This document provides a summary of regulations, health issues, and production practices for raising bison as livestock. It discusses that bison production has increased in popularity in recent years due to bison meat being more nutritious than beef. Key points covered include regulations varying by state, common health issues like brucellosis, and options for meat inspection and processing. The document provides an overview of considerations for starting a bison operation such as visiting existing farms, investment needs, and recommendations to start with calves to allow time to work with the animals.
The document summarizes a FIESTA event held in Zamboanga City to promote the ZamPen native chicken breed. It discusses the 10 years of research that went into developing the ZamPen breed. The event featured exhibits, forums, and competitions to encourage local farmers and businesses to raise ZamPen chickens as a livelihood option. The goal was to connect producers with potential buyers and introduce technology that can help the native chicken industry. Samples of dishes made from ZamPen chicken were served to event attendees.
This document discusses how gardens, even small ones, can have widespread positive effects. It provides examples of how school, prison, and urban gardens improve mental health, education, food security, and the environment. The butterfly effect concept is referenced to show how millions of small gardens globally are cumulatively affecting people, communities, and the planet in beneficial ways.
Can You Dig it: Meeting community demand for allotmentsElisaMendelsohn
Allotments provide numerous individual and community benefits. They promote physical and mental health by encouraging exercise and time spent in nature. Allotments also educate about nutrition and food production while reconnecting people to where their food comes from. Local authorities are recognizing these benefits and supporting allotments through various community projects.
The document discusses emerging trends in social media including branded communities, mobile technology, geolocation, QR codes, group buying, gaming and competitions. It also summarizes the top social media platforms of YouTube, Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn and Google+ and how companies can develop social media marketing strategies through community analysis, goal setting and measuring engagement.
Presentation held by Mr. George Chirakadze within the Regional Workshop on Georgia's anti-corruption and public service delivery reforms (22-24 September 2011).
Sports Marketing Intensive Course by Esteve CalzadaPrime Time Sport
The document advertises a Sports Marketing Intensive Course taught over two days by Esteve Calzada, a sports marketing expert with experience at FC Barcelona, that will cover key concepts of generating revenue in sports like ticket sales, sponsorships, TV rights, and merchandise through case studies and lectures in various global cities. The course is aimed at sports enthusiasts, marketers, and those interested in a career in sports business.
Clay Company, a pewter giftware manufacturer based in Sonoma County, is introducing a new line of candle accessories called petit lumeâ€TM. Their pewter candlestakes can be used for occasions like birthdays, anniversaries, weddings, and holidays. Clay Company will debut their complete candlestake line at gift shows in New York and Atlanta in January 2009. The candlestakes are designed to beautifully decorate cakes, cupcakes, and other confections.
Este documento describe el proceso de servicio de una empresa de turismo, incluyendo recibir contacto inicial de clientes, asignar monitores, recopilar datos, y ofrecer descuentos futuros. También incluye un diagrama de actividades del tour de 3 días y 2 noches, que involucra transporte, entrenamiento, caminatas, y mantener contacto posterior. Finalmente, detalla costos como seguro de viajero, comisiones, gastos de gasolina y mantenimiento.
The document summarizes a FIESTA event held in Zamboanga City to promote the ZamPen native chicken breed. It discusses the 10 years of research that went into developing the ZamPen breed. The event featured exhibits, forums, and competitions to encourage local farmers and businesses to raise ZamPen chickens as a livelihood option. The goal was to connect producers with potential buyers and introduce technology that can help the native chicken industry. Samples of dishes made from ZamPen chicken were served to event attendees.
This document discusses how gardens, even small ones, can have widespread positive effects. It provides examples of how school, prison, and urban gardens improve mental health, education, food security, and the environment. The butterfly effect concept is referenced to show how millions of small gardens globally are cumulatively affecting people, communities, and the planet in beneficial ways.
Can You Dig it: Meeting community demand for allotmentsElisaMendelsohn
Allotments provide numerous individual and community benefits. They promote physical and mental health by encouraging exercise and time spent in nature. Allotments also educate about nutrition and food production while reconnecting people to where their food comes from. Local authorities are recognizing these benefits and supporting allotments through various community projects.
The document discusses emerging trends in social media including branded communities, mobile technology, geolocation, QR codes, group buying, gaming and competitions. It also summarizes the top social media platforms of YouTube, Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn and Google+ and how companies can develop social media marketing strategies through community analysis, goal setting and measuring engagement.
Presentation held by Mr. George Chirakadze within the Regional Workshop on Georgia's anti-corruption and public service delivery reforms (22-24 September 2011).
Sports Marketing Intensive Course by Esteve CalzadaPrime Time Sport
The document advertises a Sports Marketing Intensive Course taught over two days by Esteve Calzada, a sports marketing expert with experience at FC Barcelona, that will cover key concepts of generating revenue in sports like ticket sales, sponsorships, TV rights, and merchandise through case studies and lectures in various global cities. The course is aimed at sports enthusiasts, marketers, and those interested in a career in sports business.
Clay Company, a pewter giftware manufacturer based in Sonoma County, is introducing a new line of candle accessories called petit lumeâ€TM. Their pewter candlestakes can be used for occasions like birthdays, anniversaries, weddings, and holidays. Clay Company will debut their complete candlestake line at gift shows in New York and Atlanta in January 2009. The candlestakes are designed to beautifully decorate cakes, cupcakes, and other confections.
Este documento describe el proceso de servicio de una empresa de turismo, incluyendo recibir contacto inicial de clientes, asignar monitores, recopilar datos, y ofrecer descuentos futuros. También incluye un diagrama de actividades del tour de 3 días y 2 noches, que involucra transporte, entrenamiento, caminatas, y mantener contacto posterior. Finalmente, detalla costos como seguro de viajero, comisiones, gastos de gasolina y mantenimiento.
Este documento proporciona información sobre un libro titulado "101 Ready-to-Use Excel® Macros" publicado por John Wiley & Sons. Incluye detalles sobre los derechos de autor, marcas registradas y límites de responsabilidad. También contiene biografías de los autores, un mapa del contenido del libro e índices.
PR Newswire es una empresa fundada en 1954 que distribuye contenido a más de 170 países en más de 40 idiomas. Distribuye comunicados de prensa y otros contenidos multimedia a periodistas, consumidores e inversores a través de sitios web, correo electrónico, terminales de noticias y asociaciones con agencias de noticias. Ofrece contenido verificado de fuentes creíbles y en varios formatos para satisfacer las necesidades de diferentes canales de comunicación.
This document describes a point-of-sale (POS) system that offers a cloud-based solution for retailers. The POS system allows users to set up a store network themselves, manage cash flow, track sales data, control inventory, and generate reports. It offers an intuitive interface and integrates with major ERP systems. For a fixed monthly fee, retailers can access the functionality of the POS system anywhere in real-time to efficiently manage their business operations.
Claves de un proyecto online en turismo. Edwina Dendler. Labtalleres Granada ...andalucialab
Mesa Redonda en los Talleres de Aceleración Empresarial de Granada:
Claves de un proyecto online en turismo. Presentación de Edwina Dendler (Review Pro). Andalucía Lab
Este documento presenta un plan de negocios para crear una agencia inmobiliaria. Detalla los gastos iniciales de constitución y puesta en marcha de la agencia, que ascienden a aproximadamente 2,3 millones de pesetas. Incluye un presupuesto anual con estimaciones de ingresos y gastos, así como un balance previsional mensual. El plan concluye que los primeros meses serán los más difíciles hasta alcanzar el punto de equilibrio, cuando los ingresos igualen los gastos.
How Omni-Channel Data Collection Can Power Marketing MeasurementEnsighten
This document provides an overview of Pulse, a universal data collection and integration platform, and how it addresses enterprise measurement challenges. It discusses how Pulse provides end-to-end data control and flexibility, allowing for new analyses like online-to-store measurement and cross-device measurement. The case study highlights how Pulse improved a retailer's ability to attribute offline conversions to media by increasing online-to-store match rates and unlocking insights more quickly.
O documento discute tecnologias e tendências em redes ópticas, incluindo FTTX, TDM-PON, WDM-PON e DWDM. Também descreve parcerias atuais e oportunidades de negócios com a RNP, como o programa Veredas Novas e RFPs para provedores fornecerem acesso de banda larga para instituições no interior do país. A visão da RNP é levar 100Mbps e 1Gbps para mais instituições e construir redes metropolitanas próprias em fibra óptica nas principais cid
Este documento describe a las nueve musas griegas, divinidades de las artes y las ciencias. Cada musa preside sobre un área del conocimiento y se las representa de forma iconográfica distintiva. Calíope es la musa de la poesía épica, Clío de la historia, Urania de la astronomía y Melpómene de la tragedia. Las otras musas son Erato de la poesía lírica, Euterpe de la música, Polimnia de la pantomima, Talía de la comedia y Terpsícore de la danza.
EQUIPAMIENTO HOTELERO. Las claves de la eficiencia energética y el ahorroHosteltur
Una de las claves que marca la evolución más reciente del sector de la hostelería y la restauración pasa por el convencimiento de que invertir en mejoras de eficiencia energética, y de reducción del consumo, la generación de residuos y la emisión de gases contaminantes, es no solo beneficioso, sino además rentable.
This chapter discusses communications systems and procedures used in aviation fire and rescue operations. It covers airport communication systems including audible alarms, direct-line phones, radio systems, and frequencies. Proper communication procedures and terminology such as the ICAO phonetic alphabet and aviation terms are presented. The chapter also discusses the use of computers, light signals, and hand signals used in aircraft accident operations.
Producción Orgánica de Lechugas de Especialidad y Verduras Para EnsaladaElisaMendelsohn
Este documento describe las técnicas de producción orgánica de lechugas de especialidad y ensaladas. Explica que el mercado de lechugas de especialidad ha crecido, pero que el aumento de la producción ha hecho bajar los precios. Describe diferentes tipos de lechugas y verduras para ensaladas, así como técnicas de preparación del suelo, propagación, control de plagas y cosecha. Resalta la importancia de planificar cultivos para mantener un suministro constante a lo largo de la temporada.
El documento presenta varias historias sobre tortugas. En la primera historia, una tortuga valiente cruza una montaña helada enfrentándose a un monstruo que resulta ser solo rocas. Otra historia describe el nacimiento de las tortuguitas en la playa y su carrera hacia el mar, aunque algunas son comidas por aves. La última historia habla de una tortuga grande llamada Patxi que fue llevada al aula, donde los estudiantes aprenden sobre sus características.
ATTRA is the national sustainable agriculture information center operated by the USDA. This document provides an overview of regulations, health issues, marketing, and production practices for bison farming. Key points include:
- Bison production has increased as bison meat has nutritional advantages over beef.
- Regulations for bison vary by state but most require health certificates for transporting bison across state lines.
- Bison can be inspected voluntarily by the USDA for interstate sale or inspected under state programs. Inspection requirements vary significantly between states.
- The document discusses health issues, marketing strategies like grass-feeding or direct sales, fencing requirements, and handling practices for bison farmers.
This document provides a summary of a feasibility study examining the potential for developing alternative markets for livestock products in Inyo and Mono Counties, California. The study found that:
1) While sales of organic and natural meats have grown nationally, capturing higher prices in alternative markets may not be feasible for local producers due to infrastructure and cooperation challenges.
2) Surveys of local producers and merchants found limited interest in seriously developing alternative markets at this time.
3) The study recommends that further education and research efforts, as well as greater leadership from producers and merchants, would be needed to develop a viable alternative livestock industry in the region.
1) The document discusses how the chemical diacetyl used in microwave popcorn's "butter flavoring" has caused a lung disease called bronchiolitis obliterans in popcorn factory workers and may also pose risks to consumers. A government agency was warned about this risk but did not adequately respond.
2) Factory farming, which confines thousands of animals in tight spaces, dominates U.S. meat production and causes environmental and health problems. A new map shows where these factory farms are concentrated. Consumers are impacted by the antibiotic and hormone use in these systems.
3) Recent large meat recalls and various food safety issues over the past year and a half have undermined consumer confidence in food safety.
Organic System Plans: Livestock ProductionGardening
This document provides an example of an organic system plan update for Maple Knoll Farm, a diversified livestock operation in Pennsylvania. The update includes general farm information, a description of how minor noncompliances from the previous year were addressed, and plans for any changes to crop rotations or field activities. Attached are an updated field history sheet, farm map, soil test results, and a letter about organic management of adjacent land. The update allows the certifier to review changes while reducing paperwork for the farmer compared to a full new application each year.
This document provides information on organic sweet corn production, including key aspects such as varieties, soil fertility, weed control, pest management, harvesting, and marketing. Organic sweet corn production differs from conventional methods in its reliance on crop rotations, cover crops, compost and manures for soil fertility and its use of mechanical cultivation and biological controls to manage pests. The document discusses organic certification requirements and considerations for seed selection, fertility management, pest control, and post-harvest handling.
This document provides information on organic sweet corn production, including key aspects such as varieties, soil fertility, weed control, pest management, harvesting, and marketing. Organic sweet corn production differs from conventional methods in its reliance on crop rotations, cover crops, compost and manures for soil fertility and its use of mechanical cultivation and biological controls to manage pests. The document discusses organic certification requirements and considerations for seed varieties, and provides details on production practices and marketing organic sweet corn.
This document summarizes various aspects of beekeeping, including:
1) State inspection programs, beginning basics, income sources and budgets, insurance, and pests/diseases are discussed.
2) Beginning beekeepers are advised to start small and gain experience before expanding. Proper equipment, a source of bees, and protective gear are needed to get started.
3) Income can come from selling honey, beeswax, pollen, and providing pollination services with hives. Beekeeping budgets provide examples of costs and potential returns.
Este documento proporciona información sobre un libro titulado "101 Ready-to-Use Excel® Macros" publicado por John Wiley & Sons. Incluye detalles sobre los derechos de autor, marcas registradas y límites de responsabilidad. También contiene biografías de los autores, un mapa del contenido del libro e índices.
PR Newswire es una empresa fundada en 1954 que distribuye contenido a más de 170 países en más de 40 idiomas. Distribuye comunicados de prensa y otros contenidos multimedia a periodistas, consumidores e inversores a través de sitios web, correo electrónico, terminales de noticias y asociaciones con agencias de noticias. Ofrece contenido verificado de fuentes creíbles y en varios formatos para satisfacer las necesidades de diferentes canales de comunicación.
This document describes a point-of-sale (POS) system that offers a cloud-based solution for retailers. The POS system allows users to set up a store network themselves, manage cash flow, track sales data, control inventory, and generate reports. It offers an intuitive interface and integrates with major ERP systems. For a fixed monthly fee, retailers can access the functionality of the POS system anywhere in real-time to efficiently manage their business operations.
Claves de un proyecto online en turismo. Edwina Dendler. Labtalleres Granada ...andalucialab
Mesa Redonda en los Talleres de Aceleración Empresarial de Granada:
Claves de un proyecto online en turismo. Presentación de Edwina Dendler (Review Pro). Andalucía Lab
Este documento presenta un plan de negocios para crear una agencia inmobiliaria. Detalla los gastos iniciales de constitución y puesta en marcha de la agencia, que ascienden a aproximadamente 2,3 millones de pesetas. Incluye un presupuesto anual con estimaciones de ingresos y gastos, así como un balance previsional mensual. El plan concluye que los primeros meses serán los más difíciles hasta alcanzar el punto de equilibrio, cuando los ingresos igualen los gastos.
How Omni-Channel Data Collection Can Power Marketing MeasurementEnsighten
This document provides an overview of Pulse, a universal data collection and integration platform, and how it addresses enterprise measurement challenges. It discusses how Pulse provides end-to-end data control and flexibility, allowing for new analyses like online-to-store measurement and cross-device measurement. The case study highlights how Pulse improved a retailer's ability to attribute offline conversions to media by increasing online-to-store match rates and unlocking insights more quickly.
O documento discute tecnologias e tendências em redes ópticas, incluindo FTTX, TDM-PON, WDM-PON e DWDM. Também descreve parcerias atuais e oportunidades de negócios com a RNP, como o programa Veredas Novas e RFPs para provedores fornecerem acesso de banda larga para instituições no interior do país. A visão da RNP é levar 100Mbps e 1Gbps para mais instituições e construir redes metropolitanas próprias em fibra óptica nas principais cid
Este documento describe a las nueve musas griegas, divinidades de las artes y las ciencias. Cada musa preside sobre un área del conocimiento y se las representa de forma iconográfica distintiva. Calíope es la musa de la poesía épica, Clío de la historia, Urania de la astronomía y Melpómene de la tragedia. Las otras musas son Erato de la poesía lírica, Euterpe de la música, Polimnia de la pantomima, Talía de la comedia y Terpsícore de la danza.
EQUIPAMIENTO HOTELERO. Las claves de la eficiencia energética y el ahorroHosteltur
Una de las claves que marca la evolución más reciente del sector de la hostelería y la restauración pasa por el convencimiento de que invertir en mejoras de eficiencia energética, y de reducción del consumo, la generación de residuos y la emisión de gases contaminantes, es no solo beneficioso, sino además rentable.
This chapter discusses communications systems and procedures used in aviation fire and rescue operations. It covers airport communication systems including audible alarms, direct-line phones, radio systems, and frequencies. Proper communication procedures and terminology such as the ICAO phonetic alphabet and aviation terms are presented. The chapter also discusses the use of computers, light signals, and hand signals used in aircraft accident operations.
Producción Orgánica de Lechugas de Especialidad y Verduras Para EnsaladaElisaMendelsohn
Este documento describe las técnicas de producción orgánica de lechugas de especialidad y ensaladas. Explica que el mercado de lechugas de especialidad ha crecido, pero que el aumento de la producción ha hecho bajar los precios. Describe diferentes tipos de lechugas y verduras para ensaladas, así como técnicas de preparación del suelo, propagación, control de plagas y cosecha. Resalta la importancia de planificar cultivos para mantener un suministro constante a lo largo de la temporada.
El documento presenta varias historias sobre tortugas. En la primera historia, una tortuga valiente cruza una montaña helada enfrentándose a un monstruo que resulta ser solo rocas. Otra historia describe el nacimiento de las tortuguitas en la playa y su carrera hacia el mar, aunque algunas son comidas por aves. La última historia habla de una tortuga grande llamada Patxi que fue llevada al aula, donde los estudiantes aprenden sobre sus características.
ATTRA is the national sustainable agriculture information center operated by the USDA. This document provides an overview of regulations, health issues, marketing, and production practices for bison farming. Key points include:
- Bison production has increased as bison meat has nutritional advantages over beef.
- Regulations for bison vary by state but most require health certificates for transporting bison across state lines.
- Bison can be inspected voluntarily by the USDA for interstate sale or inspected under state programs. Inspection requirements vary significantly between states.
- The document discusses health issues, marketing strategies like grass-feeding or direct sales, fencing requirements, and handling practices for bison farmers.
This document provides a summary of a feasibility study examining the potential for developing alternative markets for livestock products in Inyo and Mono Counties, California. The study found that:
1) While sales of organic and natural meats have grown nationally, capturing higher prices in alternative markets may not be feasible for local producers due to infrastructure and cooperation challenges.
2) Surveys of local producers and merchants found limited interest in seriously developing alternative markets at this time.
3) The study recommends that further education and research efforts, as well as greater leadership from producers and merchants, would be needed to develop a viable alternative livestock industry in the region.
1) The document discusses how the chemical diacetyl used in microwave popcorn's "butter flavoring" has caused a lung disease called bronchiolitis obliterans in popcorn factory workers and may also pose risks to consumers. A government agency was warned about this risk but did not adequately respond.
2) Factory farming, which confines thousands of animals in tight spaces, dominates U.S. meat production and causes environmental and health problems. A new map shows where these factory farms are concentrated. Consumers are impacted by the antibiotic and hormone use in these systems.
3) Recent large meat recalls and various food safety issues over the past year and a half have undermined consumer confidence in food safety.
Organic System Plans: Livestock ProductionGardening
This document provides an example of an organic system plan update for Maple Knoll Farm, a diversified livestock operation in Pennsylvania. The update includes general farm information, a description of how minor noncompliances from the previous year were addressed, and plans for any changes to crop rotations or field activities. Attached are an updated field history sheet, farm map, soil test results, and a letter about organic management of adjacent land. The update allows the certifier to review changes while reducing paperwork for the farmer compared to a full new application each year.
This document provides information on organic sweet corn production, including key aspects such as varieties, soil fertility, weed control, pest management, harvesting, and marketing. Organic sweet corn production differs from conventional methods in its reliance on crop rotations, cover crops, compost and manures for soil fertility and its use of mechanical cultivation and biological controls to manage pests. The document discusses organic certification requirements and considerations for seed selection, fertility management, pest control, and post-harvest handling.
This document provides information on organic sweet corn production, including key aspects such as varieties, soil fertility, weed control, pest management, harvesting, and marketing. Organic sweet corn production differs from conventional methods in its reliance on crop rotations, cover crops, compost and manures for soil fertility and its use of mechanical cultivation and biological controls to manage pests. The document discusses organic certification requirements and considerations for seed varieties, and provides details on production practices and marketing organic sweet corn.
This document summarizes various aspects of beekeeping, including:
1) State inspection programs, beginning basics, income sources and budgets, insurance, and pests/diseases are discussed.
2) Beginning beekeepers are advised to start small and gain experience before expanding. Proper equipment, a source of bees, and protective gear are needed to get started.
3) Income can come from selling honey, beeswax, pollen, and providing pollination services with hives. Beekeeping budgets provide examples of costs and potential returns.
This document discusses various aspects of beekeeping, including state inspection programs, basics for beginning beekeepers, income sources and budgets, insurance, organic certification, Africanized bees, bee pests and diseases, and educational resources. It provides an overview of regulatory requirements, recommends starting small and gaining experience before expanding, and outlines the equipment and materials needed to get started in beekeeping.
This report analyzes the economics of the U.S. grassfed beef sector. It presents the reasons people choose to
eat grassfed beef and explores the market dynamics that shape production and consumption and the supply chain in between. It assesses whether grassfed beef is destined to remain a niche product for affluent consumers, or whether it can become a mainstream food.
Aquaculture Enterprises: Considerations and StrategiesElisaMendelsohn
This document provides an overview of considerations for planning an aquaculture enterprise. It discusses determining goals and motivation, exploring options for organic aquaculture production, assessing natural and financial resources, considering regulatory aspects, researching suitable species, reviewing production systems, and developing a marketing strategy. Planning a successful aquaculture business requires extensive research into these topics to identify the best approach given one's specific situation and goals.
Aquaculture Enterprises: Considerations and StrategiesElisaMendelsohn
This document provides an overview of important considerations for planning an aquaculture enterprise, including natural resources, regulatory aspects, species selection, production systems, and marketing. It discusses determining goals and researching organic aquaculture standards. Key factors that influence decisions include available water, land, climate, capital, labor, technical resources, and existing industry support and markets. Producers must understand all applicable laws and permitting requirements.
- Alexander & Baldwin has established Kulolio Ranch on 4,000 acres of former sugar land in Maui to raise cattle using a rotational grazing system. The ranch collaborates with local cattle ranchers to provide and raise calves.
- There is controversy over whether the high-intensity rotational grazing system used by Kulolio Ranch and promoted by Allan Savory is truly beneficial or scientifically supported. Recent studies have found this type of grazing can be destructive, costly, and ineffective.
- Local ranchers are concerned that Mahi Pono, which now owns the land of Kulolio Ranch, may not properly manage cattle grazing in accordance with county ordinances regarding shade and fencing. Proper management is important
Lawyer's Guide to the Veterinary Feed DirectiveCari Rincker
This presentation was created for the Lawline.com presentation titled "Lawyer's Guide to the Veterinary Feed Directive." The Lawline presentation will be on November 3, 2016 at 3:30pm ET. The recording of the lecture will subsequently be available via Lawline.com at https://www.lawline.com/faculty/cari-rincker. This presentation is broken up in two parts: (1) General Background discussing definitions, regulatory players and the legal framework, and (2) the Second VFD Rule promulgated in June 2015.
What has Changed since Upton Sinclair? A contemporary view of food safetyBill Marler
This document discusses changes in the U.S. population, beef consumption, and food safety over time. It notes that the U.S. population has grown significantly since 1906 while per capita beef consumption has slightly declined. E. coli contamination in ground beef has also significantly declined since the 1990s due to actions like classifying E. coli as an adulterant and implementing HACCP plans, though some large recalls still occasionally occur. The document calls for continued improvements in food safety practices and oversight.
Cattle Production: Considerations for Pasture-Based Beef and Dairy ProducersElisaMendelsohn
This document discusses considerations for pasture-based cattle production. It notes that demand is increasing for sustainably and pasture-raised beef and dairy products. Pasture-based livestock production relies on biodiversity and is more sustainable than intensive systems as it requires fewer costly inputs. The document highlights rotational grazing practices that can lower costs and boost animal health and immunity. It also covers topics like cattle nutrition, health management, organic certification, and marketing pasture-raised meat and dairy.
Cattle Production: Considerations for Pasture-Based Beef and Dairy ProducersElisaMendelsohn
This document discusses considerations for pasture-based cattle production. It notes that demand is increasing for sustainably and pasture-raised beef and dairy products. Pasture-based livestock production relies on biodiversity and is more sustainable than intensive systems as it requires fewer costly inputs. Properly managed rotational grazing can lower costs while improving animal health and welfare. The document highlights pasture-appropriate breeds, grazing management, and marketing opportunities for pasture-based producers.
The document discusses two methods for producing wheatgrass: the bed method and the field method. The bed method involves growing seeds in shallow beds of soil and peat moss/vermiculite. The field method involves growing wheatgrass in soil for a longer period to increase nutritional value. Proper sanitation is critical to avoid contamination, as sprouts have been linked to foodborne illness. Producers must follow regulations and maintain records to reduce liability risks.
Domestication of the European rabbit probably occurred in monasteries during the Middle Ages. By the middle of the 17th century, rabbits were commonly raised in England and continental Europe. Oryctolagus cuniculus, one of the more successful mammals of the world, is both prolific and adaptable.
Most of the fancy breeds were developed within the past 100 years, and only since the early 1900s have rabbits been raised domestically in the United
States. The first commercial colonies were started in southern California. Meat rationing during World War II gave the infant industry a push. Today, approximately 200,000 people are engaged in some phase of the rabbit business
in the United States, and animals are produced in every state. Meat processors serving major cities market more than 10 million pounds of rabbit meat annually.
Cattle Production: Considerations for Pasture-Based Beef and Dairy ProducersGardening
This document discusses the history and benefits of pasture-based cattle production systems compared to confinement systems. It notes that prior to the mid-20th century, cattle were an integral part of diversified family farms and grazed crop residues and forages, but the rise of cheap corn and subsidies led to industrialized feedlots becoming more common. The document advocates for pasture-based systems as more sustainable, resilient, and environmentally sound options that rely on renewable resources like grass and can provide nutritious products to consumers.
This document analyzes the ethical and environmental certifications related to the Culinary Institute of America's food purchasing practices. It discusses certifications for animal welfare in meat, chicken, eggs, foie gras, and fish, as well as those for labor practices regarding coffee, chocolate, and bananas. It also examines the CIA's policies on organic, local, and sustainable produce. The document provides recommendations to expand the use of certifications to increase educational opportunities for students and uphold moral standards in international affairs.
This document provides a sustainability checklist for beef cattle farms. It includes questions about farm resources, management priorities, herd health, reproductive management, forage programs, grazing management, soil and water quality, energy and economic efficiency, quality of life considerations, and goals for improvement. The checklist is intended to help farmers critically evaluate the sustainability of their operations and identify areas for potential enhancement.
Garden Therapy: Links to Articles, Books, Profession Groups, DVDElisaMendelsohn
GARDENING THERAPY Resource List of Articles, Books, Manuals, DVD's, Training Programs and Professional Associations
TOPICS COVERED:
Horticulture Therapy
Healing Gardens
Sensory Gardens
Garden Therapy
Garden Therapy for the Disabled
Garden Therapy for the Mentally Challenged
Garden Therapy for Alzheimer’s Disease
Garden Therapy for Depression
Garden Therapy for Autistic Children
Garden Therapy for the Blind and the Visually Impaired
Garden Therapy for Hospitals
Garden Therapy for Nursing Homes
Garden Therapy for Seniors
Garden Therapy for the Handicapped
Garden Therapy for Prisons, Jails and Correction Facilities
Garden Therapy for Botanical Garden
Garden Therapy and Community Gardens
Garden Therapy for Single Mothers
Garden Therapy for Stress
Garden Therapy for Veterans
Garden Therapy at Veterans Facilities
Garden Therapy for Soldiers
Garden Therapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorders
People Plant Connections
Gardening and Physical Fitness
Greenhouse and Garden Therapy for Disabled People
Accessible Gardening
Wheelchair Gardening
Vertical Gardening and Garden Therapy
Container Gardening and Garden Therapy
Adaptive Garden Equipment for Garden Therapy
Tools for Garden Therapy
Urban Trees and Mental Health
Parks and Garden Therapy
Nature and Learning
Greening School Grounds by Design
Garden Therapy for Schools
Plants in the Classroom for Enhanced Learning
Garden Therapy for Pre Schools
Garden Therapy for Daycare
Garden Therapy for Elementary School Bullies
Garden Therapy and Community Development
Garden Therapy and Food Security
Garden Therapy for Low Income People
Garden Therapy for Homeless People
Garden Therapy and Crime Reduction
Garden Therapy and Neighborhood Security
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Este documento cubre el procesamiento de aves a pequeña escala, ya sea en la granja o en plantas pequeñas. Describe las etapas clave del procesamiento, como la inmovilización, matanza, sangrado, desplume, evisceración, enfriamiento y empaque. También compara el procesamiento a pequeña, mediana y gran escala, y explica cómo el acceso a instalaciones de procesamiento es crucial para los pequeños productores avícolas.
Planeando la Plantación de Vegetales para una Cosecha ContinuaElisaMendelsohn
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Este documento trata sobre la nutrición de rumiantes en pastoreo. Explica que los rumiantes como vacunos, ovinos y caprinos pueden convertir plantas no comestibles para humanos en alimentos mediante la digestión de la celulosa. También destaca que la mayoría de las tierras son aptas solo para pastoreo, no para cultivo, y que el pastoreo es una forma eficiente de convertir la biomasa vegetal en alimentos como carne y leche. Además, resalta la importancia de entender la nutrición de los rumiantes considerando fact
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Nuevos Mercados para Su Cosecha (audio version)ElisaMendelsohn
Pedro quiere vender sus productos agrícolas pero no puede vender todo en el mercado local y los comerciantes le ofrecen precios bajos. José le sugiere vender a instituciones como escuelas, hospitales y asilos de ancianos. José introduce a Pedro con el comprador de alimentos del hospital local. El comprador está interesado en comprar productos de la granja de Pedro y pide detalles sobre sus productos, precios y disponibilidad. Pedro comienza a vender lechuga al hospital y el comprador pide un volumen mayor, pero Pedro no puede
Los Escarabajos del Pepino: Manejo Integrado de Plagas — MIP Orgánico y Biora...ElisaMendelsohn
Los escarabajos del pepino son plagas importantes de cultivos de cucurbitáceas en los Estados Unidos. Transmiten enfermedades bacterianas y virales y causan daño directo al alimentarse de raíces, tallos, hojas y frutos. Sus ciclos de vida y las medidas orgánicas de control como plantación tardía, cobertores flotantes, cultivos trampa e insecticidas botánicos deben ser comprendidos para implementar estrategias de manejo integrado efectivas.
Las Crónicas Orgánicas No. 1: No Tenga Pánico Vuélvase OrgánicoElisaMendelsohn
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La Certificación para Granjas Orgánicas y el Programa Orgánico NacionalElisaMendelsohn
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Jardinería Comercial: Consideraciones para Producción de Frutas y VerdurasElisaMendelsohn
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Guía Ilustrada para la Producción de Ovinos y CaprinosElisaMendelsohn
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This document provides an overview of transgenic crops, including:
1) A brief history of transgenic crop development and the governing policies surrounding the technology.
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How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
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ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
Bison Production
1. BISON PRODUCTION
LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION GUIDE
By Lance E. Gegner
NCAT Agriculture Specialist
APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER FOR RURAL AREAS
www.attra.ncat.org December 2001
Interest in raising bison as alternative live-
stock has increased dramatically in recent years.
Bison meat has nutritional advantages for the
health-conscious consumer. Research (1) has
established that bison meat contains 25–30%
more protein than beef because it has less fat
marbling. Bison is lower in calories, fat, and cho-
lesterol than beef, pork, or skinless chicken (2).
Bison meat is usually prepared like beef, but bi-
son has a quicker cooking time and can easily be
overcooked.
The American bison is a member of the
Bovidae family of ruminants. The misnomer
“buffalo” stems from early naturalists’ compari-
sons of the bison to the African or Asian buffalo.
The bison population was just about destroyed
in the late 1800s by a government-sanctioned
campaign of extermination (intended to starve
the “Indians”), but thanks to private efforts by TABLE OF CONTENTS
individuals the animal was saved from extinc-
tion. There are approximately 350,000 bison in Regulations for Bison Production ............. 1
North America today (3). Health Issues ........................................... 2
This publication takes a look at bison pro- Bison Meat Inspection and Processing .... 2
duction and marketing practices. While not at- Getting Started ......................................... 4
tempting to be comprehensive, it focuses on a Marketing ................................................. 6
number of areas that potential and current bi- Grass or Grain? ....................................... 7
son producers need to consider. It also attempts Direct Marketing ....................................... 8
to show some of the diversity of philosophies Pasturing Bison ........................................ 9
and practices currently being evaluated in the Fencing .................................................. 11
bison industry. Handling and Transporting Bison ........... 11
Sources of Further Information .............. 13
REGULATIONS FOR BISON PRODUCTION References ............................................. 13
Further Resources ................................. 14
Before considering or starting a bison opera- Websites ............................................. 14
tion, the farmer or rancher needs to know the Video ................................................... 16
rules and regulations in their state. Each state Books .................................................. 16
has different requirements. Most state Depart- Magazines ........................................... 16
ments of Agriculture regulate bison raised in Appendix ................................................ 17
their states, but in several states the Wildlife De-
partment is in charge of regulations. It is best to
ATTRA is the national sustainable agriculture information center operated by the National Center for Appropriate
Technology under a grant from the Rural Business-Cooperative Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. These
organizations do not recommend or endorse products, companies, or individuals. ATTRA is located in the
Ozark Mountains at the University of Arkansas in Fayetteville (P.O. Box 3657, Fayetteville, AR 72702). ATTRA
staff members prefer to receive requests for information about sustainable agriculture via the toll-free number
800-346-9140.
2. check with your State Veterinarian for specific Brucellosis has been eradicated in most of the
information on who to work with in your state. United States except for several major sources in
The State Veterinarian’s phone number and some free-living elk and bison in the Greater
general state health requirements can be obtained Yellowstone Area and adjacent land. In a very
from your local veterinarian, or found in “Ap- controversial proposal, the National Park Service
pendix D” at the National Bison Association’s has set a goal of eliminating brucellosis in bison
website <http://www.bisoncentral.com/nba/ and elk in the Yellowstone area by 2010. The
gtss_rules.asp>. Park Service’s efforts, along with the State of
Transporting bison across state lines requires Montana’s policy of killing any bison that stray
health certificates, testing, and in some cases vac- from the park area, have resulted in severe re-
cinations. You should consult with your veteri- duction of the U.S. bison herd at Yellowstone.
narian or your state veterinary office for rules and
requirements on interstate transport of bison. BISON MEAT INSPECTION AND PROCESSING
EAT
The health certificate must conform to the regu-
lations of the state to which the bison are going. Three major food-safety acts regulate the U.S.
Always check with the destination’s State Vet- food supply. These are the Federal Food, Drug,
erinarian for the current requirements. and Cosmetic Act; the Federal Meat Inspection
Act; and the Poultry Products Inspection Act.
HEALTH ISSUES
EALTH The Agriculture Marking Act of 1946 (voluntary
reimbursable inspection) allows the USDA/Food
Parasite control in bison is important. Check Safety Inspection Service (FSIS) to inspect exotic
with a veterinarian who likes working with bi- animals (5). Most of the U.S. food safety pro-
son to get recommendations for a vaccinating, grams are risk-based to ensure that the public is
deworming, and health-maintenance schedule protected from health risks of unsafe foods. Risk
for the bison herd. Before anyone (new or estab- assessment is used in estimating the magnitude
lished bison producer) buys a bison, they should of the problem faced, and in determining the
check out the seller’s herd and ask informed appropriate risk-management response. How-
questions. It is important to learn as much as ever, FSIS regulations governing the slaughter
possible about bison (and bison diseases) before and processing of exotic animals do not require
trying to buy them. Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point
Outbreaks of tuberculosis in bison, deer, and (HACCP) or a risk assessment (5).
elk on game ranches in Canada and the United Under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic
States have raised concerns about infectious dis- Act, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
eases being transmitted to conventional livestock. protects consumers against impure, unsafe, and
Bison are very disease-resistant; however, they fraudulently labeled food. The FDA has inspec-
are susceptible to many bacterial and viral dis- tion authority over any food in interstate com-
eases, as well as parasites, that occur in cattle and merce, unless the product is regulated by the
other livestock species. Some of these diseases USDA/FSIS. The regulations require FDA in-
are brucellosis, tuberculosis, anthrax, hemor- spection of facilities and processes involved in
rhagic septicemia, malignant catarrhal fever slaughtering and processing of food. The FDA
(MCF), as well as many others (4). requires that all food come from an “approved
Recent publicity has increased awareness of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD, or Mad
Deer or Elk diseases) among the general public. CWD has occurred in several Western
states’ wild populations of deer and elk, as well as on some elk farms in at least five states
and Canada. Bison and cattle have never been reported to have CWD; however, some
consumers may have heard misinformation and be concerned about CWD crossing from
elk to bison or cattle. The bison producer will need to be aware of CWD and prepared to
address these concerns.
PAGE 2 //BISON PRODUCTION
3. source and process,” meaning that the facility However, the USDA/FSIS does have a vol-
where the bison was slaughtered and the slaugh- untary inspection program for producers who
ter process—not the bison itself—must be in- wish to have their bison inspected. The bison
spected and approved. Most commonly, the ap- producer must pay for the voluntary FSIS inspec-
proved source is a licensed food establishment, tion. This usually costs about $40 per hour. In
a federally inspected meat plant, or a state-in- 1991, FSIS determined that it had no legal basis
spected meat plant (6). to require labeling “NOT FOR SALE” on non-
The USDA/FSIS is responsible for inspection inspected bison as is required for beef and other
of meat, poultry, processed meats, and poultry “amenable” species (5). However, many meat
products in interstate and foreign commerce buyers may demand that the bison they purchase
under the Federal Meat Inspection Act and the be federally inspected, because they are familiar
Poultry Products Inspection Act. FSIS inspectors with the federal requirements for other meats (5).
examine each animal before and after slaughter At present, the FSIS is considering the addi-
for visible defects that can affect safety and qual- tion of bison, elk, deer, and other species to the
ity of meat and poultry products. The Meat In- list of animals requiring USDA inspection. Any
spection Act and FSIS regulations require ante- new requirements would have to be passed by
mortem and post-mortem inspection of each ani- Congress and signed by the president. The
mal and daily inspection of processing facilities USDA’s concept paper, “Extending USDA’s In-
by FSIS inspectors. FDA regulations do not re- spection Program to Non-Amenable/Exotic Spe-
quire this intensity of inspection. FDA may in- cies,” presented at a public meeting October 31—
spect facilities and processes once per year (5). November 1, 2000, is available at <http://
The Federal Meat Inspection Act defines spe- www.fsis.usda.gov/oppde/nacmpi/nov2000/
cifically the kinds of animals that must be slaugh- papers/species.htm>.
tered and processed under FSIS inspection. FSIS A provision of the Federal Meat Inspection
inspection is required for all cattle, sheep, swine, Act permits states to have a cooperative agree-
goats, ratites, and equines. Many animals, in- ment with USDA/FSIS, whereby more than half
cluding bison, are not mentioned in the Meat the states have mandatory meat inspection pro-
Inspection Act. Bison are therefore “non-ame- grams that equal the federal standards. The fed-
nable” (not covered or answerable) under the eral law limits state-inspected “amenable” ani-
Federal Meat Inspection Act and are exempt from mals to intrastate commerce. Several states man-
FSIS requirements for meat inspection for intra- date inspection of bison and other non-amenable
state, interstate, and foreign trade (5). species under their state meat inspection acts.
To illustrate the differences among states in regulating bison inspections and sales, here’s a
sampling of four states’ rules (from the National Bison Association’s discussion group, Novem-
ber 2001).
• Kansas and Missouri both provide for state inspections. While Kansas makes bison inspec-
tion mandatory and pays for it rather than charging the producer, Missouri does not require
inspection and charges $20 per bison. This means that while uninspected bison can be
brought into Missouri and sold, the same uninspected bison could not be sold in Kansas.
• Colorado State Health Department policy states that meat products sold into commerce
must be from an “approved source.” This has been interpreted to mean that all meat sold
into commerce in Colorado, excepting sale of carcasses, has to be USDA-inspected.
• In Ohio, bison are considered a “voluntary” inspected species. While the Ohio Department
of Agriculture does not require inspection of bison for private or retail sales in Ohio, the
state’s health department does require that meat sold in retail stores come from inspected
sources. Ohio provides free inspection for bison in their state-certified processing facilities,
and because it is state-inspected, the bison meat can be shipped interstate.
//BISON PRODUCTION PAGE 3
4. However, because bison meat is non-amenable, Arshad Hussain with the USDA/FSIS Inspection
“state-inspected bison meat is eligible for sale in & Enforcement Standards Development Staff at
all states, including states with state inspection (202) 720–3219.
programs” (6). However, it is important to re-
member that even if federal law does not require GETTING STARTED
bison to be inspected under the Federal Meat In-
spection Act, local or state health codes may pro- Before starting a bison enterprise, it is advis-
hibit the sale of non-inspected game meat includ- able to visit as many existing bison operations as
ing bison in restaurants and other markets. For possible, to pick up as many ideas and options
a listing of all the state officials in the Coopera- as you can. Your bison operation will not be ex-
tive Meat and Poultry Inspection Programs and actly like anyone else’s, but getting varied in-
for additional information about state inspection sights and opinions from others will help in de-
programs, go to <http://www.fsis.usda.gov/ signing for your particular needs.
OFO/hrds/STATE/stateoff.htm>. Carol Klein, of Oakcreek Buffalo Ranch in
When food products are manufactured with Missouri, says that management philosophies
bison as the sole meat ingredient, the product is and practices vary widely within the bison in-
under the jurisdiction of FDA (7). If the buyer or dustry. She explains:
consumer wants USDA/FSIS inspection of 100% Management practices range across a broad
bison products, the meat for these products needs field: one producer may dehorn all his buffalo,
to be processed under the voluntary federal in- feed grain, wean babies, rotational graze, use
spection program. These 100% bison products only young bulls, and remove bulls from the
do not bear the round FSIS mark of inspection; herd in the fall. Another producer may run his
instead they bear a triangular voluntary-federal- herd in family groups using older bulls, which
inspection mark (5). are always with the herd, naturally wean babies,
Bison or other non-amenable meat from an not dehorn, and grass feed only. Each producer
approved source may be used in an amenable meat should look at these management practices and
food or poultry food product that bears the decide for himself, which works for his own farm
USDA mark of inspection (circular mark) (7). The and philosophy. (8)
approved sources include: 1) slaughter inspec-
The investment in fencing is fairly substan-
tion under provisions of the Agricultural Mar-
tial compared to some livestock enterprises.
keting Act; 2) an approved state inspection pro-
However, the stock and handling facilities are
gram; or 3) a foreign inspection program under comparable in cost to other livestock operations.
control of FDA. Amendable meat food products Bison farming is considered a high-risk enter-
contain more than 3% raw meat or at least 30% prise by most banks and other agencies. A large
fat from U.S.-inspected and passed cattle, sheep, owner investment is usually needed to obtain a
swine, or goats; amenable poultry food products loan.
contain at least 2% cooked U.S.-passed poultry
from an amenable species (chickens, turkeys,
ducks, geese, ratites, guineas, or squabs) with no
bone or skin included. In other words, such a
product can contain well over 90% bison meat
and bear the appropriate circular FSIS inspection
legend since the amenable meat content quali-
fies for mandatory inspection. Refer to Code of
Federal Regulations, Title 9, Volume 2, Part 312,
Section 312.2, and Part 381, Section 381.96 (5).
If you have questions or comments pertain-
ing to the USDA or FDA regulations, contact the
FDA Industry Activities Staff at (202) 205–5251;
Robert Post with the USDA/FSIS Labeling and
Consumer Protection Staff at (202) 205–0623; or
PAGE 4 //BISON PRODUCTION
5. The Texas Bison Company’s website answers some frequently-asked questions for people
interested in bison. They recommend starting with bison calves:
Start small and start with calves! This is the best advice I got, and I’m passing it on. I
guarantee that you will have lessons to learn if you have never worked bison before, and
adult bison will not be forgiving. With calves you can get in with them and they will get
used to you. Maybe eat out of your hand. They will learn not to fear you and like you,
and as they will end up the oldest in your herd, the others will learn from them. I would
do this all over again. The more time you spend with them the better. However, there
will be a time when you have too many animals to go in the pasture with them, or as they
grow up they may start to challenge you. Specifically the bulls. And don’t even think of
approaching a cow and a calf!
Besides, if you buy an adult animal, it may have been a cull, and it could’ve been due to
a bad temperament: (I once bought an adult female bison and ended up with stitches
because I had to dive through a barbed wire fence or risk being gored). As the herd
grows and you become experienced, then you may take a risk on buying adult animals.
My herd once went through an open gate and roamed 3 miles. After I found them I
shook the range cube bucket and my head female led the herd all the way home. That’s
because she knew me since she was a calf, and since I started out with only 3 calves. I
had spent a LOT of time with them in the pasture. Now they are teaching the rest of the
herd. Expect that at some time your herd may get out. How would you get them back!
I suggest adding a gate to every side of your perimeter fencing. Even if it is a fence line
shared with your neighbor. It will make it a lot easier to get your bison back home. (9)
While the beginner’s investment in land, cording to a Saskatchewan publication, “It is be-
stock, and materials can be significant, the yearly lieved that bison eat less because of a lower meta-
maintenance costs of an established herd can be bolic level, especially during the winter. How-
low. A producer probably needs at least 75–100 ever, for the novice, the stocking rate should be
head to provide a minimum return for a farm considered equal to that of a beef cow. As the
family. Herds in Canada average 61 head of bi- producer develops experience, the stocking rate
son (10). The article “A Beginner’s Primer...Tips should be adjusted” (10). In northern latitudes,
on Bison Marketing and Management,” pub- additional land can be used to grow hay for win-
lished in the Stockman Grass Farmer, notes that ter stockpiling, to supplement winter pasture for-
for social reasons, a herd of no fewer than 12 to ages.
15 animals should be established. With fewer Some very detailed bison production budgets
animals there is a tendency for the individuals to have been published by the Saskatchewan Agri-
escape, looking for the rest of the herd (11). Hobby culture and Food Ministry and by the Alberta
or entertainment farmers may try to raise only one Agriculture, Food, and Rural Development Min-
or two, but small numbers are not recommended. istry. It should be remembered that dollar
The number of pasture acres required for the amounts are stated in fluctuating Canadian dol-
herd depends to some extent on the productive lars (about 67 cents to the U.S. dollar at the time
capabilities of the land and the length of the graz- of this writing). The budget in the Saskatchewan
ing season. A good rule of thumb is to calculate publication Bison Production – Economic and Pro-
how many beef cows could efficiently be run on duction Information for Saskatchewan Producers can
your property. This will apply to bison as well, be viewed at <http://www.agr.gov.sk.ca/docs/
though bison will not need as much winter- livestock/bison/production_information/
supplement feed or hay as the beef animals. Ac- fmb398.asp>. The Alberta budget publications
//BISON PRODUCTION PAGE 5
6. Bison Profit$ – Alberta 20 Cow Start-up Bison En-
terprise; Bison Profit$ – Alberta 50 Cow Start-up Headquartered in New Rockford, North
Bison Enterprise; Bison Profits – Profit Planning Dakota, the North American Bison Co-
Tools for a 100 Cow Established Bison Enterprise; and operative has the nation’s first packing
Bison Profits – Profit Planning Tools for Assessing plant devoted solely to bison. The plant
the Profitability of Investing in Bison Cows can be is processing more than 10,000 bison a
viewed at <http://www.agric.gov.ab.ca/agdex/ year; the products are sold in Europe and
400/freedex.html#special>. the United States. The Cooperative’s
These budgets were created to aid in evalu- policy has been to pay their members a
ating various bison enterprises. They present a set price of $2.38 per pound for their
workable combination of inputs that will pro- number-one-grade animals. However,
duce a given output. This combination of inputs marketing the product has been a big-
probably doesn’t represent any given farm, and ger challenge than anticipated. In July
the actual costs of inputs are likely different for of 2001, they had over a year’s supply of
every farm. While there may be hundreds of unsold frozen meat (all shrink-wrapped
combinations of feed, health, labor, and other and blast-frozen, and able to be kept at
inputs, the budgets only give one combination. least four years). The Cooperative an-
Different production practices, such as improved ticipates that increased sales in the fu-
pasture yield and quality, as well as various mar- ture will reduce the carryover supply of
keting opportunities, can cause the producer’s frozen meat. Others see the large in-
actual budget to be quite different from these. ventory as a serious problem, with co-op
members having to either wait as long
MARKETING as 17 months to get their deferred cash
payments for their animals after the meat
Opportunities for marketing bison include: is sold, or take the meat themselves in
• Sale of bison meat lieu of the cash payment (13).
• Live sales of males and females for breeding
• Sale of bison skulls, hides, leather products,
and so on
• Tourism
While some bison farmers “niche-market” di- For producers exploring the possibility of
rectly to consumers or restaurants, others sell to forming a marketing cooperative, the best source
the few existing wholesale marketing outlets. of information is USDA’s Rural Business and Co-
Still others are working with existing farm-mar- operative Development Service (RBCDS) (12).
keting cooperatives. Beginning bison farmers The RBCDS helps farmers and rural residents
need to realize that bison marketing opportuni- form cooperative businesses and improve the
ties are fairly new and not readily available in operations of existing cooperatives. They pro-
many locations. One of the biggest obstacles to vide technical assistance, conduct cooperative-
farmers who want to produce bison in most ar- related research, and provide informational
eas of the U.S. is this lack of an organized mar- products to promote public understanding of
ket. There are few established national or re- cooperatives. The USDA Rural Business and
gional marketing and distribution systems; how- Cooperative Service Development website is at
ever, several state or regional bison associations <http://www.rurdev.usda.gov/rbs/coops/
have set up marketing channels or cooperatives. csdir.htm>.
Direct marketing of meat and other products is Other obstacles to bison marketing, which are
an option, depending on the efforts and initia- diminishing as the industry grows, are:
tive of the producer. Producers taking this route
will need to develop a marketing plan. Devel- • Lack of standards for grading meat
oping new niche markets for bison can take a • The small size of the bison industry
large amount of the producer’s time and energy, • Insufficient amounts of bison regularly avail-
and requires good “people skills” and a business able for marketing
plan.
PAGE 6 //BISON PRODUCTION
7. information on grass-fed meats is available at
GRASS OR GRAIN?
<http://eatwild.com>.
Finishing on pasture or by feeding a grain While some consumers will seek out pasture-
ration in feedlots are both commonly practiced fed bison, others prefer the more consistent grain-
in the bison industry. Both these methods of fin- fed flavors and white fat familiar to beef-lovers
ishing for slaughter feature positive aspects that (as compared to the variable flavor and more
contribute to marketing strategies. Several years yellow fat found in grass-fed bison). To get these
ago, researchers at Colorado State University grain-fed qualities, producers place young or
conducted a taste test between grass-fed and yearling bison bulls in feedlots where they are
grain-fed bison meat. Consumers in the study fed a grain ration for a specific time before slaugh-
showed no preference between grass-fed and tering. Grain finishing is receiving more empha-
grain-fed in terms of tenderness and juiciness, sis because of the North American Bison
but they preferred the taste of grain-fed bison 6 Cooperative’s requirement (15) that their mem-
to 4 over grass-fed (3). Both methods will pro- bers place animals on a grain diet 100 days be-
duce an acceptable-quality product for consum- fore slaughter. Information on grain-feeding
ers. practices and feedlot management of bison can
A study conducted by North Dakota State be found in North Dakota’s Carrington Beef and
University showed the nutritional differences be- Bison Production Field Days Research studies
tween grass-fed and grain-fed bison. The grass- (see Further Resources) and in the Saskatchewan
feed bison had Omega 6 to Omega 3 ratios of 4 to publication Bison Feedlot: Economic and Production
1, whereas the grain-fed bison had ratios of 21 to Information, available at <http://www.agr.gov.
1 (14). Grass-fed meat can be marketed to health- sk.ca/docs/econ_farm_man/production/
conscious consumers interested in its more bal- specializ/bisonfeedlot.pdf> (it takes a long time
anced ratio of Omega 6 and Omega 3. Additional to load).
Carol Klein of Oakcreek Buffalo Ranch comments:
Probably the most controversial management practice in the bison industry today is whether
or not to feed grain to bison. Following World War II, cattle producers began feeding excess
grain to beef herds. As ranchers began raising bison, many of them followed the same
practices being used to raise beef. But the animals are totally different. And even beef did
not evolve eating grain—they are grazing animals. Now, producers have to decide for them-
selves whether or not it makes good sense for them to grain feed their animals. Our cow-
herd has not received any grain supplements for three years. They graze on a grass and
clover (and weeds!) pasture, and their condition is so good that they simply do not need any
supplemental feeding, only mineral and hay as required. To feed them grain would be the
same as over-watering a houseplant; it would be detrimental to their well being and to our
pocketbook. Feeding bulls before slaughter will speed the process of growing to slaughter
size. This will be offset by the additional cost of the grain. It will affect the fat deposits in the
animal, both in the amount and type of fat. Even with grain feeding, bison will have a more
healthy, nutritious meat that is lower in fat. The nutrition of a grass fed animal is definitely
superior. Is the tenderness or taste better in grain fed animals? Everyone has his or her own
opinion on the subject. Unfortunately, it is one of the things we will have to decide for our-
selves. Grain feeding is closely associated with feed lots, and therefore with antibiotics and
growth hormones—and with [lowered] quality of life for the animals. At all costs, my opinion
is that feedlot situations are best avoided. But I refuse to tell others how to run their farms,
in hopes that they will let me operate mine as I see best. We can best influence other
producers with our examples and success, and keep conflicts from injuring our industry. (8)
//BISON PRODUCTION PAGE 7
8. nesota Main Street website. It has an Electronic
DIRECT MARKETING
Commerce Curriculum that provides informa-
Direct marketing of meat and other products tion on: electronic commerce basics; finding busi-
is dependent on the efforts and initiative of the ness information and services online; exploring
producer; developing a marketing plan is an es- E-commerce websites; creating your website;
sential first step. For detailed information on promoting your website; Minnesota case stud-
direct marketing and niche markets, request the ies; developing your Internet business plan; and
ATTRA publications Direct Marketing and Alter- much more. Check out the website at <http://
native Meat Marketing. www.extension.umn.edu/mainstreet> or con-
Because of the lack of organized traditional tact Rae Montgomery at (612) 624-2773,
markets, some bison farms market their products <rmontgomery@extension.umn.edu>.
on the Internet. These producers must ensure One of the obstacles for direct marketing of
that they know and follow the rules and regula- bison is that many people only want the best cuts;
marketing of the poorer cuts can be challenging.
tions for each state to which they ship bison meat.
Many bison farmers offer stew meats, sausage,
It is essential that all local, state, and federal food-
ground burger, or patties to help market these
inspection and health requirements are followed.
cuts. But what to do with the bones and organs
Marketing on the Internet is not easy; there
that larger slaughtering plants have markets for?
are both advantages and challenges to consider.
Well, there is an option available: the controver-
Washington State University has a publication
sial natural diet for dogs called BARF (Bones And
and website that offer resources for farmers want- Raw Food) diet. Many pet owners believe their
ing to market their products. Both provide in- pets are healthier on a raw diet. Many bison farm
formation on the pros and cons of Internet mar- websites have items included in their lists such
keting, tips for success, links to other farmers’ as stock bones, ham or leg bones, neck bone, and
sites, resource lists for more information, and a organs for sale. These items are mainly for the
glossary of Internet terms. The site location is BARF market. To learn more about BARF and
<http://king.wsu.edu/Ag/internet for lists of pet owners in your area who feed their
marketing.htm>. pets BARF, use a search engine such as Yahoo,
Producers considering marketing over the or visit <http://www.onelist.com> and search
Internet should also check out the Access Min- for BARF, or visit <http://www.willowglen.
com/barf.htm>.
Some producers enhance the income of their
bison enterprise by advertising and charging for
bison hunts. This direct-marketing strategy can
be used to reduce the herd size by either select-
ing culled breeding stock for harvest or offering
trophy-size bulls. Some states may have specific
regulations on bison hunting, so it would be best
to contact your state’s Department of Agricul-
ture or Wildlife Department for specific require-
ments. However, because the bison are privately
owned animals, the producer would probably be
allowed to sell the animals to the hunters before
the hunt. The hunters would then be shooting
their own animals, which is probably not regu-
lated.
Besides the meat and hunting aspects of a
bison operation, making use of some of the by-
products can add to the producer’s income. Some
producers have developed markets for bison by-
products such as heads, robes made from hides,
PAGE 8 //BISON PRODUCTION
9. skulls, leather goods, jewelry made from bones
and horns, and so on.
Another possible enterprise is tourism. The
450-acre Mason family ranch, located 120 miles
north of Omaha, Nebraska, with 150 bison cows
and calves, has attracted more than 6,000 tour-
ists to take a covered-wagon tour and purchase
bison sandwiches or specialized meat products
(16). Reportedly, the gate admission receipts (at
$4/person) and sale of sandwiches and meat
products provide a good living for the two fami-
lies who operate the ranch. More information
on tourism is available in ATTRA’s Entertainment
Farming and Agri-Tourism.
PASTURING BISON
Grazing bison in a sustainable and economi-
cal way can best be accomplished through a ro-
tational grazing system. These systems have
been used extensively with cattle, and not as son, and enable the producer to provide higher-
much with bison. The Saskatchewan Agricul- quality forage at a lower cost with fewer inputs.
ture and Food Ministry’s publication Bison Pas- The goal of rotational grazing is to tailor the
tures and Grazing Management, an excellent source paddock size to the number of bison, so that the
of information on bison grazing, is available at pasture is used as efficiently as possible, and the
<http://www.agr.gov.sk.ca/docs/livestock/ animals get the quality and quantity of forage
bison/production_information/bisonpast.asp>. they need for the amount of time desired. When
General nutrition information is available from first devising a grazing plan, make big paddocks
the Saskatchewan Basic Nutrition of Bison at and use long rotations. As you become more fa-
<http://www.agr.gov.sk.ca/docs/livestock/ miliar with the pasture plants and the herd’s
bison/herd_health/bison-nutrition.asp>. grazing habits, further subdivide these “starter”
In rotational grazing systems, animals are al- paddocks with more electric fence. It is best to
lowed to graze a limited area for a limited time, make the subdivisions temporary to take advan-
and are then moved to another pasture subdivi- tage of forage growing conditions and the bison’s
sion, or “paddock.” This gives plants time to changing feed requirements.
grow back without using up root reserves. Un- Fresh, clean water must always be available.
der rotational grazing, legumes and native In a rotational grazing system, the animals must
grasses may reappear in pastures, and produc- have access to a central water source from every
ers often report that the plant community be- paddock or water must be provided to each of
comes more diverse. Rotational grazing can be the pasture subdivisions. This can be a challenge
used to improve pasture, extend the grazing sea- and may be fairly expensive.
For more information on rotational grazing management, request these ATTRA publications:
• Meeting the Nutritional Needs of Ruminants on Pasture
• Sustainable Pasture Management
• Rotational Grazing
• Introduction to Paddock Design and Fencing-Water Systems for Controlled Grazing
• Nutrient Cycling in Pastures
//BISON PRODUCTION PAGE 9
10. Carol Klein of Oakcreek Buffalo Ranch sug- in September is very important. Young females
gests that rotational grazing is worth consider- in their second and third winter can lose 10 to
ing both for better economics and for the well- 15 percent of their body weight, provided they
being of the bison. She explains: enter the winter in good conditions.
Bison are genetically programmed to maximize
To use the land available to its fullest potential
the spring lush of pasture growth. A green
will without a doubt require a plan of rotational
season pasture sward of less than four inches is
grazing. It will provide an estimated 40%
not recommended. Bison spend less time
increase in the amount of grass available. But
grazing in summer than beef cattle and do
what will the buffalo think of all that control?
virtually no nighttime grazing.
After all they are independent, and roam
throughout their territory at will. Trust me, if During the rut, the reduction in grazing time
they object too strongly, they will let you know may be as high as 12 percent. Therefore, there
by rearranging the fences. The field they are should be no limitation in forage quantity and
being moved to should be better than the one quality during the rut. (17)
they are leaving, and they will be eager for the
new territory. So they will move readily when
needed, and stay where they are put as long as
the grazing is good. More management and
fencing are needed on the part of the producer,
and labor must be available when needed. What
sold me on the “idea” of rotational grazing was
the better quality and quantity of grass avail-
able for the animals. (8)
Lorne Klein, a Rangeland Agrologist at
Regina, Saskatchewan, comments:
Bison can extract 5 to 13 percent more nutri-
ents from low quality feeds than cattle can. At
feed values above 10 percent, cattle are just as
efficient as bison.
Bison’s metabolic rate decreases from summer
to winter. Dry matter intake of cows is esti-
mated to be 2.2 to 2.8 percent in the summer,
but only 1.4 to 2.0 in winter. This allows them
to successfully overwinter on stockpiled grasses.
Provided there is adequate forage volume, hay
supplementation is only required under extreme
snow conditions.
*****
Getting thin in winter is good for bison. There
is speculation that longevity and fertility are
greatly reduced when cows are not allowed to
lose weight in winter. Mature bison in good
condition are able to lose 10 to 15 percent of
their bodyweight from January to June.
The loss of weight in winter allows bison to
gain weight rapidly in June and July. A rising
plane of nutrition from mid-June until breeding
PAGE 10 //BISON PRODUCTION
11. stand the bison’s nature. Bison have very strong
FENCING
herd instincts and will react to danger as a group,
Fencing—a critical factor in raising bison on first fleeing and then returning out of curiosity
pasture—varies greatly from farm to farm. Some to see what “spooked” them. They also have a
producers get by with strong cattle fences, while strong sense of personal self and self-preserva-
others build super-strong, extra-tall fences. What- tion, and will either flee or fight. Bison relate to
ever type of exterior fence you build—woven, each other through a strict “pecking order.” The
barbwire, high-tensile, etc.—it should be at least strongest bull will be the dominant animal in the
6 feet tall. Electric fencing works well with bi- herd, whose job it is to protect and breed, but the
son, as long as they are trained to know what elec- dominant cow will be the herd leader. Bison can
tric fences are. Barbed wire should never be used outrun a horse and turn on a dime; they are good
as electric fence because of the possibility of bi- jumpers, kickers, and swimmers; they are strong
son (and humans) getting tangled in it and elec- (about four times stronger than beef cows); and
trocuted. Fences featuring six to eight high-ten- they are not tame. Klein cautions producers to
sile wires with two to four electrified strands are remember that bison are dangerous and act ac-
becoming popular with producers and are a good cordingly when handling them. She states:
option to consider. A good energizer is essen- Buffalo are wild animals. There is not a tame or
tial. A helpful publication on fencing for bison is
domesticated hair on their head. You can gain
available at <http://www.agr.gov.sk.ca/docs/
their trust and friendship, but you have not
livestock/bison/production_information/
really changed their basic nature—they will
fmb398k.asp>.
always be wild. This free and independent
However, even strong fences will not keep
nature is a strong part of the appeal buffalo have
bison in if they get spooked. Robert Klessig, a
to us. There is only one way to make a buffalo
bison producer in Wisconsin, says, “Well, I’m not
going to promote any single type of fence, but if do anything, and that is to make him want to do
you’re going to raise bison, you better make darn it. Forget everything you know about
sure that you use high-quality materials, and cattle. These animals have a nature of their
build it well. You don’t just drive a bison back in own, and that is what you will have to know
your pastures if they get out” (18). and understand. It is that independent nature
that will affect the ways in which you manage
HANDLING AND TRANSPORTING BISON your herd.
Bison cannot be handled like cattle. Carol Everything in life is a trade-off. As you come to
Klein explained at the 2001 Missouri Bison Con- win the acceptance of your animals, they will
ference in Joplin that it is important for the bison lose their fear of you. That will eliminate many
producer, especially the new producer, to under- problems of control, but will create other
problems in their place. Their new proximity to
you will create new dangers as well. Always
stay safe.
Being in the middle of a buffalo herd is no place
for a person. You may think they like and
accept you. Look close at how they interact with
each other. They like each other, but they still
act very violently with their buddies. They butt
and gouge at each other, and you will notice
that the receiver of that action takes the threat/
danger very seriously. They avoid being trapped
by any animal more dominant than they, and
stay out of their space. If they make a mistake,
they are promptly and harshly reminded of their
place. If you want to be part of the herd, you
//BISON PRODUCTION PAGE 11
12. will also be in their pecking order—and they chute, they must be held in separate com-
will find out that you should be on the bottom partments between solid sliding gates.
rung. The bull will test you first, and there For more specifics on designing a reduced-
may not be enough left for any others to play stress handling facility and to read the article,
with. But if you don’t want affectionate buffalo “The Calming of American Bison during Rou-
jumping on your butt, then stay on your side of tine Handling,” see Grandin’s website at
the fence. Otherwise, you will learn about <http://grandin.com/behaviour/tips/
tough love. Your reaction times are not good buffalo.html> and <http://grandin.com/
enough to avoid the actions of a buffalo. (8) references/bison.paper.html>.
Colorado State University’s Temple Grandin Some additional bison-handling systems are
suggests that training bison calves will change diagrammed at the Saskatchewan Agriculture
their perception of a stressful, negative experi- and Food website, <http://www.agr.gov.
ence to either a neutral or even a positive experi- sk.ca/docs/livestock/bison/
ence. This will not make the bison tame or do- production_information/fmb398j.asp>. The
mesticated, but will simply condition them to re- Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Develop-
spond to a particular situation in a calmer man- ment Ministry has a 38-minute VHS video en-
ner, making them easier to handle. For more titled Handling Bison Safely and Effectively (492-
specifics on training bison calves, see Grandin’s VT) (see Further Resources: Video for ordering
website at <http://grandin.com/references/ information). The Prairie Agricultural Machin-
bison.calves.html>. ery Institute (PAMI) has the book The Rancher’s
Handling systems have to be designed for Guide to Elk and Bison Handling Facilities (see Fur-
bison and human safety. Grandin has designed ther Resources: Books for ordering information).
handling facilities to reduce the stress of handling Rounding up bison is not like rounding up
on the bison, as well as protect the people doing cattle. Georgia Derrick, a bison producer in Wis-
the sorting. Some of her suggestions follow. consin, explains, “These are wild animals, you
don’t turn your back and you don’t get into a
• Handling facilities must have solid seven- situation you can’t get out of.” This usually
foot sides on all fences, chutes, gates, and means having a truck handy to bail into, al-
pens, and must be designed so that the han- though her husband Jim drives his tractor into
dlers can operate gates without being among the herd. Cows with calves and bulls in rut are
the bison. extremely dangerous (18). In an e-mail message
• Fences and chutes should have toe holds and sent to “Graze-l” in May 1997, Robert O.
grab bars to provide an escape route for han- Gjerdingen of Viola, Wisconsin stated, “A Ca-
dlers. nadian livestock hauler, the type of man who
• Fill crowd pens no more than one-third full. has hauled every type of beast in the industry,
• Bison must be sorted single-file, not in a wide told me that a female bison was the only critter
lane. Use a round forcing pen to direct bison ever to lay in wait for him in a back compart-
into the single-file race. Bison will move eas- ment with the goal of ending his life on earth.
ily through the round pen into single-file be- Had he been a little fatter, and the vent holes in
cause as they circle around they think they the side of the trailer a little narrower, he would
are going back to where they came from. not be alive today.”
• Bison will remain calmer if brought up indi-
vidually to the solid-sided, solid-topped
squeeze chute from the crowd pen. Bison of-
ten become agitated if left waiting in a single-
file chute. The bison remain calmer if left in
the crowd pen with their mates and brought
to the squeeze chute one at a time. If the bi-
son have to be held standing in a single-file
PAGE 12 //BISON PRODUCTION
13. management, and history. It is mainly scientific
SOURCES OF FURTHER INFORMATION
OURCES URTHER NFORMATION
information; however, there is a section on view-
The National Buffalo Association and the points at the end of the proceedings that provides
American Bison Association consolidated their various producers’ opinions on their different
memberships on January 1, 1995, to form the Na- management styles. The Proceedings can be or-
tional Bison Association (19). This association dered for $30 (checks payable to MSU Extension
provides educational and research materials, and Wildlife) from:
a communications service to farmers, ranchers, MSU Extension Wildlife Program
and individuals concerned with the propagation 221 Linfield Hall
and promotion of the American bison. The yearly Montana State University
Gold Trophy Show and Sale is held in January Bozeman, MT 59717
in Denver, Colorado, and another convention is
held each year in alternating locations through-
out the U. S. REFERENCES
The National Bison Association publishes a
1) American Bison Association. 1993. Overview
quarterly magazine entitled Bison World, which
of the bison industry: Buffalo or bison? Bison
is free with membership, along with a subscrip- Breeders Handbook. American Bison Associa-
tion to the North American Bison Journal. They tion [now National Bison Association]. p. 20–
also sell many excellent books on bison produc- 21.
tion. They have an Information Packet available
2) Burgess, Regina G. 2001. Buffalo: The come-
for $20 plus $6 shipping that contains a wide va-
back of the twenty-first century. AgVentures.
riety of basic bison production and marketing April–May. p. 6–9.
information. The cost of membership is $150 a
year. Additional information about their orga- 3) Moseley, Jan. 2001. The meat solution...The
nization is available at <http://www. evolution of the bison industry continues. The
Stockman Grass Farmer. August. p. 1, 10–11.
bisoncentral.com/nba>.
There are other national, state, and Canadian 4) Tessaro, Stacy V. 1989. Review of the dis-
associations dealing with bison. See the Appen- eases, parasites and miscellaneous pathologi-
dix for listings of associations from The Tracker, cal conditions of the North American bison.
Canadian Veterinary Journal. May. p. 416–
a monthly publication from Canada that lists
422.
events, associations, and advertisers that work
with bison (see Further Resources: Magazines 5) Personal communication. USDA/FSIS Inspec-
for subscription information). tion & Enforcement Standards Development
Many electronic resources are now available Staff. May 2001.
to those with Internet access. Several websites 6) Mamminga, Mike. 2000. Venison inspection
are provided in the above listing of associations requirements. Deer Farmers’ Digest. October.
from The Tracker. A search engine such as Ya- p. 9–10. <http://digest.deerfarmer.com/
hoo can also be used to locate other lists on the oct00.htm>. [Reprinted June 2000 in The Elk
Internet. Scoop, a publication of Iowa Elk Breeders
Association.]
Vern Anderson at North Dakota’s Carrington
Research Extension Center (20) has information 7) Personal communication. USDA/FSIS Label-
available on all aspects of bison production. ing and Consumer Protection Staff. May 2001.
There is a small copying and mailing charge; con- 8) Klein, Carol. 2001. Understanding Bison
tact the Center for details. Their website features Behavior and Characteristics for Effective
the 1997 to 2001 Beef and Bison Production Field Herd Management. Paper presented at the
Days, which includes many bison research pa- 2001 Missouri Bison Conference, February 10
pers. at Joplin, Missouri. 6 p.
The 395–page 1997 International Symposium 9) Texas Bison Company. 2000. Frequently
on Bison Ecology and Management in North America asked questions: I am interested in raising
Proceedings, by L. Irby and J. Knight, contains in- bison. What do I need to know? <http://
formation on bison disease, ecology, genetics, www.bisonranch.com/questions.html>. 9 p.
//BISON PRODUCTION PAGE 13
14. 10) Staff. 1998. Bison Production: Economic and
Production Information for Saskatchewan
FURTHER RESOURCES
Producers. Saskatchewan Agriculture and
Food, Regina, Sask., Canada. p. 1, 7.
WEBSITES:
11) Gompert, Terry, Jan Jorgensen, and Larry The National Bison Association
Mason. 1998. A beginner’s primer...Tips on
bison marketing and management. The http://www.bisoncentral.com/nba
Stockman Grass Farmer. March. p. 7–8. http://www.bisoncentral.com/nba/
12) USDA Rural Development/Cooperative gtss_rules.asp
Services State Veterinarians’ phone number and state
Stop 3250 health requirements in Appendix D.
Washington, DC 20250-3250
The Bison Centre of Excellence in Alberta,
(202) 720-7558; Fax (202) 720-4641
Canada
E-mail: coopinfo@rurdev.usda.gov
http://www.rurdev.usda.gov/rbs/coops/ http://www.bisoncentre.com/resources/
csdir.htm index.html
13) Pates, Mikkel. 2001. Bison co-op to launch Features over 500 articles on Bison basics,
more aggressive meat marketing campaign. Production information for the established
Agweek Magazine. July 23. <http:// producer, Bison research for academic interest,
www.agweek.com>. 11 p. and Bison marketing and economics, as well as
14) Anon. No date. Omega 3 Fatty Acids. the International Bison Conference 2000
<http://www.texasgrassfedveef.com/ Proceedings.
id28_m.htm>. 2 p.
Alberta Agriculture, Food, and Rural Develop-
15) North American Bison Cooperative ment Ministry
RR 1, Box 162B http://www.agric.gov.ab.ca/agdex/400/
New Rockford, ND 58356 492830_1.html or .pdf
(701) 947-2505; Fax (701) 947-2105 Alberta publication Commercial Bison Indus-
16) Staff. 1999. Living prairie draws tourists by try.
the thousands to small Nebraska ranch.
Stockman Grass Farmer. March. p. 1.
http://www.agric.gov.ab.ca/agdex/400/
freedex.html#special
17) Klein, Lorne. 2000. Bison are well-adapted for Four Alberta budget publications:
winter grazing in cold climates. The Stockman
Grass Farmer. July. p. 16. • Bison Profit$ – Alberta 20 Cow Start-up
Bison Enterprise
18) Baker, Juli. 1996. Bison on grass. Pasture
Talk. October. p. 10–11. • Bison Profit$ – Alberta 50 Cow Start-up
Bison Enterprise
19) National Bison Association • Bison Profits – Profit Planning Tools for a
4701 Marion Street, Suite 100 100 Cow Established Bison Enterprise
Denver, Colorado 80216
• Bison Profits – Profit Planning Tools for
(303) 292-2833; Fax (303) 292-2564
http://www.bisoncentral.com/nba Assessing the Profitability of Investing in
Bison Cows
20) Vern Anderson
Carrington Research Extension Center Saskatchewan Agriculture and Food Ministry
Box 219 http://www.agr.gov.sk.ca/docs/live-
Carrington, ND 58421-0219 stock/bison/production_information/
(701) 652-2951; Fax: (701) 652-2055 fmb398.asp
http://www.ag.ndsu.nodak.edu/carringt/ Saskatchewan publication Bison Production –
Economic and Production Information for
Saskatchewan Producers.
PAGE 14 //BISON PRODUCTION
15. http://www.agr.gov.sk.ca/docs/live- http://grandin.com/references/
stock/bison/production_information/ bison.paper.html
fmb398k.asp The article “The Calming of American Bison
Saskatchewan publication section on fencing for (Bison bison) During Routine Handling.”
bison.
Eat Wild Website
http://www.agr.gov.sk.ca/docs/live- http://eatwild.com
stock/bison/production_information/ Information on grass-fed meats.
fmb398j.asp
USDA/FSIS
Saskatchewan diagrams of bison handling
http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OFO/hrds/
systems.
STATE/stateoff.htm
http://www.agr.gov.sk.ca/docs/ Listing of all States Officials in the Cooperative
econ_farm_man/production/specializ/ Meat & Poultry Inspection programs.
bisonfeedlot.pdf
http://www.fsis.usda.gov/oppde/
Saskatchewan publication Bison Feedlot:
nacmpi/nov2000/papers/species.htm
Economic and Production Information.
USDA’s concept paper, “Extending USDA’s
http://www.agr.gov.sk.ca/docs/live- Inspection Program to Non-Amenable/Exotic
stock/bison/production_information/ Species.”
bisonpast.asp
http://www.fsis.usda.gov/oa/pubs/
Saskatchewan publication Bison Pastures and
focusbison.htm
Grazing Management.
The USDA/Food Safety and Inspection Service
http://www.agr.gov.sk.ca/docs/live- publication Focus On Bison.
stock/bison/herd_health/bison-
USDA Rural Business and Cooperative Service
nutrition.asp
Development
Saskatchewan publication Basic Nutrition of
http://www.rurdev.usda.gov/rbs/coops/
Bison.
csdir.htm
http://www.agr.gov.sk.ca/docs/live-
stock/elk_and_deer/herd_health/ Washington State University
paratuberculosis.asp http://king.wsu.edu/Ag/
Publication Paratuberculosis/Johne’s Disease. internetmarketing.htm
Publication and website providing information
North Dakota State University Bison Research
on the pros and cons of Internet marketing, tips
Program
for success, links to other farmers’ websites,
http://www.ag.ndsu.nodak. edu/
resource lists for more information, and a
carringt/bison_research_program.htm
glossary of Internet terms.
1997 to 2001 Bison Research and Production
Field Day Reports. University of Minnesota
http://www.extension.umn.edu/mainstreet
Temple Grandin’s Website
Access Minnesota Main Street website provides
http://grandin.com/references/
information on: electronic commerce basics;
bison.calves.html
finding business information and services
Publication Training American Bison (Bison
online; exploring E-commerce websites; creating
bison) Calves.
your website; promoting your website; Minne-
http://grandin.com/behaviour/tips/ sota case studies; developing your Internet
buffalo.html business plan, and much more.
Specifics on designing a reduced-stress han-
Bones and Raw Food Website
dling facility.
http://www.willowglen.com/barf.htm
Information on BARF.
//BISON PRODUCTION PAGE 15
16. Yahoo! Groups List MAGAZINES:
http://www.onelist.com
For lists of groups of pet owners in your area North American Bison Journal
who feed their pets BARF, enter BARF into the Tri-State Livestock News
search field. (800) 253-3656 or (605) 347-2585; Fax: (605)
347-2525
Western College of Veterinary Medicine at the http://bisonjournal.com
University of Saskatchewan Subscription rate is $21 per year (12 issues) or
http://www.usask.ca/wcvm/herdmed/ $21.84 for South Dakota subscribers ($31 in
specialstock/ Canada). They have two years of archived
Excellent publication called A Literature issues on their website.
Review of Disease in Bison, plus good informa-
tion on Malignant Catarrhal Fever (MDF). The Stockman Grass Farmer
P.O. Box 2300
University of Wisconsin Ridgeland, MS 39158-2300
http://www.johnes.org (800) 748-9808; FAX (601) 853-8087
Site on Johne’s Disease with specific bison E-mail: sgf@StockmanGrassFarmer.com
information. http://www.stockmangrassfarmer.com
VIDEO: Subscription rate is $28 per year (12 issues).
The Tracker
Handling Bison Safely and Effectively (492-VT)
Box 1094
Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Devel-
Regina, Saskatchewan S4P 3B2
opment
(306) 337-1540; FAX (306) 337-1531
Publications Office
E-mail: blmclash@cableregina.com
7000 - 113 Street
Subscription rate is $25 (U.S.) per year (11
Edmonton, Alberta T6H 5T6
issues).
(780) 427–0391
Canadian toll-free (800) 292–5697 High Plains Journal
Cost $25.00 plus $2.00 handling and $3.00 for High Plains Publishers, Inc.
U.S. orders. P.O. Box 760
1500 Wyatt Earp Blvd.
BOOKS: Dodge City, KS 67801–0760
Bison Breeder’s Handbook and The Buffalo Producer’s (620) 227–7171; Fax (620) 227-7173
Guide to Marketing and Management E-mail: journal@hpj.com
National Bison Association http://www.hpj.com
4701 Marion Street, Suite 100 Subscription rate is $56 per year (52 issues).
Denver, Colorado 80216
(303) 292-2833; FAX (303) 292-2564 By Lance E. Gegner
http://www.bisoncentral.com/nba NCAT Agriculture Specialist
The Rancher’s Guide to Elk and Bison Handling Fa- Edited by Richard Earles
cilities. Formatted by Gail M. Hardy
Prairie Agricultural Machinery Institute
(PAMI) December 2001
Box 1150, Highway 5 West
Humboldt, Saskatchewan, CANADA S0A IP151
2A0 The electronic version of Bison Production is
(800) 567–7264 located at:
http://www.pami.ca/pamipubs/books.htm HTML
http://www.attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/bison.html
PDF
http://www.attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/PDF/bison.pdf
PAGE 16 //BISON PRODUCTION
17. American Bison Foundation
APPENDIX
Dr. Ken Throlson, President
4701 Marion St.
BISON ASSOCIATIONS Denver, CO 80216
Source: The Tracker, October 2001, p. 10–11. Phone: 303-292-2833
Fax: 303-292-2564
Alberta Bison Association
Susanne Pohl, Office Manager Eastern Bison Association
4301-50th Street, Leduc, AB T9E 7H3 Deborah Tanner, Sec
Phone: 780-980-4835 Box 708
Fax: 780-980-7597 Brooklyn, CT 06234
email: vspohl@telusplanet.net Phone: 877-461-7555
website: http://www.bisoncentre.com email: ebabison@hotmail
website: http://www.ebabison.org
Association Quebecoise Du Bison
Bruno Roy Great Plains Buffalo Association
1608, du Bosquet T. R. Hughes, Pres.
Ancienne-Lorette, PQ G2E 3LI P.O. Box 243
Phone: 418-877-8868 Seward, NE 68434
Fax: 418-877-7179 Phone: 402-643-2574
Fax: 303-665-1535
BC Interior Bison Association email: info@gpbuffalo.org
Del Myers, Sec. website: http://www.gpbuffalo.org
21845 Hwy 97 S
Prince George, B.C. V2N 6A3 Intertribal Bison Cooperative
Phone: 250-330-4465 Tim Wapato, Exec. Dir.
Fax: 250-330-4449 1560 Concourse Drive
website: http://www.ttonka.com/bciba Rapid City, SD 57703
Phone: 605-394-7742
Canadian Bison Association email: itbc@cnetis.net
Gavin Conacher, Executive Director website: http://www.intertribalbison.org
#200, 1600 Pasqua Street, Box 3116
Regina, SK S4P 3G7 Iowa Bison Association
Phone: 306-522-4766 Tom Cink, Pres.
Fax: 306-522-4768 2103 - 210th St.
email: cbal@sk.sympatico.ca Wesley, IA 50483
Phone: 515-679-4501
Colorado Bison Association Fax: 515-679-4283
John Painter, Sec/Treas email: tricbisn@rconnect.com
303 S. Broadway Suite B522 website: http://www.iowabison.org
Denver, CO 80209
Phone: 505-770-7751 Jamestown Area Buffalo Association
Fax: 505-768-5561 Oren Krapp, Pres.
P.O. Box 112
Dakota Territory Buffalo Association Pingree, ND 58476
Jud Seaman Phone: 701-252-6853
P.O. Box 4104 email: bison@daktel.com
Rapid City, SD 57709 website: http://www.buffaloblast.com
Phone: 605-923-6383
email: info@dakotabuffalo.com
website: http://www.dakotabuffalo.com
//BISON PRODUCTION PAGE 17
18. Kansas Buffalo Association Montana Bison Association
Charlies Smies, Sec./Treas. Wayne Arnold, Sec./Treas.
P.O. Box 12110 HC 75, Box 467
Wichita, KS 67277-2110 Brady, MT 59416
Phone: 316-721-0970 Phone: 406-627-2417
Phone: 888-282-4766 Fax: 406-627-2417
Fax: 316-773-4720
National Bison Association
Manitoba 1st Nation Elk/Bison Association 4701 Marion St. Ste 100
Harvey Payne Denver, CO 80216
3411 Grant Avenue Phone: 303-292-2833(BUFF)
Winnipeg, MB R3R 0K8 Fax: 303-292-2564
Phone: 204-832-9497 email: Info@bisoncentral.com
website: http://www.nbabison.org
Manitoba Bison Association
Dave Giesbrecht, Pres. National Buffalo Foundation
Box 959 Edwin Tuccio, Pres.
Teulon, MB R0C 3B0 547 East Main St.
Phone: 204-886-2221 Riverhead, NY 11901
Fax: 204-886-3336 Phone: 516-727-6644
Ray Salmon, Sec. Fax: 516-369-2727
Phone: 204-945-2223 email: info@bisoncentral.com
Fax: 204-945-4327 website: http://www.bisoncentral.com
Michigan Bison Association Nebraska State Buffalo Association
Beth O’Rourke Sheila Peterson, Office Mgr.
8450 O’Rourke Rd. P.O. Box 1137
Vanderbilt, Ml 49795-9703 Grand Island, NE 68802
Phone: 517-983-4149 Phone: 402-865-4235
Fax: 517-983-2077 website: http://www.nebraskastatebuffalo.org
email: double_c@voyager.net
website: http://www.michiganbison.com Northwest Bison Association
Maureen Durheim, Sec.
Minnesota Buffalo Association 6510 North Division St. #280
Dennis Tuel, Sr., Pres. Spokane, WA 99208-3993
Gail Griffin, Exec. Dir. Phone: 1-888-314-3788 (US)
Route 5 Box 2 Phone: 1-888-314-6922 (Canada)
Winona, MN 55987 Fax: 503-357-1352
Phone: 507-454-2828 email: nwba@nwbison.org
email: info@mnbison.org website: http://www.nwbison.org
Missouri Bison Association North American Bison Society
DeWayne Frobenius, Sec. Boots Delano
Box 472 4570 N. Oraibi Pl.
Kimberline City, MO 65686 Tucson, AZ 85749-9386
Phone: 417-739-2281 Phone: 520-749+-5654
Phone: 800-365-2115 email: bison@mciworld.com
Fax: 417-739-2281
email: information@mobisonassoc.org
website: http://www.mobisonassoc.org
PAGE 18 //BISON PRODUCTION
19. North Dakota Buffalo Association Saskatchewan Bison Association
Paul Thomas, Exec. Dir. Leon Brin, Exec. Dir.
4007 State St. Box 36011
Bismark, ND 58503 Regina, SK S4S 7H6
Phone: 701-223-4130 Phone: 306-585-6304
email: ndbuff@ndbuffalo.org Fax: 306-585-6285
website: http://www.ndbuffalo.org email: saskbison@sk.sympatico.ca
website: http://www.saskbison.com
North Dakota Buffalo Foundation, Inc.
National Buffalo Museum South East Bison Association
P.O. Box 1712 Steve Wilson
Jamestown, ND 58402-1712 4801 Greenhaven Lane
Phone: 701-252-8648 Goshen, KY 40026
Phone: 800-222-4766 Phone: 502-222-4451
website: http://www.jamestownnd.com/ Fax: 502-222-4452
promotiontourism.buffalomuseum.htm
Texas Bison Association
Oklahoma Bison Association 801 Wallis Ave., P.O. Box 579
Nick Anderson, Osaj Bison Santa Anna, TX 76878
P.O. Box 1347
Cushing, OK 74023-1347 Western Bison Association
Phone: 918-225-2260 P.O. Box 60126
Fax: 918-225-6592 Reno, NV 85906-0126
Phone: 775-969-3497
Ontario Bison Association
Christina Pyke, Sec. Wisconsin Bison Association
RR4 Rebecca Ries, Sec./Treas.
Wolf Island, ON K0H 2Y0 W2749 Gold Course Road
Phone: 613-385-1925 Mount Calvary, WI 53057
Fax: 613-385-1926 Phone: 920-921-8889
Fax: 920-921-0306
Peace Country Bison Association email: rr1047@thesurf.com
Stacey Basnett, Sec. website: http://www.wibison.com
Box 159
Fairview, AB T0H 1L0
Phone: 780-494-2407
Fax: 780-494-2869
email: snazarko@telusplanet.net
Pennsylvania Bison Association
Ann Darrow, Sec.
2708 Lincoln Highway
Schellsburg, PA 15559
Phone: 814-733-4908
Fax: 814-733-2323
email: bisonbor@nb.net
website: http://www.pba.org
//BISON PRODUCTION PAGE 19