The document summarizes the male and female reproductive systems. It describes the key parts of the male reproductive system including the testes, duct system, accessory sex glands, penis and scrotum. It also describes the functions of these parts such as sperm and hormone production. For the female system it outlines the external genitalia and internal organs including the vagina, uterus, uterine tubes and ovaries. It concludes by discussing tissue types found in the reproductive systems and causes of sexually transmitted diseases.
Anatomy and physiology of male reproductive systemPallavi Lokhande
The organs of the male reproductive system include the testes, a system of ducts (including the epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory ducts, and urethra), accessory sex glands (seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands), and several supporting Structures, including the scrotum and the penis.
and knowledge of this system can help in knowing abnormality in it as well as can be used as study material
Anatomy and physiology of male reproductive systemPallavi Lokhande
The organs of the male reproductive system include the testes, a system of ducts (including the epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory ducts, and urethra), accessory sex glands (seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands), and several supporting Structures, including the scrotum and the penis.
and knowledge of this system can help in knowing abnormality in it as well as can be used as study material
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This PPT covers Anatomy and Physiology of Male Reproductive System. It includes anatomy of male reproductive organs, spermatogenesis and hormonal regulation of testis
Join live classes, download study aids, sell your documents, join or host your own classes online, get tutoring, tutor students, take practices tests and more at Examville.com
This PPT covers Anatomy and Physiology of Male Reproductive System. It includes anatomy of male reproductive organs, spermatogenesis and hormonal regulation of testis
Human reproduction is any form of sexual reproduction resulting in human fertilization. It typically involves sexual intercourse between a man and a woman. During sexual intercourse, the interaction between the male and female reproductive systems results in fertilization of the woman's ovum by the man's sperm.
Most species have two sexes: male and female. Each sex has its own unique reproductive system. They are different in shape and structure, but both are specifically designed to produce, nourish, and transport either the egg or sperm.
Unlike the female, whose sex organs are located entirely within the pelvis, the male has reproductive organs, or genitals, that are both inside and outside the pelvis. The male genitals include:
the testicles
the duct system, which is made up of the epididymis and the vas deferens
the accessory glands, which include the seminal vesicles and prostate gland
the penis
The reproductive system is a collection of internal and external organs —in both males and females —that work together for the purpose of procreating.
Due to its vital role in the survival of the species, many scientists feel that the reproductive system is among the most important systems in the entire body.
The human body’s major systems, the reproductive system is the one that differs most between sexes, and the only system that does not function until puberty.
pruritus/itching of pregnancy , its epidemiology , types and pathogenesis along with management .
References are from fitzpatrick synopsis of dermatology & other sources ( references kept along with slide)
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
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Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
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Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
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3. Male Reproductive System
• Include :
Testes, a system of ducts (including the
epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory
ducts, and urethra)
Accessory sex glands (seminal vesicles,
prostate, and bulbourethral glands), and
several supporting structures
Including the scrotum and the penis
4.
5. • Testes (male gonads) produce sperm and
secrete hormones.
• Duct system transports and stores sperm,
assists in their maturation, and conveys them
to the exterior.
• Semen contains sperm plus the secretions
provided by the accessory sex glands.
6. Function of Male reproductory system
• Testes : Sperm , Testosterone
• Ducts : Transport, store, assist in maturation
of sperm
• Accessory sex glands: Secretes liquid portion
of semen
• Penis : Ejaculation of semen, excretion of
urine
7. Scrotum
• Supporting structure for the testes
• consists of loose skin and underlying
subcutaneous layer that hangs from the root
(attached portion) of the penis.
• Externally, the scrotum looks like a single pouch
of skin separated into lateral portions by a
median ridge called the raphe
• Internally, the scrotal septum divides the
scrotum into two sacs, each containing a single
testis .
8. • Septum is made up of a subcutaneous
layer and muscle tissue called the dartos
muscle.
• Associated with each testis in the scrotum is
the cremaster muscle.
- contraction of its muscle fibers regulate the
temperature of the testes.
• Normal sperm production requires a
temperature about 2–3C below core body
temperature.
9. Testes
• Reproductive glands of the male
• Paired, small oval, pink colour
• Situated outside the abdominal cavity inside the
scrotum
• About 4.5cm long, 2.5cm wide, and 3cm thick,
weight about 10-15gm
10. STRUCTURE OF TESTES
COVERING OF TESTES:
• surrounded by three layers:
- Tunica Vaginalis: Outermost covering of testes
formed by serous membrane
- Tunica albuginea: Middle covering of testes
formed by fibrous tissue
- Tunica Vasculosa: It is the inner most layer of
connective tissue, and rich in blood vessels.
11. Glandular part of testes
• Each testis consists of 200 – 300 lobules.
• Each lobule contains 1-4 highly coiled loops
called seminiferous tubule.
• In between seminiferous tubule lies the
Interstitial cells [cells of Leydig]. These secrete
testosterone
14. EPIDIDYMIS
• Important part of the male reproductive
system.
• Firm structure lying posterior to the testis with
vas deferens lying on its medial side.
• It is in the form of a narrow, coiled tube
connecting the efferent ducts from the near of
each testis to its vas deferens.
16. VAS DEFERENS
• Vas deferens is thick walled tube that conveys
mature sperm from the epididymis to the
ejaculatory duct.
• It is about 45cm long, 3mm diameter and
1mm thick, arising from the lower end of the
epididymis.
FUNCTION OF VAS DEFERENS
- To transport spermatozoa from Epididymis to
ejaculatory duct.
17. SPERMTAIC CORD
• Spermatic cord suspends the testes in the
scrotum.
• Each spermatic cord is composed of
fibroconnective tissue and smooth muscle
contained to:
• Testicular artery Testicular vein
Lymph vessels Nerves
Vas deferens (Ductus deferens)
Processus Vaginalis
18. FUNCTIONS OF SPERMATIC CORD
To suspend testes in the scrotum.
To give passage for different structures
EJACULATORY DUCT
• Ejaculatory ducts are two short tubes about 2cm
in length.
• Pass through the prostate gland and join the
prostatic urethra. It is carrying seminal fluid and
spermatozoa to the urethra
19. SEMINAL VESICLES
• Seminal vesicles are two small fibro muscular
pouches. They are situated in lower abdomen
on either side of Prostate.
FUNCTIONS OF SEMINAL VESICLES
• The seminal vesicles secrete mucin.
• These secretions provide nutrition of sperm,
clotting of sperm.
20. PROSTATE
• Accessory gland of male reproductive system.
• Lies in the pelvic cavity in front of rectum and
behind the symphysis pubis.
FUNCTIONS OF PROSTATE GLAND
• Secrete a thin, milky, slightly alkaline fluid,
contains sodium, calcium, zinc, citrate,
cholesterol, phospholipids and clotting enzyme
called prostatic fluid. These fluids help in
maintenance of optimum pH for fertilization.
• Prostatic fluids help in clotting of semen.
21. BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS
• Also called as Cowper’s glands.
• Small, two pea sized glands situated below the
prostate gland.
FUNCTIONS
• Production of pre-ejaculate fluid help to
lubricate the urethra for spermatozoa to pass
and neutralize traces of acidic urine in the
urethra.
22. SEMEN
• Fluid and contains sperm and secretions of
seminal vesicles, prostate gland and Cowper’s
glands.
• Each ejaculation, it discharges about 2-3.5 ml of
semen with 200-300 million of sperms.
COMPOSITIONS OF SEMEN
- Sperms 10%
- Products from seminal vesicle 60%
- Products from prostate gland 30%
28. VAGINA
• Fibro muscular tube.
• lies in the front of the rectum & anus and
behind the urinary bladder. About 3 inches
long.
FUNCTIONS OF VAGINA
• Birth passage.
• Passage way of sperm
• Sexual intercourse.
29. UTERUS
• Is the pear shaped, hollow muscular,
flattened, organ.
• Situated in the pelvic cavity between the
urinary bladder and the rectum.
• length of uterus is about 7.5cm long, 5cm
wide, 2.5cm thick weight about 30-40 gm.
35. • Parts of Male urethra:
(1) The prostatic urethra passes through the
prostate.
(2) The membranous (intermediate) urethra,
the shortest portion, passes through the deep
muscles of the perineum.
(3) The spongy urethra, the longest portion,
passes through the penis.
38. N. Gonorrhoea
Pathogenesis:
1. Pili
- Attachment to mucosal surface
- Inhibit phagocytic uptake
2. Outer membrane protein
- Adherence
- IgA protease : Aids in colonization & cellular
uptake
3. Invades mucosal surface causes inflammaton
39. C. Trachomatis
- Obligate intracellular bacterium
- Found in cells as metabolicaly active ,
replicating reticulate bodies
- Infective form : Inactive , extracellular
elementary body
Pathogenesis:
- Infection of nonciliated columnar or cuboidal
epithelial cells mucosal surface
granulomatous response and damage