Bed sores
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Bed sores is defined as a tropic ulcer with bone as the base . It is non mobile, deep, punched out ulcer. It is common in old age, bedridden, tetanus, patients with orthopedic and head injuries, diabetic
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EPISPADIAS
Here the urethra opens on the dorsum of the penis, proximal to the glans.
COMMON SITES
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It is associated with a dorsal chordee, ectopia vesicae, urinary incontinence, separated pubic bones.
It is uncommon in females.
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Word meaning is ‘dew drop’ (Latin).
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REFLUX OESOPHGITIS
TYPES
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Anorectal abscess by Dr.K.AmrithaAnilkumar
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Stricture urethra by Dr.K.AmrithaAnilkumar
STRICTURE URETHRA
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I: Aetiologically.
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An ulcer is a break in the continuity of the covering epithelium, either skin or mucous membrane due to molecular death.
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Epispadias by Dr.K.AmrithaAnilkumar
EPISPADIAS
Here the urethra opens on the dorsum of the penis, proximal to the glans.
COMMON SITES
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Hydatid cyst of liver by Dr.AmrithaAnilkumar
HYDATID CYST
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This document discusses hemorrhoids, including their anatomy, classification, risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and management. Some key points:
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- Risk factors include advancing age, diarrhea/constipation, pregnancy, prolonged sitting, and straining. Pathogenesis involves weakening of supporting tissues and increased pressure on hemorrhoids during defecation.
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Haemorrhoids, anal fissures, and fistula-in-ano are common anorectal conditions. Haemorrhoids are abnormal veins in the anal canal that can cause bleeding. Anal fissures cause tearing of the anal lining and severe pain during bowel movements. Fistula-in-ano is an abnormal connection between the anal canal and skin that can cause discharge. Treatment depends on the type and severity but may include medications, procedures to cut or seal veins, or surgery.
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This document discusses rectal prolapse, which is the protrusion of the rectum outside of the body. It describes the types of rectal prolapse as partial or complete. Risk factors include weakened muscles, trauma from childbirth, and conditions that increase abdominal pressure. Treatment depends on the type and severity of prolapse, ranging from injections to repair surgery via abdominal or perineal approaches. Complications of surgery include nerve damage, infection, and recurrence of prolapse.
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This document provides information on haemorrhoids (also known as hemorrhoids), including:
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This document discusses hemorrhoids and provides information on their anatomy, etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment options. Hemorrhoids are swollen or enlarged veins in the anal canal that can become painful and cause bleeding. They are divided into internal and external types based on their location. Symptoms depend on the type but may include pain, itching, bleeding, or protrusion from the anus. Diagnosis is usually based on examination, and treatment ranges from lifestyle changes and creams for mild cases to procedures like banding or surgery for more severe hemorrhoids.
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Urethritis by Dr.K.AmrithaAnilkumar
URETHRITIS - inflammation of urethra
CAUSES
Gonococcal urethritis.
Nongonococcal urethritis:
Trichomonal urethritis.
Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV).
Mycoplasma.
Ureaplasma urealyticum.
Candida.
Trauma
Catheters
Cystoscopes
stones.
Chemical urethritis.
Reiter’s disease: Arthritis, conjunctivitis, urethritis.
Allergy.
Rupture of urethra by Dr.K.AmrithaAnilkumar
Rupture of the anterior urethra is usually caused by a fall astride a projecting object. Clinical features include blood in the urethra, a perineal hematoma, and retention of urine. Treatment involves gentle catheterization in the operating room. If catheterization is not possible, open surgical repair of the tear is performed through a perineal incision. Complications can include infection and stricture formation.
Renal calculus by Dr.K.AmrithaAnilkumar
RENAL CALCULUS AETIOLOGY
Males- radio-opaque gall stones
Females - Radiolucent gall stones
Diet:Vitamin A deficiency
it causes desquamation of epithelium
which acts as a nidus for stone formation.
Climate:
In hot climate urinary solutes will increase with decrease in colloids,
Paraphimosis by Dr.K.AmrithaAnilkumar
PARAPHIMOSIS
DEFINITION
Inability to place back (cover) the retracted prepucial skin over the glans is called as paraphimosis.
It causes ring like constriction proximal to the corona and prepuceal skin.
Hypospadias by Dr.K.AmrithaAnilkumar
HYPOSPADIAS
DEFINITION
It is the most common congenital malformation of urethra wherein external meatus is situated proximal than normal, over the ventral (under) aspect of the penis.
Hydronephrosis by Dr.K.AmrithaAnilkumar
HYDRONEPHROSIS (HN)
DEFINITION
It is an aseptic dilatation of pelvicalyceal system due to partial or intermittent obstruction to the outflow of urine.
AETIOLOGY
unilateral
bilateral.
Beningn prostrate Hypertrophy (BPH) by Dr.K.AmrithaAnilkumar
This document discusses benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), including its etiology, pathology, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment. BPH is a non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate that occurs in older men due to an imbalance of hormones. It causes obstruction of the urethra and symptoms like frequent urination, weak urine stream, and retention. Diagnosis involves exams, urine and blood tests, and imaging of the prostate, kidneys, and bladder. Treatment depends on symptoms and complications but may include catheterization, surgery to remove part of the prostate like TURP, or other procedures to relieve blockage.
Varicocele by Dr.K.AmrithaAnilkumar
Varicocele is dilatation and tortuosity of the veins within the scrotum that drain blood from the testicles. It is more common on the left side where the left testicular vein drains directly into the left renal vein. Varicocele can cause increased temperature in the scrotum and impair sperm production. Treatment involves surgical ligation of the affected veins to repair blood flow and potentially improve fertility.
Testicular tumors
TESTICULAR TUMOURS
PREVALANCE
99% of testicular tumours are malignant.
Life time prevalence of getting testicular tumour is 0.2%.
Very common in Scandinavia; least common inAfrica andAsia.
4 times common in whites than blacks.
Orchitis by Dr.K.AmrithaAnilkumar
ORCHITIS
AETIOLOGY
It is an inflammation of the testis.
It is commonly associated with inflammation ofthe epididymis. Hence, called as epididymo-orchitis.
Orchitis is due to infection through blood, lymphatics or epididymis.
Epididymitis by Dr.K.AmrithaAnilkumar
EPIDIDYMITIS,
CAUSES
Inflammation of epididymis is commonly associated with orchitis— epididymo-orchitis.
Nonspecific
viral like mumps.
Bacterial.
Filarial.
Tuberculosis
Perforated peptic ulcer by Dr.K.AmrithaAnilkumar
PERFORATED PEPTIC ULCER
PERFORATION
DEFINITION
It is the terminology used for perforation of duodenal ulcer or gastric ulcer or stomal ulcer.
Otherwise all clinical features and management are similar.
Perforation is common in duodenal ulcer
Mortality is more in gastric ulcer perforation and perforation in elderly
Gastric ulcer by Dr.K.AmrithaAnilkumar
GASTRIC ULCER
AETIOLOGY
It occurs due to imbalance between protective and damaging factors of gastric mucosa.
Atrophic gastritis
duodenogastric bile reflux
gastric stasis
abnormalities in acid and pepsin secretion.
Acid becomes ulcerogenic even to normal gastric mucosa.
Curling ulcer by Dr.K.AmrithaAnilkumar
CURLING ULCER
DEFINITION
They are acute ulcers which develop after major burns, presenting as pain in epigastric region, vomiting or haematemesis.
Curling’s ulcer occurs when burn injury is more than 35%.
It is observed in the body and fundus not in antrum and duodenum
Congenital (infantile) hypertrophic pyloric stenosis by Dr.K.AmrithaAnilkumar
CONGENITAL (INFANTILE) HYPERTROPHIC PYLORIC STENOSIS
DEFINITION
It is hypertrophy of musculature of pyloric antrum, especially the circular muscle fibres, causing primary failure of pylorus to relax.
Duodenum is normal.
Carcinoma stomach by Dr.K.AmrithaAnilkumar
CARCINOMA STOMACH
INCIDENCE
‘It is the captain of men of death’.
It is more common in Japan—70 per 1,00,000 population.
It is more common in males 2:1.
Decrease incidence in western world
Piles/Haemorrhoids by Dr.K.AmrithaAnilkumar
Piles, also known as haemorrhoids, are swollen veins in the anal canal. They are classified based on their location and severity. Piles are caused by factors that increase pressure in the anal veins like straining during bowel movements, pregnancy, obesity, etc. Common symptoms include bleeding, pain, itching and bulging of veins near the anus. Piles are diagnosed through examination of the anus and rectum. Treatment options range from lifestyle and diet changes to medical procedures like banding or surgery. Complications can include thrombosis, prolapse or gangrene if piles are left untreated.
Fistula in ano by Dr.K.AmrithaAnilkumar
FISTULA IN ANO
TYPES
It is a track lined by granulation tissue which connects perianal skin superficially to anal canal; anorectum or rectum deeply.
It usually occurs in a pre-existing anorectal abscess which burst spontaneously.
Fissure in ano by Dr.K.AmrithaAnilkumar
FISSURE IN ANO
It is an ulcer in the longitudinal axis of the lower anal canal.
It is superficial, small but distressing lesion.
Fissure ends above at the dentate line.
Carcinoma Rectum by Dr.K.AmrithaAnilkumar
This document discusses carcinoma of the rectum, including its etiology, pathology, staging, clinical features, investigations, differential diagnosis, and treatment options. Some key points:
- Carcinoma of the rectum is more common in females and usually originates from pre-existing adenomas or polyps. Risk factors include diet high in red meat/saturated fat and low in fiber, as well as smoking, alcohol, family history, and certain medical conditions.
- Pathologically, most are adenocarcinomas that may be well, moderately, or undifferentiated. Staging systems include Duke's and TNM classification. Clinical features include bleeding, anemia, and symptoms of bowel obstruction.
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5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
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Bed sores
- 1. en love da Homoeopathy BED SORE
- 2. BED SORE
- 3. BEDSORE DEFINITION • Bedsore is a trophic ulcer with bone as the base. It is nonmobile, deep, punched out ulcer. COMMON • Old age • Bedridden • Tetanus • Patients with orthopaedic and head injuries • Diabetic • Paraplegic • Comatose
- 4. SITES • Sites of bedsore are occiput • Heel • Sacrum • Ischium • Scapula FACTORS • Malnutrition • Pressure • Anaemia • sensory loss • moisture TREATMENT • Changeof positions is alwaysencouraged. • Use of waterbed, ripple bed is advised. • Moisture has to be avoided. • Soaking by urine, sweat, pus, and faeces has to be takencare off. • Good nursing, regular dressing, good nutrition are necessary.
- 5. • Antibiotics, blood transfusions are very essential. • Excision of dead tissue followedby skin grafting or local rotation flaps may have to be done. • Rehabilitation. Water bed
- 6. REFERENCE 1. SRB's Manual of Surgery by SriramBhat M 2. A Manual on Clinical Surgeryby Das 3. A Concise textbookof Surgeryby Das
- 7. A Special Thanks To A Very Special Doctor