Enterprise systems have evolved significantly from 1965 to 2005 due to technological advances like Moore's Law and the emergence of the internet. Early enterprise systems in 1965 used batch processing on mainframes for applications like sales, distribution and billing. The development of online transaction processing (OLTP) in 1965 allowed real-time processing of transactions. While hardware improved due to Moore's Law, new software was also needed to efficiently handle concurrent transactions, leading to the creation of OLTP monitors. Competition emerged for mainframe OLTP from minicomputers and Unix systems in later decades. The rise of the internet in the 1990s revolutionized enterprise systems by enabling much larger markets through web technologies and increasing demands for scalability.
ERP 101 is a free,live, online ERP training offered by the Open Source ERP Guru. It is aimed at anyone interested in learning ERP basics - IT professionals, college students or small business professionals considering implementing business management software
This document discusses ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) systems and SaaS (Software as a Service). It defines ERP as an integrated computer application that manages resources like assets, finances, materials, and human resources. The document outlines the evolution of ERP from early production planning systems to today's extended ERP systems. It also lists common ERP modules and major vendors. SaaS is defined as renting cloud-based software on-demand. The document provides examples of SaaS modules and vendors, and highlights benefits like flexibility, disaster recovery, and reduced costs.
The document discusses the history and evolution of enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems from the 1960s to present. It begins with a brief overview of how ERP systems emerged from earlier systems like inventory control packages in the 1960s, material requirements planning in the 1970s, manufacturing resource planning in the 1980s, and became popular standalone systems in the 1990s. The document then examines key aspects of ERP systems including their definition, benefits to organizations, and issues during implementation.
Enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems have evolved over time from individual business function automations in the 1960s to integrated systems covering all business functions by the early 1990s. ERP systems were developed to integrate various departmental systems like inventory, financials, and human resources on a single database. Initially based on mainframe and MRP technology, modern ERP systems use client-server architecture and integrate additional functions like supply chain management and customer relationship management. ERP systems provide benefits like reduced costs and improved data sharing across the entire organization compared to separate departmental systems.
The document traces the evolution of ERP systems from centralized computing systems in the 1960s to modern cloud-based ERP as a service solutions. Early MRP systems focused on inventory management and manufacturing requirements planning. ERP systems first emerged in the 1980s integrating multiple business processes across functions. Into the 2000s, ERP systems expanded with additional modules and became accessible as a service for small and medium enterprises.
Newyorksys are destined to offer quality IT training and comprehensive IT consulting services with complete business service delivery orientation. Newyorksys have implemented many pioneering service delivery methodologies, and IT training services. Newyorksys have vast experience in rendering customized online IT training support on various IT courses and technologies.
This document discusses the evolution of enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems from the 1960s to the 2000s. It describes how ERP systems originated from separate inventory management, materials requirements planning, and manufacturing resources planning systems and integrated various business functions and processes into a single software package. The document also outlines some of the key modules in modern ERP systems like financials, human resources, distribution, sales and marketing, and manufacturing.
ERP 101 is a free,live, online ERP training offered by the Open Source ERP Guru. It is aimed at anyone interested in learning ERP basics - IT professionals, college students or small business professionals considering implementing business management software
This document discusses ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) systems and SaaS (Software as a Service). It defines ERP as an integrated computer application that manages resources like assets, finances, materials, and human resources. The document outlines the evolution of ERP from early production planning systems to today's extended ERP systems. It also lists common ERP modules and major vendors. SaaS is defined as renting cloud-based software on-demand. The document provides examples of SaaS modules and vendors, and highlights benefits like flexibility, disaster recovery, and reduced costs.
The document discusses the history and evolution of enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems from the 1960s to present. It begins with a brief overview of how ERP systems emerged from earlier systems like inventory control packages in the 1960s, material requirements planning in the 1970s, manufacturing resource planning in the 1980s, and became popular standalone systems in the 1990s. The document then examines key aspects of ERP systems including their definition, benefits to organizations, and issues during implementation.
Enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems have evolved over time from individual business function automations in the 1960s to integrated systems covering all business functions by the early 1990s. ERP systems were developed to integrate various departmental systems like inventory, financials, and human resources on a single database. Initially based on mainframe and MRP technology, modern ERP systems use client-server architecture and integrate additional functions like supply chain management and customer relationship management. ERP systems provide benefits like reduced costs and improved data sharing across the entire organization compared to separate departmental systems.
The document traces the evolution of ERP systems from centralized computing systems in the 1960s to modern cloud-based ERP as a service solutions. Early MRP systems focused on inventory management and manufacturing requirements planning. ERP systems first emerged in the 1980s integrating multiple business processes across functions. Into the 2000s, ERP systems expanded with additional modules and became accessible as a service for small and medium enterprises.
Newyorksys are destined to offer quality IT training and comprehensive IT consulting services with complete business service delivery orientation. Newyorksys have implemented many pioneering service delivery methodologies, and IT training services. Newyorksys have vast experience in rendering customized online IT training support on various IT courses and technologies.
This document discusses the evolution of enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems from the 1960s to the 2000s. It describes how ERP systems originated from separate inventory management, materials requirements planning, and manufacturing resources planning systems and integrated various business functions and processes into a single software package. The document also outlines some of the key modules in modern ERP systems like financials, human resources, distribution, sales and marketing, and manufacturing.
This document discusses IT operations and ERP systems. It states that IT operations management encompasses day-to-day tasks related to managing technology infrastructure and applications. It also explains that ERP systems typically handle a company's logistics, distribution, manufacturing, procurement, and sales orders. ERP systems also provide business intelligence features to help decision makers analyze company performance. The document outlines various ERP modules for CRM, HRM, and SCM. It provides an example of an employee portal and discusses advantages and hurdles of ERP implementation such as integration, efficiency, and high costs.
The document discusses Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP). It defines ERP as a business management software that integrates various business functions like manufacturing, sales, inventory, and accounting. The key modules of ERP software are also discussed including product planning, purchasing, inventory control, distribution, accounting, marketing, finance and HR. Some advantages of ERP are global integration, real-time information, and increased efficiency. Disadvantages can include inflexibility, long return on investment, and risk of implementation failure.
The document discusses the major ERP vendors in the market and the technologies they offer. The top vendors include SAP, Oracle, PeopleSoft, and JD Edwards. SAP has the largest market share and all vendors offer core ERP functionality as well as additional technologies like data warehousing, business intelligence, and online analytical processing.
ERP Comes of Age - Anthony W. Perrone 8212015Anthony Perrone
The document discusses how ERP systems have evolved from differentiators to essential foundational tools, and how businesses need to transform by integrating ERP with external data and sustainability applications to drive innovation. ERP implementation now requires a broader focus on change management, process optimization, and program management skills. Emerging enterprise sustainability management suites integrate ERP with energy, carbon, risk, and customer experience data to generate insights that fuel engineered innovation.
Infor® LN—A single, global platform for growth and
innovation, Infor LN empowers you to run your entire
business—across every department, every site, and
every country—on one platform. Delivering flexibility
in operations and strength in financials, Infor LN is a
uniquely versatile system that delivers everything
industrial manufacturers need in a standard,
packaged ERP solution. The result is an integrated
system that gives you complete visibility and control
across your organization and supply chain, with the
flexibility to make adjustments as your business
evolves. Infor LN has project costing and
management capabilities built-in to support the most
complex engineer to order and make to order
environments. The solution also easily supports
firm-fixed price, cost-plus, and time and materials
contracting methods.
Mrp vs. erp which solution is right for you?MRPeasy
MRP vs. ERP: Which Solution is Right for You? Each software solution is distinctive, and it does matter which one you choose. Here are some things to consider.
- SAP AG is the world's largest business software company and third largest independent software provider in terms of revenue. It was founded in 1972 by five former IBM engineers and is headquartered in Walldorf, Germany.
- SAP's main products include ERP, CRM, SCM, and other business solutions. Their mission is to create valued solutions for strategic business processes to help customers achieve their goals.
- SAP holds the largest market share for ERP at 35% but faces competition from Oracle, the second largest ERP provider seeking to grow through acquisitions.
Introduction to SAP R/3 and mySAP ECC (ERP)guest125afe
SAP was founded in 1972 by 5 German engineers as a company specializing in enterprise resource planning (ERP) software. ERP systems integrate various business functions like finance, sales, human resources, manufacturing and project management to share data across the entire enterprise. SAP has evolved from mainframe to client server systems and is now a modular and integrated ERP solution, with core modules like finance, sales and distribution that share data and automatically create transactions between different business functions.
An ERP system attempts to integrate all functions of a company into a single computer system. ERP provides integrated databases and customized reports. It aims to standardize operations and processes. Major benefits include integration of data, increased productivity and reduced costs. Challenges include implementation costs, changes to business processes and organizational structure, and resistance to change.
Datamatics is an IT and BPO services company with over 30 years of experience. It has over 3000 employees across locations in India, US, UK, Germany and Switzerland. It provides services such as application development, BI, content management, document processing, and more. It has domain expertise in industries such as publishing, healthcare, BFSI. It has capabilities in content design, production, delivery and management. It aims to be a strategic partner for clients in providing end-to-end content services.
The document discusses enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems. It defines ERP as an integrated suite of software applications that allow organizations to collect and store data from various business functions like finance, manufacturing, sales, etc. in a single database. The key benefits of ERP mentioned are centralized data access, increased operational efficiency, real-time information sharing, and improved decision making. The document also lists some common ERP modules used in pharmaceutical companies and potential advantages and challenges of implementing ERP systems.
The document traces the evolution of enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems from the 1960s to the present. It discusses early inventory management systems and the development of materials requirements planning (MRP) in the 1970s. MRP evolved into manufacturing resource planning (MRP II) in the 1980s which integrated additional business functions. In the 1990s, MRP II became known as ERP as it covered more of a company's business enterprise. The document outlines continued trends like expanded ERP capabilities and the emergence of ERP II systems to enable greater inter-organizational collaboration. Next generation ERP is shifting to cloud-based systems that provide real-time access to data across organizations.
E-nova Technologies Pvt. Ltd. provides an all-in-one ERP solution called Open ERP to help companies improve and evolve their operations. Open ERP integrates all business processes into a single database accessible across departments, providing automated notifications and real-time communication. E-nova's implementation approach includes functional requirement analysis, gap analysis, reengineering, customizing Open ERP, configuring the system, training users, and implementing the new ERP system. Open ERP offers a lower-cost alternative to traditional ERP software while providing the same comprehensive suite of business management modules.
Sap erp and oracle erp alternatives for small manufacturersMRPeasy
On many occasions, the most recognized systems with the highest market share, such as SAP ERP or Oracle ERP, are the chosen ones. But at the same time, there are many alternatives that can offer cost-effective solutions for small manufacturers.
#saperp #erp #mrp #mrpeasy #manufacturing #manufacturingsoftware #oracleerp #smallmanufacturing #erpsoftware
This document introduces SAP as a leading enterprise resource planning (ERP) software. It discusses typical business departments that ERP systems manage, lists some major ERP software vendors including SAP, Oracle, and Microsoft Dynamics, and provides an overview of SAP's history and product offerings. SAP consists of interconnected groups of products and modules that share data across a three-tier architecture to manage business processes and be scalable across devices.
The document discusses how businesses are reimagining their workforces by blending humans and machines. It notes that as digital technologies advance, humans and machines will need to work more closely together, with each playing to their strengths. Robots and smart devices can now perform physical tasks and gather data to aid human workers. Additionally, both humans and machines will require continuous training to ensure effective collaboration. Successful companies will treat both humans and technologies as critical team members.
The document summarizes the evolution of enterprise systems from 1965 to 2005. In 1965, IBM introduced the first online transaction processing (OLTP) system for airline reservations, marking a shift from batch processing to real-time systems. Early OLTP systems faced challenges from slow hardware and software that was not designed for concurrent transactions. This led to the development of database management systems, data communication systems, and OLTP monitors to support the new paradigm. By 2005, thanks to exponential improvements from Moore's law, the internet, and new application servers, OLTP had become the dominant form of enterprise computing, processing billions of transactions daily on a global scale.
Lean Digital Enterprise Evolution in a Hyper Connected World VSR *
Hyperconnectivity is changing the business landscape, requiring organizations to become "lean digital enterprises" that can quickly respond to changing needs. This will involve new approaches to developing highly interconnected applications (HCAs) that integrate people, processes, products and things. The document outlines challenges for CXOs and proposes a new lean digital technology foundation and development approach using tools like CollabNet TeamForge to efficiently create HCAs.
Following presentation answers:
- Why do we need evolution?
- What happens if we do not evolve the software?
- What are the types of software evolution?
- What are Lehman's laws
- What are the strategies for evolution?
FedEx implemented an e-procurement system using Ariba software to automate and streamline its procurement process. This involved a business process reengineering effort to refine their processes. The new system reduced costs, increased transparency, and allowed FedEx to achieve competitive pricing and savings of over 50% in the number of suppliers. It provided benefits like preventing maverick buying, aggregating spending to create demand, and redeploying staff to more value-added roles. The system paid for itself within 3 months and continues to expand its use among FedEx's global workforce and supplier network.
The document provides an overview of the history and evolution of enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems and SAP software. It discusses:
1) ERP systems evolved from inventory management and materials requirements planning systems used in manufacturing to integrate enterprise-wide processes across functions and locations.
2) SAP was founded in 1972 and released its first ERP software R/2 in 1979, with subsequent releases integrating more functions and capabilities.
3) Modern ERP systems provide real-time data processing, integration across various business modules, and flexibility to support different business types and industries.
Strategy Management of Ford Motor Company.Zahra Rezwana
Ford Motor Company is an American automaker headquartered in Dearborn, Michigan. It was founded in 1903 by Henry Ford. The company produces automobiles, commercial vehicles, and automobile parts worldwide. Ford aims to provide personal mobility while reducing emissions through strategies like increasing production of hybrid and fuel-efficient vehicles. It also aims to stabilize the climate by reducing long-term emissions and expanding alternative fuel infrastructure.
This document discusses IT operations and ERP systems. It states that IT operations management encompasses day-to-day tasks related to managing technology infrastructure and applications. It also explains that ERP systems typically handle a company's logistics, distribution, manufacturing, procurement, and sales orders. ERP systems also provide business intelligence features to help decision makers analyze company performance. The document outlines various ERP modules for CRM, HRM, and SCM. It provides an example of an employee portal and discusses advantages and hurdles of ERP implementation such as integration, efficiency, and high costs.
The document discusses Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP). It defines ERP as a business management software that integrates various business functions like manufacturing, sales, inventory, and accounting. The key modules of ERP software are also discussed including product planning, purchasing, inventory control, distribution, accounting, marketing, finance and HR. Some advantages of ERP are global integration, real-time information, and increased efficiency. Disadvantages can include inflexibility, long return on investment, and risk of implementation failure.
The document discusses the major ERP vendors in the market and the technologies they offer. The top vendors include SAP, Oracle, PeopleSoft, and JD Edwards. SAP has the largest market share and all vendors offer core ERP functionality as well as additional technologies like data warehousing, business intelligence, and online analytical processing.
ERP Comes of Age - Anthony W. Perrone 8212015Anthony Perrone
The document discusses how ERP systems have evolved from differentiators to essential foundational tools, and how businesses need to transform by integrating ERP with external data and sustainability applications to drive innovation. ERP implementation now requires a broader focus on change management, process optimization, and program management skills. Emerging enterprise sustainability management suites integrate ERP with energy, carbon, risk, and customer experience data to generate insights that fuel engineered innovation.
Infor® LN—A single, global platform for growth and
innovation, Infor LN empowers you to run your entire
business—across every department, every site, and
every country—on one platform. Delivering flexibility
in operations and strength in financials, Infor LN is a
uniquely versatile system that delivers everything
industrial manufacturers need in a standard,
packaged ERP solution. The result is an integrated
system that gives you complete visibility and control
across your organization and supply chain, with the
flexibility to make adjustments as your business
evolves. Infor LN has project costing and
management capabilities built-in to support the most
complex engineer to order and make to order
environments. The solution also easily supports
firm-fixed price, cost-plus, and time and materials
contracting methods.
Mrp vs. erp which solution is right for you?MRPeasy
MRP vs. ERP: Which Solution is Right for You? Each software solution is distinctive, and it does matter which one you choose. Here are some things to consider.
- SAP AG is the world's largest business software company and third largest independent software provider in terms of revenue. It was founded in 1972 by five former IBM engineers and is headquartered in Walldorf, Germany.
- SAP's main products include ERP, CRM, SCM, and other business solutions. Their mission is to create valued solutions for strategic business processes to help customers achieve their goals.
- SAP holds the largest market share for ERP at 35% but faces competition from Oracle, the second largest ERP provider seeking to grow through acquisitions.
Introduction to SAP R/3 and mySAP ECC (ERP)guest125afe
SAP was founded in 1972 by 5 German engineers as a company specializing in enterprise resource planning (ERP) software. ERP systems integrate various business functions like finance, sales, human resources, manufacturing and project management to share data across the entire enterprise. SAP has evolved from mainframe to client server systems and is now a modular and integrated ERP solution, with core modules like finance, sales and distribution that share data and automatically create transactions between different business functions.
An ERP system attempts to integrate all functions of a company into a single computer system. ERP provides integrated databases and customized reports. It aims to standardize operations and processes. Major benefits include integration of data, increased productivity and reduced costs. Challenges include implementation costs, changes to business processes and organizational structure, and resistance to change.
Datamatics is an IT and BPO services company with over 30 years of experience. It has over 3000 employees across locations in India, US, UK, Germany and Switzerland. It provides services such as application development, BI, content management, document processing, and more. It has domain expertise in industries such as publishing, healthcare, BFSI. It has capabilities in content design, production, delivery and management. It aims to be a strategic partner for clients in providing end-to-end content services.
The document discusses enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems. It defines ERP as an integrated suite of software applications that allow organizations to collect and store data from various business functions like finance, manufacturing, sales, etc. in a single database. The key benefits of ERP mentioned are centralized data access, increased operational efficiency, real-time information sharing, and improved decision making. The document also lists some common ERP modules used in pharmaceutical companies and potential advantages and challenges of implementing ERP systems.
The document traces the evolution of enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems from the 1960s to the present. It discusses early inventory management systems and the development of materials requirements planning (MRP) in the 1970s. MRP evolved into manufacturing resource planning (MRP II) in the 1980s which integrated additional business functions. In the 1990s, MRP II became known as ERP as it covered more of a company's business enterprise. The document outlines continued trends like expanded ERP capabilities and the emergence of ERP II systems to enable greater inter-organizational collaboration. Next generation ERP is shifting to cloud-based systems that provide real-time access to data across organizations.
E-nova Technologies Pvt. Ltd. provides an all-in-one ERP solution called Open ERP to help companies improve and evolve their operations. Open ERP integrates all business processes into a single database accessible across departments, providing automated notifications and real-time communication. E-nova's implementation approach includes functional requirement analysis, gap analysis, reengineering, customizing Open ERP, configuring the system, training users, and implementing the new ERP system. Open ERP offers a lower-cost alternative to traditional ERP software while providing the same comprehensive suite of business management modules.
Sap erp and oracle erp alternatives for small manufacturersMRPeasy
On many occasions, the most recognized systems with the highest market share, such as SAP ERP or Oracle ERP, are the chosen ones. But at the same time, there are many alternatives that can offer cost-effective solutions for small manufacturers.
#saperp #erp #mrp #mrpeasy #manufacturing #manufacturingsoftware #oracleerp #smallmanufacturing #erpsoftware
This document introduces SAP as a leading enterprise resource planning (ERP) software. It discusses typical business departments that ERP systems manage, lists some major ERP software vendors including SAP, Oracle, and Microsoft Dynamics, and provides an overview of SAP's history and product offerings. SAP consists of interconnected groups of products and modules that share data across a three-tier architecture to manage business processes and be scalable across devices.
The document discusses how businesses are reimagining their workforces by blending humans and machines. It notes that as digital technologies advance, humans and machines will need to work more closely together, with each playing to their strengths. Robots and smart devices can now perform physical tasks and gather data to aid human workers. Additionally, both humans and machines will require continuous training to ensure effective collaboration. Successful companies will treat both humans and technologies as critical team members.
The document summarizes the evolution of enterprise systems from 1965 to 2005. In 1965, IBM introduced the first online transaction processing (OLTP) system for airline reservations, marking a shift from batch processing to real-time systems. Early OLTP systems faced challenges from slow hardware and software that was not designed for concurrent transactions. This led to the development of database management systems, data communication systems, and OLTP monitors to support the new paradigm. By 2005, thanks to exponential improvements from Moore's law, the internet, and new application servers, OLTP had become the dominant form of enterprise computing, processing billions of transactions daily on a global scale.
Lean Digital Enterprise Evolution in a Hyper Connected World VSR *
Hyperconnectivity is changing the business landscape, requiring organizations to become "lean digital enterprises" that can quickly respond to changing needs. This will involve new approaches to developing highly interconnected applications (HCAs) that integrate people, processes, products and things. The document outlines challenges for CXOs and proposes a new lean digital technology foundation and development approach using tools like CollabNet TeamForge to efficiently create HCAs.
Following presentation answers:
- Why do we need evolution?
- What happens if we do not evolve the software?
- What are the types of software evolution?
- What are Lehman's laws
- What are the strategies for evolution?
FedEx implemented an e-procurement system using Ariba software to automate and streamline its procurement process. This involved a business process reengineering effort to refine their processes. The new system reduced costs, increased transparency, and allowed FedEx to achieve competitive pricing and savings of over 50% in the number of suppliers. It provided benefits like preventing maverick buying, aggregating spending to create demand, and redeploying staff to more value-added roles. The system paid for itself within 3 months and continues to expand its use among FedEx's global workforce and supplier network.
The document provides an overview of the history and evolution of enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems and SAP software. It discusses:
1) ERP systems evolved from inventory management and materials requirements planning systems used in manufacturing to integrate enterprise-wide processes across functions and locations.
2) SAP was founded in 1972 and released its first ERP software R/2 in 1979, with subsequent releases integrating more functions and capabilities.
3) Modern ERP systems provide real-time data processing, integration across various business modules, and flexibility to support different business types and industries.
Strategy Management of Ford Motor Company.Zahra Rezwana
Ford Motor Company is an American automaker headquartered in Dearborn, Michigan. It was founded in 1903 by Henry Ford. The company produces automobiles, commercial vehicles, and automobile parts worldwide. Ford aims to provide personal mobility while reducing emissions through strategies like increasing production of hybrid and fuel-efficient vehicles. It also aims to stabilize the climate by reducing long-term emissions and expanding alternative fuel infrastructure.
The document discusses the history of computers from the zeroth generation to the fourth generation. It describes the key characteristics of each generation including the hardware technologies used and developments in operating systems and software. It also covers topics like computer classifications, processors, notebooks, booting processes, graphical user interfaces, basic computer organization, CPU operations, and input/output devices.
This document provides an overview of transaction processing systems. It discusses the history and components of transaction processing, including the transaction processing cycle and different processing types. Key features of transaction processing systems are also outlined, such as continuous availability, data integrity, and modular growth. Different transaction processing modes and the types of transactions and processes are also described.
Will SCADA Systems Survive? The Future of Distributed Management SystemsTibbo
What are common features of IIoT and SCADA/HMI and differences between them? And what advantages do Intenet of Things Platforms have over SCADA Systems? Find out answers in the Presentation.
Data warehousing has quickly evolved into a unique and popular busin.pdfapleather
Data warehousing has quickly evolved into a unique and popular business application class.
Early builders of data warehouses already consider their systems to be key components of their
IT strategy and architecture. Numerous examples can be cited of highly successful data
warehouses developed and deployed for businesses of all sizes and all types. Hardware and
software vendors have quickly developed products and services that specifically target the data
warehousing market. This paper will introduce key concepts surrounding the data warehousing
systems.
What is a data warehouse? A simple answer could be that a data warehouse is managed data
situated after and outside the operational systems. A complete definition requires discussion of
many key attributes of a data warehouse system. Later in Section 2, we will identify these key
attributes and discuss the definition they provide for a data warehouse. Section 3 briefly reviews
the activity against a data warehouse system. Initially in Section 1, however, we will take a brief
tour of the traditions of managing data after it passes through the operational systems and the
types of analysis generated from this historical data.
Evolution of an application class
This section reviews the historical management of the analysis data and the factors that have led
to the evolution of the data warehousing application class.
Traditional approaches to historical data
In reviewing the development of data warehousing, we need to begin with a review of what had
been done with the data before of evolution of data warehouses. Let us first look at how the kind
of data that ends up in today\'s data warehouses had been managed historically.
Throughout the history of systems development, the primary emphasis had been given to the
operational systems and the data they process. It is not practical to keep data in the operational
systems indefinitely; and only as an afterthought was a structure designed for archiving the data
that the operational system has processed. The fundamental requirements of the operational and
analysis systems are different: the operational systems need performance, whereas the analysis
systems need flexibility and broad scope. It has rarely been acceptable to have business analysis
interfere with and degrade performance of the operational systems.
Data from legacy systems
In the 1970s virtually all business system development was done on the IBM mainframe
computers using tools such as Cobol, CICS, IMS, DB2, etc. The 1980s brought in the new mini-
computer platforms such as AS/400 and VAX/VMS. The late eighties and early nineties made
UNIX a popular server platform with the introduction of client/server architecture.
Despite all the changes in the platforms, architectures, tools, and technologies, a remarkably
large number of business applications continue to run in the mainframe environment of the
1970s. By some estimates, more than 70 percent of business data for large corporations still
resi.
Here are some ways people who cannot read the alphabet can still learn to read:
- Learn to read braille. Braille uses patterns of raised dots that can be read with the fingers. It allows blind and visually impaired people to read text independently.
- Use assistive technology like screen readers. Screen readers are programs or devices that read digital text out loud. They work with many electronic devices like computers, smartphones, and e-readers. This allows non-alphabet readers to access written content.
- Memorize common symbols, logos, or pictograms. Many public signs, labels, and icons use universal visuals instead of words. With exposure and practice, non-readers can learn to interpret these symbols.
DB2 for z/OS is well-suited for managing big data due to its ability to scale, high availability, strong security, and high performance. It has supported some of the largest databases and workloads in the world. Migrating to DB2 10 for z/OS provides improvements like reduced CPU usage, more concurrency, and online changes without downtime. DB2 for z/OS also has a long history and maturity as a mission-critical database.
An operating system is software that manages computer hardware resources and provides common services for computer programs. It acts as an interface between users, applications, and the computer. Major types of operating systems include those for mainframes, mini-computers, home computers, and modern systems. Early mainframe operating systems were diverse and specific to hardware, but IBM standardized with the System/360. Notable operating systems included UNIX, Digital Equipment's TOPS, and early versions for PCs like CP/M.
The document provides an overview of operating systems, describing their basic functions such as managing computer resources and providing a user interface. It discusses the evolution of operating systems from mainframes to personal computers and mini-computers. Different types of operating systems are used for various applications like game consoles, home computers, and virtualization platforms.
1. What is IT infrastructure and what are its components2.What ar.pdfexpressionnoveltiesk
1. What is IT infrastructure and what are its components?
2.What are the stages and technology drivers of IT infrastructure evolution?
3. What are the current trends in computer hardware platforms? Describe the evolving mobile
platform, grid computing, and cloud computing
4. What are the current trends in software platforms? Define and describe open source software
and Linux and explain their business benefits.
5.What are the challenges of managing IT infrastructure and management solutions? Name and
describe the management challenges posed by IT infrastructure
Solution
1.IT infrastructure is defined as a shared technology resources which is sum of all free and
licensed system software,third party services,owned or leased equipment that provide the
platform for the firm’s specific information system applications. IT infrastructure includes
hardware, software, and services that are shared across the entire firm.
2.The stages of IT infrastructure evolutions is began on the year 1930 and still it is continuing.
Electronic Accounting Machine-(1930-1950)->This era is began to replace Human effort from
accounting work.Machine started doing accounting and finance work effectivly and much more
errorfree than Human.
General-Purpose mainframe and minicomputer Era(1959-continuing)->This era has been started
by IBM, And it still persist in the position of supplying mainframe computer.Mainframe
computers are centralized computing with networks of terminal concentrated in the computing
department.In the mean while early models contained proprietary software and data.Mainframe
comuters able to process a wide variety of software and data ,It could able to process huge
amounts of data and transmission.
Personal Computer Era(1980 to Present)->Personal computers make a boom in both Home and
corporate sector .Personal computer makers like Microsoft and Apple take forward the evolution
by providing Desktops and Laptops which doubles the User effort.
Client/Server Era(1983 to Present)->as the desktop and laptop personal computers became more
powerful and cheaper, businesses began using them to replace mini-computers and some
mainframe computers by networking them together. Think of an octopus, with the body
representing the server and the tentacles representing the clients. At the heart of every network is
a server. It can be a mainframe, midrange, minicomputer, workstation, or a souped-up personal
computer.The client computer is the node on the network that users need to access and process
transactions and data through the network. Rather than one server trying to do it all, each server
is assigned a specific task on an application server.
Enterprise Internet computing Era(1992 to Present)->Perhaps no other era has seen the explosive
growth in functionality and popularity as this era. The problems created by proprietary, closed
systems are being solved by the standards and open-source software created in this era. The
promise of truly integrated hardware, softwar.
IT infrastructure consists of the physical devices and software applications that operate an entire enterprise. It includes computing platforms, telecommunications services, data management services, application software services, and IT management services. The infrastructure provides a shared platform for the firm's information systems applications. It includes hardware, software, and shared services across the organization. Major components are computer platforms, operating systems, enterprise software, networking/telecommunications, databases, internet platforms, and consulting services.
The document discusses the future of information management over the next 10 years. It notes that data is growing exponentially and will continue to do so. It identifies key requirements for data management like scalability, availability, security, and productivity. It then highlights how IBM's DB2 database on the System z mainframe platform meets these requirements through capabilities like industry-leading performance, security, workload consolidation, and reduced costs. The document concludes by discussing IBM's vision for harnessing big data through smart data analytics to help organizations make better, faster decisions.
The document provides an introduction to operating systems, describing their definition, goals, and evolution over time. It discusses the main components of a computer system and outlines the key functions of an operating system, including resource management, process management, memory management, file management, I/O management, and protection. It also categorizes different types of operating systems such as single-user, network, distributed, real-time, mobile, and embedded operating systems.
Introduction History Significance of mainframe computerSyed Zartaj ali
The document provides an introduction to mainframe computers, including their history and significance. It defines a mainframe as a large computer system that businesses use to host commercial databases and applications requiring high security and availability. Mainframes are designed to support thousands of users and input/output devices simultaneously through centralized control of resources and clustering technologies. They can process large workloads like batch jobs and online transactions concurrently.
Introducing Events and Stream Processing into Nationwide Building Societyconfluent
Watch this talk here: https://www.confluent.io/online-talks/introducing-events-and-stream-processing-nationwide-building-society
Open Banking regulations compel the UK’s largest banks, and building societies to enable their customers to share personal information with other regulated companies securely. As a result companies such as Nationwide Building Society are re-architecting their processes and infrastructure around customer needs to reduce the risk of losing relevance and the ability to innovate.
In this online talk, you will learn why, when facing Open Banking regulation and rapidly increasing transaction volumes, Nationwide decided to take load off their back-end systems through real-time streaming of data changes into Apache Kafka®. You will hear how Nationwide started their journey with Apache Kafka®, beginning with the initial use case of creating a real-time data cache using Change Data Capture, Confluent Platform and Microservices. Rob Jackson, Head of Application Architecture, will also cover how Confluent enabled Nationwide to build the stream processing backbone that is being used to re-engineer the entire banking experience including online banking, payment processing and mortgage applications.
View now to:
-Explore the technologies used by Nationwide to meet the challenges of Open Banking
-Understand how Nationwide is using KSQL and Kafka Streams Framework to join topics and process data.
-Learn how Confluent Platform can enable enterprises such as Nationwide to embrace the event streaming paradigm
-See a working demo of the Nationwide system and what happens when the underlying infrastructure breaks.
PC (Personal Computer)
A PC can be defined as a small, relatively inexpensive computer designed for an individual
user. PCs are based on the microprocessor technology that enables manufacturers to put an
entire CPU on one chip. Businesses use personal
computers for word processing, accounting,
desktop publishing, and for running spreadsheet
and database management applications. At home,
the most popular use for personal computers is
playing games and surfing the Internet.
Workstation:
Workstation is a computer used for engineering applications (CAD/CAM), desktop publishing,
software development, and other such types of applications which require a moderate amount
of computing power and relatively high quality graphics capabilities.
Minicomputer
It is a midsize multi-processing system capable of supporting up to 250 users simultaneously.
Mainframe
Mainframe is very large in size and is an expensive computer capable of supporting hundreds
or even thousands of users simultaneously. Mainframe executes many programs concurrently
and supports many simultaneous execution of programs.
Supercomputer
Supercomputers are one of the fastest computers currently available. Supercomputers are
very expensive and are employed for specialized applications that require immense amount
of mathematical calculations (number crunching).
This document provides an overview of IT infrastructure and emerging technologies. It discusses the evolution of IT infrastructure from mainframes to the current cloud and mobile computing era. It describes key technology drivers like Moore's Law and how they have impacted infrastructure. The document outlines current trends in computer hardware and software platforms, including mobile/cloud computing, edge computing, virtualization and open-source software. It also discusses challenges of managing a dynamic IT infrastructure around scalability, investments, governance and total cost of ownership.
This document discusses opportunities for using big data in private wealth management. It begins by defining big data and describing how data volumes have increased exponentially. It then outlines several potential use cases for big data in areas like real-time performance metrics, portfolio optimization, and leveraging customer data. For each use case, it describes current limitations and how a big data approach could enable new capabilities. Finally, it proposes a phased approach for wealth managers to identify use cases, prioritize them, implement proofs of concept, and incrementally automate analysis and reporting. The overall message is that big data can enhance analytics and open up new opportunities previously only available to investment banks.
The document provides an overview of mainframe architecture and products. It discusses the hardware components of IBM System z servers, operating systems like z/OS, transaction servers like CICS, and categories of mainframe products from developers like IBM, CA, and BMC. These include development languages, operating systems, transaction servers, performance management, backup/recovery, and security products.
The document discusses systems theory and provides definitions and principles about systems. It defines a system as a collection of components bound more strongly to each other than their environment. Systems can exist because of stable components and binding forces. Complex systems can exhibit emergent behaviors from simple local rules operating at a large scale. All complex adaptive systems use some form of computation, and the theory of evolution describes how selective pressure favors replication of better adapted systems in large ecosystems of variable systems.
Geoff Sharman gives a tutorial on the foundations of computing from billiard balls to quantum computing. He discusses early pioneers like Turing, Landauer, Bennett, Feynman, and Deutsch and their key contributions. Turing showed computing is a physical process subject to thermodynamics. Landauer established the minimum energy required to erase a bit of information. Bennett showed computation can be reversible with no energy loss if all information is retained. Feynman introduced nanotechnology and the idea that any two-state system like an atom or electron could represent a bit. Deutsch showed quantum computers could simulate any physical process. Practical progress has been made but large-scale quantum computing still faces challenges like maintaining quantum coherence long enough
BCS APSG The landscape of enterprise applicationsGeoff Sharman
It's a cliché that modern enterprise applications are simply web applications. But is that the whole truth? And if it isn't, what are all the pieces of an enterprise application and how do they fit together? How can we continue to use older technologies within these applications and how might we exploit new technologies in the future? What new challenges do enterprises face in the 21st Century and how might they affect the design of applications and programming systems?
This document introduces coarrays in Fortran 2008, which allow parallel programming using a single program running across multiple images or processes. Coarrays allow variables to be accessed across images using additional subscripts and provide intrinsic functions and statements for synchronization and image control. The additions enable easier development of parallel programs compared to MPI and allow optimizations between synchronization points.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
2. What do Enterprises Do?
We’ll use a very simple model of what a business enterprise does,
which covers manufacturing, service, utility, distribution, retail
and many other types of industry
Remember, businesses have only three ways of collecting money:
transaction fees, subscription fees, and advertising revenue.
Buy AddValue Sell
make “profit”
2
3. Definition
For the purposes of this discussion, an Enterprise System is a
production hardware/software system which is essential to the
core operations of a business, e.g.:
managing sales, distribution, billing and customer information
managing “manufacturing”, inventory, forecasting and cost accounting
managing buying, subcontracting and the supply chain
But excluding office systems, scientific systems, etc.
3
4. Enterprise Systems before 1965
Business applications used batch processing exclusively (sequential files,
updates within business accounting period), e.g.
Joe Lyons & Co. Leo System for batch accounting & payroll operations (1952)
IBM announced System/360 for business and scientific applications
(1964)
Transaction
file + Old
Master File
Batch
Process
New
Master File
Reporting
4
5. 1965: A year of change
IBM had also just completed the SABRE airline reservation
system for American Airlines, based on experience from SAGE
(US Government Air Defense System)
Exploiting the new technologies of data networking, “random
access” disk files, and display screens
With a new emphasis on “real time” operation
This quickly became the model for OnLine Transaction
Processing systems in large enterprises across many industries
5
6. 1965: A year of promise
Gordon Moore of Intel formulated “Moore’s Law”
The number of transistors/unit area of silicon would double
every two years for the foreseeable future
This had the effect of doubling computing power at constant
cost, i.e. an exponential increase in compute/$
6
7. Fast forward to 2005
Moore’s law continues, but no longer at constant cost: signal/
noise ratio prevents further voltage reductions and increases in
clock speed; silicon designers move to dedicated processors and
parallel SoC (Systems on Chip) e.g. 20 processors in iPhone 4
Moore’s Law has changed everything: cost/instruction, market
size, device form factors and network bandwidth, opening up the
era of “pervasive computing”
And the computer industry has changed radically with few
companies surviving from 1965
7
8. A 2005 Conundrum
OLTP survives and thrives: by this date, it had become the
dominant mode of use on servers, e.g.
Online financial transactions, e.g. Internet banking, insurance, travel
reservations
Internet browsing
Online shopping, e.g. Amazon, eBay
Social media, e.g. Facebook, Twitter
How did this happen, when so much else changed?
8
9. Did you do any of these today?
Buy something in a supermarket?
Use a cash machine, debit card or contactless card?
Pay for something with a credit card?
Make a telephone call?
Travel by public transport?
Watch catch up TV?
Use electricity, gas or water?
Systems using one OLTP monitor handle > 100 billion (1011)
transactions (financial value > $1013) per day, in the US alone
Google processes 3.5 billion (3.5x109) searches per day
9
11. What is OLTP?
Originally called “OnLine TeleProcessing”, it denoted the use
of terminals connected to a central computer via telephone lines
The terminals were used by employees of airlines, travel
companies, utilities, and banks to capture customer transactions
at source and process them, rather than filing for later action
Banks were the first to offer consumer terminals, e.g. Lloyds
Bank Cashpoint (IBM 2780) in 1972
Most networks were private and used a “star” topology
11
12. OLTP challenges in 1965
Typical networks were small (~50 terminals), but a key problem
was handling concurrent activities efficiently
network lines had low bandwidth (~1024 bits/sec) and could not be
shared by different applications
processor hardware was slow (~1 MIPS)
accessing data on tape was slow (seconds/record)
software process scheduling was slow, had limited scalability, and
applications were hard to write - mostly in assembler language
12
13. Hardware to the Rescue?
Network limitations: higher speed leased lines between
processing centres, improved modems, better protocols
Processor speed: Moore’s Law
Data access: “random access” disks, more bytes/square cm
BUT even the rate of improvement implied by Moore’s Law
could not match market demand and growth
13
14. Software challenges
Existing operating systems, data management systems and
programming languages were designed for batch processing:
scheduling an application process required allocation of macro-sized
resources and could take millions of instructions, i.e. seconds
most operating systems could only handle a few concurrent jobs
data management mainly provided support for sequential files
programming languages did not support network operations and other
activities required for OLTP
14
15. DB/DC systems emerge
It quickly became clear that new software was needed for:
management of Indexed Files and Data Bases, which allowed direct access
to specific records or sets of records within a data file (in milliseconds)
support for Data Communications, which enabled receiving and sending
messages and control of telephone lines
rapid scheduling of short application segments which could be triggered
by a message from a terminal and could create a response message
all these functions were required for a usable system, implemented as an
OLTP Monitor, often for a particular industry or even a specific customer
15
16. Real Time Systems
“A real time system may be defined as … receiving data,
processing them and returning results sufficiently quickly to affect
the functioning of the environment …”
- James Martin, Programming Real-Time Computer Systems (1965)
This showed a primary concern with end user response time,
usually expected to be 2 - 3 seconds
BUT recall that the underlying batch accounting process is
real time, too, because business must be completed by end of
each accounting period (usually overnight)
16
17. OLTP Monitors emerge
Early OLTP Monitors based on IBM S/360:
ACP (Airline Control Program, 1969), for airline reservations
BATS (Basic Additional Teleprocessing Support) for UK banking
IMS/DC (Information Management system,1969) with IMS/DB for the
NASA Apollo space programme
CICS (Customer Information Control System, 1969) for US utilities
Shadow II (1976) for UK travel agents
ICL TPMS (1974) with IDMS for UK government systems
17
21. Early OLTP Monitor paradigm
computer/operating system
OLTP
monitor
process
One OS “process” does all the work of managing terminals
and data accesses; application segments run on a monitor
“thread” for each user but own no resources
21
22. User
process
User
process
Early Time Sharing paradigm
Each end user has their own process and data; operating system
gives each a “time slice” to share processor; no data sharing
computer/operating system
User
process
22
23. Networking for OLTP
There was a clear need to shield “applications” from data link
control, traffic routing, and message assembly/disassembly
There was also a need to share the network between different
“applications” [where “application” means a class of customer
applications running under an OLTP monitor or subsystem]
This led IBM to develop SNA, a layered networking architecture
implemented by VTAM/370 and programmable devices
SNA became the model for OSI and other network architectures
23
24. comms
process
Slightly more advanced OLTP
operating system + h/w
OLTP
monitor
process
database
mngr
process
Comms process owns network; application segments run on one
monitor thread per user; they share “access ports” to database
manager process, which owns data resources
24
25. OLTP programming model
TP Monitor acquires and retains shared resources
applications, memory, processes, threads, files, databases,
communications channels, etc.
on receipt of a transaction request message, initiates application
segment and provides concurrent access to these resources
frees resources when response message sent
so application segment is message in/message out, or “stateless”
Larger applications (“pseudo-conversations”) can be created
by retaining some state data in a “scratchpad area”/cookie or message
next segment retrieves state, processes message and issues response
different from conversational applications which retain all state
25
26. Application Programming
OLTP application model doesn’t fit with batch application
programming or conversational interactive programming
Uses modified runtimes for High Level languages
OLTP Monitor provides additional statements and functions
So application language is a modified form of HLL, e.g.
CICS/COBOL, Tuxedo/C
Further mechanisms needed for large scale applications
26
28. Competition for mainframe TP
In the 1970s and 80s, mainframes were the de facto business
machines but other vendors saw opportunities to compete:
Mainframe compatible vendors, e.g. Amdahl, Fujitsu,
produced machines that were faster than IBM’s
Specialist vendors, e.g. Tandem, Stratus, produced highly
reliable [“non-stop”] machines for financial systems
Midrange vendors, e.g. DEC, HP, produced machines that
were cheaper for medium sized enterprises; many of these
used a hybrid Time Sharing paradigm with a DBMS
28
29. The mainframe response
Mainframe OLTP monitors ran best on fast uni-processors,
which used water-cooled bipolar logic technology, but
competitive processors were faster than IBM’s and air cooled
IBM’s response was to move to multi-processor systems using
cheaper (but slower) CMOS technology; this required huge
changes to system software but succeeded in lowering costs
Tandem systems were frequently used as front ends for
mainframes, but the new multiprocessor mainframes provided
more reliability so reducing Tandem’s competitive advantage
29
30. The UNIX era
Bell Labs produced the first versions of Unix and the C language
compiler in 1972, but it wasn't a product until the 1980s
Unix was widely used in universities and smaller enterprises for
interactive and time-sharing systems, but not for business
1983 Bell Labs developed Tuxedo as a TP monitor for an
internal application and, later, as a product
Other Unix based TP monitors appeared in the 1990s, e.g.
Encina, CICS/AIX for distributed processing
30
31. More competition for OLTP
Application vendors had mainly targeted mainframe OLTP
customers, with products based on OLTP monitors
Some key application vendors, e.g. SAP, started to offer Unix
versions of their products with built-in OLTP functionality, so
no requirement for an OLTP monitor platform
Most of these vendors developed their own OLTP function; a few
licenced a monitor for inclusion with their application
This became the chosen style for most packaged applications in
the Unix environment
31
32. Distributed systems
“Moore’s Law” improved processor speed much sooner than any
improvements in network costs and bandwidth
In the 1990’s fast dedicated long distance lines were still only
rated at 64 kbps BUT cheap PCs were easily available
By contrast, Local Area Networks (e.g. Ethernet, Token Ring,
Netware) could achieve up to 10 mbps
The meant it was usually cost effective to place distributed
processors in branch offices and centres, e.g. supermarkets
32
33. Distributed vs. Centralised
Advantages of distributed systems
Better response times for local tasks
Better availability for local applications
Cost savings by exploiting commodity technology
Disadvantages of distributed systems
Increased latency for some tasks
Duplication of systems leads to potential sources of error
Increased systems management overhead
33
35. The World Wide Web era
Early Web Servers (1991) used a similar paradigm to early
OLTP monitors:
single server process handled all requests
communication used request/response message pairs with connection
broken after each request
static read-only data “pages” were held on disk
BUT the WWW pioneers knew nothing about Enterprise Systems …
35
36. Impact of WWW on Enterprise Systems
By the mid-1990s, it was clear that the WWW could be used for
transactional business, e.g. selling pizzas
Web servers used a “TP Lite” (inquiry only) paradigm but
couldn’t support applications or handle updates
CGI exits and links with a DBMS were introduced, plus
“cookies” to enable pseudo-conversations
Some commentators saw this as an opportunity for traditional
OLTP monitors; others as creating a need for a new breed of
“internet application servers”
36
37. Opportunity for OLTP on Web
The WWW greatly increased the market for OLTP style transactional
applications and lowered delivery costs:
free “any-to-any” network
web browser provides “virtual terminal”
access to much larger market
Leading to demands for:
much increased scalability, broadband networks
better application programming models and methods
37
38. Applications servers emerge
eBay and Amazon became leading commerce platforms by
building scalable infrastructures to support their applications
Other open application servers were developed to support
applications written in Java, C# and related languages, eg:
WebLogic
WebSphere
Many of these recreated the main features of established OLTP
monitors, because of the requirement for scale
38
39. Mainframe OLTP response
Established OLTP monitors didn’t support HTTP or other web
protocols, so couldn’t communicate with web browsers, nor run
applications in popular web programming languages
Their immediate need was for “gateway” technology to enable
connectivity, usually a special purpose monitor or WAS
BUT their reliability, scalability and mature applications
were key advantages which worked in their favour
A few OLTP monitors, e.g. CICS, were also enhanced to
support new protocols, languages and even greater scalability
39
40. 2005 - and later
The leading “computer companies” now include Apple,
Amazon and Google, as well as Microsoft, Oracle, HP and IBM
Internet-based OLTP is the de facto standard for most business
applications, e.g. Travelport processes 1 Bn transactions/day
Questions:
What contributed most to this: Moore’s Law? The World Wide Web?
Broadband networks?
How did this pave the way for virtualisation, cloud applications, mobile,
and the Internet of Things?
40