by a given amount. In the
International System of Units (SI), heat capacity is expressed in units of joule(s) (J) per kelvin
(K)
Before the development of modern thermodynamics, it was thought that heat was a fluid, the so-
called caloric. Bodies were capable of holding a certain amount of this fluid, hence the term heat
capacity, named and first investigated by Joseph Black in the 1750s. Today one instead discusses
the internal energy of a system. This is made up of its microscopic kinetic and potential energy.
Heat is no longer considered a fluid. Rather, it is a transfer of disordered energy at the
microscopic level. Nevertheless, at least in English, the term \"heat capacity\" survives. Some
other languages prefer the term thermal capacity, which is also sometimes used in English
\"In physics and thermodynamics, heat is energy transferred from one body, region, or
thermodynamic system to another due to thermal contact or thermal radiation when the systems
are at different temperatures... Thermal energy is sometimes referred to as heat, although the
strict definition of heat requires it to be in transfer between two systems.\"
The term \"enthalpy\" is \"sometimes described as the heat content of a system under a given
pressure, whereas \"heat\" is defined as thermal energy in transit. For the assumption that a
change of enthalpy H is heat to be valid, no energy exchange with the environment must occur
aside from heat or expansion work. GIVEN THIS RESTRICTION, it can be shown that:
* The enthalpy is the total amount of energy that the system can emit through heat
* Adding or removing energy through heat is the only way to change the enthalpy
* The amount of change in enthalpy is equal to the amount of energy added through heat.\"
\"Thus it is as if enthalpy is nothing more than heat \"stored\" by the system, provided the given
restrictions are adhered to.\"
\"However, heat is not the only way to change enthalpy. Enthalpy also changes when the
pressure of the environment is altered, even if no energy is exchanged as heat. In addition,
enthalpy changes when energy is transferred into or out of the system through a means other than
heat or expansion wor.
Chemical energetics 01
F.Y. B. Sc., Semester -I
Physical Chemistry
Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune
Chemical Energetics, Themodynamics introduction
Chemical Energetics, Themodynamics introductionArts Commerce & Science College, Tryambakeshwar, Nashik
Thermodynamics introduction was explained in this slide. Fifth Law of Thermodynamics - A Review
Thermodynamics is the branch of natural science which deals with heat and its relation to energy and work. The laws of thermodynamics govern the relationships between them. Each law either states some biblical fact with scientific proof or introduces some new terminology so that its violation can be avoided. With the recent development in technology, it has been become possible to create 'negative absolute temperatures'. This causes several odd consequences and also violates the already established laws of thermodynamics. This paper summarizes some of the information about the negative absolute temperature and its possibilities. A fifth law of thermodynamics which would be able to stop the violations of the other laws is also looked into.
Question Completion Status QUESTION In the absence of oxygen, animal.pdf
Question Completion Status: QUESTION In the absence of oxygen, animal cells, through a
series of reactions, convert pyruvate to O lactic O CO2 and ethyl alcohol O carbon dioxide O
citric acid QUESTION 2 The prepatory reaction converts the pyruvate into for use in the citric
acid cycle) and (which leaves the cell O NADH: NAD O ATP: ADP O glucose; CO2 O acetyl-
CoA, carbon dioxide QUESTION 3 Energy released as electrons are transported down the
electron transport chain in cellular respiration is directly used to O oxygen O produce co2 O
produce NADH and FADH2 O establish a proton (H gradient OS
Solution
1.pyruvate is converted to CO2 and ethyl alcohol.
2.preparatory reaction convertpyruvate to acetyl coA and CO2
3.to produce oxygen.
4.glucose is ultimately converted to CO2.
5.cellular respiration requires glucose and CO2.
6.TCA, ETS take place in mitochondria.
7.purpose of dellular respiration to produce ATP.
8.ATP SYNTHASE PHOSPHORYLATES ADP TP ATP.
9.all organisms respire.
10.oxygen is not a product of respiration.
11.oxygen is the final electron acceptor.
12.glycolysis break glucose in 2 molecule pyruvate.
13.CO2 is produced in the preparatory reaction of citric acid cycle.
14.FADH2 and NADH carry electron .
15.in CYTRIC ACID CYCLE 34 molecule ATP produced from one glucose..
Short Answer 1. What are the 5 mechanisms of evolutionary ch.pdf
Short Answer: 1. What are the 5 mechanisms of evolutionary change that make up Modern
synthesis?
Solution
Answer = 1]
Five mechanisms of evolutionary change that make up modern synthesis are
1] Natural selection = is the process by which traits that enhance survival & reproduction
becomes more common in succesive generations of population
2] Biased mutation =When there are different probabilities occure at molecular level for different
mutations to occur known as biased mutation
3] Genetic drift = is the change in allele frequency from one generation to next that occure
because alleles are subjected to sampling error
drift acts faster & has more drastic effects in smaller populations
genetic drift contribute to speciation
4] Genetic hitchhiking =When one allele in particular haplotype is strongly beneficial natural
selection can drive a selective sweep that will also cause the other allales in haplotype to become
more common in population is called as genetic hitchhiking
5] Gene flow = Involves the exchange of genes between populations & species
gene flow between population can introduce traits & alleles.
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Similar to Before first law of thermodynamics, there is zeroth law of thermodyn.pdf
Why is it incorrect to say that a system contains heatSolution.pdf
Why is it incorrect to say that a system contains heat?
Solution
System and heat are two different things. Heat is a type of energy, and system is system. The
system can gain heat, but the heat can\'t gain system.
Heat is a property of system . You cannot \"contain heat\". Heat can be regarded as a sense of
the \"energy levels\" of a system.
Strictly speaking heat is the transfer of energy- the flow due to the temperature difference
between one piece of matter to the other.
That is, if you touch your fingers together, you do not feel heat - but if you touch fire (an
ongoing chemical reaction that evolves heat) you will obviously feel heat.
OR
Heat capacity or thermal capacity, is the measurable physical quantity that characterizes the
amount of heat required to change a substance\'s temperature by a given amount. In the
International System of Units (SI), heat capacity is expressed in units of joule(s) (J) per kelvin
(K)
Before the development of modern thermodynamics, it was thought that heat was a fluid, the so-
called caloric. Bodies were capable of holding a certain amount of this fluid, hence the term heat
capacity, named and first investigated by Joseph Black in the 1750s. Today one instead discusses
the internal energy of a system. This is made up of its microscopic kinetic and potential energy.
Heat is no longer considered a fluid. Rather, it is a transfer of disordered energy at the
microscopic level. Nevertheless, at least in English, the term \"heat capacity\" survives. Some
other languages prefer the term thermal capacity, which is also sometimes used in English
\"In physics and thermodynamics, heat is energy transferred from one body, region, or
thermodynamic system to another due to thermal contact or thermal radiation when the systems
are at different temperatures... Thermal energy is sometimes referred to as heat, although the
strict definition of heat requires it to be in transfer between two systems.\"
The term \"enthalpy\" is \"sometimes described as the heat content of a system under a given
pressure, whereas \"heat\" is defined as thermal energy in transit. For the assumption that a
change of enthalpy H is heat to be valid, no energy exchange with the environment must occur
aside from heat or expansion work. GIVEN THIS RESTRICTION, it can be shown that:
* The enthalpy is the total amount of energy that the system can emit through heat
* Adding or removing energy through heat is the only way to change the enthalpy
* The amount of change in enthalpy is equal to the amount of energy added through heat.\"
\"Thus it is as if enthalpy is nothing more than heat \"stored\" by the system, provided the given
restrictions are adhered to.\"
\"However, heat is not the only way to change enthalpy. Enthalpy also changes when the
pressure of the environment is altered, even if no energy is exchanged as heat. In addition,
enthalpy changes when energy is transferred into or out of the system through a means other than
heat or expansion wor.
Chemical energetics 01
F.Y. B. Sc., Semester -I
Physical Chemistry
Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune
Chemical Energetics, Themodynamics introduction
Chemical Energetics, Themodynamics introductionArts Commerce & Science College, Tryambakeshwar, Nashik
Thermodynamics introduction was explained in this slide. Fifth Law of Thermodynamics - A Review
Thermodynamics is the branch of natural science which deals with heat and its relation to energy and work. The laws of thermodynamics govern the relationships between them. Each law either states some biblical fact with scientific proof or introduces some new terminology so that its violation can be avoided. With the recent development in technology, it has been become possible to create 'negative absolute temperatures'. This causes several odd consequences and also violates the already established laws of thermodynamics. This paper summarizes some of the information about the negative absolute temperature and its possibilities. A fifth law of thermodynamics which would be able to stop the violations of the other laws is also looked into.
Similar to Before first law of thermodynamics, there is zeroth law of thermodyn.pdf (20)
Why is it incorrect to say that a system contains heatSolution.pdf
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Question Completion Status QUESTION In the absence of oxygen, animal.pdf
Question Completion Status: QUESTION In the absence of oxygen, animal cells, through a
series of reactions, convert pyruvate to O lactic O CO2 and ethyl alcohol O carbon dioxide O
citric acid QUESTION 2 The prepatory reaction converts the pyruvate into for use in the citric
acid cycle) and (which leaves the cell O NADH: NAD O ATP: ADP O glucose; CO2 O acetyl-
CoA, carbon dioxide QUESTION 3 Energy released as electrons are transported down the
electron transport chain in cellular respiration is directly used to O oxygen O produce co2 O
produce NADH and FADH2 O establish a proton (H gradient OS
Solution
1.pyruvate is converted to CO2 and ethyl alcohol.
2.preparatory reaction convertpyruvate to acetyl coA and CO2
3.to produce oxygen.
4.glucose is ultimately converted to CO2.
5.cellular respiration requires glucose and CO2.
6.TCA, ETS take place in mitochondria.
7.purpose of dellular respiration to produce ATP.
8.ATP SYNTHASE PHOSPHORYLATES ADP TP ATP.
9.all organisms respire.
10.oxygen is not a product of respiration.
11.oxygen is the final electron acceptor.
12.glycolysis break glucose in 2 molecule pyruvate.
13.CO2 is produced in the preparatory reaction of citric acid cycle.
14.FADH2 and NADH carry electron .
15.in CYTRIC ACID CYCLE 34 molecule ATP produced from one glucose..
Short Answer 1. What are the 5 mechanisms of evolutionary ch.pdf
Short Answer: 1. What are the 5 mechanisms of evolutionary change that make up Modern
synthesis?
Solution
Answer = 1]
Five mechanisms of evolutionary change that make up modern synthesis are
1] Natural selection = is the process by which traits that enhance survival & reproduction
becomes more common in succesive generations of population
2] Biased mutation =When there are different probabilities occure at molecular level for different
mutations to occur known as biased mutation
3] Genetic drift = is the change in allele frequency from one generation to next that occure
because alleles are subjected to sampling error
drift acts faster & has more drastic effects in smaller populations
genetic drift contribute to speciation
4] Genetic hitchhiking =When one allele in particular haplotype is strongly beneficial natural
selection can drive a selective sweep that will also cause the other allales in haplotype to become
more common in population is called as genetic hitchhiking
5] Gene flow = Involves the exchange of genes between populations & species
gene flow between population can introduce traits & alleles.
Review Preparation for Statistics A statistics instructor wanted to s.pdf
Review Preparation for Statistics A statistics instructor wanted to see if student participation in
review preparation methods led to higher examination scores. Five students were randomly
selected and placed in each test group for a three-week unit on statistical inference. Everyone
took the same examination at the end of the unit, and the resulting scores are shown below Is
there sufficient evidence at 0.05 to conclude an interaction between the two factors? Is there
sufficient evidence to conclude a difference in mean scores based on formula delivery system? Is
there sufficient evidence to conclude a difference in mean scores based on the review
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Solution.
Problem 3-8BRIDGEPORT ADVERTISING TRIAL BALANCE DECEMBER 31, 2.pdf
Problem 3-8
BRIDGEPORT ADVERTISING
TRIAL BALANCE
DECEMBER 31, 2017
Unadjusted
Adjusted
Dr.
Cr.
Dr.
Cr.
$148,820
$148,820
$158,950
$158,950
No.
Date
Account Titles and Explanation
Debit
Credit
(To record accrued service revenue)
(To record supplies used)
(To expired insurance)
(To record depreciation on equiment)
(To record interest accrued on the note)
(To record service revenue earned)
(To record accrued wages)
Assets
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
%
Open Show Work
SAVE FOR LATER
SUBMIT ANSWER
Problem 3-8 Bridgeport Advertising was founded by Murali Vedula in January 2015. Presented
below are both the adjusted and unadjusted trial balances as of December 31, 2017.
BRIDGEPORT ADVERTISING
TRIAL BALANCE
DECEMBER 31, 2017
Unadjusted
Adjusted
Dr.
Cr.
Dr.
Cr.Cash$16,740$16,740Accounts Receivable19,17023,012Supplies9,7606,845Prepaid
Insurance4,2202,625Equipment64,70064,700Accumulated Depreciation-
Equipment$24,120$29,050Notes Payable8,6008,600Accounts Payable1,8901,890Interest
Payable0602Unearned Service Revenue5,3503,405Salaries and Wages Payable0756Common
Stock19,22019,220Retained Earnings27,24727,247Dividends19,30019,300Service
Revenue62,39368,180Salaries and Wages Expense9,40010,156Insurance Expense1,595Interest
Expense602Depreciation Expense4,930Supplies Expense2,915Rent Expense5,5305,530
$148,820
$148,820
$158,950
$158,950Journalize the annual adjusting entries that were made. (Credit account titles are
automatically indented when amount is entered. Do not indent manually. If no entry is required,
select \"No entry\" for the account titles and enter 0 for the amounts.)
No.
Date
Account Titles and Explanation
Debit
Credit1.Dec. 31
(To record accrued service revenue)2.Dec. 31
(To record supplies used)3.Dec. 31
(To expired insurance)4.Dec. 31
(To record depreciation on equiment)5.Dec. 31
(To record interest accrued on the note)6.Dec. 31
(To record service revenue earned)7.Dec. 31
(To record accrued wages)Prepare an income statement for the year ended December 31. (Enter
loss using either a negative sign preceding the number e.g. -45 or parentheses e.g. (45).)
BRIDGEPORTADVERTISING
Income Statement
December 31, 2017For the Year Ended December 31, 2017For the Quarter Ended December
31, 2017
DividendsExpensesNet Income / (Loss)Retained Earnings, Janaury 1Retained Earnings,
December 31RevenuesTotal ExpensesTotal Revenues
$
DividendsExpensesNet Income / (Loss)Retained Earnings, Janaury 1Retained Earnings,
December 31RevenuesTotal ExpensesTotal Revenues
$
Dividends Expenses Net Income / (Loss) Retained Earnings, Janaury 1 Retained
Earnings, December 31 Revenues Total Expenses Total Revenues
DividendsExpensesNet Income / (Loss)Retained Earnings, Janaury 1Retained Earnings,
December 31RevenuesTotal ExpensesTotal Revenues$
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BRIDGEPORTADVERTISING
Retained Earnings Statement
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Q1 Define the three types of data flow. Q2 What are the t.pdf
Q1: Define the three types of data flow.
Q2: What are the two principles of Protocol Layering?
Q3: A sine wave is offset 1/4 cycle with respect to time 0. What is its phase in degrees and
radians?
Q4: List three properties for Infrared waves.
Solution
: 4) Infrared (IR) waves are :
- electromagnetic in nature with longer wavelengths than visible light
- wavelength is from 0.74 micrometres (µm) to 300 µm.
- frequency range is from 1 to 400 THz
IR is thermal radiation emitted by objects near room temperature.
3) phase in degree :
1 complete cycle = 360 °
Then 1/4th cycle =1/4*360= 90°
Phase in radians :
1° =2/360 radians
Then 90° = 90*2/360 = /2 rad = 1.57 rad
1)
Simplex:All the data flow is unidirectional from transmitter to receiver.
Duplex communication is two way in that we have two types:
Half-duplex: communication may be likened to two way Either can may be used to transmit or
receive, but not at the same time
Fullduplex:Full-duplex communication is more like a true telephone, where two people can talk
at the same time and hear one another simultaneously.
1)
When communication is simple we may need only one protocol. When the communication is
Complex we need a protocol at each layer which is called protocol layering
We need to understand two simple principles for that
a) The first principle dictates that if we want
bidirectional communication, we need to make each
layer so that it is able to perform two opposite tasks,
one in each direction.
b) The second principle that we need to follow in
protocol layering is that the two objects under each
layer at both sides should be identical..
Multiple choice A young girl is staring at the raindrops running do.pdf
Multiple choice: A young girl is staring at the raindrops running down her window. She notices
that the raindrops remain more or less intact, even as they cascade down the windowpane. This is
a result of:
ionic bonds between water molecules.
oxygen bonds between water molecules.
covalent bonds between water molecules.
hydrogen bonds between water molecules.
polar covalent bonds between water molecules.
Solution
d). hydrogen bonds between water molecules.
Because of the hydrogen bonding, water exhibits high surface tension. So, water molecules on
the surface are more strongly attracted to each other than to the air above. So that the raindrops
remain more or less intact, even as they cascade down the windowpane..
mitosis is a special set of events that occur in what region of .pdf
mitosis is a special set of events that occur in what region of the cell?
mitosis is a special set of events that occur in what region of the cell?
mitosis is a special set of events that occur in what region of the cell?
Solution
Mitosis is found to occur in the cell nuclei of eukaryotic cells.
In the process of mitosis, one cell divides into two cells and these two cells will be genetically
identical to the original cell.
Our body will grow and repair itself due to the process of mitosis.
Mitosis includes five phases: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase..
If you were looking at an mRNA and saw the codon AUG, what would you .pdf
If you were looking at an mRNA and saw the codon AUG, what would you conclude about it?
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What has this knowledge allowed us to do with genes Transcription is the DNA-directed
synthesis of RNA: a closer look Describe the general model of transcription. Include in your
answer the steps of transcription and the key elements of each step. Compare and contrast
transcription between prokaryotes and eukaryotes What makes RNA polymerase start
transcribing in a gene at the right place on the DNA of a prokaryotic cell? What makes RNA
polymerase start transcribing in a gene at the right place on the DNA of a eukaryotic cell?
Solution
A)Transcription is the first step in gene expression. It involves copying a gene\'s DNA sequence
to make an RNA molecule.Transcription can be divided into four distinct stages:
Template recognition
Initiation
Elongation
Termination
Initiation:RNA polymerase binds to a sequence of DNA called the promoter,found near the
beginning of a gene.Each gene has its own promoter.Once bound,RNA polymerase separates the
DNA strands,providing the single-stranded template needed for transcription.
Elongation:One strand of DNA,the template strand,acts as a template for RNA polymerase.As it
reads this template one base at a time,the polymerase builds an RNA molecule out of
complementary nucleotides,making a chain that grows from 5\' to 3\'.The RNA transcript carries
the same information as the non-template (coding) strand of DNA,but it contains the base uracil
instead of thymine .
Termination:Sequences called terminators signal that the RNA transcript is complete.Once they
are transcribed,they cause the transcript to be released from the RNA polymerase.
B)Prokaryotes do not have an organized nucleus,so the nuclear materials or DNA is in the
cytoplasm.Therefore,the transcription occurs in the cytoplasm and all the precursors needed for
the transcription are found in the cytoplasm.Prokaryotic transcription requires the RNA
polymerase enzyme in order for the transcription to be successfully completed.The enzyme binds
to the sigma factor and the promoter region,and then initiate the transcription by completing the
holoenzyme.In prokaryotes,DNA is not bound to histones.Thus,the transcription initiates
directly.This could be advantageous when prokaryotes have overlapping genes.Transcription
starts at the promoter region and elongate through the coding region and ends when the RNA
polymerase reads the termination signal.There are two types of termination signals,Rho-
dependent and independant.Transcribed mRNA will be completely translated during the
transcription,and no post-transcription processing will be undergoing most of the
time.Transcriptionl unit has one or more .
If the proportion of an African population that is susceptible to Ma.pdf
If the proportion of an African population that is susceptible to Malaria is 0.49, what proportion
of the population is affected with Sickle Cell Anemia? A. 0.68. B. 0.09. C. 0.45. D. 0.34.
Solution
B 0.09
In literature it was mentioned that 40% of popullation in africa suffering from malaria are
sucessiptible to sickel cell anemia..
Identify nursing diagnoses goal and outcome criteria and interven.pdf
Identify nursing diagnoses goal and outcome criteria and interventions for the postoperative
patient
Identify nursing diagnoses goal and outcome criteria and interventions for the postoperative
patient
Solution
ASSESSMENT: - After the surgery, when the operation procedure is completed, the patient is
usually shifted to intensive care unit. When patient is admitted to PACU determine the medical
diagnosis, the surgery procedure, pain, consciousness, vital signs, medical history, how patient
tolerated the procedure? what was the medication given, and other assessment data listed earlier.
Check and set up equipment like oxygen, suction devices, urinary drainage etc. A more detailed
assessment should be performed when a patient returns to the nursing unit. It is actually
collecting, organizing, validating, and documenting patient data and its purpose is to establish a
database about the patient’s response to health concerns or illness and the ability to manage
health care needs.
DIAGNOSIS: - Medical diagnoses are important factors influencing patient outcomes during
hospitalization. For example, ICU patients with infectious diseases at admission had higher
mortality than the patients with gastrointestinal diseases. After surgery patients are at an
increased risk of severe complication. Nursing diagnosis is the nurse’s clinical judgment about
the patient’s response to potential health conditions and comorbid medical conditions. Several
studies show that these diagnosis influence 31 different types of patient outcomes (e.g. hospital
mortality, the length of stay, and ICU readmission) and interventions. A standard nursing
diagnosis includes three structural components: the problem, the etiology and supporting data. Its
purpose is to identify patient’s strengths and health problems that can be prevented or resolved
by collaborative and independent nursing interventions. and to develop a list of nursing
diagnoses and collaborative problems.
GOAL AND OUTCOME: - The goal is aimed at the medical diagnosis. The outcomes are aimed
at meeting the goals. A patient goal represents a predicted resolution of a diagnosis, evidence of
progress toward resolution, progress toward improved health, or continued maintenance of good
health. Each goal is limited to a time so the health care team has a common time limit for solving
the problem. For example, the goal of “patient will achieve pain relief. A short-term goal is an
objective behavior or response that you expect a patient to achieve in a short time, usually in a
week. A long-term goal is an objective behavior or response that you expect a patient to achieve
over a longer period, usually over several weeks, or even several months (for example “Patient
will leave nicotine products within two months”). Determine how to prevent, reduce, or resolve
the identified patient problems; how to support patient strengths; and how to implement nursing
interventions in a well organized, individualized, and goal-directed way, .
How would you arrange these concepts in terms of concreteness (from .pdf
How would you arrange these concepts in terms of concreteness (from most to least concrete)?
Justify your arrangement.
Asset
Common stock
Equity
Investment
Security
Stock
Solution
Below is the arrangement of concepts in terms of concreteness (most to least):
1. Stock 2. Common Stock 3. Security 4. Investment 5. Asset 6. Equity
Justification : As per my understanding, I have arranged all concepts based on how easily can we
do the valuation and the scope of a particular concept.
Stock is a current asset i.e. the valuation of stock can be done on an yearly basis. Since, it is short
term in nature and can be valued at cost using methods like FIFO, LIFO, etc. Cost is easily
available by looking at the invoices, purchase orders, etc.
Common Stock is a long term liability also called as equity shares. They can be valued using
different techniques like Dividend Discount model. Stock prices are easily available in the
exchange markets.
Securities comes next as they are wider than Common stock. They are the tradeable financial
instruments. They are divided into three parts - equity securities, debt securities and derivatives.
We can value securities from the market which is determined by the demand and supply forces.
Investments includes short term and long term investments. They are valued at the lesser of cost
or fair market value. The market value of investemnts can not be seen on stock exchanges and
hence lesser concrete than securities.
Assets includes both short term and long term assets. Fixed assets like Long term investments,
building, factory, machinery and current assets like Stock, short term investments, account
receivables, cash are included in the broad defination of assets. Hence, investments are a subset
of assets and hence more concrete than assets. Again, there is no trade market for assets to do the
asset valuation.
Equity is difference between assets and liabilities. Equity is a wider term which includes
common stock, preffered stock, retained earnings (calculated from Income statement), security
premium, revaluation reserves (calculated as the difference between the fair market value and
book value of assets). Hence, they can be regarded as least concrete of the given list..
For 12 pages randomly selected from War and Peace by Leo Tolstoy, th.pdf
For 12 pages randomly selected from War and Peace by Leo Tolstoy, the data set lists the mean
number of words per sentence, the mean number of characters per word.
Words/sentence
Characters/word
20.6
4.3
28.0
4.5
12.0
4.5
11.5
4.5
17.4
4.5
19.7
4.8
20.3
4.3
17.8
4.2
22.1
4.7
31.4
4.3
18.3
4.4
11.7
4.5
1. ( 15 points) Prepare a frequency distribution of words/sentence with a class width of 3 words
and another with class width of 4 words.
Words/sentence
Characters/word
20.6
4.3
28.0
4.5
12.0
4.5
11.5
4.5
17.4
4.5
19.7
4.8
20.3
4.3
17.8
4.2
22.1
4.7
31.4
4.3
18.3
4.4
11.7
4.5
Solution
Words/sentence
cumulative
midpoint
width
frequency
percent
frequency
percent
11.5-14.4
13.0
3.0
3
25.0
3
25.0
14.5-17.4
16.0
3.0
1
8.3
4
33.3
17.5-20.4
19.0
3.0
4
33.3
8
66.7
20.5-23.4
22.0
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26.5-29.4
28.0
3.0
1
8.3
11
91.7
29.5-32.4
31.0
3.0
1
8.3
12
100.0
12
100.0
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width
frequency
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frequency
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15.5-19.4
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21.5
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Explain what an enumerated type isSolutionEnum is also called.pdf
Explain what an enumerated type is?
Solution
Enum is also called enumerated Data type
Enum is a user defined data type
Syntax: of enumerated data type
Enum is a data type which contains fixed set of constants
identifier is a user defined datatype variable name
val1,val2,val3.....valn is a set of enum values
enum is just used for generation index values.
index starts from 0 to n
example
solution.cpp
#include//header for input output function
using namespace std;//it tells the compiler to link std namespace
int main()
{//main function
int i;
enum season {winter,summer,spring,fall};//enum data type
for(i=winter;i<=fall;i++)//for loop
cout<.
Explain how the three germ layers participate in the formation of ext.pdf
Explain how the three germ layers participate in the formation of extraembryonic membranes,
and discuss the importance of the placenta as an endocrine organ.
Solution
The three germ layers are not only responsible for the differentiation of specialized tissue rather
are also responsible for the formation of the extraembryonic membrane, that protects and
nourishes the embryo. The three extraembryonic membranes are formed from the primitive germ
layers:
The yolk sac is the membrane that forms from the endoderm and splanchnic mesoderm that
grows from the area opaca to form the sac. the yolk sac surrounds the yolk and draws the. the
endodermal gets more specialized and digest the yolk and pass its nutrients to the vitelline
circulation and thus to the membrane.
The amnion is formed from the ectoderm and somatic mesoderm that surrounds the embryo,
forming a protective cover for the embryo. the inner layer of the main secretes amniotic fluid in
which the embryo floats and prevents it from drying.
The chorion-allantoic membrane in which the chorion is made from the ectoderm and somatic
mesoderm while the allantoic membrane is formed from the endoderm and splanchnic
mesoderm. the allantoic membrane works with the chorion to exchange gasses between the
embryo and the outside environment. The allantois also stores the wastes of the embryo.
The placenta is considered as an endocrine gland present temporarily during pregnancy. the
placenta is responsible for the production of hormones that are responsible for the healthy
pregnancy. It secretes placental lactogen, placental growth relaxin as these hormones are
important for the healthy propagation of the pregnancy..
Ethical issue What would you doTony, a data analyst for a major c.pdf
Ethical issue: What would you do
Tony, a data analyst for a major casino, is working after normal business hours to finish an
important project. He realizes that he is missing data that had been sent to his coworker Robert.
Tony had inadvertently observed Robert typing his password several days ago and decides to log
into Robert\'s computer and resend the data to himself. Upon doing so, Tony sees an open email
regarding gambling bets Robert placed over the last several days with a local sports book. All
employees of the casino are forbidden to engage in gambling activities to avoid any hint of
conflict of interest.
Tony knows he should report this but would have to admit to violating the company\'s
information technology regulations by logging into Robert\'s computer. If he warns Robert to
stop his betting, he would also have to reveal the source of his information. What does Tony do
in this situation?
Solution
In this situation, Tony should warn Robert to stop his betting. He should clearly specify Robert
that he has accidently seen his password few days back. Due to the urgency of data, he logged
onto his computer and seen the mails. He should apologize for his mistake for logging into his
account without his permission. However, at the same time he should warn Robert that if he
found his further involvement in gambling activities through any source, then he would report it
to the management..
Compare and contrast the structure of a nephron with that of an alve.pdf
Compare and contrast the structure of a nephron with that of an alveolus in the lung. Identify
TWO (2) similarities and TWO (2) differences. (2 marks)
Solution
DIFFERENCES:1=Each alveolas is a very small bag_like structure bearing a component known
as Surfactant while as each nephron is a curled tube_like arrangement with a cup_shaped
structure called Bowman\'s capsule.2=Alveoli are present inside the lungs while as nephrons are
lying in kidneys. SIMILARITIES:1=Both Alveoli and nephrons are present in larger quantity in
their respective organs.2=Both the structures act as functional units..
Classless addressing was introduced to extend the life of the IPv ad.pdf
Classless addressing was introduced to extend the life of the IPv address scheme:
a. True b. False
Solution
True.
Explanation:
IP addresses are described as consisting of two groups of bits in the address: the most significant
bits are the network address (or network prefix or network block), which identifies a whole
network or subnet, and the least significant set forms the host identifier, which specifies a
particular interface of a host on that network. This division is used as the basis of traffic routing
between IP networks and for address allocation policies. Classful network design for IPv4 sized
the network address as one or more 8-bit groups, resulting in the blocks of Class A, B, or C
addresses. Classless Inter-Domain Routing allocates address space to Internet service providers
and end users on any address bit boundary, instead of on 8-bit segments. In IPv6, however, the
interface identifier has a fixed size of 64 bits by convention, and smaller subnets are never
allocated to end users..
C++ Complexity analysis Represent the time complexity of the follow.pdf
C++ Complexity analysis: Represent the time complexity of the following recursive algorithm,
T(n), as a recurrence equation:
int pow_7( int n ){
if ( n==1)
return 7;
if ( n > 1)
return ( 7 * pow_7( n-1 ) );
}
Solution
T(n) = T(n-1) + 1
T(n) = T(n-2)+2
suppose after k iteration
T(n) = T(n-k)+k
then T(n) = T(n-k-1)+k+1....T(n) = T(n-(k+1))+(k+1)
=> true for k+1 also.
T(n) = O(n).
Can someone provide a solution for this assignmentPurpose of This.pdf
Can someone provide a solution for this assignment?
Purpose of This Assignment
The purpose of this assignment is to develop your abilities to write a larger application involving
arrays, structures and linked lists. It also introduces switchable tracing.
Graphs and Terminology
This assignment uses weighted graphs, as described in assignment 4. Be sure that you are
familiar with weighted graphs.
Two vertices are said to be adjacent if there is an edge that connects them directly to one another.
A given edge is incident on each of the vertices that it connects.
Think of the vertices of a weighted graph as towns and the edges as roads. The weight of an edge
is the length of the road. One thing that you might like to know is how to get from one town to
another by the shortest possible route. For example, in the following weighted graph, the shortest
route from vertex 1 to vertex 5 is to go from 1 to 3 and then from 3 to 5, and the length of that
route is 27. You add the weights of the edges that you use.
For this assignment, the weights are real numbers (type double). All of the weights are required
to be nonnegative. Edges of weight 0 are allowed.
Assignment Requirements
Functional Requirements
Write a program that reads information about a weighted graph from the standard input. The
input format is described in detail below. After the description of the graph, the input has two
vertex numbers, s and t.
Your program should print a description of the graph, followed by the shortest path from s to t
and the distance from s to t via that path, on the standard output.
For example, the input might look like this.
That says that there are five vertices. There is an edge from vertex 1 to vertex 2 with weight 9.0,
an edge from vertex 1 to vertex 3 with weight 12.0, etc. The start vertex s is 1, and the end vertex
t is 5. The output for this input would be as follows.
Nonfunctional Requirements
Create a directory to hold assignment 6 and call your program dijkstra.cpp. Start with the
standard template.
Below is a description of an algorithm, based on Dijkstra\'s algorithm, for solving this problem.
You are required to use that algorithm, and to follow the guidelines for its implementation. It is
not acceptable to rely on a different approach to the problem. Follow the design.
Make variable and function names sensible. Use sensible terminology. If something is a graph,
do not call it an edge. If something is an edge, do not call it a vertex. Keep functions short and
simple.
As always, you must follow the coding standards for this course.
Representing Graphs: Types Vertex, Edge and Graph
This assignment uses a different graph representation from assignment 4. Here, we use the
adjacency list representation.
1. Type Vertex
Create and document type Vertex. Each vertex v has the following pieces of information.
A pointer to a linked list of edges listing all edges that are incident on v. This list is called an
adjacency list.
A real number indicating v\'s shor.
An enzyme that has lost its shape a. is denatured and no longer func.pdf
An enzyme that has lost its shape a. is denatured and no longer functional. b. is denatured but
still functional. c. is not different from a regular enzyme as shape is not important. d. can be
restored by extreme temperatures or pH swings. Predict whether each of the following has ionic,
polar covalent, or not O_2
Solution
7) Each enzyme has specific active sites. When an enzyme loses its shape then its active sites are
no longer functional. As a result, the properties of the enzyme are destroyed. This process is
called denaturation.
Therefore, an enzyme that has lost its shape is denatured and no longer functional.
(Answer) (a)
8) In oxygen molecule (O2), two oxygen atoms are joined by double covalent bond. The bonds
are formed by sharing of electron pairs. The electron pairs are equally shared between two
oxygen atoms. For this reason, oxygen molecule has non-polar covalent bonds..
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