structure analysis by PUC

PRESENTATION
ON
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
PRESENTED BY
GROUP 3
ID: 1601111600220
1601111600222
1601111600225
1601111600229

CONTENT
Chapter 1
Definition
Historical Survey
Building As Architecture
Structure In Architecture
Structural Requirements
Loads On Structure
Structural Elements
CHAPTER 2
Types Of Structure
-Wall Slab
-Introduction
-Material
-Span
-Material
-Characteristics
-Advantage & Disadvantage
-SWOT Analysis
-Case Study
-Post Lintel
-Post
-Lintel
-Introduction
-Types Of Lintel
-Load-bearing System
-Slab Type
-Punch
-Span
-Expression
-SWOT Analysis
-Case Study
-Post Slab
-Definition
-Elements
-Characteristics
-Classification
-Span
-Wall Position
-Punch
-Limitation
-SWOT Analysis
-Case Study

Steel Structure
-Definition
-History
-Structure Type
-Steel Connection
-Use Of Steel
-SWOT Analysis
-Case Study
Reference
-slideshare
-Wikipedia
-arch20.com

STRUCTURE
• A structure is a system of inter connected elements to carry loads safely to
under ground earth.
• Structures have defined boundaries within which each element is physically
or functionally connected to the other elements.
• In structure elements themselves and their interrelationships are taken to be
either fixed (permanent) or changing only occasionally or slowly.
The basic frame work and skeleton provide for both erection and stability of
any structure consist of two portion:
• Sub-structure
• Super-structure
STRENGTH, STIFFNESS, STABILITY
Structures must be designed to satisfy three Ss and should satisfy all four Ss of structural
design – as demonstrated on the following examples, illustrated at below.
1 Strength to prevent breaking
2 Stiffness to prevent excessive deformation
3 Stability to prevent collapse

STRUCTURE IN ARCHITECTURE
• Structure is one of three fundamentals of architecture that Vitruvius
listed, next to function and aesthetics.
• Architectural structure is a body or assemblage of bodies in space to
form a system capable of supporting loads.
• It’s a system or sub system, means holding the components of certain
system and transfer the load through the members of a structure to
provide stability and durability.
• Structure defines architectural form and often functions, at least
partially, as the building envelope
BUILDINGBUILDING ASAS AA STRUCTURESTRUCTURE
A building is a structure, or a system. On a system of organized elements,
which are these elements ?
A building can serve as a structure in many way, depending on the
purpose of it to the human being, the place were it is built or to understand
reason.
- Skin
- Importance of the Location. Landmark
-Tall buildings: feet, torso, head
- Patrimonial structure
-Shelter

There are several ways to
build according to the type
and location. How to build
depends on the technological
level of the community that
builds and the needs they
manifest.
In any case, the construction
system uses by a community
reflects part of his personality
as the building is a way to
transform the environment
adapted to the human needs.
Ever since man left the shelter
that provided the cave.
STRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY

TIME PERIOD: 6000 BC
PRE-HISTORIC PERIOD:
•Man came from cave for
hunting.
•Use of timber for building
materials.
•The structural system was
post and lintel type.
•Materials were clay, timber
and stone.
TIME PERIOD: (3000-2750) BC
STONEHENGE:
•The massive stones that
made up the monuments of
Stonehenge.
•Tribulated structural system.
•Load is transferred from
beam to column.
•Accurate structural system is
since unknown.
TIME PERIOD: (3200 BC 14 AD)
EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE:
•Huge structure to show their power.
•Use of timber beam.
•Works of monolithic stone masonry.
•Columns made by single rock.
•The structural system was post lintel or
post slab.
•Massive walls and lintels was
supported by flat roof.
A HISTORICAL SURVEY

TIME PERIOD: (1700-1380)
CRETE ARCHITECTURE:
•Structural system was post lintel ,
•It was mostly flat roof which were supported by
walls constructed of stone blocks , rubbles and
mud brick with reinforced.
TIME PERIOD: (1250-300)BC
WEST ASIATIC ARCHITECTURE:
•Trabeated structural system.
•Columns were well ornamented.
TIME PERIOD: (600-30)BC
GREEK ARCHITECTURE:
•Stone was the main construction materials
•Trabeated structural system.
•Establishment of post lintel system.
•Columns were used in Greek pattern.
•Columns are set as vertical supporting element
of the main structure.
•Acropolis: Great example of Greek
Architecture.

TIME PERIOD: (300BC-365AD)
ROMAN ARCHITECTURE:
•The Architecture was that of Greek but they
developed the post and lintel system.
•Structural system was post slab and post lintel.
•Post lintel system developed as column are
used in circular and rectangular way.
•Stability of Structure was easily ensured.
TIME PERIOD: (313-800AD)
EARLY CHRISTIAN:
•Handmaid rubble, concrete brick or stone
were main building materials.
•Construction system was archuated and
trabeated.
TIME PERIOD: (330-1453AD)
BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE:
•Construction material was limestone and sand
mortar.
•Construction system was wall slab.

TIME PERIOD: (12TH-16TH CENTURY) GOTHIC
ARCHITECTURE:
•Structural system was mainly post-lintel.
•Use of tall structure
TIME PERIOD: (14TH-17THCENTURY)
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE:
• Symmetrical arrangement in free standing
wall and support.
• The wall thickness was lessened
TIME PERIOD: (21ST CENTURY)
PRESENT ARCHITECTURE:

a. Physical structure: which is the real structure,
or the literal bones of the building that carries the
weight of that building.
WE CAN DISTINGUISH BETWEEN TWO TYPES OF STRUCTURE:
b. Perceptual structure: which is what we see
and feel when we look at a structure. For
example, a building could be structurally very
solid and its structure could be very adequate
for carrying the load of that building. However,
its columns may look so thin and slender to us
that it seems to us very delicate as if to be in
danger of a collapse.
Or a column may be much larger than
structurally necessary just to give us the feeling
that it is indeed big enough for the job. Such is
the case with the thick columns of the Temple of
Poseidon in Italy.
Physical structure: steel frame structure and
reinforced concrete frame structure
Physical structure: timber frame
structure
Perceptual structure: Temple of Poseidon at Paestum in Italy (550 BC): The stone
columns larger than structurally necessary, try to convey the impression of strength.

STRUCTURAL REQUIREMENTSSTRUCTURAL REQUIREMENTS
To perform its function of supporting a
building in response to whatever loads
maybe applied to it, a structure must
posses four properties
•Adequate equilibrium
•Adequate strength .
•Adequate geometrically stable .
•Adequate rigidity

LOADS ON STRUCTURE
A building structure must be able to support two types of load.
• Static load.
• Dynamic load.
Static load: Assumed to be constant in nature. Its two type.
1. Dead load:-
• Dead load is a constant load in a structure that is due to the
weight of the members, the supported structure, and
permanent attachments or accessories.
Live load:-
• Live loads may be fully or partially in place or present at all.
They may change in location.
2. Dynamic load : Can be applied to a structure suddenly and
vary in magnitude and location.
Lateral load : Most lateral loads are live loads. Typical
lateral loads would be a wind load against a facade, an
earthquake, the earth pressure against a basement wall.
 Wind Load
 Earthquake Load
Dynamic Load

STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
COLUMN/POST: is a vertical structural element that
transmits, through
compression, the weight of structure above to other
structural elements below ground
BEAM: Horizontal structural member, designed to carry
loads.
Column
Beam
Load-bearing
Wall
Slab
LOAD BEARING WALL: As an essential components of a
building one of the function of a wall is to bear load
and resist lateral force. It also acts as along thin
columns in transmitting compressive forces to the
ground. The concrete wall is capable of resisting
lateral forces .
SLAB: The upper part of a reinforced concrete floor,
which is carried on beams below. A concrete slab is a
common structural element of modern buildings.

TYPES OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS IN ARCHITECTURE
1.WALL SLAB 2.POST LINTEL
3.POST SLAB

DEFINITION
■ Wall slab also known as load bearing
wall or bearing wall.
■ A load-bearing wall or bearing wall is a
wall that bears the weight of the house
above said wall, resting upon it by
conducting its weight to a foundation
structure.
■ Load bearing masonry is among the
oldest and most wide spread building
techniques in the world.
■ It is very rarely used today for large
buildings

LOAD BEARING
WALL
SLAB
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
LOAD BEARING WALL
•Structural walls are the vertical construction of a building
that endorse a building.
•Structural walls may also be internal partitions used for
load-bearing conditions forming part of the structural
framing system.
SLAB
•Slabs generally refer to various types of
floor systems designed to support floor and
sometimes loads.

STRUCTURAL MEMBER
WALLSLAB
• One Way Slab
• Two Way Slab
• Waffle
• Cellular wall arrangement
• Double cross wall structure
• Simple cross wall structure
• Complex wall arrangement
Load Transfer – One-way
slab lx/ly > 2
Load Transfer –Two-way slab
lx/ly >_ 2
COVERING FOR
LARGE SPAN
WAFFLE
Cellular wall arrangement
Double cross wall structure
Simple cross wall structure
Complex wall arrangement
---Non load bearing wall
- Load bearing wall

LOAD TRANSFER METHOD
Slab
Wall
Foundation
Ground
• Brick Masonry can resist Compression.
• Cannot resist Tension.
LOAD TRANSFER METHOD OF ARCH
• Load transferring system towards ground through wall
• Load of the dome transfers with circular planned wall
according to its periphery.
• Dome supported on squinches .

SPAN(L)
•Economic span : 15 feet
•Maximum span : 20 feet
•Wall thickness: 10-15 inch
•Large span of roof Is problem and
it may be solved by waffle slab
•One way slab casting : L=1.5W
MATERIALS
1.Stone
2.Brick
3.Concrete Masonry units
STONE
BRICK
CONCRETE
PUNCH MAKING METHOD
•Generally punch can not be possible.
•Only a punch is appeared on first floor with
respect to four walls around it.
•Punch can not be done 1/3 of the area of the
roof
OPENING
•30% of the load bearing wall span can be kept open.
•Absence of continuous horizontal opening.
•Opening can be made from floor to roof.
•Arch system opening can be made.
HEIGHT
•Generally 6 storied
CANTILEVER
• Generally on cantilever is used

POSITION OF STAIR
•Landing should be supported by load bearing wall.
•The wall in both sides is the main structural member
•Parallel wall on two sides can also provide support
•Arch can also provide support by stair.
load bearing wall
Fig: Stair position in wall-slab structure
WALL POSITION/WALL THICKNESS
•Primarily 12”at six storey level and increases 4” at every one
storey down
•For buildings not more than 3 stories or 35’ in height,
masonry walls may be 12” thick
•One stored solid masonry walls not more than 9’ high may
be 10” thick.
•Positions of walls are same.
4”
12”
35’
35’

EXPRESSION
•Plans follow no grid pattern; it can be of any desired shape.
• Large unbroken plans could be expressed.
• Unusually small punches are provided in elevation.
• For large openings arches are provided.
• Cantilevers can expressed as planes.
• Solid void relation is boldly represented
• For hot dry climate this type of structure gives extra benefit.
• Screen wall can be added

ADVANTAGEADVANTAGE
•Load bearing masonry is solid and durable.
•It is fire resistant.
•Load bearing masonry has high compressive
strength.
•Aesthetically attractive.
•Low cost.
•Space is cool
•Environment friendly.
•Easy construction.
•True expression of brick.
•It is good & cheap for less than 2 floored
construction because bricks are cheap.
DISADVANTAGEDISADVANTAGE
•A slow and tedious process.
•Requires skilled masons.
•Cost of bricks can make it unviable.
•Low tensile strength, can fail during
earthquakes.
•Load bearing masonry, especially brick
masonry is porous and needs to be protected
from water.
•Load bearing masonry has a high self weight.
•It has poor thermal insulation properties.

STRENGTHSTRENGTH
• Economical for low storied structures
• Foundation is shallower than other systems,
so foundation cost is the least of all.
• Last for thousands of years.
• Arches, Domes and Vaults are used in this
system.
• Post does not disturb the free space.
WEAKNESSWEAKNESS
• Span of the area is not enough.
Maximum 12’.
• Limitation of structure height 6-7 storied.
• Walls must be built over a wall.
• More time is required
• Continuous opening can not possible
OPPORTUNITYOPPORTUNITY
• Screen wall can be used.
• Natural color can be obtained in the
building surface, by different exposed
brick of different hue.
• For hot dry climate this type of structure
gives extra benefit.
• Wall thickness sometimes is extra
beneficial for shading.
• This system could expresses the
composition of horizontal and vertical
plane.
THREATTHREAT
• This type of construction is not possible
with out good load bearing capacity
of earth.
• Flexibility of massing is very small floors
can taper & up-ward.
• Dampness is also greater problem.
SWOT ANALYSISSWOT ANALYSIS

NATIONAL CASE STUDYNATIONAL CASE STUDY
2. BHATSHALA RESIDENCE1. SOS CHILDREN’S VILLAGE
SCHOOL

SOS CHILDREN’S VILLAGE SCHOOL
Location : A Block, Halishahar, Chittagong, Bangladesh

Load Transfer –Two-way slab
Wall thickness 10”
PARTITION WALL 5”
Slab
Wall
Foundation
Ground
LOAD TRANSFER SYSTEM

Parallel wall on two sides can also
provide support
OPENING
5’
STAIR

BHATSHALA RESIDENCE
Location : Bramanbaria, Bangladesh
Architect : Bashirul Haq
Owner : Architect’s family
Type of structure – Wall slab
Total Built Area : 920 sft

• Complex wall arrangement
GROUND FLOOR PLAN
ORIENTATION OF STRUCTURAL MEMBER
3’9
”
7’0
”
LOAD TRANSFER SYSTEM OF ARCH
•True arch
•-There are arched columns formed of bricks supporting
the R.C.C roof.

LEGEND
1.Entry
2.Living/Dining
3.Bed room
4.Kithen
5.Stair
6.Toilet
7.Terrace
Ground floor First floor
OPENINGS
•The building has exposed brick facades with a combination of arched and rectangular linear openings.

EXPRESSION
•It is a load bearing structure on the ground floor which continues up until a portion of the 1st
floor.
• The load bearing walls are primarily laid by flemish bonds with reinforcement at regular intervals.
•Blending in spontaneously with its context it is an example of eco friendly vernacular architecture.
•It reflects the traditional approach in local homesteads forming around a courtyard which is semi
enclosed on its north and western borders by facades of sun baked bricks.

INTERNATIONAL CASE STUDYINTERNATIONAL CASE STUDY
1. FALLING WATER 2. RAMKRISHNA
HOUSE

1. FALLING WATER
Architect:- Frank Lloyd Wright
Location:- Mill Run , Pennsylvania

LOAD BEARING AREA
NEUTRAL ZONE
Here in project for 50% and 70%
cantilever double slab used.

Pargola as structural element
Complex wall
orientation
ORIENTATION
….

Column width :2’-0”
Column length :2’-0”
38’-5”
30’3”
18’2”
SPAN
CANTILEVER

MATERIAL
STONE AND BRICK
MASONARY
EXPRESSION
OPENING
• Floor to floor
window

RAMKRISHNA HOUSE
Architect :- Charles Corea

LOAD TRANSFER SYSTEM & ORIENTATION
One way slab
Non load bearing wall
Ground Floor
Plan

SPAN
….
11’-
10”
15’-8”
7’6”
20’
-
10
”
Ground Floor
Plan
Wall Thickness
15”
First Floor Plan
WALL POSITION ON SLAB & STAIR POSITION
Ground Floor Plan

MATERIAL
OPENING
EXPRESSION
• Brick and concrete

WHAT IS POST LINTEL STRUCTURE ?
Two upright members, the posts, hold up a third member, the beam, laid horizontally
across their top surfaces. In Britain it is called post-and-lintel system, but in the U.S. “lintel”
is usually reserved for a short beam that spans a window or door opening.
The post and beam formed the basis of architecture from prehistoric to Roman times,
and is illustrated by such ancient structures as Stonehenge. All structural openings
evolved from this system, which is seen in pure form only in colonnades and in framed
structures, the posts of doors, windows, ceilings, and roofs usually being hidden in walls.
The beam must bear loads that rest on it as well as its own load without deforming or
breaking. Post-and-beam construction has largely been supplanted by the modern steel
frame.

POST
• To support the lintel weight and the load above it
without crushing or bulking.
• Failure occurs for excessive weakness or length
• The material must be specially strong in compression.
• The posts or columns are made of stone, steel,
concrete or reinforced concrete.
• Masonry posts, including those of bricks, may be
highly efficient
COMPRESSION FORCES
Post
LINTEL
1. It is a horizontal beam used in the construction of
buildings.
2. It is a major architectural contribution of ancient
Greece.
3. The job of the lintel is to bear the loads that rest on it,
(as its own load) without deforming or breaking.
4. Failure occurs when the material is too weak or the
lintel is too long.
5. May be made of wood, stone, steel or reinforced or
pre tensioned concrete.
Lintel

1.Simply supported beam
3.One end continuous supported beam
2.Both end and continuous supported beam
4.Cantilever beam
According to support there are four types of beam:
TYPES OF BEAM
ORIENTATION OF MEMBERS
Rectangular plan Radial grid For ColumnFor Beam

LOAD BEARING SYSTEM OF POST LINTEL
Load Dead load and Live load
Lintel
Columns
Footings
Ground
Multiple rectangular grid
Single rectangular gridMultiple square grid
Single square grid

ONE WAY SLAB
> Administration building,
KU.
> SOS Herman Miner
school, Khulna
If Length = L Width = W, & L/W >
2
Then the slab works as a one way
slab
TWO WAY SLAB
Most rectangular reinforced concrete slab are supported on all four side by beam,
girders or walls.

Clear span
The distance between the interfaces of the supports of a
span
Effective span
The center-to-center distance between the supports of a
span
SPAN(L)
CANTILEVER
•An overhang where one floor extends beyond and over a
foundation wall.
• Economic cantilever can be taken up to 30% of the
immediate span
• Even 100% cantilever can be possible in special case
•Various types of punch can be made in cantilever to
minimize load
Clear Span
Effective Span
• Span is limited,17’-22’ is economical.
• Beam is proportional to span of slab. Such as span40’ than
the width 40’’.
• The depth of beam must be increase respectively with the
increase of span

Punched on the slab can be
obtained without any disturbance.
L/
2
L/
4
L/
4
PUNCH
ONE WAY SLAB
Not possible
possible
TWO WAY SLAB

STAIR
• Stair must start with respect to a beam
• In the post lintel structure used three types of stair section.
 Beam inverted on landing level.
 Beam hanging from same as slab level.
 Beam hanging from landing level.

PARTITION WALL
•No structural function
•Constructed to create work areas such as offices or conference rooms
•Could be removed without affecting the structural integrity of the building.
Best if
placed
over the
beam
Best if
placed on
the
column
strip
WALL
•Wall must be placed over a beam.
•As wall does not carry any load, opening can be
created anywhere of the wall.
•100% opening in wall surface is possible.

EXPRESSION
• Post and lintel are shown as a frame work.
• Beam can be shown under or over the roof as inverted beam.
• Column and beam can be identified.
• Columns are placed along the edge line of the building.
• Building height increase for the beam to get clear space.
• Unexpected lines can be formed in elevation.

ADVANTAGESADVANTAGES
 Simplest of all structural systems.
 This is a strong support when the
structure is level and gravity pulls down
evenly on the structure.
 It is also a great way for constructing an
opening.
 It’s renovation system is easy and safe.
 It is a strong structure for earthquake.
 It has a big advantage that It gives sign
before collapse.
 Homes constructed with a post and
lintel construction method can usually
be assembled quicker that other types
of construction.
 Less expensive then other.
 Maximum column to column opening
can be provided easily
 Roof can be provided flat, pitch or any
other shape
 Punch in slab can be provided easily
 Aesthetic framework can be done
DISADVANTAGESDISADVANTAGES
 The biggest disadvantages to this type of
construction is the limited weight that can
be held up, and the small distances
required between the posts.
 This structure can not use in High rise
project because that’s time it will be
expensive and High rise weight will be
much more which is not good.
 Failure occurs when the material is to weak
or the span is to long to support the load.
This makes the beam bend or break. This
aspect combined with others can cause
many structural accidents, destroying the
structure like a house of cards.

STRENGTHSTRENGTH
•50% cantilever system is applicable.
•Strong structure for earthquake
•It gives sign before collapse.
WEAKNESSWEAKNESS
•Unexpected beam hampers interior.
•Acoustic problem may occur.
•Stairs must be started with the reference of
beam
:
• Maximum column to column
opening
• Any type of roof can be provided
• Aesthetic framework can be done
THREATTHREAT
•If beam is not strong enough, where large
span, huge concentrated load may occur
bending stress and deflection.
•Short span beams with large concentrated
load near the posts will occur shear stress .

1. CHITTAGONG UNIVERSITY
LIBRARY
2. VACATION HOUSE AT
GAZIPUR

CHITTAGONG UNIVERSITY LIBRARYCHITTAGONG UNIVERSITY LIBRARY

Load ▻ Slab ▻ Beam ▻ Column ▻ Ground

38’
SPAN & CANTILEVER
Clear Span: 18’ on ground floor & 38’ on first floor
Clear Height: 14’
Slab Thickness: 8”
Cantilever-8’
18’
8’
PUNCH

2. VACATION HOUSE AT GAZIPUR
Name: MW3 Design +Partners. Ar Mahtab Hussain Siddique (Lead), Ar. B M Anisur
Rahman, Ar. Mehedi Amin
Year: 2016
Location: Hatiabo, Gazipur

VACATION HOUSE AT GAZIPUR
■ Ground Floor plan :
■ Main entrance
■ Foyer
■ Water body
■ Kitchen
■ Living space
■ Bed room with attached
bathroom
■ Parking and Indoor game

■ First Floor plan :
■ Open terrace
■ Bed room with attached toilet and
veranda
■ Common space
■ Stair
FUNCTIONAL PERFORMANCE
• Program resolution and why the service areas (toilets and kitchen) are minimized to allow a
greater free flow of space for multipurpose activities.
•Greater access to open spaces are accentuated by the connection to the wide roof of the
old renovated building mass from the first storey of the additional building joint.
• The ratio of the balcony to the master bed is kept similarly proportionate.

PUNCH IN SLAB
STAIR POSITION
•Stair start respect to beam .
•Beam inverted on landing level

OPENINGS
•Successful use of framework

1. COLLEZIONE
2. KM KINDERGARDEN AND
NURSERY

1. COLLEZIONE,
LOCATION :- JAPAN
ARCHITECT:- TADAO ANDO

LOAD TRANSFORMATION METHOD
Basement 2Basement 1 Ground floor
1st floor 3rd floor
2nd floor

Basement
POST ALIGNMENT AND PARTITION WALL PLACEMENT

> 2nd floor > 3rd floor
PUNCH IN SLAB
STAIR POSITION

2. KM KINDERGARDEN AND NURSERY
Architects: Hibinosekkei + Youji no Shiro
Location: Osaka, Osaka Prefecture, Japan

KM KINDERGARDEN AND NURSERY
Architects
Hibinosekkei + Youji no Shiro
Location
Osaka, Osaka Prefecture, Japan
Area
1244.0 m2
Site Area
4230 m2
Building Area
799 m2

DEFINITION
■Post slab also known as the beamless R.C.C
slab supported on columns without the agency
of beams.
■Permit even greater flexibility in column
placements than with column and beam
systems, because columns are not restricted to
beam lines.
■Economically attractive due to the
simplification of construction techniques and
the reduction in total floor depths that they
make possible.

The load of the slab itself and other live load
transfer to the post by the slab. both the dead
load and live load which the post gets from the
slab transfer to the ground by the post.
Load ▻ Slab ▻ Column ▻ Ground
slab
post
G.L.
footing
ELEMENTS
Post - slab structure contain two elements.
• Vertical elements are the post.
• Horizontal element is the roof.
The load transferring mechanism is pointed & the roof transfers the
load to the ground through the columns. Here the whole slab acts
like a beam.

CLASSIFICATIONS OF POST SLAB
flat slab with dropflat plate post slab flat slab with
capital
flat slab with
capital & drop
• Flat Plate
• Flat Slab
• with capital
• with drop
• With capital & drop
COLUMN DETAIL FOR DIFFERENT SHAPE OF SLABS
• Column detail for rectangular shape
• Column detail for circular shape
• Column detail for Hexagon shape
• Column detail for irregular shape

TRUE REFLECTION OF POST SLAB
Swiss –French architect Le Corbusier in 1926 published five theoretical points on which he believed
modern architecture should be based. Those five points are also called the true reflection of post slab.
The points are
•Built on pilotis
•Free plan
•Free facade design
•Roof terrace
•Horizontal window

SPAN(L)
Effective Span
•horizontal distance between center points of two vertical
support.
Clear Span
•horizontal distance between internal faces of two vertical
support.
•Economical :- 17’-22’
For post-slab, larger span= larger slab thickness
3
L
l/2l/3
effective span
clear span
CANTILEVER
•Floor slab in all across must be cantilevered and it
will be 1/3 of the span of the post.
•Maximum cantilever L/2 (L=Span)
•Minimum cantilever L/3 (L=Span)
•Generally, cantilever can be 50% of the span.
COLUMN THICKNESS
Column thickness =L/15 (L=Span)
**Not less than 10”×10”

03
POSITION OF WALL
•Wall can be built freely as desired in different floors.
• it is recommended to built walls on the column strips.
•It is better to avoid the middle strips from first floor.
•As the walls are no longer load bearing. So a free
plan organization can be developed.
35
POSITION OF STAIR
•Stair can be created from middle strip. Simply
supported stair.
•Stair can be created by using cantilever as
landing.
OPENING
•Any kinds of opening of any size can be
provided
•ribbon window can be used to ensure
proper light penetration & ventilation.

03
PUNCH IN SLAB:
•In the area common to the slab middle strips.
•In the area common to two column strips, not more than
one-eighth the width of the strip in either span should be
interrupted by openings.
•In the area common to one column strip and one middle
strip, not more than one –fourth of the re-enforcement in
either strip should be interrupted by the opening.

EXPRESSIONEXPRESSION
•Vertical column and horizontal slab
•Express composition of strong vertical lines and
horizontal plane
•extensive use and expression of lines, planes and solid-
void is possible.
•Column and slab only constructed with site cast concrete
•Slab can be easily bend.
•Gives a floating appearance
•Working flexibility
•Providing ribbon window, can be purely compositional, no
need to follow structural references, in between overlapping
planes diagonal planes & openings
•Nature can be in corporate to the built form.
• Free flowing space can be achieved.

• Longer span
•Reduced floor to floor height.
•Deflection & cracks control
•Ribbon window or large opening is a
greater opportunity
•Cantilever 33%_50% possible
• This structure is very helpful for interior
design
• Constructional simplicity
• Low cost frame work.
• Exposed flat ceilings
• Fast construction.
• Partition can be placed any where in
the slab.
• Improved durability.
DISADVANTAGESDISADVANTAGES
• Complexity of work.
• Poor workmanship can lead to accidents.
• It is strictly maintain by grid system.
• Organic muss handling not easy.
• Mostly used by false ceiling.
• Comparatively costly.
• This slab is beamless so, it is risky for
earthquake.
• Without beam it can not bear tensile load
• Wastage of interior space
• Drop panels may interfere large
mechanical ducting
• Vertical penetrations need to avoid area
around columns
• Increase materials cost and Handling is
tough

LIMITATIONS
•Large dead load is undesirable when difficult
foundation
•Conditions are encountered.
•Small depth to span ratios can cause the
appearance off excessive deflection of slabs.
•The relatively short span capability.
•Cost of the construction increases if capital and
drop panels are to be omitted.
•Thus the system is less economical for the low-
rise structure.
•Each slab should have cantilever.
•Not show adequate stability against lateral
forces such as wind, earthquake.

STRENGTHSTRENGTH
• Economical for low storied
structure
• Shallow Foundation
• Long lasting
WEAKNESSWEAKNESS

• Continuous ribbon window for panoramic
view is impossible.
• Wall thickness is greater than in the other
two systems.
• As for the poor opening ratio, it is not
suitable for our climatic condition.
• Small space over a big space isn’t possible
• Wall must be built over a wall.
• Plans follow no grid pattern; it can
be of any desired shape.
• Large, unbroken plans could be
formed.
• Extra benefit for hot dry climate
• Wall thickness sometimes extra
beneficial for shading.
• Post does not disturb the free
space.
THREATTHREAT
• Not usually suitable for high-rise
• Span of the area is not large
enough.
• Allowable amount of cantilever
is limited
• Low Flexibility of massing

2. FINE ARTS INSTITUE
(JAINUL GALLERY)
1. OFFICE BUILDING

1. OFFICE BUILDING
LOCATION:- 2no. Gate,
Chittagong

Load ▻ Slab ▻ Column/Wall/Lift Core ▻ Ground
SPAN & CANTILEVER
Clear Span: 22’
Clear Height: 12’
Cantilever-3’
22’
3’

POSITION OF STAIR
PUNCH IN SLAB
•There was no punch in slab.
OPENINGS
FRAMEWORK

2. FINE ARTS INSTITUTE
(JAINUL GALLERY)
Architect:- Mazharul Islam
Location :- Dhaka

ORIENTATION OF STRUCTURAL MEMBERS
•Grid-Iron pattern for column positioning.
LANDSCAPE PLAN

Load ▻ Slab ▻ Column ▻ Ground

4’
4’
14’6”
SPAN & CANTILEVER
Effective Span: 14’6”
Clear Height: 12’
Column Dia:-14”
Cantilever-4’ 14’6”

POSITION OF WALLS
in mid-rise to high-rise construction, the lateral forces are diverted
to the foundation through solid elevator shafts and/or stairwells.
•Column and slab systems can only be constructed
•Column and slab systems are composed
ground floor
plan
first floor plan
• Advantage of making different plan in different floor in post slab system is successfully
taken.

1. MILL OWNER’S
ASSOCIATION
BUILDING
2. BANG SARAY
HOUSE

1. MILL OWNER’S ASSOCIATION
BUILDING
Architect:- Le Corbuiser
Location :- Ahmedabad, India

FIRST FLOOR PLAN
•Square-Grid Pattern
SECOND FLOOR PLAN

Span 16’
30%50%
SPAN & CANTILEVER
Clear Span: 16’
Cantilever-Almost 50% at south side & 30% at north side &
no cantilever at east-west side
30%50%
16’

POSITION OF WALL
• Advantage of making different plan in different floor in post slab system is successfully taken.
POSITION OF STAIR
•Outside of the building supported by the wall.
•Inside the building supported by the beam from the column

PUNCH IN SLAB
•At the position of regular column supported by lift core.
•Irregular shape by giving proper setback from the column.
OPENINGS
•Almost 100% openings in north & south façade
•No openings at east & west facade

EXPRESSION
• Incorporate nature into the built form
• Composition of horizontal & vertical at
north & south facade

2. SANSKAR KENDRA
Architect:- Le Corbuiser
Location:- Paldi Ahmedabad, India

•Square-Grid Pattern
FIRST FLOOR PLAN
GROUND FLOOR PLAN

SPAN & CANTILEVER
Clear Span: 23’
Height: 11’
Cantilever-4’
`
4’
23’

POSITION OF WALL
• Advantage of making different plan in different floor in post slab system is successfully taken.
POSITION OF STAIR
•Supported by the wall on one side.
•Inside the building supported from the column.

WALL SLAB POST-LINTEL POST SLAB
Linear load transferring
mechanism
pointed load transferring
mechanism
pointed load transferring
mechanism
Structure Structure Structure
Composition of planes and
volumes
Composition of lines Composition of lines & planes
expression: predominance of
solids, starts from ground,
uninterrupted walls
expression:
the frame
expression: lofty/floating
character, free facade
spanning: Shorter spanning: Medium-large spanning: Medium-large
Cantilevering capacity: minimum Cantilevering capacity: moderate Cantilevering capacity: maximum
Wall
position
Wall
position
Wall
position
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

What is steel structure?
Steel structure is a metal structure
which is made of structural
steel components connect with
each other to carry loads and
provide full rigidity. Because of the
high strength grade of steel, this
structure is reliable and requires less
raw materials than other types of
structure like concrete structure
and timber structure.
Cheng Loong Project
History of Steel Structure
• The development of steel can be
traced back 4000 years to the
beginning of the Iron Age. Proving
to be harder and stronger than
bronze, which had previously been
the most widely used
metal, iron began to displace
bronze in weaponry and tools
• By the 17th century, iron's properties were well
understood, but increasing urbanization in
Europe demanded a more versatile structural
metal.
• Undoubtedly, though, the most breakthrough in
steel history came in 1856 when Henry Bessemer
developed an effective way to use oxygen to
reduce the carbon content in iron: The modern
steel industry was born.

Main structural types
•Frame structures: Beams and columns
•Grids structures: latticed structure or
dome
•Restressed structures
•Truss structures: Bar or truss members
•Arch structure
•Arch bridge
•Beam bridge
•Cable-stayed bridge
•Suspension bridge
•Truss bridge: truss members
Most Common Structure Shape for Steel
• American Standard Beam (S-Shaped)
• Angle (L-Shaped)
• I-Beam
• Bearing Pile (H-Shaped)
• Pipe
• Channel (C-Shaped)
• Hollow Steel Section (HSS)
• Custom Shapes
• Circular Hollow Sections
• Rectangular Hollow Sections
• Angled Sections
• Tee

Steel Connection
• Beam-to-Wall Connection
• Beam-to-Beam Connections
• Beam-to-Column Connections
• Column-to-Column Connections
• Column Base Plates
• Pocket Beam
• Gusset plate connections (truss type, frame type, bracings)
Where and when use steel structure?
• Long-span structure
• Multi-storey & high-rise building
• Building of heavy duty plants
• Tower & mast structure
• Portal frames
• Bridges
• Infrastructures
• Deployable structure
• Generalized structure: mechanical

Advantage Disadvantage
 High strength
 Good aesthetic view
 Good quality and durability
 Very high speed of construction
 Better solution to cover large
span and tall structure
 Excellent seismic resistance
 Elasticity,uniformity of material
 Steel is very flexible
■ High cost
■ Low fire resistance
■ Susceptibility to corrosion
■ Susceptibility to buckling
■ Fatigue and brittle fracture

SWOT ANALYSIS
Strengths
■Availability of raw material
■Availability of labour at low wage
■Quality manpower
■Developed transport & shipping system
Opportunities
■Unexplored rural market and other
sectors
■Export penetration and increase in
demand
■Mergers and acquisition
■Infrastructure development in all country
Weakness
■Systemic deficiencies
■High cost of capital
■Low labour productivity
■High cost of basic inputs and services
■High rate of taxes
■Quality issues and less expenditure on R&D
■High cost of manufacturing
■Inability to adopt technological advancement
Threats
■Siow industry growth
■Technological change
■Price sensitivity and demand volatility
■China factor dumping of low price steel

LOCAL CASE STUDY
ESCAPE DEN
Architect
Ar.Kazi Fida Islam
Location
Bashundhara R/A
Client
Mr.Tanjim Haque
Ms. Asma Sultana
Materials
Steel and glass

GROUND FLOOR
PLAN
FIRST FLOOR PLAN
ROOF PLAN
column
column
purlin
bea
m

HALL 24
Client
Bangladesh Army
Location
CRB Road,
Chittagong

AKIJ BUILDING MATERIAL
Name
Valumezero Ltd
Year
2018
Location
Dhaka International Trade
Fair, Dhaka
Client
Akij Group
Architect
Mohammad Foyez Ullah

AXONOMETRIC
colum
n
purlinbea
m

INTERNATIONAL CASE STUDY
US AIRFORCE CADET CHAPEL
ARCHITECT
Walter Netsch
Year
1962
Location
United State
Usages
Academy
Material
Steel
STYLE
Modern Architecture

PLAN,SECTION,ELEVATION Truss
structure
Angle brace

CROWN HALL
Year
1956
Location
Illinois,Chicago
Client
Illinois Institute of Technology
Architect
Rohe Ludwig Mies van der

PLAN,SECTION,ELEVATION
column
glass

NEUE NATIONAL GALLERY
Year
1968
Location
Berlin,Germany
Category
Gallery
Architect
Mies van der Rohe

SECTION,ELEVATION
column
glass

DEFINITION
• Shell structures are also called plate structures.
• They are lightweight constructions using shell elements.
• These elements, typically curved, are assembled to make
large structures.
• Typical applications include aircraft fuselages, boat hulls,
and the roofs of large buildings.
• A primary difference between a shell structure and a plate
structure is that, in the unstressed state, the shell structure
has curvature as opposed to the plates structure which is
flat.

The distinguishing feature of the folded plate is the ease in forming
plane surfaces. A folded plate may be formed for about the same cost
as a horizontal slab and has much less steel and concrete for the same
spans.
The principle components in a folded plate structure consist of :
•The inclined plates
•Edge plates which must be used to stiffen the wide plates
•Stiffeners to carry the loads to the supports and to hold the plates in
line
•Columns to support the structure in the air.
TYPES OF STRUCTURE
1. FOLDED PLATE SHELLS
Folded plate truss
Tapered folded
plates
Canopi
es
Z shell
Three segment folded
plate

• Barrel vaults are perhaps the most useful of the shell structures because they can span up to 150
feet with a minimum of material.
• They are very efficient structures because the use the arch form to reduce stresses and
thicknesses in the transverse direction.
2. CYLINDRICAL BARREL VAULTS
MULTIPLE BARRELS -
OUTSIDE STIFFENERSUNSTIFFENED EDGESCORRUGATED CURVES THE LAZY S

• A dome is a space structure covering a more or less
square or circular area.
• The best known example is the dome of revolution,
and it is one of the earliest of the shell structures.
• Excellent examples are still in existence that were built
in roman times.
• They are formed by a surface generated by a curve of
any form revolving about a vertical line.
• This surface has double curvature and the resulting
structure is much stiffer and stronger than a single
curved surface, such as a cylindrical shell.
3. DOME
SPHERE
SEGMENT
HALF
SPHERE
DOMES - SQUARE IN
PLAN

• Allowing wide areas to be spanned without
the use of internal supports, giving an open,
unobstructed interior.
• No bending moment in shell structures
• Shell structures are suited to carrying
distributed loads not concentrated loads.
• Loads applied to shell surfaces are carried
to the ground by the tensile, shear,
compressive forces
• Span thickness ratio of 400-500 ------------------
Ex: 8cm Thickness.....30-38m Span
• Very light form of construction. to span 30.0
m shell thickness required is 60mm
• Dead load can be reduced economizing
foundation and supporting system
• They further take advantage of the fact that
arch shapes can span longer
• Flat shapes by choosing certain arched
shapes
• Aesthetically it looks good over other forms
of construction
DISADVANTAGES
•Shuttering problem
•Greater accuracy in formwork is required
•Good labor and supervision necessary
•Rise of roof may be a disadvantage

CABLE STRUCTURE
• Cable stayed/support structure is one that employs cable to transfer its loads to the supports.
• Cables can withstand only tensile internal forces: no internal moments or shear.
TENSILE STRUCTURE
• A Membrane is a thin, flexible surface that carries loads primarily through the development of tension
forces.
• Holding a stress tension force.
• Provide strong lighting features.
• Desert architecture identity, inspired from ten design and geometry.
• Net structures are conceptually similar; expect that their surfaces are made from cable net meshes.

TUBE STRUCTURE
•The systems which resist lateral loads on a building is designed to act like a three-
dimensional hollow tube.
• Can be constructed using steel, concrete, or composite construction.
• It can be used for office, apartment and mixed- use buildings.
•Mostly buildings with 40+ stories
TYPES OF TUBE STRUCTURE
Framed tube system
Tube -in a tube
Bundled tube system Braced tube system

REFERENCES
-slideshare
-Wikipedia
-arch20.com

structure analysis by PUC

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (20)

Similar to structure analysis by PUC

Similar to structure analysis by PUC (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

structure analysis by PUC