BC3 Policy Briefing Videos Series:
Reports that synthesise the research work carried out by the team from the Basque Centre for Climate Change (BC3).
This content is intended to be of use for the agents involved in decision-making on climate change.
BC3 Policy Briefings [2016-01-Special Issue]: "The Paris Summit: The beginning of the end of the carbon economy"
Key points
- The Paris Agreement is the basis for increased, transparent and coordinated action of all countries.
- The key of the success was the extraordinary transparency and confidence throughout the process.
- While the Kyoto protocol covered 14% of emissions, 98% of emissions are covered by the new regime.
- Countries will increase ambition every 5 years for closing a gap of, currently, 15 gigatonnes.
- The goal of mobilizing $100 billion per year for climate aid will be revised onwards from 2025.
This presentation will discuss the climate change agreement ratified as part of the overall world action on climate change. The presentation will highlight concerns with implementation the plan to the economy including the impact on consumer pricing as well as government revenues. The government revenues are what drives social programs.
Presentation By Shri Mahesh Pandya, Director, Paryavaranmitra shown at The institution of Engineers, Gujarat State Center, Ahmedabad
Note: Views expressed by the author are his own. Placing this presentation here does not mean IEI GSC is in agreement with the same.
BC3 Policy Briefing Videos Series: Reports that synthesise the research work carried out by the team from the Basque Centre for Climate Change (BC3). This content is intended to be of use for the agents involved in decision-making on climate change.
This Policy briefing was authored by Ibon Galarraga and Mavi Román.
This presentation will discuss the climate change agreement ratified as part of the overall world action on climate change. The presentation will highlight concerns with implementation the plan to the economy including the impact on consumer pricing as well as government revenues. The government revenues are what drives social programs.
Presentation By Shri Mahesh Pandya, Director, Paryavaranmitra shown at The institution of Engineers, Gujarat State Center, Ahmedabad
Note: Views expressed by the author are his own. Placing this presentation here does not mean IEI GSC is in agreement with the same.
BC3 Policy Briefing Videos Series: Reports that synthesise the research work carried out by the team from the Basque Centre for Climate Change (BC3). This content is intended to be of use for the agents involved in decision-making on climate change.
This Policy briefing was authored by Ibon Galarraga and Mavi Román.
A presentation on the social-political background to the Paris climate talks, a 'mapping' of the climate regime, a summary of outcomes, and the full text highlighted and explained.
The Parliamentary Yearbook is currently gathering news items for major features on sustainable energy and climate change in the next edition and will be monitoring progress following the Rio+20 conference “towards a greener future”
Basque Centre for Climate Change – BC3ko taldeak egindako ikerketa-lanak laburbiltzen dituzten txostenak.
Edukiak baliokoa izan nahi du klima-aldaketari buruzko erabakiak hartzen parte hartzen duten eragileentzat.
BC3 Policy Briefings [2016-01-Edizio berezia] : "Parisko hitzarmena: karbonoaren ekonomiaren amaieraren hasiera"
- Parisko Hitzarmena herrialde guztien ekintza handiago, garden eta koordinatu baten oinarria da.
- Arrakastaren gakoak prozesu osoan gailendutako gardentasuna eta konfiantza izan ziren.
- Kyotoko Protokoloak emisioen % 14 konprometitu zituen, araubide berriak % 98.
- Herrialdeen anbizioa bost urtero areagotuko da 15 gigatonako egungo aldea murrizten joateko.
- Klimari laguntzeko urtean 100.000 milioi dolar mugiarazteko helburua 2025etik aurrera berrikusiko da.
Los BC3 Policy Briefings son una serie de informes creados con el fin de sintetizar los trabajos y actividades de investigación llevados a cabo por el equipo del Basque Centre for Climate Change (BC3). Estos documentos pretenden ser útiles para los agentes y organizaciones implicadas en la toma de decisiones sobre cambio climático.
BC3 Policy Briefings [2016-01-Edición Especial : "La cumbre de París: el comienzo del fin de la economía del carbono"
-El Acuerdo de París constituye la base de una actuación mayor, transparente y coordinada de todos los países.
-La clave del éxito fue la extraordinaria transparencia y confianza a lo largo de todo el proceso.
-Mientras el Protocolo de Kioto cubría el 14% de las emisiones, el nuevo régimen cubre el 98%.
-Los países aumentarán su ambición cada 5 años para salvar la brecha actual de 15 gigatoneladas.
-El objetivo de movilizar 100.000 millones de dólares al año para la ayuda climática será revisado al alza a partir de 2025
More Related Content
Similar to BC3 Policy Briefings [2016-01-Special Issue]: "The Paris Summit: The beginning of the end of the carbon economy"
A presentation on the social-political background to the Paris climate talks, a 'mapping' of the climate regime, a summary of outcomes, and the full text highlighted and explained.
The Parliamentary Yearbook is currently gathering news items for major features on sustainable energy and climate change in the next edition and will be monitoring progress following the Rio+20 conference “towards a greener future”
Basque Centre for Climate Change – BC3ko taldeak egindako ikerketa-lanak laburbiltzen dituzten txostenak.
Edukiak baliokoa izan nahi du klima-aldaketari buruzko erabakiak hartzen parte hartzen duten eragileentzat.
BC3 Policy Briefings [2016-01-Edizio berezia] : "Parisko hitzarmena: karbonoaren ekonomiaren amaieraren hasiera"
- Parisko Hitzarmena herrialde guztien ekintza handiago, garden eta koordinatu baten oinarria da.
- Arrakastaren gakoak prozesu osoan gailendutako gardentasuna eta konfiantza izan ziren.
- Kyotoko Protokoloak emisioen % 14 konprometitu zituen, araubide berriak % 98.
- Herrialdeen anbizioa bost urtero areagotuko da 15 gigatonako egungo aldea murrizten joateko.
- Klimari laguntzeko urtean 100.000 milioi dolar mugiarazteko helburua 2025etik aurrera berrikusiko da.
Los BC3 Policy Briefings son una serie de informes creados con el fin de sintetizar los trabajos y actividades de investigación llevados a cabo por el equipo del Basque Centre for Climate Change (BC3). Estos documentos pretenden ser útiles para los agentes y organizaciones implicadas en la toma de decisiones sobre cambio climático.
BC3 Policy Briefings [2016-01-Edición Especial : "La cumbre de París: el comienzo del fin de la economía del carbono"
-El Acuerdo de París constituye la base de una actuación mayor, transparente y coordinada de todos los países.
-La clave del éxito fue la extraordinaria transparencia y confianza a lo largo de todo el proceso.
-Mientras el Protocolo de Kioto cubría el 14% de las emisiones, el nuevo régimen cubre el 98%.
-Los países aumentarán su ambición cada 5 años para salvar la brecha actual de 15 gigatoneladas.
-El objetivo de movilizar 100.000 millones de dólares al año para la ayuda climática será revisado al alza a partir de 2025
Presentación creada por
Prof. Maria José Sanz, Directora Científica de BC3, Basque Centre for Climate Change
6 de abril de 2016, Jornadas de Investigación, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, UPV/EHU (Lejona, Bizkaia)
BC3, en el marco de su programa de Responsabilidad Social colabora de forma activa con la iniciativa Ingurugela , red de equipamientos públicos de apoyo al profesorado y a los centros escolares, que coordinan planes y programas de educación ambiental, en el sistema educativo no universitario.Fueron creados por las consejerías de Educación, Universidades e Investigación y de Ordenación del Territorio y Medio Ambiente del Gobierno Vasco.
En el contexto de Programas de educación ambiental para la sostenibilidad gestionados por Ingurugela, el investigador de BC3, Dr. Agustin del Prado, ofreció el miércoles 17 de Febrero, 2016 una charla en el Centro escolar IES Ategorri BHI (Erandio) dirigido a estudiantes de Bachillerato.
Esta charla, es una de las actividades co-organizadas conjuntamente con Agenda 21 escolar (Ingurugela).
Dr. Agustin del Prado bc3research.org/es/agustin_del_prado.html
IES Ategorri BHI, Erandio. (17-02-2016)
Klimagune Workshop es un foro para el debate sobre el Cambio Climático de naturaleza científica-política, abierto a todos los agentes de la Red Vasca de Ciencia y Tecnología así como a otros agentes interesados en la temática de cambio climático. El objetivo de esta iniciativa es compartir conocimientos, proyectos y desarrollos en términos de avances científicos, basados en la creación de sinergias y posibles marcos de cooperación entre los diferentes grupos de investigación, organizaciones e instituciones que se ocupan de esta materia en el País Vasco. Desde la organización de su primera edición hace 5 años, 400 personas han participado en este foro de carácter anual. Hasta la fecha, en el foro se han cubierto temáticas transversales que han incluido las estrategias de Adaptación en el País Vasco, la Economía Verde , las transiciones hacia la sostenibilidad o los retos y oportunidades que presenta el medio rural en el contexto del cambio climático.
Esta sexta edición de Klimagune Workshop, que se celebró el 23 de Noviembre de 2015, Lunes ,en el Bizkaia Aretoa de Bilbao, y llevó por título: “La comunicación de la ciencia del cambio climático: oportunidades y retos”.
Klimagune Workshop es un foro para el debate sobre el Cambio Climático de naturaleza científica-política, abierto a todos los agentes de la Red Vasca de Ciencia y Tecnología así como a otros agentes interesados en la temática de cambio climático. El objetivo de esta iniciativa es compartir conocimientos, proyectos y desarrollos en términos de avances científicos, basados en la creación de sinergias y posibles marcos de cooperación entre los diferentes grupos de investigación, organizaciones e instituciones que se ocupan de esta materia en el País Vasco. Desde la organización de su primera edición hace 5 años, 400 personas han participado en este foro de carácter anual. Hasta la fecha, en el foro se han cubierto temáticas transversales que han incluido las estrategias de Adaptación en el País Vasco, la Economía Verde , las transiciones hacia la sostenibilidad o los retos y oportunidades que presenta el medio rural en el contexto del cambio climático.
Esta sexta edición de Klimagune Workshop, que se celebrará el 23 de Noviembre, Lunes ,en el Bizkaia Aretoa de Bilbao, y llevará por título: “La comunicación de la ciencia del cambio climático: oportunidades y retos”.
BC3 Policy Briefings Serie: Basque Centre for Climate Change – BC3ko taldeak egindako ikerketa-lanak laburbiltzen dituzten txostenak. Edukiak baliokoa izan nahi du klima-aldaketari buruzko erabakiak hartzen parte hartzen duten eragileentzat.
Txosten honen egileak, Agustin del Prado, Patricia Gallejones eta Guillermo Pardo, izan dira.
Los BC3 Policy Briefings son una serie de informes creados con el fin de sintetizar los trabajos y actividades de investigación llevados a cabo por el equipo del Basque Centre for Climate Change (BC3). Estos documentos pretenden ser útiles para los agentes y organizaciones implicadas en la toma de decisiones en materia ambiental.
Este policy briefing ha sido creado por, Agustin del Prado, Patricia Gallejones y Guillermo Pardo.
BC3 Policy Briefing Videos Series: Reports that synthesise the research work carried out by the team from the Basque Centre for Climate Change (BC3). This content is intended to be of use for the agents involved in decision-making on climate change.
This Policy Briefing was authored by Agustin del Prado, Patricia Gallejones and Guillermo Pardo.
BC3 Policy Briefings Videos Serie: Basque Centre for Climate Change – BC3ko taldeak egindako ikerketa-lanak laburbiltzen dituzten txostenak. Edukiak baliokoa izan nahi du klima-aldaketari buruzko erabakiak hartzen parte hartzen duten eragileentzat.
Txosten honen egileak, Elena Pérez-Miñana, Agustin del Prado, Patricia Gallejones, Guillermo Pardo, Stefano Balbi eta Ferdinando Villa izan dira.
This presentation created and addressed by Gonzalo Saenz de Miera in the intensive three day course from the BC3, Basque Centre for Climate Change and UPV/EHU (University of the Basque Country) on Climate Change in the Uda Ikastaroak Framework.
The objective of the BC3 Summer School is to offer an updated and multidisciplinary view of the ongoing trends in climate change research. The BC3 Summer School is organized in collaboration with the University of the Basque Country and is a high quality and excellent summer course gathering leading experts in the field and students from top universities and research centres worldwide.
This presentation created and addressed by Arild Underdal (CICEP and University of Oslo) in the intensive three day course from the BC3, Basque Centre for Climate Change and UPV/EHU (University of the Basque Country) on Climate Change in the Uda Ikastaroak Framework.
The objective of the BC3 Summer School is to offer an updated and multidisciplinary view of the ongoing trends in climate change research. The BC3 Summer School is organized in collaboration with the University of the Basque Country and is a high quality and excellent summer course gathering leading experts in the field and students from top universities and research centres worldwide.
This presentation created and addressed by Pedro Linares (University of Comillas and Harvard Kennedy School) in the intensive three day course from the BC3, Basque Centre for Climate Change and UPV/EHU (University of the Basque Country) on Climate Change in the Uda Ikastaroak Framework.
The objective of the BC3 Summer School is to offer an updated and multidisciplinary view of the ongoing trends in climate change research. The BC3 Summer School is organized in collaboration with the University of the Basque Country and is a high quality and excellent summer course gathering leading experts in the field and students from top universities and research centres worldwide.
This presentation created and addressed by Iñigo Losada (IH Cantabria) in the intensive three day course from the BC3, Basque Centre for Climate Change and UPV/EHU (University of the Basque Country) on Climate Change in the Uda Ikastaroak Framework.
The objective of the BC3 Summer School is to offer an updated and multidisciplinary view of the ongoing trends in climate change research. The BC3 Summer School is organized in collaboration with the University of the Basque Country and is a high quality and excellent summer course gathering leading experts in the field and students from top universities and research centres worldwide.
More from BC3 - Basque Center for Climate Change (20)
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Altered Terrain: Colonial Encroachment and Environmental Changes in Cachar, A...PriyankaKilaniya
The beginning of colonial policy in the area was signaled by the British annexation of the Cachar district in southern Assam in 1832. The region became an alluring investment opportunity for Europeans after British rule over Cachar, especially after the accidental discovery of wild tea in 1855. Within this historical context, this study explores three major stages that characterize the evolution of nature. First, it examines the distribution and growth of tea plantations, examining their size and rate of expansion. The second aspect of the study examines the consequences of land concessions, which led to the initial loss of native forests. Finally, the study investigates the increased strain on forests caused by migrant workers' demands. It also highlights the crucial role that the Forest Department plays in protecting these natural habitats from the invasion of tea planters. This study aims to analyze the intricate relationship between colonialism and the altered landscape of Cachar, Assam, by means of a thorough investigation, shedding light on the environmental, economic, and societal aspects of this historical transformation.
Top 8 Strategies for Effective Sustainable Waste Management.pdfJhon Wick
Discover top strategies for effective sustainable waste management, including product removal and product destruction. Learn how to reduce, reuse, recycle, compost, implement waste segregation, and explore innovative technologies for a greener future.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024
BC3 Policy Briefings [2016-01-Special Issue]: "The Paris Summit: The beginning of the end of the carbon economy"
1. Policy Briefings
THE PARIS SUMMIT: THE BEGINNING OF THE END OF THE
CARBON ECONOMY
María Victoria Román1 and Ibon Galarraga1(BC3).
After two weeks of harsh negotiations, the Paris Agreement was finally
adopted on Saturday, 12th of December 2015. With it, a very important
milestone in global climate policy has been reached, since it
constitutes the basis for increased, transparent and coordinated ambition
of all countries in the coming years. The achievements of Paris have
surpassed the prospects of many analysts, who were already
familiarized with the slow and full of pitfalls path of climate negotiations.
Prior to the Summit, experts coincided in, at least, four areas in which a
successful agreement should make progress: the adoption of a universal
legally binding protocol or agreement; a system of periodical review of the
ambition of the Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs),
and to monitor progress towards targets; increased funding commitments;
and new governance systems. As further detailed below, the Paris
Agreement means progress in all these aspects, and also in other
important ones.
According to some observers, the key of the Paris success was the
extraordinary transparency and confidence that prevailed
throughout the process. It was only after listening to the perspectives of
all the countries that work began on a text that sought to reconcile the
divergent points of view. The outcome is a complex text but which
managed to find a balanced combination of the important aspects for all
the countries. For the first time in the history of climate negotiations, we
have an almost universal binding agreement (pending it being ratified next
year and “incorporated” into the national legislation of each State). Nearly
all countries (186 out of 195) representing 95% of the planet’s
emissions will undertake contributions to climate change mitigation.
This is a clear step forward from the position of the Kyoto Protocol, which only required commitment from the so-called developed
countries (representing scarcely 14% of global emissions), and exempted the other countries from any obligations. This
This Policy Briefing was written by María Victoria Román1 and Ibon Galarraga1 [BC3, Basque Centre for Climate Change]1
Cite as: “Román, M.V. and Galarraga, I., 2016, “The Paris Summit: the beginning of the end of the carbon economy”, BC3 Policy Briefing Series
01-16”, Basque Centre for Climate Change (BC3).Bilbao, Spain.
PB 2016/ 01/Special Issue/ www.bc3research.org
Key Points
The Paris Agreement is the basis for
increased, transparent and coordinated
action of all countries.
The key of the success was the extraordinary
transparency and confidence throughout the
process.
While the Kyoto protocol covered 14% of
emissions, 98% of emissions are covered by
the new regime.
Countries will increase ambition every 5
years for closing a gap of, currently, 15
gigatonnes.
The goal of mobilizing $100 billion per year
for climate aid will be revised onwards from
2025.
2. unprecedented broad participation is the result of the adoption of a new hybrid approach, with bottom-up flexibility aspects and top-
down guidance, supervision and coordination elements. National targets and actions set out in the INDCs enable auto-differentiation,
something that gets round the conflictive point of the differentiation in the treatment of countries with very different circumstances.
Differentiation is also reflected in other parts of the text, making clear that the developed countries must lead the way, and that
countries with special needs will receive international cooperation by means of technology transfer, finance and capacity building.
The Agreement [1] does not make the
implementation of the INDCs binding, but
rather only the obligation to prepare them
and report them periodically. This has been
the cost paid for having the two main
emitters, China and the USA, on board.
This condition was already known before
the Summit, and the most mentioned
weakness of the Agreement. However, the
Agreement steadfastly includes the goal of
ensuring that the global temperature of
the planet does not rise by more than 2
ºC on pre-industrial levels by the end of
the century. The current gap between the
level of emissions resulting from the INDCs
and the one compatible with this target is
15 gigatonnes. In order to close this gap, all
countries are required to achieve the peak
in emissions as soon as possible and the zero net emissions (balance between what is issued and absorbed by the carbon sinks)
from 2050 onwards. These two requirements, along with the inclusion in the text of the Agreement of the aspiration to an even more
ambitious goal of 1.5 ºC, will require negative emissions in the future, either by means of technological solutions and/or by means of
the sustainable management of the forests.
THE PARIS SUMMIT: THE BEGINNING OF THE END OF THE CARBON ECONOMY
Source: World Resources Institute (http://cait.wri.org/indc/)
Source: Carbon Action Tracker (http://climateactiontracker.org/global.html)
3. Even if the implementation of INDCs could not be included as an obligation, binding provisions to foster the process of increasing the
ambition of the INDCs were accepted: on the one hand, the collective assessment that will be performed every 5 years, starting in
2023; and, on the other hand, the upward review of the INDCs, which will also take place every 5 years. An initial report on the
collective progress will be released in 2018 in order for countries to be able to increase their current ambition already by 2020. This
way, the Agreement sets out a review and monitoring system of the degree of compliance of the INDCs which is the same for
all countries. This mechanism will enable very important progress regarding future commitments. The possibility of countries to
cooperate together to reach their mitigation targets is introduced as a flexibility aspect. This leaves the way open to emissions
markets and other instruments, provided double emission counting is avoided and the environmental integrity is safeguarded. For
the time being, the Agreement already establishes a new mechanism that will replace the Clean Development Mechanism in
generating tradable emission reductions.
Just these three aspects alone are already a very significant step forward given the stalemate situation of the negotiations in
recent years. But there are still a number of other remarkable aspects of this Agreement. For instance, a common transparency
framework requires that all countries periodically report their emissions, progress towards their mitigation targets, their adaptation
needs and efforts, and the international support provided or received. By noting the aspiration to improve the transparency level
progressively, developing countries are given flexibility regarding the scope, frequency and details of their communications. The
analysis of the communications will allow monitoring the progress, and informing the countries towards the definition of successive
national mitigation targets.
With respect to governance, the agreement envisages the special requirement of climate policies to be integrated at all levels,
both in the case of emissions markets and other national, regional and local climate policies. This is an explicit recognition of the
work carried out by other stakeholders such as regional and local governments, companies and other agents. Another achievement
of the Agreement is that it closes the circle of fighting against the causes and consequences of climate change by means of
including goals and means of implementation for adaptation (to the already inevitable effects of climate change), and for losses and
damage (that adaptation will not be able to avoid). In this last regard, the Agreement opts for supporting the most vulnerable
countries by means of international (technical and financial) cooperation mechanisms, and it waives the compensation
approach, one of the stumbling blocks that were hindering the negotiations.
THE PARIS SUMMIT: THE BEGINNING OF THE END OF THE CARBON ECONOMY
Side Event organized by BC3 at COP21-CMP11 (Paris 2015) "Regions and Climate Change: A major challenge for local communities", 10th of
December 2015 (UNFCCC)
4. The Agreement reaffirms the collective target of mobilising at least $100 billion a year from 2020 onwards in order to help
developing countries, and makes clear that some countries are no longer considered as "developing" in the burden-sharing of this
collective goal, encouraging them lend a shoulder and make voluntary financial contributions. But it does not include binding financial
commitments for individual countries, something that was another necessary withdrawal in exchange of the support of the USA. The
financial goal will be reviewed upwards by 2025 and, in order to increase its predictability, the Agreement envisages that the
developed countries will report how much they plan to contribute every two years. The rest of Parties should periodically report the
actions undertaken and outcomes obtained. Two additional support channels for developing countries – technology transfer and
capacity building – are also included in the Agreement, which also remarks the importance of the balance between mitigation and
adaptation in all support channels, and of ensuring that all intervention are aligned with the priorities of the supported countries.
A last shortfall of the Agreement is the failure to include a specific reference to “decarbonisation” or “emissions
neutrality”, two very relevant concepts given that all emissions paths achieving the 2ºC target require negative emissions by the
end of the century. The Agreement will be opened for signature on April, 22th of 2016 and will come into force when 55 countries
that represent at least 55% of global emissions have ratified it. Yet, in addition to the Agreement, the Paris Summit produced other
results that should be mentioned, such as the new financial commitments of different stakeholders ($19 billion from the developed
countries and several million more from developing countries and cities), new alliances between countries and private investors to
drive investments into R&D and deployment of clean energies, and new commitments by different cities to cut emissions in the short
term. Besides, different cities, regions, companies, investors and civil society organisation have made around 11,000 mitigation
commitments through the NAZCA Portal.
To conclude, despite the various shortfalls that have been mentioned, the agreement adopted in Paris is a very important
milestone in global climate policy, because it has made the goal of 2ºC more feasible than it was never before. And it has
made it by facilitating an effective coordinated action at global level. This Agreement exceeds the previous ones in many aspects: it
is supportive and universal; sufficiently flexible to adapt to the evolution of societies; fair, as it deals with different cases in different
ways; credible, as it is based on feasible commitments in the short term; and also ambitious and stimulating, as it clearly defines a
vision of the future shared by everyone.
REFERENCES:
[1] COP21, “Adoption of the Paris Agreement. Proposal by the President. Draft decision -/CP.21.” UNFCCC, 2015.
ACKNNOWLEDGEMENTS:
This Policy Briefing is part of the project CICEP - Strategic Challenges in International Climate and Energy Policy.
THE PARIS SUMMIT: THE BEGINNING OF THE END OF THE CARBON ECONOMY
This BC3 Policy Briefing Series was edited by Mikel González-Eguino and Elena
Ojea.
The opinions expressed in this policy briefing are responsibility of the authors and do
not necessarily reflect the position of Basque Centre for Climate Change (BC3)
BC3 Policy Briefings are available on the internet at
http://www.bc3research.org/policybriefings
Enquiries regarding the BC3 Policy Briefings:
Email: mikel.gonzalez@bc3research.org or elena.ojea@bc3research.org