This document discusses using the Taguchi method to optimize welding parameters for shielded metal arc welding of steel pipes to produce leak-proof joints. Key welding parameters like current, speed, electrode angle, and root gap were selected. Experiments were conducted according to an L9 orthogonal array, and ANOVA was used to analyze the results. The analysis found that current had the highest contribution to leaks at 44.85%, while electrode angle contributed 30.21%. Three optimal combinations of parameters that produced no leaks were identified. The study demonstrated that the Taguchi method can be used to optimize welding parameters and nullify the effects of noise to consistently produce leak-proof pipe welds.
The document presents a study that aims to optimize welding variables and predict weld bead geometry in gas metal arc welding (GMAW) process. Experiments were conducted using a central composite design to study the relationship between input process parameters (current, speed, angle, distance, pinch) and output parameters (bead width, height, depth, dilution). Mathematical models were developed using regression analysis. A neural network was then used to predict welding outputs, and a simulated annealing algorithm was applied to optimize the process parameters to achieve optimum dilution.
A Study on Weld Quality Characteristics of Pulsed Current Micro Plasma Arc We...drboon
Micro Plasma Arc Welding plays a vital role in attaining good weld quality in various engineering applications like bellows, diaphragms etc. The main objective of the present work is to use current pulsing technique while welding SS304L sheets. The paper focuses on studying the influence of various Micro Plasma Arc Welding process parameters like peak current, back current, pulse and pulse width on the weld quality characteristics like weld pool geometry, microstructure, grain size, hardness and tensile properties. The results reveals that the usage of pulsing current, grain refinement has taken place in weld fusion zone, because of which improvement in weld quality characteristics have been observed.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document provides standards for measuring dry film coating thickness on metal substrates using nondestructive coating thickness gages. It describes procedures for calibrating and verifying gages, obtaining measurements, and determining conformance to specified thickness requirements. The standard defines requirements for the number of measurement spots needed to determine the thickness of a coating on a given area. It also provides guidance on assessing nonconforming coating thicknesses.
Prediction of Weld Pool Geometry in Pulsed Current Micro Plasma Arc Welding o...drboon
Pulsed Micro Plasma Arc Welding (MPAW) is a metal joining technique widely used in manufacturing of thin sheet components due to its inherent properties. The weld quality and productivity are controlled by the process parameters. The paper discuses about development of mathematical models for weld pool geometry of stainless steel 304L sheets. Design of experiments based on full factorial design is employed for the development of a mathematical model correlating the important controlled pulsed MPAW process parameters like peak current, background current, pulse and pulse width with front width, back width, front height and back height. The developed mode has been checked for adequacy based on ANOVA analysis. Weld bead parameters obtained by the models are found to confirm actual values with high accuracy. Using these models effect of pulsed MPAW process parameters on weld pool geometry are studied.
This document provides an evaluation of Henrob self-piercing rivets for connecting cold-formed steel structural members. It describes the rivets, materials used, and tests performed to qualify their use in shear and tension load connections. Allowable shear and tension strengths are provided in tables for design according to ASD and LRFD methods. Proper installation methods and qualifications of fabricators are also described. Limitations specify that corrosion protection and uses such as deck or shear wall attachments are outside the scope of the evaluation.
This document provides guidelines for conducting corrosion coupon tests in industrial equipment under operating conditions. It describes procedures for selecting materials and designing corrosion coupons, preparing coupon surfaces, mounting coupons in the equipment, and analyzing the results to evaluate corrosive attack on engineering materials. The data obtained from coupon tests can be used to determine corrosion rates and failure mechanisms in similar industrial processes or equipment.
This document summarizes ASTM Standard Test Method G 57-95 for measuring soil resistivity using the Wenner four-electrode method. It describes the equipment, procedures, and calculations for taking resistivity measurements both in situ in the field and on soil samples. Key steps include selecting electrode spacings based on the structure of interest, impressing a voltage between outer electrodes to induce current flow, and measuring the voltage drop between inner electrodes to calculate resistivity. Interpretation of resistivity surveys involves considering mean/median values and changes in resistivity to assess general and local soil corrosivity.
The document presents a study that aims to optimize welding variables and predict weld bead geometry in gas metal arc welding (GMAW) process. Experiments were conducted using a central composite design to study the relationship between input process parameters (current, speed, angle, distance, pinch) and output parameters (bead width, height, depth, dilution). Mathematical models were developed using regression analysis. A neural network was then used to predict welding outputs, and a simulated annealing algorithm was applied to optimize the process parameters to achieve optimum dilution.
A Study on Weld Quality Characteristics of Pulsed Current Micro Plasma Arc We...drboon
Micro Plasma Arc Welding plays a vital role in attaining good weld quality in various engineering applications like bellows, diaphragms etc. The main objective of the present work is to use current pulsing technique while welding SS304L sheets. The paper focuses on studying the influence of various Micro Plasma Arc Welding process parameters like peak current, back current, pulse and pulse width on the weld quality characteristics like weld pool geometry, microstructure, grain size, hardness and tensile properties. The results reveals that the usage of pulsing current, grain refinement has taken place in weld fusion zone, because of which improvement in weld quality characteristics have been observed.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document provides standards for measuring dry film coating thickness on metal substrates using nondestructive coating thickness gages. It describes procedures for calibrating and verifying gages, obtaining measurements, and determining conformance to specified thickness requirements. The standard defines requirements for the number of measurement spots needed to determine the thickness of a coating on a given area. It also provides guidance on assessing nonconforming coating thicknesses.
Prediction of Weld Pool Geometry in Pulsed Current Micro Plasma Arc Welding o...drboon
Pulsed Micro Plasma Arc Welding (MPAW) is a metal joining technique widely used in manufacturing of thin sheet components due to its inherent properties. The weld quality and productivity are controlled by the process parameters. The paper discuses about development of mathematical models for weld pool geometry of stainless steel 304L sheets. Design of experiments based on full factorial design is employed for the development of a mathematical model correlating the important controlled pulsed MPAW process parameters like peak current, background current, pulse and pulse width with front width, back width, front height and back height. The developed mode has been checked for adequacy based on ANOVA analysis. Weld bead parameters obtained by the models are found to confirm actual values with high accuracy. Using these models effect of pulsed MPAW process parameters on weld pool geometry are studied.
This document provides an evaluation of Henrob self-piercing rivets for connecting cold-formed steel structural members. It describes the rivets, materials used, and tests performed to qualify their use in shear and tension load connections. Allowable shear and tension strengths are provided in tables for design according to ASD and LRFD methods. Proper installation methods and qualifications of fabricators are also described. Limitations specify that corrosion protection and uses such as deck or shear wall attachments are outside the scope of the evaluation.
This document provides guidelines for conducting corrosion coupon tests in industrial equipment under operating conditions. It describes procedures for selecting materials and designing corrosion coupons, preparing coupon surfaces, mounting coupons in the equipment, and analyzing the results to evaluate corrosive attack on engineering materials. The data obtained from coupon tests can be used to determine corrosion rates and failure mechanisms in similar industrial processes or equipment.
This document summarizes ASTM Standard Test Method G 57-95 for measuring soil resistivity using the Wenner four-electrode method. It describes the equipment, procedures, and calculations for taking resistivity measurements both in situ in the field and on soil samples. Key steps include selecting electrode spacings based on the structure of interest, impressing a voltage between outer electrodes to induce current flow, and measuring the voltage drop between inner electrodes to calculate resistivity. Interpretation of resistivity surveys involves considering mean/median values and changes in resistivity to assess general and local soil corrosivity.
This document outlines standard practices for preparing, cleaning, and evaluating corrosion test specimens. It discusses procedures for preparing specimens prior to testing, including marking, surface finishing, and measuring. After testing, it recommends methods for removing corrosion products without significant base metal removal, including mechanical, chemical, and electrolytic cleaning. It provides tables of chemical and electrolytic cleaning procedures. Finally, it describes how to assess corrosion damage by calculating corrosion rates using measurements of specimen mass loss, surface area, exposure time, and material density.
This standard describes two methods for detecting holidays or defects in pipeline coatings:
Method A uses low voltage (less than 100 V DC) and is suitable for thin coatings up to 20 mils thick. It can detect pinholes and voids but not thin spots in the coating.
Method B uses higher voltages (900-20,000 V DC) and can detect pinholes, voids, and thin spots in coatings of any thickness. It is considered destructive because the high voltage can damage thin areas of the coating.
Both methods work by completing an electrical circuit through any defects in the otherwise insulating pipeline coating, activating an audible alarm to locate the holiday. Precise procedures and reporting requirements
This document summarizes a study on the effect of process parameters on the strength of resistance spot welded aluminum alloy A5052 sheets with cover plates. The researchers welded 1mm thick aluminum alloy sheets using resistance spot welding with cold-rolled steel cover plates. They investigated the effect of welding current, time, and electrode force on nugget diameter, tensile-shear strength, and failure mode. Increasing welding current and time increased nugget diameter and strength, while increasing electrode force decreased nugget diameter and strength. Hardness was lowest in the nugget region compared to the base metal. Interfacial failure occurred for smaller nuggets and nugget pullout failure for larger nuggets
Experimental Investigation on TIG Welded Aluminium Alloy 6082 Weldment using ...ijtsrd
NDE Non destructive Evaluation has evolved as an essential demand in much modern engineering equipments like Heat Exchangers, Marine Industries and Oil Refineries. The performance levels and reliability of the NDE is more important to the end use of the object being inspected. Failure is the primary threat to the integrity, safety and performance of marine structure. Aluminum Alloy 6082 of dimensions 200X170X12 weldments are chosen for this project in view of its applications in heat exchangers, marine and oil refineries. It was taken for this project in the form of plate and welded by tungsten inert gas welding TIG . The basic NDT experimental methods such as liquid penetrating test, magnetic particle test, ultrasonic test, and radiography test are chosen for quality assurance of the materials. penetrant testing for to surface defects, ultrasonic testing to detect the subsurface and internal defects, gamma ray radiography for internal defects. the results from methods were analysed. I. S. N. V. R Prashanth | B. Manohar | K. Prudhvi Raj | P. Rohith ""Experimental Investigation on TIG Welded Aluminium Alloy-6082 Weldment using Non-Destructive Evaluation"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23238.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23238/experimental-investigation-on-tig-welded-aluminium-alloy-6082-weldment-using-non-destructive-evaluation/i-s-n-v-r-prashanth
Design and Analysis of Canister Testing ChamberIJMER
This document summarizes the design and analysis of a canister testing chamber. It discusses:
1) The development of a 3D model of the testing chamber in NX software, including the chamber shells, dished ends, support legs, bolts, and pressure gauges.
2) A finite element analysis of the testing chamber in ANSYS to evaluate stresses and deflection under internal pressure loading. The maximum von Mises stress was 58 MPa and maximum deflection was 3.2mm.
3) A contact gap analysis to evaluate potential leakage points at bolt connections. M36 bolts were recommended to prevent leakage, with no opening observed at the bolt locations.
Identification of material constitutive laws for machining 1macrolf
1. The document presents a new analytical model called the distributed primary zone deformation (DPZD) model to describe the distributions of effective stress, strain, strain rate, and temperature in the primary shear zone during orthogonal metal cutting.
2. Finite element simulations are used to characterize the plastic deformation fields in the primary shear zone and develop the DPZD model, which overcomes limitations of previous average value models.
3. The DPZD model is assessed by comparing its predictions to finite element simulation results for a variety of cutting conditions and materials.
Our IST testing machine we purchased will be installed and running in the next couple of weeks. I’ve attached the relevant section from the IPC test methods manual. It is a little dry but does explain reasonably well what IST testing is about, particularly the first section titled “Scope”.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Effects and defects of the polypropylene plate for different parameters in fr...eSAT Publishing House
1. The document analyzes the effects of different parameters on friction stir welding of polypropylene plates, including tool pin profile, rotational speed, and welding speed.
2. Microstructural images and hardness tests were used to evaluate the quality of the welds under different conditions.
3. The results showed that a threaded pin profile with rotational speed of 2250 rpm and welding speed of 40-50 mm/min produced welds with the fewest defects in the polypropylene material.
Research paper published ijsrms_process optimization using doe_edm_javed muja...vishwajeet potdar
This document summarizes research on optimizing surface roughness in electric discharge machining (EDM) using design of experiments (DOE). It first provides background on EDM and discusses how surface roughness influences part life in die-mold applications. The document then reviews previous research optimizing EDM performance measures like material removal rate, tool wear rate, and surface roughness using Taguchi methods and analyzing the effects of parameters like discharge current and pulse duration. The goal of the current research is to use DOE to determine suitable levels for significant EDM input parameters to optimize the process for achieving a desired surface roughness value under given operating conditions.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document provides the specification for 39 grades of titanium and titanium alloy forgings according to ASME SB-381. It outlines the scope and grades covered, references related documents, defines terminology, and specifies ordering information, materials and manufacture, chemical composition requirements and tolerances, sampling methods for analysis, and tensile properties requirements. The specification is identical to ASTM Specification B381-10e1 and provides the standard requirements for titanium alloy forgings.
This document calculates and compares the electron mobility in wurtzite (WZ) and zincblende (ZB) forms of aluminum nitride (AlN) using an iterative method. It solves the Boltzmann transport equation taking into account various scattering mechanisms between 100-600K. Total scattering rates in WZ-AlN are higher than in ZB-AlN due to differences in bandgap and electron effective mass. Electron mobility is higher in WZ-AlN (337.61 cm2/V-s at 300K) than ZB-AlN (152.254 cm2/V-s) and decreases with increasing temperature and electron concentration in both structures.
The document describes the design and development of a mechanism for detecting rotating metallic objects using inductive proximity switches. The system was designed to operate in dusty and muddy environments. Various sensors were tested and inductive proximity sensors were selected as they can detect metals, operate in harsh environments, and have a moderate sensing range of up to 50mm. An experimental setup was built with a rotating drum to simulate the operating conditions. Tests were performed with different sensor distances and speeds. The results showed the system successfully detected the presence and absence of metallic objects rotating at speeds up to 600rpm in dusty and muddy conditions within the sensing range of the sensors.
This document proposes a novel architecture for a parallel domain focused crawler that uses mobile crawlers. The architecture aims to reduce bandwidth usage by only downloading pages that have changed since the last crawl. The key components are a frequency change estimator, crawler manager, domain name director, and crawler hands. The frequency change estimator identifies modified pages. Crawler hands fetch pages from remote sites and only download modified pages in compressed form. This is intended to more efficiently update search engine repositories while reducing network resource usage.
Un virus se reproduce en un ordenador al infectar archivos y programas del sistema, haciendo copias de sí mismo que se distribuyen a otros ordenadores. Es importante prevenir la propagación masiva de virus mediante la protección de sistemas y concienciando a otros usuarios para que tomen precauciones.
The document summarizes the standings after round 5 of the National All Star MtG 2013 tournament. It lists the top 30 players ranked by their total points, with tiebreakers of opponent's match win percentage, player's game win percentage, and opponent's game win percentage. The player in first place is Primot, Armel with 15 points and the highest percentages in the tiebreakers.
Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicaciónwilberto35
El documento habla sobre el uso didáctico de la Web 2.0, el software educativo y la informática educativa. Señala que la Web 2.0 se usa para la colaboración y el intercambio de información, así como para desarrollar valores participativos. Explica que el software educativo es cualquier programa diseñado para apoyar el proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje de manera interactiva. Además, menciona que la informática educativa estudia el uso de la tecnología en el proceso educativo para lograr aprendizajes
El documento presenta un resumen de la Ley 1014 de fomento a la cultura del emprendimiento en Colombia. La ley establece principios como la formación integral, el trabajo en equipo y el reconocimiento de la responsabilidad. Su objetivo es promover el espíritu emprendedor en el sistema educativo y crear un marco jurídico e interinstitucional para fomentar la cultura empresarial. También busca vincular el sistema educativo con el productivo y fortalecer procesos empresariales que contribuyan al desarrollo del país.
El documento define varios tipos de información como pública e interna, y describe los sistemas transaccionales, de apoyo a decisiones, y estratégicos. También define nuevos medios de comunicación como correo electrónico, páginas web, chats, mensajerías instantáneas, foros virtuales y wikis. Explica conceptos como superficialidad y falsas entidades, acoso escolar en la red, y pornografía infantil. Por último, define abreviaturas como ERP, CRM, CAD y SIM.
El documento describe la educación parvularia en Chile. Se creó la Escuela de Educadoras de Párvulos en 1944 para preparar educadoras. La educación parvularia atiende niños desde su nacimiento hasta antes de la educación básica. Aunque no es obligatoria, apoya a las familias y ofrece aprendizajes de calidad. Escuelas municipales, la Junta Nacional de Jardines Infantiles y Fundación Integra son algunas instituciones que ofrecen educación parvularia.
This document outlines standard practices for preparing, cleaning, and evaluating corrosion test specimens. It discusses procedures for preparing specimens prior to testing, including marking, surface finishing, and measuring. After testing, it recommends methods for removing corrosion products without significant base metal removal, including mechanical, chemical, and electrolytic cleaning. It provides tables of chemical and electrolytic cleaning procedures. Finally, it describes how to assess corrosion damage by calculating corrosion rates using measurements of specimen mass loss, surface area, exposure time, and material density.
This standard describes two methods for detecting holidays or defects in pipeline coatings:
Method A uses low voltage (less than 100 V DC) and is suitable for thin coatings up to 20 mils thick. It can detect pinholes and voids but not thin spots in the coating.
Method B uses higher voltages (900-20,000 V DC) and can detect pinholes, voids, and thin spots in coatings of any thickness. It is considered destructive because the high voltage can damage thin areas of the coating.
Both methods work by completing an electrical circuit through any defects in the otherwise insulating pipeline coating, activating an audible alarm to locate the holiday. Precise procedures and reporting requirements
This document summarizes a study on the effect of process parameters on the strength of resistance spot welded aluminum alloy A5052 sheets with cover plates. The researchers welded 1mm thick aluminum alloy sheets using resistance spot welding with cold-rolled steel cover plates. They investigated the effect of welding current, time, and electrode force on nugget diameter, tensile-shear strength, and failure mode. Increasing welding current and time increased nugget diameter and strength, while increasing electrode force decreased nugget diameter and strength. Hardness was lowest in the nugget region compared to the base metal. Interfacial failure occurred for smaller nuggets and nugget pullout failure for larger nuggets
Experimental Investigation on TIG Welded Aluminium Alloy 6082 Weldment using ...ijtsrd
NDE Non destructive Evaluation has evolved as an essential demand in much modern engineering equipments like Heat Exchangers, Marine Industries and Oil Refineries. The performance levels and reliability of the NDE is more important to the end use of the object being inspected. Failure is the primary threat to the integrity, safety and performance of marine structure. Aluminum Alloy 6082 of dimensions 200X170X12 weldments are chosen for this project in view of its applications in heat exchangers, marine and oil refineries. It was taken for this project in the form of plate and welded by tungsten inert gas welding TIG . The basic NDT experimental methods such as liquid penetrating test, magnetic particle test, ultrasonic test, and radiography test are chosen for quality assurance of the materials. penetrant testing for to surface defects, ultrasonic testing to detect the subsurface and internal defects, gamma ray radiography for internal defects. the results from methods were analysed. I. S. N. V. R Prashanth | B. Manohar | K. Prudhvi Raj | P. Rohith ""Experimental Investigation on TIG Welded Aluminium Alloy-6082 Weldment using Non-Destructive Evaluation"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23238.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23238/experimental-investigation-on-tig-welded-aluminium-alloy-6082-weldment-using-non-destructive-evaluation/i-s-n-v-r-prashanth
Design and Analysis of Canister Testing ChamberIJMER
This document summarizes the design and analysis of a canister testing chamber. It discusses:
1) The development of a 3D model of the testing chamber in NX software, including the chamber shells, dished ends, support legs, bolts, and pressure gauges.
2) A finite element analysis of the testing chamber in ANSYS to evaluate stresses and deflection under internal pressure loading. The maximum von Mises stress was 58 MPa and maximum deflection was 3.2mm.
3) A contact gap analysis to evaluate potential leakage points at bolt connections. M36 bolts were recommended to prevent leakage, with no opening observed at the bolt locations.
Identification of material constitutive laws for machining 1macrolf
1. The document presents a new analytical model called the distributed primary zone deformation (DPZD) model to describe the distributions of effective stress, strain, strain rate, and temperature in the primary shear zone during orthogonal metal cutting.
2. Finite element simulations are used to characterize the plastic deformation fields in the primary shear zone and develop the DPZD model, which overcomes limitations of previous average value models.
3. The DPZD model is assessed by comparing its predictions to finite element simulation results for a variety of cutting conditions and materials.
Our IST testing machine we purchased will be installed and running in the next couple of weeks. I’ve attached the relevant section from the IPC test methods manual. It is a little dry but does explain reasonably well what IST testing is about, particularly the first section titled “Scope”.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Effects and defects of the polypropylene plate for different parameters in fr...eSAT Publishing House
1. The document analyzes the effects of different parameters on friction stir welding of polypropylene plates, including tool pin profile, rotational speed, and welding speed.
2. Microstructural images and hardness tests were used to evaluate the quality of the welds under different conditions.
3. The results showed that a threaded pin profile with rotational speed of 2250 rpm and welding speed of 40-50 mm/min produced welds with the fewest defects in the polypropylene material.
Research paper published ijsrms_process optimization using doe_edm_javed muja...vishwajeet potdar
This document summarizes research on optimizing surface roughness in electric discharge machining (EDM) using design of experiments (DOE). It first provides background on EDM and discusses how surface roughness influences part life in die-mold applications. The document then reviews previous research optimizing EDM performance measures like material removal rate, tool wear rate, and surface roughness using Taguchi methods and analyzing the effects of parameters like discharge current and pulse duration. The goal of the current research is to use DOE to determine suitable levels for significant EDM input parameters to optimize the process for achieving a desired surface roughness value under given operating conditions.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document provides the specification for 39 grades of titanium and titanium alloy forgings according to ASME SB-381. It outlines the scope and grades covered, references related documents, defines terminology, and specifies ordering information, materials and manufacture, chemical composition requirements and tolerances, sampling methods for analysis, and tensile properties requirements. The specification is identical to ASTM Specification B381-10e1 and provides the standard requirements for titanium alloy forgings.
This document calculates and compares the electron mobility in wurtzite (WZ) and zincblende (ZB) forms of aluminum nitride (AlN) using an iterative method. It solves the Boltzmann transport equation taking into account various scattering mechanisms between 100-600K. Total scattering rates in WZ-AlN are higher than in ZB-AlN due to differences in bandgap and electron effective mass. Electron mobility is higher in WZ-AlN (337.61 cm2/V-s at 300K) than ZB-AlN (152.254 cm2/V-s) and decreases with increasing temperature and electron concentration in both structures.
The document describes the design and development of a mechanism for detecting rotating metallic objects using inductive proximity switches. The system was designed to operate in dusty and muddy environments. Various sensors were tested and inductive proximity sensors were selected as they can detect metals, operate in harsh environments, and have a moderate sensing range of up to 50mm. An experimental setup was built with a rotating drum to simulate the operating conditions. Tests were performed with different sensor distances and speeds. The results showed the system successfully detected the presence and absence of metallic objects rotating at speeds up to 600rpm in dusty and muddy conditions within the sensing range of the sensors.
This document proposes a novel architecture for a parallel domain focused crawler that uses mobile crawlers. The architecture aims to reduce bandwidth usage by only downloading pages that have changed since the last crawl. The key components are a frequency change estimator, crawler manager, domain name director, and crawler hands. The frequency change estimator identifies modified pages. Crawler hands fetch pages from remote sites and only download modified pages in compressed form. This is intended to more efficiently update search engine repositories while reducing network resource usage.
Un virus se reproduce en un ordenador al infectar archivos y programas del sistema, haciendo copias de sí mismo que se distribuyen a otros ordenadores. Es importante prevenir la propagación masiva de virus mediante la protección de sistemas y concienciando a otros usuarios para que tomen precauciones.
The document summarizes the standings after round 5 of the National All Star MtG 2013 tournament. It lists the top 30 players ranked by their total points, with tiebreakers of opponent's match win percentage, player's game win percentage, and opponent's game win percentage. The player in first place is Primot, Armel with 15 points and the highest percentages in the tiebreakers.
Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicaciónwilberto35
El documento habla sobre el uso didáctico de la Web 2.0, el software educativo y la informática educativa. Señala que la Web 2.0 se usa para la colaboración y el intercambio de información, así como para desarrollar valores participativos. Explica que el software educativo es cualquier programa diseñado para apoyar el proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje de manera interactiva. Además, menciona que la informática educativa estudia el uso de la tecnología en el proceso educativo para lograr aprendizajes
El documento presenta un resumen de la Ley 1014 de fomento a la cultura del emprendimiento en Colombia. La ley establece principios como la formación integral, el trabajo en equipo y el reconocimiento de la responsabilidad. Su objetivo es promover el espíritu emprendedor en el sistema educativo y crear un marco jurídico e interinstitucional para fomentar la cultura empresarial. También busca vincular el sistema educativo con el productivo y fortalecer procesos empresariales que contribuyan al desarrollo del país.
El documento define varios tipos de información como pública e interna, y describe los sistemas transaccionales, de apoyo a decisiones, y estratégicos. También define nuevos medios de comunicación como correo electrónico, páginas web, chats, mensajerías instantáneas, foros virtuales y wikis. Explica conceptos como superficialidad y falsas entidades, acoso escolar en la red, y pornografía infantil. Por último, define abreviaturas como ERP, CRM, CAD y SIM.
El documento describe la educación parvularia en Chile. Se creó la Escuela de Educadoras de Párvulos en 1944 para preparar educadoras. La educación parvularia atiende niños desde su nacimiento hasta antes de la educación básica. Aunque no es obligatoria, apoya a las familias y ofrece aprendizajes de calidad. Escuelas municipales, la Junta Nacional de Jardines Infantiles y Fundación Integra son algunas instituciones que ofrecen educación parvularia.
A empresa anunciou um novo produto que combina hardware e software para fornecer uma solução completa para clientes. O produto oferece recursos avançados de inteligência artificial e aprendizado de máquina para ajudar os usuários a automatizar tarefas complexas. Analistas acreditam que o produto pode ser um sucesso comercial se for fácil de usar e entregar valor real para os clientes.
The document discusses in-class work assignments. It likely contains instructions or details for projects and activities students will complete during class time. Key information to understand class expectations and participate in planned lessons and projects are outlined.
Uruguay adoptará un nuevo modelo de gobierno con tres niveles: nacional, departamental y municipal. Montevideo se dividirá en ocho municipios nuevos con gobiernos elegidos directamente compuestos por un alcalde y cuatro concejales. Los municipios tendrán responsabilidades como obras públicas y programas sociales para mejorar la gestión del gobierno local.
El documento presenta dos remedios caseros para la tos y la desinfección. Primero, recomienda aplicar Vicks Vaporub en las plantas de los pies para detener la tos nocturna en 5 minutos de manera efectiva y segura. Segundo, destaca las propiedades desinfectantes del agua oxigenada al 3%, barata y fácil de usar para múltiples propósitos domésticos y de primeros auxilios. Explica que su uso no se difunde ampliamente por ser menos rentable que otros productos farmacéuticos.
El documento trata sobre la creatividad y el deporte. Habla de que el deporte debe enfocarse más en el proceso que en el producto o resultado, y valorar aspectos cualitativos en lugar de sólo lo cuantitativo. También menciona que la creatividad surge de la preparación, incubación e iluminación de ideas, y que requiere entornos que fomenten la libertad, colaboración y estimulación de nuevas ideas.
Este documento dá conselhos e perspectivas positivas para o novo ano de 2010. Recomenda enfrentar tempestades e problemas com fé e acreditando que sempre há soluções. Sugere reunir amigos, viajar, se divertir ao ar livre e desfrutar da vida com paz, saúde e amor.
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Be26377381
1. B.S.Praveen Kumar, Dr.Y.Vijayakumar ** / International Journal Of Engineering Research
And Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, Pp.377-381
Selection Of Optimum Process Parameters Of Shielded Metal Arc
Welding (SMAW) To Weld Steel Pipes By Design Of Experiments
B.S.PRAVEEN KUMAR*, Dr.Y.VIJAYAKUMAR **
*(Asst. professor, Mechanical Engineering Department, Govt. Engineering College, K.R. pet – 571426,
Karnataka State, India.)
** (PRINCIPAL, Sri Bhagavan Mahaveer Jain College of Engineering, JAIN University, Global Campus,
Jakkasandra post, Bangalore rural – 562112, Karnataka State, India. )
ABSTRACT
The focus of this work is to design influence the safety or performance of the
parameters for shielded metal arc welding to engineering systems. The leak testing is performed
ensure continuous and leak proof joints. To to prevent material leakage loss, environmental
achieve the object an attempt has been made to contamination hazards and premature failure of
selected important welding parameters. The system containing fluids under pressure or vacuum
selected welding parameters are welding [3-4]
current, welding speed, electrode angle and Welding is unlike other manufacturing
electrode angle. The selection is purely based on processes, because the number of process variables
field expert’s suggestions, literature Survey and at play are relatively more and its influence on
on Scientific reasons. On the selected quality of weld are significant. Variation in raw
parameters, trails runs have been conducted material (composition, thickness, internal defects,
and fixed the higher levels and lower levels for etc) variation in the surface condition (presence of
the parameters. Further, for each parameter 3 dust, grease and oil),change of operator, variation
different levels are fixed. So that the experiment in the gap between two pieces to be welded,
have become 4 parameters (factors) and each variation of welding speed and possible variation in
with 3 levels. Based on this, L9 (3 4) Orthogonal electrodes. The welding variables are categorized
Array (O.A) is selected. Experiments are into two groups, one is controlled variable and the
conducted according to O.A and results are other is uncontrolled variables [5-6]. The controlled
obtained. The results have indicated that a leak variables are current, Voltage, Weld gap, Weld
proof joints can be produced in few specific metal deposition. Welding speed, Surface
operating conditions. Under these conditions cleanliness, Arc length and preheating temperature.
effects of noise are nullified. The contribution of The uncontrolled variables are weld bead
each parameter towards the leak is also dimensions, HAZ, Wed penetration, distortion,
estimated by ANOVA computations. Strength and leak in joints. The controlled variables
are either directly or indirectly form the welding
1. INTRODUCTION process parameters and the uncontrolled variables
Rework and Rejections are non value are the quality characteristics, But mechanism
added activities in the industry. The rework and connecting these two is not known accurately and
rejections can be eliminated by making the process scientifically. Therefore experimental optimization
more stable and under controlled [1]. This can be of any welding process is often a very costly and
achieved by designing the process parameters to time consuming task. In light above the researcher
the specific work. The designed process parameters wants to use taguchi’s design of parameters to
should be such that, the affects of uncontrolled ensure no leakage [7-9].
factors should be nullified. This condition of the
process is called Robust Process or Robust Design 2. Experimental Details
of process parameters [2]. Welding is performed on Apollo steel pipe
Welding process falls under special of 48mm diameter and 4mm wall thickness, by
processes. The manufacturing processes which are using a 3 phase (Johnson arc welding
directly linked with quality of the ultimate products transformer) welding machine and is shown in
are called special process. There fore failure of figure1. The electrodes used for the process is Don
welding joint is the failure of the product it self. arc (AWS Code E6013) of diameter 4mm. The
The situation becomes further critical, when welding joints are tested for leak testing by using
welding is used to weld pipes lines of the hydraulic hand pump of capacity 400 bars, at 1 bar
pressurized or evacuated systems. Here meager and the leak testing setup is shown in figure 2.
amount of seepage in a smallest hole can affects During welding tube is fixed in welding spinner
the functioning of entire system. Leaks are special and welded in 1G position as shown in figure 3.and
type of flaw that can have tremendous importance figure 4 shows welded tubes.
where they
377 | P a g e
2. B.S.Praveen Kumar, Dr.Y.Vijayakumar ** / International Journal Of Engineering Research
And Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, Pp.377-381
Fig. 1 Johnson arc welding transformer
Fig. 2 Leak testing setup
Fig. 4 Welded tubes with threaded ends wound
with Teflon
.
2.1 Identifying the process parameters and their
levels
Based on field experts suggestion, literature survey
and on scientific reasons following welding
parameters or factor are selected.
1. Welding current
2. Welding speed
3. Root Gap
4. Position of electrode
Sufficient numbers of trail runs are
conducted and each factor range is fixed. Further,
the range is split into 3 levels. At different levels,
the selected parameters can weld the pipe
satisfactorily. The range of factor are given the
following tables 1 for pipe diameter 48mm and
Fig. 3 Welding spinner to weld pipes in 1G 4mm thickness. The factors at different levels are
position given in table 2
378 | P a g e
3. B.S.Praveen Kumar, Dr.Y.Vijayakumar ** / International Journal Of Engineering Research
And Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, Pp.377-381
Table 1. Showing range of factors Table 3. Shows the leak test results
Leak
Leak rate Remar
Factors Min. Max. Trail
conditio 1bar ks
s no
n ml/mi
Welding current (Amps) 100 150 n
1 No Leak --- ----
Welding speed (Rpm) 4 6 At one
2 Leak 450
point
Electrode position (degrees) 0 60 At
3 Leak 600 three
Root Gap in (mm) points
0 1.5
4 leak 37.5 Seepage
Table 2. Showing levels of factors 5 No Leak --- ---
6 leak 2.85 Seepage
L1 L2 L3 7 No leak --- ---
Factors At two
8 Leak 240
100 125 150 point
Welding current (Amps) No Seepage
9 ---
Leak
Welding speed (Rpm) 3.5 4 5
Nine trail runs are conducted as per O.A.
Electrode position (degrees) 0 30 60 the trail numbers 1, 5, 7 and 9 have given no leak
joints. However during conformation trails, the trail
Root Gap in (mm) 0 0.7 1.5 number 7 is failed to give leak proof joint. This
failure is acceptable due to the fact that, in all the
successful trail electrode position is zero degrees
(exactly 90 degrees to the electrode holder) but in
2.3 Orthogonal Array the trail 7 it is 300. This change in electrode
Based on the number factors and levels in position is not supported by the ANOVA results,
each factor, L9 (34) OA is selected to weld 48mm shown in table 4 . As the contribution of electrode
diameter with 4mm pipe. The table 3 shows OA position is 30.21%,it is second highest after the
L9. current contribution ( 44.85%).Thus the trails 1, 5,
and 9 are trail runs with optimum parameters. The
Table 3. Orthogonal Array L9 successful trails with optimum parameters and
ANOVA contribution of parameters are shown in
Trails the table5.
1 2 3 4
no.
1 1 1 1 1 3.1 ANOVA Computations for diameter 48 mm x 4
2 1 2 2 2 mm pipe
3 1 3 3 3
4 2 1 2 3 Table 4. ANOVA Computations
5 2 2 3 1 Factor SS DO Varianc %
6 2 3 1 2 s F e contribut
7 3 1 3 2 ion
8 3 2 1 3 Mean 8 --- ---
9 3 3 2 1 Curren 190594.8 2 190594.8 44.85
t 0 0
3. Results and discussion Speed 83663.55 2 83663.55 19.69
Experiments are conducted as per the L9 5 5
O.A. and results tabulated in the table 3. Electro 128378.5 2 128378.5 30.21
de 55 55
positio
n
Root 22229.55 2 22229.55 5.23
gap 5 5
379 | P a g e
4. B.S.Praveen Kumar, Dr.Y.Vijayakumar ** / International Journal Of Engineering Research
And Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, Pp.377-381
Table 5. Trails, Optimum valves and ANOVA Contributions
Electrode
Root gap
Current Speed Position Leak condition
(mm)
(Amp) (Rpm) (Degree)
Contribution 44.85% 19.69% 5.23% 30.21%
Trail 1 100 4 0 0 No Leak
Trail 5 125 5 1.5 0 No Leak
trail 9 150 6 0.7 0 No Leak
3.2 Mean effect plots
The mean effect plots of various factor and leak
rate are shown below
Graph 1. Shows mean effect plots for operating parameters
4. Conclusions
i) Nine experiments are conducted as L9 O.A. REFERENCE
ii) For the selected 48mm diameter and wall [1] Genichi Taguchi and Yu-In Wu, Off line
thickness mild steel pipe (Apollo make), they Quality control (Central Japan Quality
are Association Show printings Co. Ltd.
Three optimum combinations are there, they 1966)
given in table 5. [2] Robert H. and Lochner, Designing for
iii) In getting leak proof joints electrode angle is Quality (Productivity press India PVT.
significant. LTD)
iv) Trail runs conformed the results and they are [3] Balasubramani M. Journal of materials
logically correct technology, Vol.24 (2008).
v) ANOVA Supports the results obtained.
380 | P a g e
5. B.S.Praveen Kumar, Dr.Y.Vijayakumar ** / International Journal Of Engineering Research
And Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, Pp.377-381
[4] Chen Y.H.International journal of
materials and product technology, V0l.11
(1996 )333.
[5] Ross J.R. Taguchi techniques for Quality
Engineering ( McGraw-Hill, New York,
2006).
[6] B.S.Praveen Kumar and Dr, Y.Vijaya
Kumar, Optimum blending of powders to
obtain desired Mechanical properties by
DOE, NATCON-2005 proceeding
Ghousia college of engineering,
Ramanagaram, Bangalore.
[7] Selection of process parameters for
Mechanical properties of A1 alloys for
centrifugal casting Using Taguchi Method
Approach, Shailesh and Sundarrajan,
Indian foundry journal, Vol.51, No.
3/March, 2005.
[8] Song Liu and Robert.G.Batson (2004) On
experimental design for gauge gain in
steel tube Manufacturing, Journal of
Quality Engineering, Vol.16, No.2,
PP269-282.
[9] Chapman and Hall, Robust design and
analysis for quality engineering (New
York 2005)
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