This document discusses various aspects of beekeeping, including state inspection programs, basics for beginning beekeepers, income sources and budgets, insurance, organic certification, Africanized bees, bee pests and diseases, and educational resources. It provides an overview of regulatory requirements, recommends starting small and gaining experience before expanding, and outlines the equipment and materials needed to get started in beekeeping.
Apiculture, also known as beekeeping, is the scientific rearing of honey bees to obtain honey and other byproducts like wax, pollen, propolis, and bee venom. It also involves using honey bees for crop pollination, which increases agricultural yields. Apiculture provides additional income through its products with low investment and space requirements. Honey bees are efficient pollinators for many agricultural crops, making apiculture and agriculture interdependent for mutual benefits. The document outlines the importance of honey bees in agriculture and crop pollination, as well as challenges facing apiculture like global warming, pesticide use, and habitat loss.
The document discusses apiculture, or beekeeping. It defines key terms like apiculture, apiary, and apiarist. It outlines the main types of honey bees used in apiculture, including Apis cerana, Apis florea, Apis dorsata, and the Western honeybee. The main products of apiculture are honey, pollen, royal jelly, bee venom, and propolis. The document also lists advantages like income generation, ecological benefits, crop pollination, and producing nutritious honey. It describes the two main methods of apiculture as the indigenous method using traditional hives and the modern method using artificially designed hives invented in 1951.
This document provides information on beekeeping and the importance of honey bees as pollinators. It discusses different species of honey bees used for beekeeping in India, as well as hive products like honey, beeswax, bee venom, royal jelly, propolis, and pollen. Honey bees are effective pollinators because their bodies are adapted for pollination through pollen baskets and floral constancy. Their managed populations can significantly increase crop yields and quality through pollination services.
This document summarizes various aspects of beekeeping, including:
1) State inspection programs, beginning basics, income sources and budgets, insurance, and pests/diseases are discussed.
2) Beginning beekeepers are advised to start small and gain experience before expanding. Proper equipment, a source of bees, and protective gear are needed to get started.
3) Income can come from selling honey, beeswax, pollen, and providing pollination services with hives. Beekeeping budgets provide examples of costs and potential returns.
Beekeeping (or apiculture, from Latin: apis "bee") is the maintenance of honey bee colonies, commonly in hives, by humans. A beekeeper (or apiarist) keeps bees in order to collect their honey and other products that the hive produces (including beeswax, propolis, pollen, and royal jelly), to pollinate crops, or to produce bees for sale to other beekeepers. A location where bees are kept is called an apiary or "bee yard".
Depictions of humans collecting honey from wild bees date to 15,000 years ago; efforts to domesticate them are shown in Egyptian art around 4,500 years ago. Simple hives and smoke were used and honey was stored in jars, some of which were found in the tombs of pharaohs such as Tutankhamun. It wasn't until the 18th century that European understanding of the colonies and biology of bees allowed the construction of the moveable comb hive so that honey could be harvested without destroying the entire colony.
This document discusses the importance of pollinators like bees in gardens and agriculture. It describes several common bee species found in North Carolina, including honey bees, bumble bees, carpenter bees, and squash bees. It notes that over 100 crops require pollination and bees contribute over $14 billion to US agriculture annually. The document provides tips for homeowners to encourage pollinator habitats and lists pesticides that are safe or harmful to bees. It also outlines current threats to bee populations like mites, diseases, and loss of habitat.
Bee Keeping for Business - Not Just Honey in That Hive - Presented by Michael...DiegoFooter
Bee keeping as a hobby is not only growing, but is big money. From the sale of honey to bees themselves, let me take you on the adventure of how to capitalize on bee keeping that is good for the bees and you.
Bee keeping is a growing hobby. With TV, Radio, Movies, books, and discussion on the loss of the honey bee population around the world, it is on the tip of everyone’s tongue. I am not here to tell you about CCD, (Colony Collapse Disorder) because I have never experienced it myself.
I want to tell you my first hand experiences with bees, from the loss of not knowing how to be a good keeper of the bees, to making an inner city home stead centered around the little girls super profitable. How to grow a small hobby Apiary, or back yard hive into a money making company. I want to show you how to take your starting products to the people, and how to develop new ideas in this art of bee keeping. That it is not being the millionaire, but being able to turn your hobbies, no matter what they are, into your job, and your job more into a hobby.
Learn more at permaculturevoices.com.
Apiculture, also known as beekeeping, is the scientific rearing of honey bees to obtain honey and other byproducts like wax, pollen, propolis, and bee venom. It also involves using honey bees for crop pollination, which increases agricultural yields. Apiculture provides additional income through its products with low investment and space requirements. Honey bees are efficient pollinators for many agricultural crops, making apiculture and agriculture interdependent for mutual benefits. The document outlines the importance of honey bees in agriculture and crop pollination, as well as challenges facing apiculture like global warming, pesticide use, and habitat loss.
The document discusses apiculture, or beekeeping. It defines key terms like apiculture, apiary, and apiarist. It outlines the main types of honey bees used in apiculture, including Apis cerana, Apis florea, Apis dorsata, and the Western honeybee. The main products of apiculture are honey, pollen, royal jelly, bee venom, and propolis. The document also lists advantages like income generation, ecological benefits, crop pollination, and producing nutritious honey. It describes the two main methods of apiculture as the indigenous method using traditional hives and the modern method using artificially designed hives invented in 1951.
This document provides information on beekeeping and the importance of honey bees as pollinators. It discusses different species of honey bees used for beekeeping in India, as well as hive products like honey, beeswax, bee venom, royal jelly, propolis, and pollen. Honey bees are effective pollinators because their bodies are adapted for pollination through pollen baskets and floral constancy. Their managed populations can significantly increase crop yields and quality through pollination services.
This document summarizes various aspects of beekeeping, including:
1) State inspection programs, beginning basics, income sources and budgets, insurance, and pests/diseases are discussed.
2) Beginning beekeepers are advised to start small and gain experience before expanding. Proper equipment, a source of bees, and protective gear are needed to get started.
3) Income can come from selling honey, beeswax, pollen, and providing pollination services with hives. Beekeeping budgets provide examples of costs and potential returns.
Beekeeping (or apiculture, from Latin: apis "bee") is the maintenance of honey bee colonies, commonly in hives, by humans. A beekeeper (or apiarist) keeps bees in order to collect their honey and other products that the hive produces (including beeswax, propolis, pollen, and royal jelly), to pollinate crops, or to produce bees for sale to other beekeepers. A location where bees are kept is called an apiary or "bee yard".
Depictions of humans collecting honey from wild bees date to 15,000 years ago; efforts to domesticate them are shown in Egyptian art around 4,500 years ago. Simple hives and smoke were used and honey was stored in jars, some of which were found in the tombs of pharaohs such as Tutankhamun. It wasn't until the 18th century that European understanding of the colonies and biology of bees allowed the construction of the moveable comb hive so that honey could be harvested without destroying the entire colony.
This document discusses the importance of pollinators like bees in gardens and agriculture. It describes several common bee species found in North Carolina, including honey bees, bumble bees, carpenter bees, and squash bees. It notes that over 100 crops require pollination and bees contribute over $14 billion to US agriculture annually. The document provides tips for homeowners to encourage pollinator habitats and lists pesticides that are safe or harmful to bees. It also outlines current threats to bee populations like mites, diseases, and loss of habitat.
Bee Keeping for Business - Not Just Honey in That Hive - Presented by Michael...DiegoFooter
Bee keeping as a hobby is not only growing, but is big money. From the sale of honey to bees themselves, let me take you on the adventure of how to capitalize on bee keeping that is good for the bees and you.
Bee keeping is a growing hobby. With TV, Radio, Movies, books, and discussion on the loss of the honey bee population around the world, it is on the tip of everyone’s tongue. I am not here to tell you about CCD, (Colony Collapse Disorder) because I have never experienced it myself.
I want to tell you my first hand experiences with bees, from the loss of not knowing how to be a good keeper of the bees, to making an inner city home stead centered around the little girls super profitable. How to grow a small hobby Apiary, or back yard hive into a money making company. I want to show you how to take your starting products to the people, and how to develop new ideas in this art of bee keeping. That it is not being the millionaire, but being able to turn your hobbies, no matter what they are, into your job, and your job more into a hobby.
Learn more at permaculturevoices.com.
Insect pollinators, their management and role in crop productionRAU, Pusa
This document discusses insect pollinators and their role in crop production. It notes that pollinators like bees, birds, and bats affect 35% of world crop production by increasing the output of 87 leading food crops. Food security and prices rely strongly on animal pollinators. In India, over 55 million hectares of cropped area depends on bee pollination, including many fruits, vegetables, oilseeds, legumes, and pulses. The document emphasizes that pollination management can significantly increase crop yields, with some crops seeing over 1000% increases from bee pollination compared to self-pollination. It outlines the pollination needs of various Indian crops. Maintaining pollinator populations is important for sustainable
Pollinator are the biotic agents (insects) that moves pollens from the male anthers of a flower to the female stigma of a flower to accomplish fertilization .
Many fruit crops require an insect pollinator to help insure pollination (i.e. apples, blueberries, blackberries, cherries, cranberries, pears, plums, raspberries, strawberries).
Having enough pollinators during bloom is essential to produce a sustainable crop.
Ethiopia has a long history of beekeeping and is one of the largest producers of honey and beeswax in Africa. Beekeeping is practiced across Ethiopia's diverse agroecological zones and involves traditional, transitional, and modern beehive methods. Key challenges to beekeeping include diseases, climate impacts, and loss of foraging lands. Despite challenges, beekeeping remains important for incomes, nutrition, and pollination in Ethiopia.
This presentation provides an overview of beekeeping (apiculture). It discusses the history and classification of honey bees, the main species of honey bees and the honey they produce. It describes traditional and modern methods of beekeeping, including hive components. The key products of beekeeping are honey, beeswax, royal jelly, bee venom, and propolis. Finally, it outlines some common pests and diseases that affect honeybees.
Beekeeping (apiculture) has been practiced for thousands of years. Honey bees are commonly kept in artificial hives throughout Pakistan to harvest honey, beeswax, and other products. Beekeeping can be a profitable business, with a person able to earn Rs. 5000 per month keeping 25-50 hives part-time. On a larger, full-time scale with 200 hives, potential net income is Rs. 503,300 annually after accounting for capital and production costs. Pakistan has an estimated 300,000 honeybee colonies producing 7,500 metric tons of honey each year.
Honey bees are important pollinators and producers of honey and beeswax. There are four main species of honey bees - the rock bee, Indian hive bee, little bee, and European bee. Honey bees live in hives with one queen, several hundred drones, and thousands of workers. The queen lays eggs which hatch into larvae and develop through pupa stages before emerging as adult bees. Honey bees collect nectar and pollen which they use to make honey through regurgitation and dehydration. In addition to honey, beeswax is an important product with various uses. Honey bees play a vital role in pollinating crops and flowering plants.
Bee farming can be done as a hobby or profession with little investment. It provides products like honey, beeswax, propolis, and royal jelly. Honey bees pollinate crops and can be farmed for pleasure or profit. The equipment needed includes bee hives, frames, a honey extractor, and protective gear. Duties of honey bees include comb building, feeding broods, foraging, and defending the hive. Farmers must be aware of pests, diseases, and effects of pesticides on bees. Testing can determine if honey is pure or adulterated. Bee farming is an economically viable small-scale activity.
Hello dear audience
I made this video just to share what I know with anyone interested to know about beekeeping especially the Ethiopian beekeeping practices. Some of the picture I used in the slides are not mine and I got them from online published research articles and reports. I apologize the owners for not asking for their permission to use on my slides. Dear audience, do not hesitate to contact me with any communication media you want to give comment or suggestion or to ask me any question related to beekeeping.
Tree Fruit and Berry Pollination in Virginia (and the mid-Atlantic by extension)Sam Droege
Bee pollination is essential for many fruits and berries grown in Virginia, including apples, blueberries, caneberries, and cucurbits. Native bees and other non-Apis bees play an important role in pollination alongside honey bees. A study surveyed bees on apple, blueberry, caneberry and cucurbit crops, finding a diversity of bee species including andrenid bees, bumble bees, and squash bees. The document provides recommendations to support native bee populations through habitat protection and integrated pest management practices.
The document provides information about honeybees, including their Latin name, anatomy, role in pollination, and relationship with humans. It discusses how honeybees collect nectar and pollen, their social structure and communication, and their importance to agriculture and food production through pollination. The document also covers beekeeping practices such as hive construction and care, honey harvesting techniques, and the historical relationship between humans and honeybees.
This PPT describes the various products from honey bees. The benefits of honey bees include pollination services, pollen, honey included comb honey and creamed honey, beeswax, royal jelly, propolis, and bee venonm. Other topics include harvesting, dehydration and processing.
Insect pollinators and Mango flowers - Presentation from the Darwin Mango Fie...AustralianMangoes
This document summarizes a talk on insect pollinators of mango flowers. It discusses that while honeybees pollinate some crops, wild insects are generally more effective pollinators. It also describes a study in Northern Queensland, Australia that found flies and native bees to be the most frequent visitors and effective pollinators of mango flowers, depositing more pollen. The study looked at visitation rates along transects, single visits to bagged flowers, and pollinator behavior within and between trees. Future research is needed on pollinator life histories and relationships between pollinators and mango yields.
significance of apiculture and its application in this slide i also provide history and several types of apiculture methods, its very use ful for students who want take seminar on this topic
The document summarizes information from the National Women in Ag Association's annual symposium, focusing on native pollinators like mason bees as alternatives to honey bees. It discusses how mason bees are more efficient pollinators than honey bees, requiring only 250 mason bees to pollinate an acre of apples compared to 15,000-20,000 honey bees. It also provides information on the lifecycle and nesting habits of mason bees and resources for inviting more pollinators into gardens and farms.
Apiculture: introduction, species types and different methods of rearing of beesTehreem Sarwar
Beekeeping involves maintaining honey bee colonies in hives. A beekeeper collects honey and other hive products like beeswax, while also pollinating crops. Humans have kept bees since at least 15,000 years ago, and methods have advanced from crude extraction to modern hives and equipment. Honey bees are social insects that live in colonies and communicate through dances. The main honey bee species are A. dorsata, A. indica, A. mellifera, and A. florea, which differ in size, aggressiveness, and domesticability. Beekeeping provides nutritional and medicinal honey, as well as economic benefits through pollination, wax, and other products.
Honey bees originally inhabited tropical forests in Central Africa but have since spread globally. They thrive in woodlands, meadows, orchards, and gardens with abundant flowers. Honey bees live in colonies consisting of a queen, workers, and drones. The colony resides in a wax hive that can be natural like a hollow tree or man-made. Honey bees must maintain a constant temperature of 90-95 degrees Fahrenheit in their hive through metabolic heat in winter and evaporative cooling in summer. Those in temperate regions store more honey and have better insulated hives to survive cold winters.
Honey bees produce several useful products - honey, beeswax, bee venom, propolis, royal jelly, and bee pollen. Honey is collected from flower nectar and other plant sources and has nutritional and medicinal value. Beeswax is used by bees to build honeycombs and has industrial uses like candles and cosmetics. Bee venom has medicinal properties used in apitherapy. Propolis aids in beehive maintenance and has antimicrobial properties. Royal jelly is a nutrient-rich food for bee larvae that is also used in cosmetics. Bee pollen contains proteins, antioxidants and nutrients beneficial for human health. All of these bee products have various applications for food, medicine
The document discusses the importance of honey bees and the threats they face. Honey bees pollinate about 1/3 of the food we eat and are worth $10 billion to agriculture annually. However, honey bee populations are declining due to pests, mite infestations, diseases, and chemicals like pesticides and GMOs that may act together to cause Colony Collapse Disorder. Commercial beekeepers are experiencing 50-70% losses in some areas. The document urges supporting local beekeepers, using chemicals sparingly, and planting bee-friendly gardens to help save the honey bee population.
Jornada Mundial Sin Alcohol y Salud Mental en La RiberaAlziraPsiquiatria
Este documento describe el programa de una Semana Sin Alcohol organizada por el Departamento de Salud de La Ribera del 11 al 15 de noviembre de 2013. La semana incluirá una conferencia inaugural sobre los efectos del alcohol durante el embarazo y la adolescencia, así como una jornada el viernes con mesas sobre el consumo de alcohol en adolescentes y la prevención a través de los medios. La semana concluirá con la proyección de una película y un coloquio sobre el alcoholismo. El evento está dirigido a profesionales de la salud mental
Colombia es una república unitaria ubicada en el noroeste de América del Sur, limita con varios países y mares, y es reconocida por su diversidad cultural y biodiversidad. Tiene una superficie de 2.070.408 km2 y una población que la convierte en el tercer país más poblado de América Latina.
Insect pollinators, their management and role in crop productionRAU, Pusa
This document discusses insect pollinators and their role in crop production. It notes that pollinators like bees, birds, and bats affect 35% of world crop production by increasing the output of 87 leading food crops. Food security and prices rely strongly on animal pollinators. In India, over 55 million hectares of cropped area depends on bee pollination, including many fruits, vegetables, oilseeds, legumes, and pulses. The document emphasizes that pollination management can significantly increase crop yields, with some crops seeing over 1000% increases from bee pollination compared to self-pollination. It outlines the pollination needs of various Indian crops. Maintaining pollinator populations is important for sustainable
Pollinator are the biotic agents (insects) that moves pollens from the male anthers of a flower to the female stigma of a flower to accomplish fertilization .
Many fruit crops require an insect pollinator to help insure pollination (i.e. apples, blueberries, blackberries, cherries, cranberries, pears, plums, raspberries, strawberries).
Having enough pollinators during bloom is essential to produce a sustainable crop.
Ethiopia has a long history of beekeeping and is one of the largest producers of honey and beeswax in Africa. Beekeeping is practiced across Ethiopia's diverse agroecological zones and involves traditional, transitional, and modern beehive methods. Key challenges to beekeeping include diseases, climate impacts, and loss of foraging lands. Despite challenges, beekeeping remains important for incomes, nutrition, and pollination in Ethiopia.
This presentation provides an overview of beekeeping (apiculture). It discusses the history and classification of honey bees, the main species of honey bees and the honey they produce. It describes traditional and modern methods of beekeeping, including hive components. The key products of beekeeping are honey, beeswax, royal jelly, bee venom, and propolis. Finally, it outlines some common pests and diseases that affect honeybees.
Beekeeping (apiculture) has been practiced for thousands of years. Honey bees are commonly kept in artificial hives throughout Pakistan to harvest honey, beeswax, and other products. Beekeeping can be a profitable business, with a person able to earn Rs. 5000 per month keeping 25-50 hives part-time. On a larger, full-time scale with 200 hives, potential net income is Rs. 503,300 annually after accounting for capital and production costs. Pakistan has an estimated 300,000 honeybee colonies producing 7,500 metric tons of honey each year.
Honey bees are important pollinators and producers of honey and beeswax. There are four main species of honey bees - the rock bee, Indian hive bee, little bee, and European bee. Honey bees live in hives with one queen, several hundred drones, and thousands of workers. The queen lays eggs which hatch into larvae and develop through pupa stages before emerging as adult bees. Honey bees collect nectar and pollen which they use to make honey through regurgitation and dehydration. In addition to honey, beeswax is an important product with various uses. Honey bees play a vital role in pollinating crops and flowering plants.
Bee farming can be done as a hobby or profession with little investment. It provides products like honey, beeswax, propolis, and royal jelly. Honey bees pollinate crops and can be farmed for pleasure or profit. The equipment needed includes bee hives, frames, a honey extractor, and protective gear. Duties of honey bees include comb building, feeding broods, foraging, and defending the hive. Farmers must be aware of pests, diseases, and effects of pesticides on bees. Testing can determine if honey is pure or adulterated. Bee farming is an economically viable small-scale activity.
Hello dear audience
I made this video just to share what I know with anyone interested to know about beekeeping especially the Ethiopian beekeeping practices. Some of the picture I used in the slides are not mine and I got them from online published research articles and reports. I apologize the owners for not asking for their permission to use on my slides. Dear audience, do not hesitate to contact me with any communication media you want to give comment or suggestion or to ask me any question related to beekeeping.
Tree Fruit and Berry Pollination in Virginia (and the mid-Atlantic by extension)Sam Droege
Bee pollination is essential for many fruits and berries grown in Virginia, including apples, blueberries, caneberries, and cucurbits. Native bees and other non-Apis bees play an important role in pollination alongside honey bees. A study surveyed bees on apple, blueberry, caneberry and cucurbit crops, finding a diversity of bee species including andrenid bees, bumble bees, and squash bees. The document provides recommendations to support native bee populations through habitat protection and integrated pest management practices.
The document provides information about honeybees, including their Latin name, anatomy, role in pollination, and relationship with humans. It discusses how honeybees collect nectar and pollen, their social structure and communication, and their importance to agriculture and food production through pollination. The document also covers beekeeping practices such as hive construction and care, honey harvesting techniques, and the historical relationship between humans and honeybees.
This PPT describes the various products from honey bees. The benefits of honey bees include pollination services, pollen, honey included comb honey and creamed honey, beeswax, royal jelly, propolis, and bee venonm. Other topics include harvesting, dehydration and processing.
Insect pollinators and Mango flowers - Presentation from the Darwin Mango Fie...AustralianMangoes
This document summarizes a talk on insect pollinators of mango flowers. It discusses that while honeybees pollinate some crops, wild insects are generally more effective pollinators. It also describes a study in Northern Queensland, Australia that found flies and native bees to be the most frequent visitors and effective pollinators of mango flowers, depositing more pollen. The study looked at visitation rates along transects, single visits to bagged flowers, and pollinator behavior within and between trees. Future research is needed on pollinator life histories and relationships between pollinators and mango yields.
significance of apiculture and its application in this slide i also provide history and several types of apiculture methods, its very use ful for students who want take seminar on this topic
The document summarizes information from the National Women in Ag Association's annual symposium, focusing on native pollinators like mason bees as alternatives to honey bees. It discusses how mason bees are more efficient pollinators than honey bees, requiring only 250 mason bees to pollinate an acre of apples compared to 15,000-20,000 honey bees. It also provides information on the lifecycle and nesting habits of mason bees and resources for inviting more pollinators into gardens and farms.
Apiculture: introduction, species types and different methods of rearing of beesTehreem Sarwar
Beekeeping involves maintaining honey bee colonies in hives. A beekeeper collects honey and other hive products like beeswax, while also pollinating crops. Humans have kept bees since at least 15,000 years ago, and methods have advanced from crude extraction to modern hives and equipment. Honey bees are social insects that live in colonies and communicate through dances. The main honey bee species are A. dorsata, A. indica, A. mellifera, and A. florea, which differ in size, aggressiveness, and domesticability. Beekeeping provides nutritional and medicinal honey, as well as economic benefits through pollination, wax, and other products.
Honey bees originally inhabited tropical forests in Central Africa but have since spread globally. They thrive in woodlands, meadows, orchards, and gardens with abundant flowers. Honey bees live in colonies consisting of a queen, workers, and drones. The colony resides in a wax hive that can be natural like a hollow tree or man-made. Honey bees must maintain a constant temperature of 90-95 degrees Fahrenheit in their hive through metabolic heat in winter and evaporative cooling in summer. Those in temperate regions store more honey and have better insulated hives to survive cold winters.
Honey bees produce several useful products - honey, beeswax, bee venom, propolis, royal jelly, and bee pollen. Honey is collected from flower nectar and other plant sources and has nutritional and medicinal value. Beeswax is used by bees to build honeycombs and has industrial uses like candles and cosmetics. Bee venom has medicinal properties used in apitherapy. Propolis aids in beehive maintenance and has antimicrobial properties. Royal jelly is a nutrient-rich food for bee larvae that is also used in cosmetics. Bee pollen contains proteins, antioxidants and nutrients beneficial for human health. All of these bee products have various applications for food, medicine
The document discusses the importance of honey bees and the threats they face. Honey bees pollinate about 1/3 of the food we eat and are worth $10 billion to agriculture annually. However, honey bee populations are declining due to pests, mite infestations, diseases, and chemicals like pesticides and GMOs that may act together to cause Colony Collapse Disorder. Commercial beekeepers are experiencing 50-70% losses in some areas. The document urges supporting local beekeepers, using chemicals sparingly, and planting bee-friendly gardens to help save the honey bee population.
Jornada Mundial Sin Alcohol y Salud Mental en La RiberaAlziraPsiquiatria
Este documento describe el programa de una Semana Sin Alcohol organizada por el Departamento de Salud de La Ribera del 11 al 15 de noviembre de 2013. La semana incluirá una conferencia inaugural sobre los efectos del alcohol durante el embarazo y la adolescencia, así como una jornada el viernes con mesas sobre el consumo de alcohol en adolescentes y la prevención a través de los medios. La semana concluirá con la proyección de una película y un coloquio sobre el alcoholismo. El evento está dirigido a profesionales de la salud mental
Colombia es una república unitaria ubicada en el noroeste de América del Sur, limita con varios países y mares, y es reconocida por su diversidad cultural y biodiversidad. Tiene una superficie de 2.070.408 km2 y una población que la convierte en el tercer país más poblado de América Latina.
A empresa de tecnologia anunciou um novo smartphone com câmera aprimorada, processador mais rápido e bateria de maior duração. O novo dispositivo também possui tela maior e mais nítida em comparação com o modelo anterior. O lançamento do novo smartphone está programado para o próximo mês e espera-se que ele seja um sucesso de vendas.
Este documento presenta un informe sobre periféricos de computadora realizado por Chucho Mayanza Freddy Paul para su clase de Informática TICs en la Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo. El informe cubre cinco temas principales: periféricos de entrada, periféricos de salida, periféricos de entrada/salida, periféricos y elementos internos del PC, y unidades de almacenamiento. El trabajo fue supervisado por el profesor Fernando Guffante N.
Software System Engineering - Chapter 7Fadhil Ismail
Activity diagrams can be used to model tasks, system functions, operations, and life cycles. They show the flow of activities and decisions using elements like activities, transitions, decisions. This document discusses the notation of activity diagrams, including how to represent activities, transitions, start/end states, decisions, object flows. It provides guidance on drawing activity diagrams, such as identifying the purpose, activities, order, decisions, repetitions, swimlanes, and objects.
This document is a sponsored supplement about Qatar from Summit Communications. It discusses Qatar's stable economy due to prudent natural resource management. Recent reforms have opened sectors like consulting, technology, and distribution fully to foreign investment. The hydrocarbon industry has boosted the non-oil industry through wealth generation. While hydrocarbons will remain the main economic driver, Qatar is working to diversify its economy and energy sector. United Development Company is highlighted as an example of successful diversification through projects in industries like infrastructure, real estate, and hospitality.
1. Information architecture involves structuring information environments like websites and intranets through organization, labeling, search, and navigation to support usability and findability. It is an emerging discipline focused on applying design and architecture principles to the digital landscape.
2. A cross-channel strategy is needed to address fragmentation across sites, domains, and identities. This ensures coherence across platforms, devices, media while balancing consistency and optimization.
3. Ubiquitous information architecture (IA) considers intertwined physical and digital experiences across diverse channels using sensors and mobile technologies. It frames IA beyond websites to include ambient, ubiquitous experiences.
Programa estrategias comunicativas en conflicto maurizio alì 2010.01Dianaserroto
Este documento presenta la descripción de un curso universitario sobre estrategias comunicativas en contextos de conflicto. El curso se enfoca en analizar los mecanismos de resolución de conflictos y procesos comunicativos para el manejo de disputas. Los estudiantes desarrollarán competencias en el análisis de fuentes de información, el manejo de diferentes enfoques comunicacionales para contextos conflictivos, y la propuesta de estrategias novedosas para la resolución de conflictos. El trabajo del curso consiste en que los estudiantes dise
Formacion y coctel de negocio manuel abril 2014Rolando Segovia
Este documento anuncia un evento organizado por distribuidores independientes de Herbalife que tendrá lugar el 25 de abril de 2014 en el Hotel Eurostars Lucentrum en Alicante. El evento incluirá formaciones sobre diferentes roles en Herbalife como TAB, WT, SUP y distribuidor calificado, seguido de un cóctel de negocios. Los asistentes deben registrarse anticipadamente y habrá un invitado especial, Manuel Aguilar, miembro del equipo internacional de presidentes de Herbalife.
Los vampiros emocionales son depredadores disfrazados que manipulan y abusan psicológicamente de las personas para alimentarse de sus emociones. Se describen cuatro tipos comunes y se explica que parecen encantadores al principio pero que luego dejan a las personas vacías y con problemas. Para defenderse, se recomienda tener una actitud mental positiva, aprender a decir no, y no dejarse afectar por sus mentiras o críticas.
Distribución de las actividades noche blanca 2015miciudadreal
La Noche Blanca de Ciudad Real se celebrará el 24 de julio y contará con numerosas actividades culturales y de ocio como teatro, música, danza, exposiciones y visitas guiadas en diferentes espacios de la ciudad. Habrá actuaciones en plazas y calles de grupos musicales, compañías de danza, exhibiciones de artes marciales y circense, entre otras. Los museos municipales estarán abiertos hasta tarde con exposiciones permanentes y temporales.
This CV summarizes Aseel Abdurrahman Al-Buti's personal and professional details. It includes her name, date and place of birth, contact information, educational background which includes a Bachelor's degree in Business Administration from King Saud University, skills in various computer programs and languages, completed projects and research, specialized training programs attended, work experience including internships at Ernst & Young, Oracle, and Cisco, interests which include reading and traveling, and availability to provide references.
Este documento contém apenas números de página e títulos de seções, sem conteúdo informativo relevante. Fornece uma estrutura para um possível manual técnico, mas não resume nenhuma informação essencial.
Alfred Kaltschmitt es un guatemalteco nacido en Costa Rica que ha vivido en varios países y se ha dedicado al servicio de su país a través de su trabajo en organizaciones no gubernamentales. Actualmente es el presidente y fundador de Fundación Agros, una ONG que trabaja con campesinos indígenas en Guatemala y otros países de Centroamérica desde hace 26 años. Además de su trabajo en Fundación Agros, Kaltschmitt ha ocupado cargos directivos en otras organizaciones y medios de comunicación, y es decano de la Facultad de Ci
ASEA - EL MILAGRO DE LAS MOLÉCULAS DE SEÑALIZACIÓN REDOXRafa Contreras
ASEA con su inovador proceso de activación de las moléculas de señalización redox es tecnología en salud de primera necesidad.
Comprueba sus beneficios llama hoy (81) 16529391 o lulagarza7@gmail.com
Envíos a toda la República.
The document discusses how businesses can improve operations and traction using the Entrepreneurial Operating System (EOS). It recommends identifying the right people for key roles, establishing core processes, and holding weekly meetings to review goals, issues, and tasks. Implementing EOS tools like the Accountability Chart and focusing on vision, processes, and people are presented as ways for businesses to better execute their plans and achieve results.
Idioma y cultura en el marketing internacionalEva Maria Diaz
El documento resume los aspectos clave de la comunicación y el marketing internacional en Marruecos, incluyendo la diversidad lingüística en el país, la importancia de dirigirse a los clientes en su idioma, y los desafíos culturales y técnicos de la localización de páginas web y la comunicación empresarial a diferentes idiomas como el árabe, francés y español.
This document lists special education (SPED) centers in several regions of the Philippines, including the National Capital Region (NCR), Caloocan City, Las Piñas City, Makati City, Malabon City, Mandaluyong City, and Manila City. For each region, it provides the names of public and private SPED schools and contact information. It requests submissions to enrich the list of SPED school information. The list contains details of over 100 different SPED schools, including the disabilities they cater to such as autism, hearing impairment, intellectual disabilities and more.
Super Effective Denial of Service AttacksJan Seidl
The document discusses denial-of-service (DoS) attacks and their targets at different layers of the OSI model. Layer 3 attacks target bandwidth consumption through techniques like ping floods and SYN floods. Layer 7 attacks target application resources through vectors like SSL handshake renegotiation to cause intense CPU usage on the server. The document outlines how Layer 7 attacks are more stealthy and efficient at causing damage than Layer 3 attacks.
This document summarizes a publication about beekeeping and apiculture. It discusses state inspection programs, basics for beginning beekeeping, potential income sources, sample budgets, insurance considerations, organic certification standards, Africanized bee issues, common bee pests and diseases, educational opportunities, and additional resources. The summary provides an overview of key topics covered in the beekeeping publication.
This document discusses the organic certification process and its benefits. It explains that organic certification provides third-party confirmation that a farm or handling operation complies with organic standards, allowing them to market products with a USDA organic seal. The certification process involves an inspector verifying an operation's compliance with organic standards through an on-site audit of activities and records. Maintaining thorough records provides multiple benefits like identifying problems, improving management, and ensuring organic integrity.
Good practices for pork value chains in emerging countriesILRI
Presentation by Patrice Gautier of the Asian Veterinary and Livestock Services (ASVELIS) at the Managing Risks in Emerging Pork Markets: An International South – South Symposium, held in Hanoi, Vietnam, April 23 2012.
This document provides a summary of regulations, health issues, and production practices for raising bison as livestock. It discusses that bison production has increased in popularity in recent years due to bison meat being more nutritious than beef. Key points covered include regulations varying by state, common health issues like brucellosis, and options for meat inspection and processing. The document provides an overview of considerations for starting a bison operation such as visiting existing farms, investment needs, and recommendations to start with calves to allow time to work with the animals.
Aquaculture Enterprises: Considerations and StrategiesElisaMendelsohn
This document provides an overview of considerations for planning an aquaculture enterprise. It discusses determining goals and motivation, exploring options for organic aquaculture production, assessing natural and financial resources, considering regulatory aspects, researching suitable species, reviewing production systems, and developing a marketing strategy. Planning a successful aquaculture business requires extensive research into these topics to identify the best approach given one's specific situation and goals.
Aquaculture Enterprises: Considerations and StrategiesElisaMendelsohn
This document provides an overview of important considerations for planning an aquaculture enterprise, including natural resources, regulatory aspects, species selection, production systems, and marketing. It discusses determining goals and researching organic aquaculture standards. Key factors that influence decisions include available water, land, climate, capital, labor, technical resources, and existing industry support and markets. Producers must understand all applicable laws and permitting requirements.
The Organic Chronicles No. 1: Mysteries of Organic Farming Revealed (Hmong la...ElisaMendelsohn
This document provides information about organic farming resources available from ATTRA, including over 240 publications on topics such as crop production, grazing, soil management, and marketing. It highlights several publications specifically about organic certification, crop and livestock production, pest management, and transitioning to organic practices. It also describes ATTRA's website which allows free downloading of all publications and provides Spanish language resources. The document aims to help farmers learn more about organic agriculture and certification requirements.
This document discusses puppy mills, which are large commercial dog breeding operations that raise puppies for profit in inhumane conditions. It defines puppy mills and outlines some of the common health problems seen in puppies from these operations. It discusses the history of puppy mills and how they operate, circumventing regulations. It summarizes the Animal Welfare Act and challenges with enforcement. Finally, it provides recommendations for strengthening laws and regulations to better protect puppies bred in these types of facilities.
Canadian code of practice for the care and handling of poultry Harm Kiezebrink
There is an increasing awareness that currently accepted moral standards of our society call for the prevention of any avoidable suffering. Domestication and artificial selection have made farm animals dependent on humans.
Consequently, according to the existing principles of ethics, humans must accept this dependence as a commitment for humane conduct toward domestic animals in all stages of their life.
Welfare codes like this Canadian Code of Practice are intended to encourage livestock producers, stock-keepers, handlers, transporters, and processors to adopt the highest standards of animal husbandry and handling.
ATTRA is the national sustainable agriculture information center operated by the USDA. This document provides an overview of regulations, health issues, marketing, and production practices for bison farming. Key points include:
- Bison production has increased as bison meat has nutritional advantages over beef.
- Regulations for bison vary by state but most require health certificates for transporting bison across state lines.
- Bison can be inspected voluntarily by the USDA for interstate sale or inspected under state programs. Inspection requirements vary significantly between states.
- The document discusses health issues, marketing strategies like grass-feeding or direct sales, fencing requirements, and handling practices for bison farmers.
Growing Your Range Poultry Business: An Entrepreneur's ToolboxGardening
This document provides an introduction and overview of a toolbox for evaluating the feasibility and business planning considerations for range poultry production enterprises. It discusses how some producers may operate on a small scale without extensive planning, directly marketing pasture-raised poultry. However, the toolbox is aimed at producers interested in expanding beyond direct marketing and gaining access to licensed processing facilities. It notes the challenges small producers face accessing custom processing as the meat industry has consolidated. The toolbox contains budgets, decision tools, and resources to help producers evaluate feasibility, develop business plans, and make informed decisions about entering or expanding a range poultry enterprise.
This document provides an overview of considerations for evaluating the feasibility of starting a range poultry business. It discusses the importance of conducting feasibility studies and developing business plans before expanding production beyond direct, on-farm marketing. The key points covered include:
- Personal and family considerations are important to determine if a range poultry enterprise aligns with family goals, strengths, and available time/labor.
- Marketing must be evaluated to understand if there is demand for the product and determine the best sales channels.
- Production feasibility depends on having the infrastructure, equipment, and skills needed for the scale of operation.
- Profitability analysis is required to understand if the enterprise can be profitable based on estimated
Organic System Plans: Livestock ProductionGardening
This document provides an example of an organic system plan update for Maple Knoll Farm, a diversified livestock operation in Pennsylvania. The update includes general farm information, a description of how minor noncompliances from the previous year were addressed, and plans for any changes to crop rotations or field activities. Attached are an updated field history sheet, farm map, soil test results, and a letter about organic management of adjacent land. The update allows the certifier to review changes while reducing paperwork for the farmer compared to a full new application each year.
The document discusses two methods for producing wheatgrass: the bed method and the field method. The bed method involves growing seeds in shallow beds of soil and peat moss/vermiculite. The field method involves growing wheatgrass in soil for a longer period to increase nutritional value. Proper sanitation is critical to avoid contamination, as sprouts have been linked to foodborne illness. Producers must follow regulations and maintain records to reduce liability risks.
This document provides recommendations for minimum cattle care standards in California to assist law enforcement. It covers requirements and recommendations regarding water, feed, shelter, health care, and transportation. A team of experts from UC Davis authored it to help interpret animal cruelty statutes and identify neglect or abuse cases.
Plant Health Australia is the peak body that coordinates biosecurity efforts across Australia's plant industries. It works with government and industry members under principles of integrated biosecurity, science-based risk assessment, and shared responsibility. The Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed establishes responsibilities between government and industry for preparedness, emergency response, and risk mitigation regarding exotic pest incursions. The avocado industry biosecurity plan identifies high priority pests and establishes on-farm programs for surveillance data collection and biosecurity training to facilitate early detection and support market access. Bees are important for avocado pollination, and the industry manages risks from pests like varroa mite that threaten bee health.
2019 American Veterinarian Medical Association Bill Marler
This document discusses potential liability issues related to operating petting zoos, herdshares, and agritourism activities. It notes that milk is considered a product, so dairies can be held strictly liable for injuries caused by contaminated milk. It reviews legal standards around strict liability and discusses relevant case law. The document also discusses comparative fault, releases and waivers, trade association liability, and FDA regulations related to raw milk. It provides examples of raw milk outbreaks and discusses ways some operations circumvent FDA laws. Finally, it discusses an E. coli outbreak at a state fair and provides policy recommendations to improve safety at such events.
Organic Farm Certification & the National Organic ProgramElisaMendelsohn
Organic farmers seeking to market their products as certified organic must undergo a certification process to assure buyers of the integrity of their organic claims. This involves a third party certification agent evaluating the farm based on the National Organic Program standards. If the farm is found to meet these standards prohibiting synthetic inputs and ensuring separation from conventional operations, the farmer becomes certified and can market products with the USDA organic seal. The certification process provides consistency across certifiers and reassures consumers that certified products are truly organic. It requires documentation from farmers to demonstrate compliance with organic practices and prevent contamination. While certification involves costs and paperwork, it also opens access to premium prices in the organic market.
Organic Farm Certification & the National Organic ProgramElisaMendelsohn
Organic farmers seeking to market their products as certified organic must undergo a certification process to assure buyers of the integrity of their organic claims. This involves a third party certification agent evaluating the farm based on the National Organic Program standards. If the farm is found to meet these standards prohibiting synthetic inputs and ensuring separation from conventional operations, the farmer becomes certified and can market products with the USDA organic seal. The certification process provides consistency across certifiers and reassures consumers that certified products are truly organic. It requires documentation from farmers to demonstrate compliance with organic practices and prevent contamination. While certification involves costs and paperwork, it also opens access to premium prices in the organic market.
Worms for Bait or Waste Processing (Vermicomposting)Gardening
This document provides information for entrepreneurs interested in starting an earthworm enterprise for commercial purposes. It discusses the two main types of earthworm businesses - raising worms for bait or feed, and using worms to process organic waste into vermicompost. The key requirements for successfully raising earthworms commercially include maintaining optimal environmental conditions like moisture, oxygen, temperature and pH levels. The document also covers production methods, marketing earthworms and vermicompost, and financial considerations.
This document provides a sustainability checklist for beef cattle farms. It includes questions about farm resources, management priorities, herd health, reproductive management, forage programs, grazing management, soil and water quality, energy and economic efficiency, quality of life considerations, and goals for improvement. The checklist is intended to help farmers critically evaluate the sustainability of their operations and identify areas for potential enhancement.
Garden Therapy: Links to Articles, Books, Profession Groups, DVDElisaMendelsohn
GARDENING THERAPY Resource List of Articles, Books, Manuals, DVD's, Training Programs and Professional Associations
TOPICS COVERED:
Horticulture Therapy
Healing Gardens
Sensory Gardens
Garden Therapy
Garden Therapy for the Disabled
Garden Therapy for the Mentally Challenged
Garden Therapy for Alzheimer’s Disease
Garden Therapy for Depression
Garden Therapy for Autistic Children
Garden Therapy for the Blind and the Visually Impaired
Garden Therapy for Hospitals
Garden Therapy for Nursing Homes
Garden Therapy for Seniors
Garden Therapy for the Handicapped
Garden Therapy for Prisons, Jails and Correction Facilities
Garden Therapy for Botanical Garden
Garden Therapy and Community Gardens
Garden Therapy for Single Mothers
Garden Therapy for Stress
Garden Therapy for Veterans
Garden Therapy at Veterans Facilities
Garden Therapy for Soldiers
Garden Therapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorders
People Plant Connections
Gardening and Physical Fitness
Greenhouse and Garden Therapy for Disabled People
Accessible Gardening
Wheelchair Gardening
Vertical Gardening and Garden Therapy
Container Gardening and Garden Therapy
Adaptive Garden Equipment for Garden Therapy
Tools for Garden Therapy
Urban Trees and Mental Health
Parks and Garden Therapy
Nature and Learning
Greening School Grounds by Design
Garden Therapy for Schools
Plants in the Classroom for Enhanced Learning
Garden Therapy for Pre Schools
Garden Therapy for Daycare
Garden Therapy for Elementary School Bullies
Garden Therapy and Community Development
Garden Therapy and Food Security
Garden Therapy for Low Income People
Garden Therapy for Homeless People
Garden Therapy and Crime Reduction
Garden Therapy and Neighborhood Security
Sistemas Avícolas Alternativos con Acceso a PasturaElisaMendelsohn
Este documento describe y compara sistemas avícolas alternativos y convencionales. Los sistemas alternativos incluyen aves con acceso a pasturas a través de casas fijas, casas portátiles, corrales de pastura u otros diseños que permiten a las aves expresar su comportamiento natural al aire libre. Estos sistemas son comúnmente a pequeña escala e integrados a granjas diversificadas. El acceso al exterior es una parte importante del bienestar de las aves y permite producción extensiva en comparación con los sistem
Producción Orgánica de Lechugas de Especialidad y Verduras Para EnsaladaElisaMendelsohn
Este documento describe las técnicas de producción orgánica de lechugas de especialidad y ensaladas. Explica que el mercado de lechugas de especialidad ha crecido, pero que el aumento de la producción ha hecho bajar los precios. Describe diferentes tipos de lechugas y verduras para ensaladas, así como técnicas de preparación del suelo, propagación, control de plagas y cosecha. Resalta la importancia de planificar cultivos para mantener un suministro constante a lo largo de la temporada.
Este documento cubre el procesamiento de aves a pequeña escala, ya sea en la granja o en plantas pequeñas. Describe las etapas clave del procesamiento, como la inmovilización, matanza, sangrado, desplume, evisceración, enfriamiento y empaque. También compara el procesamiento a pequeña, mediana y gran escala, y explica cómo el acceso a instalaciones de procesamiento es crucial para los pequeños productores avícolas.
Planeando la Plantación de Vegetales para una Cosecha ContinuaElisaMendelsohn
Este documento ofrece consejos para planificar plantaciones sucesivas de vegetales con el fin de lograr una cosecha continua a lo largo de la temporada de crecimiento. Explica que es importante mantener registros de plantaciones y cosechas anteriores para determinar las fechas óptimas de siembra. También destaca que el clima y las condiciones de la tierra afectan el crecimiento de los cultivos, por lo que es útil considerar las temperaturas ideales de germinación de cada vegetal. El documento incluye una tabla con esta información y un
Este documento trata sobre la nutrición de rumiantes en pastoreo. Explica que los rumiantes como vacunos, ovinos y caprinos pueden convertir plantas no comestibles para humanos en alimentos mediante la digestión de la celulosa. También destaca que la mayoría de las tierras son aptas solo para pastoreo, no para cultivo, y que el pastoreo es una forma eficiente de convertir la biomasa vegetal en alimentos como carne y leche. Además, resalta la importancia de entender la nutrición de los rumiantes considerando fact
Este documento trata sobre los requerimientos nutricionales para aves de pastura y cómo cubrirlos a través de diferentes ingredientes alimenticios comunes y poco comunes. Explica el valor nutritivo de ingredientes como el maíz, trigo, avena, harina de pescado y frijol soya, y discute consideraciones como la molienda, la formulación de raciones y la nutrición aplicada para diferentes tasas de crecimiento y estilos de alimentación.
Nuevos Mercados para Su Cosecha (audio version)ElisaMendelsohn
Pedro quiere vender sus productos agrícolas pero no puede vender todo en el mercado local y los comerciantes le ofrecen precios bajos. José le sugiere vender a instituciones como escuelas, hospitales y asilos de ancianos. José introduce a Pedro con el comprador de alimentos del hospital local. El comprador está interesado en comprar productos de la granja de Pedro y pide detalles sobre sus productos, precios y disponibilidad. Pedro comienza a vender lechuga al hospital y el comprador pide un volumen mayor, pero Pedro no puede
Los Escarabajos del Pepino: Manejo Integrado de Plagas — MIP Orgánico y Biora...ElisaMendelsohn
Los escarabajos del pepino son plagas importantes de cultivos de cucurbitáceas en los Estados Unidos. Transmiten enfermedades bacterianas y virales y causan daño directo al alimentarse de raíces, tallos, hojas y frutos. Sus ciclos de vida y las medidas orgánicas de control como plantación tardía, cobertores flotantes, cultivos trampa e insecticidas botánicos deben ser comprendidos para implementar estrategias de manejo integrado efectivas.
Las Crónicas Orgánicas No. 1: No Tenga Pánico Vuélvase OrgánicoElisaMendelsohn
Este documento presenta la historia de Pedro, un agricultor, que aprende sobre los beneficios de la agricultura orgánica a través de una visita a una granja orgánica y conversaciones con agricultores orgánicos. Pedro descubre que la agricultura orgánica fomenta la biodiversidad en el suelo y los cultivos, lo que ayuda a controlar plagas de forma natural. Aprende que el uso de pesticidas químicos puede dañar a los organismos benéficos en el suelo y los cultivos. Finalmente, Pedro decide convertir
La Certificación para Granjas Orgánicas y el Programa Orgánico NacionalElisaMendelsohn
Este documento describe los requisitos para la certificación orgánica de granjas y el Programa Orgánico Nacional de los EE.UU. Los agricultores que quieran vender sus productos como orgánicos deben obtener la certificación de un agente acreditado. La certificación asegura a los consumidores que los productos cumplen con las normas orgánicas. El Programa Orgánico Nacional estableció normas uniformes para la certificación y acredita agentes certificadores. Los agricultores deben cumplir con las normas de producción e
Jardinería Comercial: Consideraciones para Producción de Frutas y VerdurasElisaMendelsohn
Este documento proporciona consideraciones para iniciar un negocio de jardinería comercial. Explica que se debe desarrollar un plan de negocios que incluya un plan de marketing enfocado en los mercados. También discute opciones de mercado como mercados de productores, ventas directas, restaurantes e instituciones. Finalmente, enfatiza la importancia de aprender técnicas de producción a través de talleres, conferencias u observando otros productores.
Guía Ilustrada para la Producción de Ovinos y CaprinosElisaMendelsohn
Este documento es una guía ilustrada para la producción de ovinos y caprinos. Proporciona información sobre la selección de animales, la alimentación y el pastoreo, el cuidado de animales jóvenes y de cría, la sanidad, el equipo y el manejo, y la comercialización de productos de ovinos y caprinos. La guía describe las características deseables para una buena conformación en ovinos y caprinos, y ofrece consejos sobre cómo proveer una dieta y pastoreo saludables para estos animales.
Este documento proporciona una guía sobre métodos orgánicos para producir fresas. Cubre técnicas como el control de malezas mediante acolchado de plástico negro, fertilización orgánica, y control biológico de plagas. También discute sistemas de producción como la plantación en camellones con plástico y la producción en túneles, y provee recursos adicionales sobre certificación orgánica y recomendaciones de variedades por estado. La producción orgánica de fresas puede requerir más esf
Este documento describe el equipamiento básico necesario para una pequeña granja avícola, enfocándose en los sistemas de bebederos y comederos. Explica que los bebederos son cruciales para el bienestar de las aves y deben proveer agua limpia de manera confiable para prevenir enfermedades y la muerte de los pollos. También discute brevemente consideraciones para cercos, perchas y cajas nido.
Este documento describe el proceso de certificación orgánica según las normas del Programa Nacional Orgánico del Departamento de Agricultura de los Estados Unidos. Explica que la certificación permite vender, representar y etiquetar productos como orgánicos, y que involucra inspecciones anuales realizadas por un certificador acreditado para verificar el cumplimiento de las normas. También destaca algunos de los beneficios de la certificación, como mantener mejores registros que ayudan a identificar y resolver problemas de producción con mayor facilidad.
Este documento trata sobre el manejo sostenible de suelos. Explica las propiedades básicas del suelo y los pasos para mejorar y mantener la calidad del suelo de manera sostenible. Cubre temas como la importancia de la materia orgánica y los organismos del suelo, técnicas para mejorar el suelo como el compost y la labranza reducida, y ejemplos de agricultores que han tenido éxito mejorando la calidad de sus suelos.
El Manejo de Gallineros para la Producción AlternativaElisaMendelsohn
Este documento proporciona información sobre el manejo del medio ambiente en la producción avícola alternativa. Explica que tanto el área interior como el exterior son importantes para el bienestar de las aves. Detalla la importancia de la ventilación, temperatura, iluminación y lecho dentro del gallinero. Además, enfatiza que la producción alternativa a menudo ocurre a pequeña escala y puede ser certificada orgánica, requiriendo ciertas prácticas especiales en comparación con la avicultura convencional.
Este documento describe los cuatro pasos que los productores y procesadores orgánicos deben seguir para prepararse adecuadamente para su inspección de certificación orgánica anual. El primer paso es leer las secciones pertinentes de las Normas Orgánicas Nacionales según el tipo de operación. El segundo paso es revisar su Plan de Sistema Orgánico. El tercer paso es revisar la comunicación de la agencia certificadora del año pasado. El cuarto paso es organizar todos los registros requeridos usando las listas proporcionadas. La public
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
2. Table of Contents
Introduction ................................................................................................. 1
State Inspection Programs ............................................................................. 1
Beginning Beekeeping Basics .......................................................................... 2
Beekeeping Income Sources........................................................................... 4
Budgets ........................................................................................................ 4
Beekeeper’s Insurance ................................................................................... 5
Organic Apiculture Standards ........................................................................ 5
Africanized Hybrid Bees ................................................................................ 6
Honey Bee Pests ........................................................................................... 7
Honey Bee Diseases ....................................................................................13
Educational and Training Opportunities ........................................................14
Summary ....................................................................................................15
References .................................................................................................15
Enclosures ..................................................................................................17
Further Resources .......................................................................................18
Appendix ...................................................................................................22
and some division within it. Some states have have a right to ask that samples be taken
full time staff to handle an apiary section and and sent to the Beltsville USDA lab for con-
others do not. When moving bees from one firmation of the disease. (American Society
state to another, inspection of bees is regu- of Beekeepers, No date–a) [See instructions
lated by the receiving state. Many require on how to ship bees to Beltsville in Appen-
previous inspection before arrival and will do dix: Beltsville Free Bee Diagnostic Service].
follow-up inspections once the bees are lo- An all-state (and Canadian provincial) State
cated within the new state. If you are plan-
Apiarist Directory, which includes state bee in-
ning to make a business of selling queens,
spectors, other regulatory officials with apicul-
bees, or moving bees for pollination, then it
tural responsibilities, and other professional api-
is very important to understand the laws in
the states you are dealing with.... cultural specialists, is available on-line at <http:/
/www.mda.state.mn.us/ams/apiary/directory
It is important therefore to know who has the .htm>.
responsibility to inspect your bees and un-
Beginning Beekeeping
der what conditions the inspection is done.
Inspecting bees is a nice job. One must deal
with all kinds of problems: First, angry bee-
keepers (not their bees). Bee inspectors are Basics
people just like you and me. If treated with
It is usually wise to start small, learn efficient
respect, they will respect you as well. Their
job is to find disease. If your bees have dis-
management techniques, and expand the bee-
ease and you don’t know it, then they have keeping operation as time, experience, and fi-
done you a good service by pointing the dis- nances permit. Initial outlay can reach $200 per
ease out to you. On the other hand, they hive, and other equipment, such as a smoker,
may require treatment of the bees, which you veil, gloves, feeding equipment, honey extractor,
do not agree with. Make sure you under- etc., will add to the expense.
stand the law before sounding off on the bee Anyone interested in becoming a beekeeper
inspector — it is not his/her fault that he/she needs to study published information (see Fur-
found disease in your bees. However, you ther Resources: Books, Websites, Periodicals), but
PAGE 2 //BEEKEEPING/APICULTURE
3. many beekeeping skills are best learned by work- Practices Around the Calendar provides manage-
ing with an experienced beekeeper. The Alberta ment suggestions, and is also available at <http:/
Agriculture, Food, and Rural Development pub- /maarec.cas.psu.edu/bkCD/Startkeeping/
lication Commercial Honey Industry states: “Only Starting.html>.
through hands-on experience can new entrants The Mississippi State University publication
gain the basic skills required for opening hives, Getting Started in Beekeeping provides an excel-
removing frames, identifying queens, recogniz- lent summary of what is required to begin. The
ing the difference between brood and honey publication suggests:
cappings, and recognizing the difference between If you decided that you wanted to get started
honey and pollen in a cell” (Dey, 2001). in beekeeping, you would need the basic com-
The American Society of Beekeepers make ponents of the hive, a source of bees, pro-
the following suggestions in the final lesson of tective gear, ancillary gear, and equipment
their Beekeeping 101 class: for handling the honey crop. The hive is the
One way to find other beekeepers who can man-made structure in which the honey bee
help you with problems you encounter is to colony lives. New bee equipment is gener-
join a local bee club or state organization. ally unassembled when purchased. Assem-
Bee Culture Magazine publishes a Who’s who bly directions furnished by bee supply deal-
in beekeeping each spring. You could check ers are usually easy to follow. It is important
the listing for the state in which you live and for beginners to purchase their equipment
contact the individuals listed. Ask them for early so that it will be ready to use when the
information about bee clubs and who you bees arrive. Some beekeepers find they can
need to contact. The person listed under the save money by making their own equipment
Department of Agriculture responsible for in- or purchasing used equipment. With both
spection should have a good idea. They are approaches, it is important that the equip-
often called upon to speak at local meetings. ment is standard size. Purchasing used equip-
The State Extension service should also be ment can present problems and is not rec-
a good source. If you purchase either major ommended for the beginner. Initially you may
bee magazine — each carries a calendar of have problems simply in locating a source of
events. You can get an idea of where the used equipment and determining its value or
nearest bee meeting is to you. These are worth. In addition, secondhand equipment
generally state or regional meetings. (Ameri- may be contaminated with pathogens that
can Society of Beekeepers, no date–b) cause various bee diseases. Always ask for
Beekeeping can be labor-intensive during cer- an inspection certificate indicating that the
apiary inspector did not find any evidence of
tain times of the year. Working with bees re-
disease.
quires a gentle touch and calm disposition. It
also requires a basic understanding of the honey There are several different ways of getting
bees’ behavior during the various seasons and started in the bee business: buying package
during handling and moving. bees; purchasing a nucleus colony (nuc);
buying established colonies; collecting
Beekeeping can be undertaken by anyone who
swarms; and taking bees out of trees and
has enough ability and determination to look
walls. Most beginners start with either a pack-
after the bees properly, enough courage to
age or a nuc. Packages are the preferred way.
work with bees, and enough money to buy
In purchasing nuclei and colonies you might
bees and equipment. Please note: Before
be buying other beekeeper’s problems, such
you get into beekeeping, you should check
as mites or disease. Collecting swarms and
to make sure local zoning laws allow you to
transferring bees is difficult and not recom-
keep honey bees and what your reaction is
mended for the beginner. The best time to
to bee stings. (American Society of Beekeep-
start with bees [is] in the spring or early sum-
ers, no date–c)
mer.
Beekeeping is not a seasonal enterprise, but
Ancillary equipment includes the bee smoker
requires year-round management. The beginning
and hive tool, which are essential for work-
beekeeper needs to consider his or her available ing bees. Bee veils should be worn at all times
labor limitations, and keep the enterprise at an to protect the face and neck from stings. Be-
easily managed size. The enclosed Mid-Atlantic ginners who fear being stung should wear
Apiculture Research and Extension Consortium canvas or leather gloves. Many experienced
(MAAREC) publication Summary of Management beekeepers who find gloves too cumbersome
//BEEKEEPING/APICULTURE PAGE 3
8. ids. The bees become sick, and the hive slowly only a matter of time before resistance becomes
dies (Higgins, 2002). more widespread. It is also important to remem-
ber that honey cannot be gathered while Apistan®
How to Detect is in use.
The NebGuide publication Using the Sugar The May 2000 issue of Bee Tidings, a newslet-
Roll Technique to Detect Varroa Mites in Honey Bee ter published by University of Nebraska Exten-
Colonies states: sion and the Nebraska Beekeepers Association,
Globally, [the varroa mite] is the most impor- discussed the use of Apistan® strips:
tant pest of honey bees and it has caused Apistan® strips are a highly effective control
extensive losses in feral and managed colo- for susceptible mite populations, but no longer
nies. Once introduced, varroa mites have provide adequate control in some beekeep-
never been eradicated from any country or ing operations. Beekeepers who choose to
region, [and] beekeepers must adopt an inte- use Apistan® should check to determine if
grated pest management strategy to protect their colonies will respond to the treatment
their colonies. Early detection and assess- prior to spending a lot of time and money on
ment of infestation levels are important com- treatment. Dr. Jeff Pettis, a USDA Scientist
ponents of a varroa management plan. Since at the Beltsville Bee Laboratory, described a
varroa mites feed by piercing the interseg- resistance monitoring procedure in an Ameri-
mental membranes on the underside of the can Bee Journal article. To conduct the Pettis
bee’s abdomen, they are not easily observed test, prepare a pint wide-mouth jar by insert-
on bees until the colonies are severely in- ing a sugar cube and a note card that has
jured. Beekeepers need to use a detection been trimmed to fit the jar. Staple a 3/8" by
technique to check their colonies for mites. 1" piece of an Apistan® strip to the card near
In addition to detecting mites, beekeepers the top of the card. Prepare a two-piece can-
need to accurately assess the infection lev- ning lid for the jar by replacing the center
els to determine when control measures are portion with screen wire that will allow mites
warranted.... to pass but not the bees (8 mesh per cm
The five most commonly used detection and works well). Collect 250-300 mite infested
assessment methods for varroa are: 1) ether bees in the jar and hold them for 24 hours in
roll, 2) alcohol wash, 3) brood examination, a cool and dark place. Invert the jar and
4) sticky boards placed on the bottom board, shake it several times to recover any dead
and 5) acaricides with sticky boards. mites on a sheet of paper. After recovering
(Macedo, 2001) the mites, place the jars in an oven at low
heat (about 140º F.) until the bees are dead.
These five methods are discussed in the en-
Then, shake the jar again to recover any
closed section “Varroa Jacobsoni”, from Diagno-
mites that were not killed by the Apistan®
sis of Honey Bee Diseases (USDA), available at strip. This test will give you a good indica-
<http://maarec.cas.psu.edu/bkCD/ tion of how effectively Apistan will perform in
Bee_Diseases/varroa.html>. your colony. Apistan® strips can be pur-
The enclosed NebGuide publication discusses chased in any state and are available from
the alternative technique of using powdered most bee supply dealers. They have a Sec-
sugar to detect varroa mites, also available at tion 3, or general use, label. (University of
<http://www.ianr.unl.edu/pubs/INSECTS/ Nebraska Extension/Beekeepers, 2000)
g1430.htm>. Another detection method is de- Apicure™ is a registered miticide that con-
scribed in the publication Mite excreta: A new di- tains about 65% formic acid, a colorless liquid
agnostic tool for detecting Varroa mites! at the with a penetrating odor that is found in ants and
USDA/Carl Hayden Bee Research Center in many plants. Formic acid controls tracheal
website, <http://gears.tucson.ars.ag.gov/rf/de- mites and is used for the suppression of varroa
tect/detect.html>. mites. It has been used for years in Canada and
Europe. Apicure™ is a slow-release gel that is
Chemical Treatment sealed in plastic bags that are sliced open and
For years, the only control for varroa mites placed in the hives. It should be removed after
(Varroa jacobsoni) has been the miticide fluvalinate 21 days and 28 days before honey flow. It should
(Apistan®), a synthetic pyrethroid. However, also be used only when daytime temperatures
beekeepers in Europe and several U.S. states have are between 45° and 95°F, with the hive entrance
seen strains of mites resistant to Apistan®. It is fully open (Apicure, Inc., no date).
PAGE 8 //BEEKEEPING/APICULTURE
9. A possible option for varroa control was men- easier it was to detect one of these acids. Of the
tioned in the July 2002 American Bee Journal. In essential oils, thymol was easiest to detect, fol-
the article “Varroa Control with Fungal Patho- lowed by camphor and menthol.
gens May Be an Option Soon,” the authors dis- More research needs to be conducted. In an
cuss their research in isolating and screening sev- APIS newsletter, Dr. Tom Sanford stated, “The
eral fungi that were highly pathogenic to varroa take-home message to the would-be
at temperatures similar to average hive tempera- experimenter...is that applying oils of essence and
tures. They state that they hope to offer bee- related chemicals carries considerable risk and
keepers this option in the near future (Kanga and should be approached with extreme caution”
James, 2002). (Sanford, 1997).
Several alternative solutions to Varroa con-
trol have been studied in Europe. They include
Bio-technical Methods of Control
lactic acid, oxalic acid, thymol, essential oils, neem One method of varroa control involves chang-
oil, and several bio-technical measures. These ing the bottom board of a hive (Sanford, 1998).
control measures are discussed in the Swiss Bee Often, mites fall off of bees and land on the bot-
Research Center website publication at <http:// tom board. They can then crawl back up into the
www.apis.admin.ch/english/Themes/ hive and reattach themselves to bees. A “sticky
Varroa.htm>. However, according to Blane board” that has been sprayed with something oily
White, Aviary Inspector in Minnesota, lactic acid (usually PAM™) can be placed over the hive’s
and oxalic acid have not been tested in the United bottom board and covered with a screen. When
States and are not approved treatments. He also mites fall off the bees, they fall through the screen
comments that thymol has had limited testing in and land on the sticky board and are unable to
the United States, and that it does work under get back onto the bees. (The screen prevents bees
some conditions. However, there are no ap- from falling onto the sticky board.) A twist on
proved thymol treatments in the U.S. at present this method is to create bottom floors made en-
(White, no date). tirely of screen. Not only does this aid in varroa
Using essential oils to kill both kinds of mites control, it also helps control fungal diseases
has been researched. One of the problems with (Sanford, 1999). For more information on using
using essential oils is that many of the com- mesh floors, go to <http://apis.ifas.ufl.edu/
pounds are toxic to honey bees as well as mites. apis99/apjun99.htm#4>. Blane White, Apiary
Several herbal extracts and essential oils have been Inspector in Minnesota, says that screen bottoms
tested. For the most current information on us- can reduce varroa populations by 15% to 30%,
ing essential oils to control varroa mite, visit West and that once the screens are installed, no fur-
Virginia University’s web site at <http:// ther labor is needed (White, no date).
www.wvu.edu/~agexten/varroa.htm>. Thomas Deeby at the Carl Hayden Bee Re-
One study tested thymol-based products in search Center, in an electronic question-and-an-
Texas, Virginia, and Minnesota (Sanford, 1997). swer forum, made the following comments about
There were good results in Texas and Virginia, smoker fuel to knock varroa mites off of bees
but less mite mortality in Minnesota. One rea- and screened bottom boards to reduce mites in
son given for this difference is that higher tem- the hive:
peratures in the southern states helped the thy- Products that have been tried range from
mol to diffuse into the colony. Another variable menthol, to tobacco, grapefruit and other cit-
that may have affected the study was the num- rus leaves, and creosote leaves. High heat
ber of hive bodies—in Minnesota, three brood itself stuns them. Sticky boards and slotted
bottom boards also seem to have some mea-
chambers were used, while in Texas only one
sure of success....
brood chamber was used. The most effective
blend in the study was thymol and citronella. Natural Products Smoke - Beekeepers rou-
In the late 1990s, Swiss researchers tried to tinely use smoke to calm their bees before
determine whether organic acids and essential opening the hive. Tobacco smoke increases
mite fall and has been used for both detec-
oils affect the taste of honey (Bogdanov, 1999).
tion and control of varroa. More recently, Dr.
They found that formic acid was easiest to de- Frank Eischen, USDA bee research scien-
tect, followed by oxalic and lactic acids. Also, tist, demonstrated that creosote bush and
the weaker the natural taste of the honey, the grapefruit leaves produce a smoke that can
//BEEKEEPING/APICULTURE PAGE 9
10. knock down 90% of the mites in test cages. Research indicates that smaller starter cells
However, excessive exposure to natural prod- help control varroa mite infestations (Senft, 1997).
uct smoke can harm bees. Also, mites are Foundation sheets (sheets of wax imprinted with
not usually killed by the smoke and may re-
base cell sizes) with cells 22% smaller in diam-
cover if not removed from the colony by a
sticky board or other mite trapping device.
eter provided higher winter survival rates for
Mites in brood cells are not affected by natu- bees.
ral product smoke. While natural product Another cultural control method is to encour-
smoke is not an approved treatment for age worker bees to make drone brooder combs.
varroa, there is no legislation prohibiting their Varroa mites prefer drone brood to worker brood.
use as smoker fuel. With careful attention After the drone pupae have been capped, the
to bee safety, the smoke of some natural prod- drone comb is removed from the hive and dis-
ucts may be helpful in retarding varroa popu-
carded. Blane White, Apiary Inspector in Min-
lation growth in colonies.
nesota, states that removing two to three combs
Anti-varroa bottom boards - A French bee- of drone brood can reduce varroa population by
keeper, Jean-Pierre Le Pabic, has devised a about 50%. For more information on this
bottom board that may help reduce varroa
method, White recommends the website <http:/
injury. He suggests that in a standard bot-
tom-board-equipped colony, mites that fall /www.xs4all.nl/~jtemp/dronemethod.html>
from bees are able to easily reattach them- (White, No date).
selves to another host bee. He designed a
bottom board consisting of 12 tubes that run
Tolerant Strains of Honey Bees
lengthwise with a space between them that Since varroa mites became a major problem,
permits mites to fall to the bottom, but through various strains of honey bee have been tested
which bees cannot pass. He reports that and crossbred in the hope of finding bees that
mite populations remain low in hives fitted
are tolerant to mites—whether through selective
with this bottom board due to the inability of
varroa mites to climb back up to where they breeding for grooming behaviors or for cell-build-
can reattach to a new host. Anyone who has ing tendencies. Currently there are at least four
worked with sticky boards knows that nu- options for beekeepers to consider. They are the
merous mites drop to the sticky traps when- hygienic bees, Russian bees, SMR (Suppressed
ever colonies are examined or smoked. This Mite Reproduction) Smart bees, or local varroa-
novel approach to varroa control may help tolerant bees.
reduce beekeeper’s dependence on chemi- Hygienic bees spend more time cleaning
cal treatments. (Deeby, 2002c) themselves and their hives, which promotes some
For more information on the Le Pabic anti- resistance to varroa mites. Research has shown
varroa bottom board, see the enclosed article or that hygienic behavior is heritable, and research-
visit <http://www.apiservices.com/happy ers Marla Spivak and Martha Gilliam have been
keeper/index_us.htm>. building up populations of hygienic bees from
Dr. Pedro Rodriguez has had success using the ten percent or so that occur naturally. These
food-grade mineral oil (FGMO). Test results show are now commercially available. Hygienic bees
that FGMO is highly efficient for control of varroa detect and remove diseased bees quickly, before
infections. It is economical, non-contaminating, the pest organisms can move to other bees. Hy-
and gentle to the environment. It can be applied gienic bees are also more resistant to American
every two weeks or so for the entire year. It is foulbrood, European foulbrood, and chalkbrood
used in conjunction with screened bottom boards (Sanford, 1998b). The publication The Hygiene
to prevent mites from re-attaching themselves to Queen provides information on some of the traits
bees after falling off. Food-grade mineral oil does that are selected for and also provides the stan-
not alter the quality of the honey (Arias Martinez dard quantitative test used. The publication is
et al., 2001). While the use the FGMO is still available at <http://www.beekeeping.com/ar-
unregulated and in a testing phase, the potential ticles/us/hygiene_queen.htm>.
use of FGMO for control of varroa mites deserves Russian bees are a resistant strain of honey
to be considered. Much of the latest information bees being developed and tested by the USDA
on the use of FGMO and methods of application Baton Rouge Bee Lab. These bees evolved in
is located at the website <http://www. Russia’s Far East, where mites and honey bees
beesource.com/pov/rodriguez/>. have co-existed for decades. Commercial evalu-
PAGE 10 //BEEKEEPING/APICULTURE
13. Under the Section 18 authority of the EPA, many close all openings and seal the cracks between
states have been granted use of these strips for supers with masking tape. The crystals are placed
control of varroa mites and small hive beetles. on a paper positioned on the frame’s top bars.
Maryanne Frazier and James Steinhauer in the More crystals should be added every 2 to 3
News–Small Hive Beetle Pest Sheet state: weeks. DO NOT use PDB on honeycombs con-
The section 18 registration for Bayer Bee taining honey intended for human use (Tew,
Strips is for non-food use. There is no allow- 1997).
ance for any coumaphos residue in honey or A Swiss study conducted in 1997 showed that
wax. All surplus honey supers must be re- Trichogramma wasps could be used to control wax
moved before treatment and not be replaced moths. In the study, five hatches of Trichogramma
until after the treatment has been removed. eggs were released at 3-week intervals during
Coumaphos is in a group of highly toxic ma- the summer and were effective even under heavy
terials called organophosphates. The der-
wax moth infestation (Trichogramma wasps are
mal (absorption through the skin) toxicity of
coumaphos to mammals is approximately 20 solely egg parasites, meaning that they are inef-
times greater than that of Apistan. It is there- fective on any stage of wax moths except eggs)
fore imperative that beekeepers follow all la- (Bollhalder, 1999).
bel instructions, including wearing gloves,
when using Bayer Bee Strips....
Honey Bee Diseases
...Under the section 18 registration, the sole
distributor of Bayer Bee Strips is Mann Lake The two most common bee diseases are
Ltd., 501 S First Street, Hackensack, MN American foulbrood (AFB) and European foul-
56452-2001, orders 1-800-233-6663, office brood (EFB). American and European foulbroods
218-675-6688. They will be required to keep kill bees during the pupal stage. The dead pupa
records of the number of strips sold in each rots and begins to smell, hence the name of the
state. (Frazier and Steinhauer, 2000) disease. Foulbrood is worse in high humidity.
In an on-line forum, Thomas Deeby stated:
WAX MOTHS Terramycin® (oxytetracycline HCL) is the
only drug approved for use as a preventive
Greater wax moths (Galleria mellonella) are a
treatment against American foulbrood. This
common pest of honey bees and usually occur antibiotic does not kill Bacillus...spores, but
on stored honey comb. One simple and effective prevents or delays their growth when present
way to rid a comb of all stages of wax moths is to in low concentrations in the food fed by work-
freeze it. Freezing the comb at 20°F for a mini- ers to susceptible larvae. While this treat-
mum of 4.5 hours or 5°F for 2 hours is recom- ment allows individual larvae to survive, it
mended. After freezing, the comb needs to be does absolutely nothing about the virulent
stored where no adult wax worm moths can get spores in the contaminated equipment. Thus
to it, but the beekeeper will still need to check the disease usually reappears once drug
the comb at least monthly for any signs of re- feeding stops. There has been recent evi-
infestation (Tew, 1997). dence in this country for bacterial resistance
Heat can also kill all stages of wax moths. to Terramycin. One of the suspected causes
for this development is the sharp increase in
The combs need to be heated to 115°F for 80 min-
use by beekeepers of the medicated veg-
utes or 120°F for 40 minutes, but never hotter
etable oil extender patty. Bees do not al-
than 120°F. Make sure all combs reach the re- ways consume the patties rapidly which leads
quired temperature before starting to time them. to a situation in which antibiotic lingers in the
Adequate air circulation is important to evenly hive for weeks or even months. Resistance
heat the combs. Remember that combs are soft- was not a problem in this country prior to the
ened by high temperatures and may sag and be- widespread use of extender patties in the
come distorted. Heat treat only combs with no 1990s. For these reasons it is recommended
honey in them (Tew, 1997). that beekeepers remove all uneaten portions
A chemical method for control of wax moths of medicated extender patties after patties
is paradichlorobenzene (PDB or mothballs). The have been in the hive for one month.
treatment procedure is to place 6 tablespoons or There are alternative treatments to AFB with-
3 ounces of PDG crystals on stacks of 5 supers. out using TM [Terramycin ®]. Queens are
The stack should be as air tight as possible, so being bred that create more resistan[ce] to
//BEEKEEPING/APICULTURE PAGE 13
16. Bosisio, Matt. 1990. Faster-acting menthol for Erickson, Eric H. 2002b. Expert Forum on
bees. Agricultural Research. January. p. Honey Bee reply on AFB. Carl Hayden
22. Bee Research Center website. July 6. 1 p.
<http://gears.tucson.ars.ag. gov/
Burgett, Michael. 1999. 1999 Pacific Northwest
expertforum/index.html>.
honey bee pollination survey. Oregon
State University Bee Lab. 6p. <http:// Erickson, Eric, Anita Atmowidjojo, Alan King,
members.aol.com/beetools/99polin.htm>. and Joanne King. 1998. Effect of “new”
vs. “old” wax brood combs on honey bee
Collison, Clarence H. 1996. Getting started in
tracheal mite populations in North Da-
beekeeping. Mississippi State University,
kota. American Bee Journal. September.
Beekeeping Tips. 2 p. <http://www.
p. 672–673.
msstate.edu/Entomology/Beekeeping/
Beekeeping001.html>. ERS/NASS. No date. A look at the U.S.
beekeeping industry. Economic Research
Deeby, Thomas. 2002a. Expert Forum on
Service/National Agricultural Statistics
Honey Bee reply on small hive beetle.
Service. 6 p. <http://gears.tucson.
Carl Hayden Bee Research Center website.
ars.ag.gov/dept/abf.html>.
March 8. 1 p. <http://gears.tucson.
ars.ag.gov/expertforum/index.html>. Frazier, Maryann, and James Steinhauer. 1999.
News–Small hive beetle pest sheet. Mid–
Deeby, Thomas. 2002b. Expert Forum on
Atlantic Apiculture Research and Exten-
Honey Bee reply on American foulbrood.
sion Consortium. 5 p. <http://
Carl Hayden Bee Research Center website.
maarec.cas.psu.edu/
February 12. 1 p. <http://gears.tucson.
BeetlePestSheet.html>.
ars.ag.gov/expertforum/index.html>.
Frazier, Maryann, George Greaser, Timothy
Deeby, Thomas. 2002c. Expert Forum on
Kelsey, and Jayson Harper. 1998. Bee-
Honey Bee reply on smoker fuel for
keeping. Agricultural Alternatives, Penn
varroa. Carl Hayden Bee Research Center
State Cooperative Extension. 6 p. <http:/
website. February 9. 1 p. <http://gears.
/agalternatives.aers.psu.edu/other/bees/
tucson.ars.ag.gov/expertforum/
bees.pdf>.
index.html>.
Frazier, Maryanne, and James Steinhauer. 2000.
Deeby, Thomas. 2002d. Expert Forum on
News – Small Hive Beetle Pest sheet.
Honey Bee reply on amount of surplus
Mid–Atlantic Apiculture Research and
pollen from colony in 1 season. Carl
Extension Consortium. February. <http:/
Hayden Bee Research Center website.
/maarec.cas.psu.edu/BeetlePestSheet.
January 3. 1 p. <http://gears.tucson.
html>.
ars.ag.gov/expertforum/index.html>.
Grossman, Joel. 1998. Neem for honeybee
Dey, Dennis, revised by Lori-Jo Graham. 2001.
pests. The IPM Practitioner. September.
Commercial honey industry. Alberta
p. 10–11.
Agriculture, Food, and Rural Develop-
ment Ministry. 23 p. <http:// Higgins, Adrian. 2002. Honeybees in a mite
www.agric.gov.ab.ca/agdex/600/ more than trouble—Parasites, an exodus
616_830-1.html>. of apiarists and budget cuts imperil vital
insect. Washington Post. May 14. p. A1.
Erickson, Eric H. 2002a. Expert Forum on
Honey Bee reply on tracheal mites. Carl Information Staff. 2002. Locations of
Hayden Bee Research Center website. Africanized honey bees in U.S. USDA/
July 9. 1 p. <http://gears.tucson.ars. Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville,
ag.gov/expertforum/index.html>. Maryland. February. 2 p. <http://
agnews.tamu.edu/bees/quaran.htm>.
PAGE 16 //BEEKEEPING/APICULTURE
17. Kanga, Lambert H. B., and Rosalind R. James. Tidings. May. p. 1–2. <http://
2002. Varroa control with fungal patho- entomology.unl.edu/beekpg/tidings/
gens may be an option soon. American btid2000/btdmay00.htm>.
Bee Journal. July. p. 519. USDA/AMS. 2002. Honey market for the
Macedo, Paula A., and Marion D. Ellis. 2001. month of June 2002. National Honey
Using the sugar roll technique to detect Report. July 10. 8 p.
varroa mites in honey bee colonies.
USDA/BARC Bee Research Laboratory. c.2001.
NebGuide. University of Nebraska–
Downloaded July 2002. The small hive
Lincoln. G01-1430-A. June. 4 p. <http://
beetle. 1 p. <http://
www.ianr.unl.edu/pubs/INSECTS/
www.barc.usda.gov/psi/brl/bd-
g1430.htm>.
shb.htm>.
Quarles, Bill. 1997. Neem controls bee mites.
USDA/BARC Bee Research Laboratory. No
Common Sense Pest Control. Winter. p.
4. date. How to submit samples for diagno-
sis. 1 p. <http://www.barc.usda.gov/
Sanford, M. T. 1998. The “sticky board”: A psi/brl/directs.htm>.
new apicultural tool. APIS. May. p. 3.
USDA/Honey Bee Breeding. c.2001. Down-
Sanford, M. T. 1998b. The case for hygienic loaded August 2002. Breeding honey bees
bees: A little-used technology. APIS. that suppress mite reproduction. Honey
September. p. 1–2. Bee Breeding, Genetics & Physiology
Sanford, M. T. 1999. More on open mesh Laboratory SMRD Project. 7 p. <http://
floors for varroa control. APIS. August. msa.ars.usda.gov/la/btn/hbb/jwh/
p. 1–3. SMRD/SMRD.htm>.
Sanford, Malcolm T. 1997. More on oils of Wenning, Carl J. 1999. What price honey?
essence in mite control. APIS. November. American Bee Journal. August. p. 597–
p. 4. 601.
Scott, Howard. 2002. Do you need beekeeper’s White, Blane. No date. Varroa mite detection.
insurance. American Bee Journal. July. p. Minnesota Department of Agriculture. 2
484–485. p. <http://www.mda.state.mn.us/ams/
Senft, Dennis. 1997. Helping honey bees fight apiary/varroa.htm>.
mites. Agricultural Research. May. p. 22.
Sollenberger, T’Lee. 2002. Bathing, buying, Enclosures
building—Ingredients for better beeware. Erickson, E. H., L. H. Hines, and A. H.
American Bee Journal. August. p. 581– Atmowidjojjo. c.2000. Downloaded July
584.
2002. Producing varroa-tolerant honey
Suszkiw, Jan. 2001. Mite-resistant Russian bees from locally adapted stock: A recipe.
bees also have winter hardiness. ATS Carl Hayden Bee Research Center.
News & Information. June 15. 2 p. <http://gears.tucson.ars.ag.gov/publ/
<http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/pr/2001/ tolerant2.html>.
010615.htm>.
Frazier, Maryann, George Greaser, Timothy
Tabor, J. 1990. Combating tracheal mites. Kelsey, and Jayson Harper. 1998. Bee-
Maine Organic Farmer and Gardener. keeping. Agricultural Alternatives, Penn
July–August. p. 22. State Cooperative Extension. 6 p. <http:/
Tew, James E. 1997. Wax moth control in bee /agalternatives.aers.psu.edu/other/bees/
hives. Ohio State University Horticulture bees.pdf>.
and Crop Science. HYG-2165-97. 3 p. Le Pablic, Jean-Pierre. 2002. Happykeeper.
<http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/2000/ Anti-Varroa bottom board. Virtual Bee-
2165.html>. keeping Gallery. 5 p. <http://
University of Nebraska Extension/Beekeepers. www.apiservices.com/happykeeper/
2000. Varroa control options for 2000. Bee index_us.htm>.
//BEEKEEPING/APICULTURE PAGE 17
18. Macedo, Paula A., and Marion D. Ellis. 2001. Mid-Atlantic Apiculture Research and Extension
Using the sugar roll technique to detect Consortium (MAAREC)
varroa mites in honey bee colonies. http://maarec.cas.psu.edu/index.html
NebGuide. University of Nebraska– A regional effort to address the pest management
Lincoln. G01-1430-A. June. 4 p. <http:// crisis facing the beekeeping industry in the Mid-
www.ianr.unl.edu/pubs/INSECTS/ Atlantic Region. On-line newsletter and many
g1430.htm>. excellent publications on all aspects of beekeep-
ing, including pests and diseases.
Mid-Atlantic Apiculture Research and Exten-
sion Consortium. No date. Summary of The Bee Works
management practices around the calen- http://www.beeworks.com/index.htm
dar. 2 p. <http://maarec.cas.psu.edu/ Canadian website with a good information
bkCD/management/summary_mangt. center on various aspects of beekeeping.
html>.
George Imirie Certified Master Beekeeper
USDA. No date. Varroa Jacobsoni. Diagnosis http://www.beekeeper.org/george_imirie/
of Honey Bee Diseases. <http:// index.html
maarec.cas.psu.edu/bkCD/ On-line monthly “pink pages” on many aspects
Bee_Diseases/varroa.html>. of beekeeping.
The Pollinator Home Page
Further Resources http://www.pollinator.com/index.htm
List of beekeepers who provide pollination
service, and good information on pollination.
Websites
World’s Beekeeping Directory
BeeCulture Magazine http://www.beehoo.com/
http://bee.airoot.com/beeculture/index.htm Worldwide listings of sources of information,
On-line listing of Who’s Who in the Beeyard for training, and many other items of interest to
each state. On-line publication Insect Pollina- beekeepers.
tion of Cultivated Crop Plants. On-line
monthly column Beekeeping in the Digital Age Top Bar Hive Beekeeping
describing how communications in the digital http://www.gsu.edu/~biojdsx/main.htm
age affect production and dissemination of Website devoted exclusively to collecting and
beekeeping information, by Dr. Malcolm T. distributing information about beekeeping with
Sanford, Former Extension Beekeeping Specialist top-bar hives.
at the University of Florida. Weekly updated Pennsylvania State University
Catch the Buzz with the very latest information http://agalternatives.aers.psu.edu/other/
from the world of beekeeping. Also provides bees/bees.pdf
many excellent links to other sources of informa- Publication Beekeeping and sample bee budget.
tion, as well as some articles from BeeCulture
Texas A&M University
Magazine.
http://agnews.tamu.edu/bees/quaran.htm
The American Society of Beekeepers Map of areas of known African honeybee quar-
http://www.gobeekeeping.com/ antine.
Three free on-line beekeeping classes, a listing of
Food and Agriculture Organization of the
National and regional bee organizations, a
United Nations Rome
monthly newsletter, and additional beekeeping
http://www.fao.org/docrep/w0076e/
information.
w0076e00.htm
Beekeeping: The Beekeeper’s Home Pages On-line publication Value-Added Products from
http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/ Beekeeping.
beekeeping/
Beekeeping website links with hundreds of other
beekeeping resources. It also has an extensive
listing of companies that sell bee equipment.
PAGE 18 //BEEKEEPING/APICULTURE
19. University of California Small Farm Center of Africanized honeybees. They also have Expert
http://www.sfc.ucdavis.edu/pubs/SFNews/ Forum on Honey Bees, a state-of-the-art, user-
archive/94032.htm friendly, Internet question-and-answer informa-
On-line publication Starting a Small Beekeeping tion resource available at no cost. Anyone can
Operation. use this service to ask any and all questions
about bees and get answers directly from the
University of Nebraska—Lincoln
experts at the Carl Hayden Bee Research Center.
http://www.ianr.unl.edu/pubs/insects/
g1104.htm Honey Bee Breeding, Genetics, and Physiology
On-line publication Getting Started in Beekeep- Research
ing. 1157 Ben Hur Road
Baton Rouge, LA 70820–5502
University of Tennessee—Knoxville
(225) 767–9280, Fax: (225) 766–9212
http://web.utk.edu/~extepp/redbook/
http://msa.ars.usda.gov/la/btn/hbb/
bee2000.pdf
Research on breeding honeybees that tolerate
On-line publication Apiculture
harsh climate, disease, insects, and other haz-
University of Missouri—Columbia ards.
http://muextension.missouri.edu/xplor/
Bee Biology and Systematic Laboratory
agguides/pests/g07600.htm
Utah State University
On-line publication Beekeeping Tips for Begin-
5310 Old Main Hill
ners.
Logan, UT 84322–5310
University of Georgia (435) 797–2524, Fax: (435) 797–0461
http://www.ces.uga.edu/pubcd/b1045-w.html http://www.loganbeelab.usu.edu/
On-line publication Honey Bees and Beekeeping. Research involves alternatives to honey bees as
Educational Concerns for Hunger Organization pollinators, and wild bees.
(ECHO) USDA/ARS Beneficial Insects Research Unit
http://www.echonet.org/tropicalag/ 2413 E. Highway 83
technotes/BeehiveD.pdf Weslaco, TX 78596
On-line Tech Note Beehive Designs for the (956) 969–4852
Tropics. http://weslaco.ars.usda.gov
Studies mites that infest breathing tubes (tra-
USDA Research Facilities chea) of honeybees. Designs mite control
measures and tracks spread of mites.
Five USDA laboratories are studying breed-
ing, behavior, and benefits of wild and domesti-
cated bees. Check these sites regularly to moni-
Computer Software
tor current research into controlling many of the Carl Hayden Bee Research Center
honeybee’s parasites and diseases. http://gears.tucson.ars.ag.gov/soft/bke/
index.html
USDA/BARC Bee Research Laboratory The new release: BK-Economics 1.34 is available
Building 476, BARC-EAST for Windows and Macintosh. BK-Economics is
Beltsville, MD 20705 a software package that was developed by a team
(301) 504–8205, Fax: (301) 504–8736 of scientists at the Carl Hayden Bee Research
http://www.barc.usda.gov/psi/brl/brl- Center in Tucson, Arizona, to assist commercial
page.html beekeepers in streamlining their business
Studies bee diseases, pests, and nutritional practices. This software allows beekeepers to
needs. Provides bee diagnostic services. simulate years of business, taking into account
factors like equipment purchases, labor force,
Carl Hayden Bee Research Center transportation, marketing strategies, loans,
2000 E. Allen Road honey flow, and other hive products. This
Tucson, AZ 85719 software, when used in combination with the
(520) 670–6380, Fax: (520) 670–6493 marketing strategy information in the publica-
http://gears.tucson.ars.ag.gov/ tion, can help beekeepers formulate a successful
Research explores pollination, mites, and control business plan.
//BEEKEEPING/APICULTURE PAGE 19