Title: Basic Urban Gardening: Cultivating Green Spaces in the City
Introduction:
Discover the art of Basic Urban Gardening with this comprehensive guide. Learn how to create thriving green spaces in urban environments, regardless of your available space. From balconies to rooftops, this PDF will equip you with practical tips and valuable knowledge to start your own urban garden.
Chapter 1: Understanding Urban Gardening
- Explore the benefits and challenges of urban gardening.
- Debunk common misconceptions about gardening in the city.
Chapter 2: Selecting the Right Space
- Assess available space and maximize utilization.
- Consider sunlight exposure and water accessibility.
Chapter 3: Choosing Plants for Urban Gardens
- Select plants suited for urban environments.
- Discover popular options for edible and ornamental gardens.
Chapter 4: Essential Gardening Techniques
- Prepare soil, water efficiently, and control pests.
- Enhance soil fertility through composting.
Chapter 5: Creating a Sustainable Urban Garden
- Implement eco-friendly practices like rainwater harvesting.
- Explore alternative methods like hydroponics.
Chapter 6: Engaging the Urban Gardening Community
- Connect with local gardening communities and online platforms.
- Collaborate with neighbors and organizations for shared green spaces.
Conclusion:
Unlock the potential of your urban space and contribute to a greener future through Basic Urban Gardening. Start cultivating your own green oasis today!
This document provides an introduction to an urban agriculture course. It discusses definitions of urban agriculture, noting that over half the world's population lives in cities. Reasons for urban agriculture include issues of food security, environmental sustainability, and community development. Examples of urban agriculture are discussed for different regions, including Los Angeles. The history of urban agriculture is reviewed, from victory gardens to current initiatives. Methods and considerations for urban agriculture are also introduced.
This document presents a research proposal that will analyze the cost benefit of producing lettuce with organic versus inorganic fertilizers in Techiman Municipality, Ghana. The study will evaluate the costs of production per acre and yields under different fertilizer treatments. Specifically, the research will compare the effects of poultry manure, NPK fertilizer, and combinations on lettuce growth and yields. Data on plant characteristics and economic costs will be collected and analyzed to determine which fertilizer method provides the highest benefit.
This document provides information about urban agriculture initiatives in Naga City, Philippines. It details the city's land use, with over 40% reserved for agriculture. It then describes existing urban agriculture projects, including a vermicomposting facility that produces organic fertilizer, urban gardens in 27 barangays, and a permaculture farm. The document also shares information on plant and seed identification, and guidelines for container vegetable gardening including soil, water, and fertilizer needs. References for further information on urban container gardening are also included.
The document discusses various methods of fertilizer application including broadcasting, placement methods like plough sole placement and deep placement, localized placement techniques like drilling and side dressing, and foliar, fertigation, and aerial application. It emphasizes the importance of applying fertilizers based on soil testing and type to ensure their efficient use by plants and minimize losses.
Here are the steps to solve these calculation problems:
Q1. Urea contains 46% N. DAP contains 18% N and 46% P2O5. MOP contains 60% K2O.
- DAP required for 100 kg P = (100 x 100)/46 = 217 kg
- DAP supplies 18 kg N. Remaining N from Urea = 150 - 18 = 132 kg
- 132 kg N from Urea = (132 x 100)/46 = 287 kg
- MOP required for 110 kg K = (110 x 100)/60 = 183 kg
Q2. Urea contains 46% N. NPK mixture contains 12% N, 32% P2O5,
This document discusses different types of fertilizer application methods. It describes various nitrogenous, phosphatic, and potassic fertilizers and their nutrient contents. It then summarizes different fertilizer application techniques including broadcasting, which applies fertilizers uniformly over the entire field; placement methods like drilling and side dressing, which apply fertilizers in bands close to seeds or plants; and foliar and fertigation application methods, which supply nutrients through leaves or irrigation water. The key methods support efficient nutrient utilization and minimize losses from leaching or fixation in soil.
Genetically modified foods are created through recombinant DNA technology, transferring genetic material between species to produce desired traits like pest or virus resistance. Nutritionally improved GM crops also aim to address nutrient deficiencies. Nutraceuticals are foods with health benefits derived from components like terpenes, phytosterols, phenols, and theols found in plants. Organic foods are produced without artificial fertilizers or pesticides, instead using natural methods. Functional foods provide health benefits beyond basic nutrition from antioxidants and other compounds that may protect against diseases. Probiotics are live microorganisms that benefit health by balancing intestinal microbiota while prebiotics feed probiotic bacteria.
This document provides an introduction to an urban agriculture course. It discusses definitions of urban agriculture, noting that over half the world's population lives in cities. Reasons for urban agriculture include issues of food security, environmental sustainability, and community development. Examples of urban agriculture are discussed for different regions, including Los Angeles. The history of urban agriculture is reviewed, from victory gardens to current initiatives. Methods and considerations for urban agriculture are also introduced.
This document presents a research proposal that will analyze the cost benefit of producing lettuce with organic versus inorganic fertilizers in Techiman Municipality, Ghana. The study will evaluate the costs of production per acre and yields under different fertilizer treatments. Specifically, the research will compare the effects of poultry manure, NPK fertilizer, and combinations on lettuce growth and yields. Data on plant characteristics and economic costs will be collected and analyzed to determine which fertilizer method provides the highest benefit.
This document provides information about urban agriculture initiatives in Naga City, Philippines. It details the city's land use, with over 40% reserved for agriculture. It then describes existing urban agriculture projects, including a vermicomposting facility that produces organic fertilizer, urban gardens in 27 barangays, and a permaculture farm. The document also shares information on plant and seed identification, and guidelines for container vegetable gardening including soil, water, and fertilizer needs. References for further information on urban container gardening are also included.
The document discusses various methods of fertilizer application including broadcasting, placement methods like plough sole placement and deep placement, localized placement techniques like drilling and side dressing, and foliar, fertigation, and aerial application. It emphasizes the importance of applying fertilizers based on soil testing and type to ensure their efficient use by plants and minimize losses.
Here are the steps to solve these calculation problems:
Q1. Urea contains 46% N. DAP contains 18% N and 46% P2O5. MOP contains 60% K2O.
- DAP required for 100 kg P = (100 x 100)/46 = 217 kg
- DAP supplies 18 kg N. Remaining N from Urea = 150 - 18 = 132 kg
- 132 kg N from Urea = (132 x 100)/46 = 287 kg
- MOP required for 110 kg K = (110 x 100)/60 = 183 kg
Q2. Urea contains 46% N. NPK mixture contains 12% N, 32% P2O5,
This document discusses different types of fertilizer application methods. It describes various nitrogenous, phosphatic, and potassic fertilizers and their nutrient contents. It then summarizes different fertilizer application techniques including broadcasting, which applies fertilizers uniformly over the entire field; placement methods like drilling and side dressing, which apply fertilizers in bands close to seeds or plants; and foliar and fertigation application methods, which supply nutrients through leaves or irrigation water. The key methods support efficient nutrient utilization and minimize losses from leaching or fixation in soil.
Genetically modified foods are created through recombinant DNA technology, transferring genetic material between species to produce desired traits like pest or virus resistance. Nutritionally improved GM crops also aim to address nutrient deficiencies. Nutraceuticals are foods with health benefits derived from components like terpenes, phytosterols, phenols, and theols found in plants. Organic foods are produced without artificial fertilizers or pesticides, instead using natural methods. Functional foods provide health benefits beyond basic nutrition from antioxidants and other compounds that may protect against diseases. Probiotics are live microorganisms that benefit health by balancing intestinal microbiota while prebiotics feed probiotic bacteria.
Lecture Outline in Introduction to AgricultureKarl Obispo
This document outlines an introduction to agriculture course which will cover several key topics:
1. It will provide an overview of agriculture with an emphasis on Philippine agriculture and examine whether there will be enough food, land, water and farmers to feed the growing global population.
2. The course objectives are to broaden students' perspectives on agriculture and its role in development, and develop students' awareness of rural poverty and commitment to agricultural development.
3. Key topics to be discussed include the historical development of world and Philippine agriculture, agriculture as an economic and industrial factor, the relationship between agriculture and environment/society, analyses of global and Philippine food production and population growth.
To prepare land for planting vegetables, proper soil preparation is essential. Land preparation has evolved over time from manual to mechanized processes. The key steps to prepare soil for a vegetable garden are: 1) remove existing vegetation from the garden area, 2) analyze the soil quality, 3) till the soil to break it up and remove debris, 4) mix compost or fertilizer into the tilled soil to enrich it, and 5) allow the cultivated soil to sit before planting to improve soil structure and fertility. Proper land preparation helps ensure good crop establishment and yield.
This document outlines the key concepts and course details for an agronomy course on crop production. It discusses the course objectives of acquiring crop production skills and applying agronomic practices to improve yields. It also covers the basic practices of crop production, including soil preparation, sowing seeds, adding manure and fertilizers, irrigation, weed control, harvesting, and storage. The document provides examples and details for each step of crop production.
For undergraduate agricultural students of the course ‘Ag. Econ. 6.4 Farm Management, Production, and Resource Economics (2+1)’ of Junagadh Agricultural University, Gujarat and other State Agricultural Universities in India.
Organic agriculture is a practice that does not use chemical fertilizers, pesticides, growth regulators or GMOs. It promotes biodiversity and the health of soil, plants, animals and people. Nutrient management in organic farming relies on practices like crop rotation, cover cropping, adding compost or manure, green manures, crop residues, and approved amendments to optimize soil health and nutrient supply. Maintaining soil organic matter and biological activity through these practices is the foundation of organic agriculture.
This document discusses agricultural interventions in a command area and water requirements of various crops. It recommends effective crop planning, capacity building of farmers, and promotion of suitable cropping systems and quality seeds. It provides water requirement details of common crops in terms of total water needed, daily water needs, and growing periods. It discusses critical stages for irrigation for different crops. It also discusses various cropping patterns and systems including intercropping, mixed cropping, and relay cropping.
An organic fertilizer is a fertilizer that is derived from organic sources, including organic compost, cattle manures, poultry droppings and domestic sewage.
The document discusses Azolla, a small floating fern that is a sustainable feed substitute for livestock. Azolla is rich in proteins, amino acids, vitamins and minerals and has high protein content of 25-35%. Feeding trials replacing parts of commercial feed with Azolla showed increased milk production, quality of milk, and growth and egg production in poultry. The document outlines a low-cost method for mass producing Azolla using silpauline sheets and provides nutritional comparisons of Azolla to other feed crops. It concludes that Azolla can be an ideal feed substitute and its cultivation needs to be more widely adopted in India.
1) The history of soil fertility and plant nutrition developed over thousands of years through early cultivation, experimentation, and the work of scientists and agronomists.
2) Early civilizations in Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, Rome, and China began improving soil fertility through practices like manuring, crop rotations, and green manures.
3) During the 17th-19th centuries, scientists like Van Helmont, Boyle, Tull, Liebig, and Lawes conducted experiments that improved understanding of plant nutrition and led to the development of commercial fertilizers.
4) Liebig established the concept of plant nutrients and minimum requirements, influencing modern fertilizer practice. Broadbalk field trials
The document discusses various forms of urban agriculture including rooftop gardens, vertical farming, aquaponics, hydroponics, community gardens, and peri-urban farming. Rooftop gardens provide environmental and economic benefits but have high initial costs. Vertical farming uses multi-story buildings to maximize crop yields within urban footprints. Aquaponics combines hydroponics with aquaculture in a symbiotic system. Urban agriculture helps address issues of food security, environmental sustainability, and social well-being in cities.
RECENT ADVANCES IN RELATION TO USE OF VERMIWASH, COWURINE AND HUMIC ACID I...Collegeof horticulture
This document provides information about vermiwash, cow urine, and humic acid and their uses in vegetable crops. It begins with introductions to each topic, including descriptions of their composition and production methods. Key points covered include that vermiwash contains beneficial microbes and nutrients that promote plant growth, cow urine is a source of macro and micronutrients that can be used as a biofertilizer and biopesticide, and humic acid is a natural biostimulant derived from decaying organic matter that improves soil properties. The document emphasizes the importance of these organic inputs for sustainable agriculture by improving soil health and fertility while reducing costs and reliance on chemical fertilizers and pesticides.
The document discusses different types of cropping systems including sole cropping, multiple cropping, intercropping, relay cropping and alley cropping. It explains the basic principles and benefits of cropping systems in maintaining soil fertility and utilizing resources efficiently. Additionally, the document outlines factors that influence the choice of crops in a cropping system such as available farm resources, enterprises, and farm technology.
Agriculture, branches of agriculture, shifting cultivation, farming system, development of scientific agriculture, milestones in agriculture, green revolution, white revolution, blue revolution, yellow revolution, importance of agronomy, agronomy, principles of agronomy, agronomist, role of agronomist
Growth and yield performance of bush sitao to the different levels of chicken...Ariash Mae Bermudo
This document summarizes a study on the effects of different levels of chicken dung on the growth and yield of bush sitao plants. It includes the following key points:
1. Bush sitao is a popular vegetable crop in the Philippines that is nutritious but a less efficient source of protein than animal sources. Chicken dung is a potentially good organic fertilizer for bush sitao due to its nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium content.
2. The study aims to determine the effects of different levels of chicken dung (0 kg/plot as a control, 1 kg/plot, 1.5 kg/plot, and 2 kg/plot) on bush sitao plant height, number of pods
Organic Fertilizer 3 | Fermented Plant Juice (FPJ)Kirk Go
The Fermented Plant Juice Production Guide is published by the Department of Agriculture (Agricultural Training Institute).
Steps in producing Fermented Plant Juice as well as application rates and usage are discussed.
This document discusses agro-tourism and outlines a proposal to establish an agro-tourism business in India. It defines agro-tourism as offering tours of agricultural operations and includes staying on farms. The proposal estimates costs of around Rs. 21 lakh to set up 10 rooms plus facilities. It projects annual earnings of Rs. 30 lakh by charging Rs. 1500 per day for 2000 room-days. Marketing strategies include partnerships and advertising. The business is estimated to break even within 2.5 years and generate an annual profit of over Rs. 8 lakh.
This document provides information about cultural requirements for crops. It includes scrambled letters that can be rearranged to spell words related to crop cultivation. It then defines a crop and cultural requirements, listing examples like selecting varieties, planting times and densities, and irrigation. It discusses the ecological requirements of soil, rainfall, and temperature. It focuses on fertilizer application, describing organic and inorganic fertilizers and how the amount and type used depends on crop needs and soil nutrients. It outlines methods of fertilizer application and major nutrient elements needed by plants.
This document discusses the benefits of kitchen gardening as a sustainable approach to address food insecurity and malnutrition in India. It notes that while India is a large food producer, many households still face food and nutrient deficiencies. Kitchen gardens can help meet families' nutritional needs by growing a variety of vegetables throughout the year. They describe different layout options for kitchen gardens, including food forests with trees and creepers, hugelkultur beds that use decaying wood for nutrients, and container gardens for small spaces. The benefits are increasing physical activity, reusing waste, improving soil health, providing extra income, and greater self-sufficiency and food security.
This document discusses urban gardening. It begins by defining urban gardening and outlining its purpose of providing fresh produce, increasing green spaces, and promoting sustainability in cities. It then discusses the benefits of urban gardening such as improved access to fresh food, better mental health, reduced carbon footprint, and community building. Challenges like limited space, soil contamination, and lack of water are also outlined. The document provides solutions to these challenges through practices like container gardening, soil testing, and rainwater harvesting. It concludes by discussing examples of urban gardening like rooftop gardens, community gardens, and school gardens.
Lecture Outline in Introduction to AgricultureKarl Obispo
This document outlines an introduction to agriculture course which will cover several key topics:
1. It will provide an overview of agriculture with an emphasis on Philippine agriculture and examine whether there will be enough food, land, water and farmers to feed the growing global population.
2. The course objectives are to broaden students' perspectives on agriculture and its role in development, and develop students' awareness of rural poverty and commitment to agricultural development.
3. Key topics to be discussed include the historical development of world and Philippine agriculture, agriculture as an economic and industrial factor, the relationship between agriculture and environment/society, analyses of global and Philippine food production and population growth.
To prepare land for planting vegetables, proper soil preparation is essential. Land preparation has evolved over time from manual to mechanized processes. The key steps to prepare soil for a vegetable garden are: 1) remove existing vegetation from the garden area, 2) analyze the soil quality, 3) till the soil to break it up and remove debris, 4) mix compost or fertilizer into the tilled soil to enrich it, and 5) allow the cultivated soil to sit before planting to improve soil structure and fertility. Proper land preparation helps ensure good crop establishment and yield.
This document outlines the key concepts and course details for an agronomy course on crop production. It discusses the course objectives of acquiring crop production skills and applying agronomic practices to improve yields. It also covers the basic practices of crop production, including soil preparation, sowing seeds, adding manure and fertilizers, irrigation, weed control, harvesting, and storage. The document provides examples and details for each step of crop production.
For undergraduate agricultural students of the course ‘Ag. Econ. 6.4 Farm Management, Production, and Resource Economics (2+1)’ of Junagadh Agricultural University, Gujarat and other State Agricultural Universities in India.
Organic agriculture is a practice that does not use chemical fertilizers, pesticides, growth regulators or GMOs. It promotes biodiversity and the health of soil, plants, animals and people. Nutrient management in organic farming relies on practices like crop rotation, cover cropping, adding compost or manure, green manures, crop residues, and approved amendments to optimize soil health and nutrient supply. Maintaining soil organic matter and biological activity through these practices is the foundation of organic agriculture.
This document discusses agricultural interventions in a command area and water requirements of various crops. It recommends effective crop planning, capacity building of farmers, and promotion of suitable cropping systems and quality seeds. It provides water requirement details of common crops in terms of total water needed, daily water needs, and growing periods. It discusses critical stages for irrigation for different crops. It also discusses various cropping patterns and systems including intercropping, mixed cropping, and relay cropping.
An organic fertilizer is a fertilizer that is derived from organic sources, including organic compost, cattle manures, poultry droppings and domestic sewage.
The document discusses Azolla, a small floating fern that is a sustainable feed substitute for livestock. Azolla is rich in proteins, amino acids, vitamins and minerals and has high protein content of 25-35%. Feeding trials replacing parts of commercial feed with Azolla showed increased milk production, quality of milk, and growth and egg production in poultry. The document outlines a low-cost method for mass producing Azolla using silpauline sheets and provides nutritional comparisons of Azolla to other feed crops. It concludes that Azolla can be an ideal feed substitute and its cultivation needs to be more widely adopted in India.
1) The history of soil fertility and plant nutrition developed over thousands of years through early cultivation, experimentation, and the work of scientists and agronomists.
2) Early civilizations in Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, Rome, and China began improving soil fertility through practices like manuring, crop rotations, and green manures.
3) During the 17th-19th centuries, scientists like Van Helmont, Boyle, Tull, Liebig, and Lawes conducted experiments that improved understanding of plant nutrition and led to the development of commercial fertilizers.
4) Liebig established the concept of plant nutrients and minimum requirements, influencing modern fertilizer practice. Broadbalk field trials
The document discusses various forms of urban agriculture including rooftop gardens, vertical farming, aquaponics, hydroponics, community gardens, and peri-urban farming. Rooftop gardens provide environmental and economic benefits but have high initial costs. Vertical farming uses multi-story buildings to maximize crop yields within urban footprints. Aquaponics combines hydroponics with aquaculture in a symbiotic system. Urban agriculture helps address issues of food security, environmental sustainability, and social well-being in cities.
RECENT ADVANCES IN RELATION TO USE OF VERMIWASH, COWURINE AND HUMIC ACID I...Collegeof horticulture
This document provides information about vermiwash, cow urine, and humic acid and their uses in vegetable crops. It begins with introductions to each topic, including descriptions of their composition and production methods. Key points covered include that vermiwash contains beneficial microbes and nutrients that promote plant growth, cow urine is a source of macro and micronutrients that can be used as a biofertilizer and biopesticide, and humic acid is a natural biostimulant derived from decaying organic matter that improves soil properties. The document emphasizes the importance of these organic inputs for sustainable agriculture by improving soil health and fertility while reducing costs and reliance on chemical fertilizers and pesticides.
The document discusses different types of cropping systems including sole cropping, multiple cropping, intercropping, relay cropping and alley cropping. It explains the basic principles and benefits of cropping systems in maintaining soil fertility and utilizing resources efficiently. Additionally, the document outlines factors that influence the choice of crops in a cropping system such as available farm resources, enterprises, and farm technology.
Agriculture, branches of agriculture, shifting cultivation, farming system, development of scientific agriculture, milestones in agriculture, green revolution, white revolution, blue revolution, yellow revolution, importance of agronomy, agronomy, principles of agronomy, agronomist, role of agronomist
Growth and yield performance of bush sitao to the different levels of chicken...Ariash Mae Bermudo
This document summarizes a study on the effects of different levels of chicken dung on the growth and yield of bush sitao plants. It includes the following key points:
1. Bush sitao is a popular vegetable crop in the Philippines that is nutritious but a less efficient source of protein than animal sources. Chicken dung is a potentially good organic fertilizer for bush sitao due to its nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium content.
2. The study aims to determine the effects of different levels of chicken dung (0 kg/plot as a control, 1 kg/plot, 1.5 kg/plot, and 2 kg/plot) on bush sitao plant height, number of pods
Organic Fertilizer 3 | Fermented Plant Juice (FPJ)Kirk Go
The Fermented Plant Juice Production Guide is published by the Department of Agriculture (Agricultural Training Institute).
Steps in producing Fermented Plant Juice as well as application rates and usage are discussed.
This document discusses agro-tourism and outlines a proposal to establish an agro-tourism business in India. It defines agro-tourism as offering tours of agricultural operations and includes staying on farms. The proposal estimates costs of around Rs. 21 lakh to set up 10 rooms plus facilities. It projects annual earnings of Rs. 30 lakh by charging Rs. 1500 per day for 2000 room-days. Marketing strategies include partnerships and advertising. The business is estimated to break even within 2.5 years and generate an annual profit of over Rs. 8 lakh.
This document provides information about cultural requirements for crops. It includes scrambled letters that can be rearranged to spell words related to crop cultivation. It then defines a crop and cultural requirements, listing examples like selecting varieties, planting times and densities, and irrigation. It discusses the ecological requirements of soil, rainfall, and temperature. It focuses on fertilizer application, describing organic and inorganic fertilizers and how the amount and type used depends on crop needs and soil nutrients. It outlines methods of fertilizer application and major nutrient elements needed by plants.
This document discusses the benefits of kitchen gardening as a sustainable approach to address food insecurity and malnutrition in India. It notes that while India is a large food producer, many households still face food and nutrient deficiencies. Kitchen gardens can help meet families' nutritional needs by growing a variety of vegetables throughout the year. They describe different layout options for kitchen gardens, including food forests with trees and creepers, hugelkultur beds that use decaying wood for nutrients, and container gardens for small spaces. The benefits are increasing physical activity, reusing waste, improving soil health, providing extra income, and greater self-sufficiency and food security.
This document discusses urban gardening. It begins by defining urban gardening and outlining its purpose of providing fresh produce, increasing green spaces, and promoting sustainability in cities. It then discusses the benefits of urban gardening such as improved access to fresh food, better mental health, reduced carbon footprint, and community building. Challenges like limited space, soil contamination, and lack of water are also outlined. The document provides solutions to these challenges through practices like container gardening, soil testing, and rainwater harvesting. It concludes by discussing examples of urban gardening like rooftop gardens, community gardens, and school gardens.
Sustainable agriculture involves farming practices that meet current and future needs while ensuring environmental health, profitability, and social equity. It offers solutions to problems caused by industrial agriculture like depletion of resources and unequal food access. Key sustainable farming methods include using renewable energy, integrated pest management, crop rotation, agroforestry, and managed grazing. New technologies like artificial intelligence, biotechnology, drones, and blockchain can also help enable more sustainable agriculture.
65 .kitchen garden( importance of vegetables) A Series of Lectures By Mr. All...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
A Series of Lectures By Mr. Allah Dad Khan Former DG Agriculture Extension KPK , Provincial Project Director CMP II MINFAl Islamabad and Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar Pakistan
63.Kitchen gardening ( a brief) A Series of Lectures By Mr. Allah Dad Khan F...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
A Series of Lectures By Mr. Allah Dad Khan Former DG Agriculture Extension KPK , Provincial Project Director CMP II MINFAl Islamabad and Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar Pakistan
Learning biointensive agriculture in small farmsMicroAid
This document summarizes bio-intensive agricultural training provided to 5 small farmer families in Kenya. The training focused on techniques like double digging, organic fertilizing, intensive planting, companion planting, carbon farming, and calorie farming. These techniques were intended to maximize production from minimal land and improve soil quality over time. The expected results included providing nutritious food and income while promoting biodiversity, small-scale efficiency, and sustainability.
77. Kitchen gardening( poverty alleviation) A Series of Lectures By Mr. Allah...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
A Series of Lectures By Mr. Allah Dad Khan Former DG Agriculture Extension KPK , Provincial Project Director CMP II MINFAl Islamabad and Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar Pakistan
This document discusses the propagation and uses of the Java plum tree. It begins by describing the tree's native region in southeast Asia and introduction to Florida in 1911. It then explains that the tree's fruits are eaten by birds and mammals and provides the tree's scientific and common names. The following sections outline the tree's nutritional value and uses of its fruit for desserts, drinks, and medicine. The document also covers the tree's propagation through seed and vegetative methods like budding.
Kitchen garden objectives, importance and economy of kitchen gardening By M...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Kitchen garden objectives, importance and economy of kitchen gardening By Mr Allah Dad Khan Agriculture Consultant KPK Pakistan In Training of Kitchen Gardening
URBAN FARMING
Urban agriculture, urban farming, or urban gardening is the practice of cultivating, processing, and distributing food in or around urban areas. Urban agriculture also involves animal husbandry, aquaculture, agroforestry, urban beekeeping, and horticulture.
Urban farming includes a wide range of projects and activities relating to food production. Urban farming has the potential to feed communities and generate economic opportunities. Urban agriculture is popular for a variety of reasons including sustainability, affordability, health, and convenience.
TYPES OF URBAN AGRICULTURE
1. Backyard Gardens
This is cultivating food in the homeland. Its produce is mostly shared between friends, family, and neighbours as it typically leads to a harvest surplus. The food can be preserved and conserved as well. Backyard gardens benefit communities as neighbours can share each other’s backyard and use different farming methods leading to better yields.
2. Street landscaping
It is the landscaping of streets for various purposes, such as community gardens, that the local residents prefer to use for. Street landscaping makes the streets look beautiful but also purify the air and creates a clean atmosphere. As they are located primarily along the street, their added advantage is their ability to reduce urban runoff from storm water.
3. Forest gardening
This relates to the tradition of growing gardens within an urban forest. Forest planting is accomplished by the production of various crops, vegetables, and fruits in urban environments. Forests typically provide an atmosphere conducive to crop production, and for this purpose, they help preserve forests and can render deforestation a nonfactor in urban settings. Forest planting may also be part of afforestation activities, which enables trees to be planted as a step towards mitigating global warming in urban areas.
4. Greenhouses
This includes agricultural practice in greenhouses in residential, industrial, and public urban spaces. They need a considerable land area to be set up depending on the crops being planted. Greenhouses provide farmers with the opportunity to grow a crop throughout the year as they provide a regulated environment in which the crops can be exposed to the different conditions needed for production.
5. Rooftop gardens
Since urban areas have limited space, it doesn’t mean that they can’t practice agriculture. This is where space on the rooftop comes in because they can easily be used to grow vegetables, fruits, and herbs. The downside of rooftop gardens is that it can help to minimize urban heat island and enhance the air quality. Apart from these, gardens on the rooftop can be used to beautify leisure establishments.
6. Green walls
The green wall includes vegetation or food crops growing on a wall’s external or internal area. It does not take up much room as the system used helps to supply sufficient water to the food and it uses soil present on the walls. This is a good way to r
Urban gardening involves cultivating food in and around cities through methods like container gardening, vertical gardening, community gardens, and rooftop gardens. It provides many benefits such as being a local food source, bringing communities together, adding green spaces, and creating recreational areas. While Filipinos eat less vegetables due to perceptions of cost and spoilage, urban gardening can address this through waste reduction and growing safe, healthy food. Successful urban gardens require considering factors like sunlight, water access, drainage, and wind conditions when choosing plants and containers.
Vegetable Gardens - Kitchen Garden or Nutrition Garden; Gardening Guidebook for India ~ Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, India~ For more information, Please see websites below:
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Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
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Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
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Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
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Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
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Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
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City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
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Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
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Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
Vertical farming is a method of growing crops indoors in stacked layers or vertically, using technologies like hydroponics, aquaponics and aeroponics. It aims to maximize crop yields in limited space. Vertical farms can produce higher yields than traditional agriculture using less water and no pesticides. They are not dependent on weather and allow year-round production. While initial investment is higher, vertical farming could become more affordable by 2050 due to rising populations increasing demand for food. It has potential in India due to land constraints and could help feed cities more sustainably.
This document provides an overview of techniques for a successful A to Z gardening scheme. It discusses establishing the necessary tools for gardening, understanding your planting zone and soil, and techniques like composting, planning garden layouts, efficient watering, fertilizing strategies, integrating wildlife habitats, hydroponics, pest management, record keeping, pruning, soil quality, rainwater harvesting, seasonal gardening, tool maintenance, identifying microclimates, vertical gardening, and weed control. The document presents these techniques in alphabetical order to serve as a comprehensive manual for gardeners of all experience levels to cultivate beautiful, productive, and sustainable gardens.
The document describes integrated farming systems (IFS). IFS aims to deliver more sustainable agriculture through integrating livestock and crop production. It refers to agricultural systems that combine enterprises like crops, horticulture, livestock, aquaculture, apiculture, sericulture, and mushroom cultivation. IFS aims to increase productivity and profitability while promoting sustainability, balanced nutrition, and recycling of resources to generate income throughout the year. Examples of IFS models combine enterprises like agriculture with livestock, poultry, fisheries, horticulture, and forestry. The advantages of IFS include improved soil fertility, increased income, efficient resource use, and environmental benefits.
The new techniques which are being innovated by the scientists in the field of agriculture if used wisely can improve the otherwise poor economic status of farmers. The land for cultivation is slowly depleting as the land is being acquired by Government for infra-structure build up, or is being sold by the owners due to poor financial state. The area of land which is available for farming has to be used judiciously and recent tools and techniques needs to be employed, then only high yield could be obtained and the economic condition of agriculturists could improve. The polyhouse technology of crop cultivation is proving beneficial for the farmers. The success stories of polyhouse cultivation are many and still the number is counting.
16. project report of mushroom cultivationNitishDubey31
This document provides a summary of a proposed mushroom cultivation project. Key details include:
- The project will cultivate oyster mushrooms with a medium-scale unit size on a 5-year timeline.
- Total project cost is estimated at 1.4 million rupees, with most being financed through bank loans.
- Oyster mushrooms will be grown using agricultural waste as substrate in shaded beds and harvested for sale as fresh mushrooms.
- The project estimates annual sales of over 1 million rupees from harvesting 220 quintals of mushrooms each year.
Community Seeds: Building Community Through Gardening - University of MichiganAliki85w
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This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
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to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
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Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
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Film vocab for eal 3 students: Australia the movie
Basic Urban Gardening
1. Agricultural Training Institute
Cordillera Administrative Region
A GUIDE TO
URBAN / HOME
GARDENING
CONTENTS
Urban Agriculture
Designing an Edible Landscape
Container Gardening
Composting
Free Range Chicken
Upland Kangkong Production
Zucchine Production
LettuceProduction
PechayProduction
Bean Production
Concoctions
Botanical Extracts
#ishareknowledge #aticordillera #atiinspire
(074) 422-2375; (074) 661-3133 KM5, BSU Compd.pound, La Trinidad, Benguet
ati.da.gov.ph/ati-car
2. #ishareknowledge #aticordillera #atiinspire 2
URBAN AGRICULTURE
Urban agriculture refers to “growing,
processing and distribution of food crops and
animal products, by and for the
local community, within an urban environment.
Urban agriculture exist in many forms
including: community and backyard gardens;
rooftop and balcony gardening; growing in
vacant lots, right-of-ways, and parks; container
gardening; aquaculture; hydroponics; fruit
trees and orchards; market farms; raising
livestock and beekeeping.
Urban agriculture also involves post-harvest activities such as creating
value-added products in community kitchens, marketing crops and products and
addressing food waste.
It is simply the techniques and approaches of growing various plant types
(vegetables, herbs, spices, rootcrops, fruits) in the city, densely or highly
populated towns, apartments, homes, and other areas with little or limited land
space.
Urban Agriculture Production Strategies
1. Edible Landscaping
It is simply the art (aesthetic way) and science of crop production. It may find
similarities in vegetable gardening, backyard gardening or orchard growing, but
with an added design component and usually situated in strategic location. Plots
can be of any form required by the design specification. It follows elements and
principles of design while enhancing the value of traditional and new methods of
crop production suitable for small spaces and urban areas. It utilizes vegetables,
herbs, and fruit crops as major softscape materials.
2. Container Gardening
This is a micro model farming where a family unit or household is producing
fruits and vegetables in special containers for personal consumption to help
improve the income, health and well-being of its family members (Deveza and
Holmer, 2002)
3. Vertical Gardening
A special kind of urban gardening suitable for small spaces, particularly for
decorating the walls and roofs in various styles. It is an alternative method for
gardening by expanding the scope of growing plants in a vertical space.
3. #ishareknowledge #aticordillera #atiinspire 3
URBAN AGRICULTURE
Reproduced by:
Department of Agriculture
AGRICULTURAL TRAINING INSTITUTE
Cordillera Administrative Region
BSU Compd., La Trinidad, Benguet
(074) 422-2375; (074) 661-3133
4. Squarefoot Gardening
A simple method of creating small, orderly, and highly productive kitchen gardens.
5. Hydroponics
A method of growing food using mineral nutrient solutions in water without soil
(soilless based)
6. Aquaponics
A bio-system that incorporates recirculated aquaculture (fish farming) with
hydroponic vegetable and herbs production to create symbiotic relationships
between the plants and the fish. The symbiosis is achieve using the nutrient-
rich waste from fish tanks to “fertigate” hydroponic production beds. In turn, the
hydroponic beds also function as bio-filters that remove gases, acids, and chemicals,
such as ammonia, nitrates, and phosphates, from the water.
7. Aeroponics
An integration of aquaculture (fish farming) with hydroponics. Creates symbiotic
relationships between the plants and the fish; it uses the nutrient-rich waste from
fish tanks to “fertigate” hydroponics production beds; and hydroponic bed cleans
water for fish habitat.
Source: ATI-CAR Urban Agriculture Module by Dr. Cristine Esnara
4. #ishareknowledge #aticordillera #atiinspire 4
EDIBLE LANDSCAPING
E
dible landscaping (EL) is an important
component of urban gardening. It is an
innovative concept of combining various
principles of landscape design with existing
technologies for small-scale crop production.
It utilizes vegetables, herbs, and fruit crops as
major softscape materials.
EL is not just about crop production but has a
complex activity of planning, design,
implementation, and maintenance, as similarly
done in conventional landscaping. It has an
for Urban and Home Gardening
added design component and usually situated in strategic location. Plots can
be of any form required by the design specification. Fruit trees can also be
intercropped with other edible crops and can be planted at various spacing in
accordance with the design.
Components of Edible Landscaping for Small Scale Production
1. Softscape – Technically, the plants used in edible landscaping are called “soft
scape”. These include fruit trees, vegetables, cereals, herbs, and medicinal
plants, all of which serve as screens, accents, hedges, and ground covers in the
landscape.
2. Hardscapes - These are non-living components which can be immobile or
mobile and aid in achieving the function of the space. Examples of Hardscape
includes containers, trellis and other structures. This enhances the edible
landscape garden and enables the space to be aesthetically attractive even when
crops are absent.
3. Landscape - The major part of an edible landscape. The success of the whole
project depend much on this component. Landscaping should not only focus on
the aesthetic value of each elements but should also consider to maximize the
utilization of the area to meet the optimum crop requirement for improved yield
4. Crop Production - Good crop production system is needed to improve the
yield. Thus, select crop production techniques that would improve the yield
and suited to the characteristics of the chosen space. Crops selected must be
adaptable and have the ability to thrive at the site. If site is the limiting factor,
then both the landscape and crop production component must be carefully
designed to maximize the positive characteristics of the site and incorporate
various production techniques.
5. #ishareknowledge #aticordillera #atiinspire 5
EDIBLE LANDSCAPING
for Urban and Home Gardening
Elements to Consider
1. Form/shape. This refer to the shape of the area and the plants used as
soft-scape. Site may vary from round, rectangular or square in shape.
There are plants that looks upright, spreading, rounded, etc.
2. Size. Site and plant varies in different sizes.
3. Color. Try to consider different colors of soft-scape materials.
4. Line. This will depend on the shape and form of the site.
5. Texture/feel/organization
Three (3) Principles of Design
1. Balance. For better production, design must be balance where all parts may
have enough sunlight, air, water, etc.
2. Contrast. There has to be a degree of difference in the treatment of
different elements. Design in such a way that every part is highlighted.
3. Harmony. A pleasing relationship between all the different parts of a design
making each object or component a part of the unified whole
4. Scale and Proportion. The Design must give a sensation of bigness or
smallness within a space.
Maintenance of Crops
Organic farming should be followed in EL that promotes the use of natural
organic sources as inputs in food production
Composting of garden and kitchen wastes is encouraged and the compost is
added to the soil to enhance its fertility. Compost can be produced through
different methods such as vermicomposting.
Watering. The growing medium should never be allowed to dry out complete-
ly, and plants should never be allowed to wilt. Watering plants in containers
requires more attention than plants in the field because plants in containers
dry out faster due to limited amount of growing medium, especially when the
containers are located on solid paving surfaces in direct sunlight.
6. #ishareknowledge #aticordillera #atiinspire 6
EDIBLE LANDSCAPING
for Urban and Home Gardening
Reproduced by:
Department of Agriculture
AGRICULTURAL TRAINING INSTITUTE
Cordillera Administrative Region
BSU Compd., La Trinidad, Benguet
(074) 422-2375; (074) 661-3133
Practice Integrated Pest Management
• Manual weeding and removal of infected plants of infected plants
• Pruning of old and infected leaves
• Fruit bagging to protect fruit vegetables like the ampalaya
• Companion planting can also be a pest management practice.
• Relay cropping where crops are not planted in the same area in the next
cropping season.
• Intercropping and crop rotation is also encouraged to improve soil fertility at
the same time manage pests and diseases.
• Repellent plants such as onion, garlic, and marigold are commonly used in
companion planting to repel insect pests.
• Use of traps such as small pieces of yellow board smeared with grease can be
placed among the plants to attract and catch insects in the garden.
Advantages of Edible Landscaping
• Better quality and safe food. The nutrient content and flavor fresh vegetables
is high just after harvest.
• Higher return on investment. A traditional ornamental landscape only provides
aesthetic appeal, edible landscape will provide food and profit.
• Increased food security. Growing your own food reduces your reliance on
imported food sources.
• Lower food costs. Certain crops are more economical to grow at home than to
buy. Save grocery bills.
• More accessible produce. Convenience of food right outside your door.
Source: ATI-CAR Module on Urban Agriculture by Dr. Cristine B. Esnara
7. #ishareknowledge #aticordillera #atiinspire 7
CONTAINER GARDENING
C
ontainer Gardening is a micro model
farming where a family unit or household
is producing fruits and vegetables in
special containers for personal consumption to
help improve the income, health and well-being
of its family members (Deveza and Holmer,
2002).
It aims to offer accessibility and affordability of
fresh and highly nutritious vegetables for family
consumption.
for Urban and Home Gardening
Tips in Establishing Container Garden
1. Location. Sunlight is very important in growing healthy crops. Any location
will do as long as it has an access to at least minimum of 6 hours of sunlight
each day, either in the morning or afternoon.
2. Choosing your plant. After choosing the location of the garden, choosing
the crops is the next step to decide. As mentioned earlier, choose crops that
are locally adapted, high yielding and pest and disease resistant. Consider
the number, ages and the nutritional needs of family members as basis in
choosing crops to plant in your container.
3. Soil media or soil mixture. Soil medium is one of the key to successful
container gardening. Container gardening requires a specific soil mixture
to be used. Ordinary garden soil alone may not be sufficient if it lacks the
properties necessary for healthy plant growth.
The ideal soil medium must be:
• porous to allow good aeration of the plant roots
• good drainage to minimize the risk of waterlogging and subsequent rotting of
plant roots
• dark brown in color and looking much like chocolate cookie crumbs
The ideal growing medium is a mixture of 3 part loam soil, 1 part compost or
composted manure and 1 part rice hull or coconut coir dust or washed river
sand. Clayey soil requires 3 parts clay soil to 2 parts of compost to 1 part rice
hull (or its substitute)
Tips in Choosing your Containers
The design of the containers to be use must be the manifestation of the design
you set, depending on your preference and availability of the materials. If for
instance the goal is to showcase the containers, glazed ceramic pots, porcelain
pots, plastic pots in all shape and sizes may be used.
8. #ishareknowledge #aticordillera #atiinspire 8
CONTAINER GARDENING
for Urban and Home Gardening
Indigenous materials available in the locality may be converted into beautifully
looking containers such as cut bamboo poles or others. Only your fantasy is
setting the limits. If the goal is recycling and finding long-term use of objects
that are normally thrown into the garbage, then old tires, sacks, tin cans, plastic
containers of mineral water, oil, milk, catsup, and others can be used.
Seedling Production, Planting, Care and Maintenance
1. Sowing and planting. Quality seedlings means quality plants. Thus,
recommended standard operating procedures from soil sterilization of
soil media, sowing and raising good panting materials and transplanting
techniques should be followed. Small seeds such as pechay, crucifers and
lettuces, etc. are usually pricked for easy management.
2. Watering needs. Watering
should be done regularly
especially during the dry
season. It should be done
early in the morning or at least
3-5 in the afternoon. During
rainy season when plants
receive enough water from the
rain, there might be not need
to water the containers at all.
If the weather is not too hot,
watering once in the morning
is enough for the plants to
grow healthily. The hotter
and drier, the higher the plant
demands for water.
3. Cultivating and weeding. Cultivating the soil at a depth of 2 to 3 inches below
the surface of the potting medium will encourage maximum air flow around
the roots. This will encourages bigger and healthier root growth and better
water and nutrient uptake.
Weeding allows the plants to benefit the nutrients and water that is provided
by the medium without having to compete with other non-productive plants.
It has to be considered that weeds being native to the environment, usually
grow bigger and faster, than cultivated crops.
4. Feeding the plants. Plants need food to grow. The containers may be
top dressed with well-composted manure or compost every two weeks.
Alternative source can be form rice washings and water used to rinse meat
and fish may be used. Instead of throwing them, those can be collected and
used to water your plants. Feeding the soil with nutrients means feeding your
plants.
9. #ishareknowledge #aticordillera #atiinspire 9
CONTAINER GARDENING
for Urban and Home Gardening
1. Pest and disease management. Increasing the bio-diversity of the
container garden is already a way of preventing the occurrence of pests
and diseases. This may be done by growing vegetables from different
botanical families including herbals which may act as repellants to certain
pests. If there is an occurrence of infestations, appropriate biological,
physical, mechanical, and - in severe cases - chemical control measures
may be used.
2. Harvesting. Harvest only what you can consume or what you need
and harvest during its peak of maturity. This is the beauty of container
gardening. Example, vine-ripened tomatoes, tender green beans and crisp
lettuce will have the best flavor on its peak of maturity.
At the end of the harvest season, discard the plant and soil from the pot.
Do not reuse the same soil for a second season of production. Infected
soil or mix will spread disease into the second season unless it is properly
composted. Properly composted planting media can be reused.
Source: ATI-CAR Module on Urban Agriculture by Dr. Cristine B. Esnara
10. #ishareknowledge #aticordillera #atiinspire 10
HOUSEHOLD COMPOSTING
Why Compost at Home?
Composting is a natural process of
decomposition that turns garden materials and
vegetable food scraps into a dark, crumbly,
and earthy smelling material called compost.
To some farmers, they call it the “black gold”
because it is rich in nutrients and full of life and
when used in your garden and on your plants,
it feeds the ecosystem of the soil and slowly
releases nutrients that plants can absorb.
for Urban and Home Gardening
Using compost is the foundation of maintaining healthy soil for stimulating all plant
growth and creating a beautiful garden.
Recipe for Great Homemade Compost
1. Green and Brown Materials
Composting organisms thrive on a balanced diet of green (nitrogen rich and
brown (carbon rich) materials. Green materials, such as grass cuttings, provide
protein needed for growth and reproduction while browns, such as dried leaves,
supply energy.
Most materials from the garden are well balanced enough to be composted all
on their own, including old flowers, bush trimmings, old vegetable plants and
weeds. The only materials that are too green and wet to be composted on their
own are grass cuttings, food scraps and animal manure. On their own they will
create a mucky smelly mess. If you want to compost these, they need to be
well mixed with materials that are high in carbon such as leaves, straw, bush
trimmings, sawdust, wood shavings or shredded paper. Although paper breaks
down slowly, it can be used if other materials are not readily available.
2. Moisture
All life needs moisture to survive and composting is no doifferent. Too little
moisture and the composting organisms die off or go dormant. Too much
moisture and the heap can drown and potentially turn slimy in your composter.
Anaerobic bacteria, which thrive in the absence of air, can then take over
and create a bad smell. Ideally the materials should be moist to help the
decomposition which starts on the surface of the materials.
3. Aeration
Just as with water, all composting organisms need oxygen. To promote good
aeration and therefore good composting:
• Create lots of tiny air pockets by adding stems, stalks, wood chips and other
rigid materials. With a good blend of materials and adequate moisture, the
heat produced from composting creates a chimney effect, drawing air into
the composting materials and promoting air flow through it.
11. #ishareknowledge #aticordillera #atiinspire 11
HOUSEHOLD COMPOSTING
for Urban and Home Gardening
• Put your composter on a few inches of coarse materials at the bottom. This
raises it slightly above the ground and helps air to flow underneath and up
through the compost. This also improves drainage from the heap if it gets
too wet.
• Do not build the heap too big as larger piles can become compacted and
this can squeeze the air pockets from the heap. While smaller heaps will get
more air than larger ones, they do not heat up as much.
• Turning your compost regularly helps fluff up and aerate the materials.
This helps restore the air spaces needed for the compost to “breathe”.
Depending on your energy level and your need for compost, your compost
can be turned weekly, monthly, annually or not at all.
4. Particle Size and Surface Area
When it comes to composting, the smaller the particle, the faster it will
break down.This is because composting works from the surface of materials
inwards. So to speed up composting:
• Chop woody materials up with a sharp spade or shears.
• As you garden, use your pruning shears to cut materials into pieces no
longer than 10 cm.
• Run over leaves or weeds with a lawn mower.
• Put woody trimmings through a shredder.
12. #ishareknowledge #aticordillera #atiinspire 12
HOUSEHOLD COMPOSTING
for Urban and Home Gardening
Chopping materials up helps make a better mix when forming your
compost heap. Keeping materials smaller also makes it easier to turn the
heap later on for faster composting. Ideally, you want a mix of fine and
coarse materials in your heap, for example small green grass clippings
with chopped up brown hedge trimmings.
5. Size of Heap
While the size of the heap will be determined by the amount of material
you have to compost and the system you chose to use, the ideal size is
about one cubic meter. A heap of this size can be made with materials
accumulated over time (cool composting) or made all at once (hot
composting).
When a large heap is made all at once with the optimal conditions for
composting – the proper balance of nutrients, air, and water – the
breakdown of materials is so rapid, that the compost generates heat and
can get as hot as 70°C. Heaps of one cubic meter in size or greater also
have an ability to hold heat better because they self-insulate.
Do compost
Greens From the garden:
• Grass cuttings, , garden plants, weeds, potted plants, cut flowers,
house plants.
• Weed seeds in your compost heap can be bad news but if maintained
properly the heat from the compost will eliminate most of them. The
best thing to do is pull out weeds before they go to seed or remove the
seed heads before composting.
Greens From the Kitchen:
• Vegetable trimmings, fruit peels, cores and rinds, tea bags, coffee
grounds and filters, baked goods including bread (in small quantities
only), rice and other grains, pasta and cereals, cooked or uncooked
vegetables
Browns From the garden:
• Leaves, twigs, hedge prunings, shredded tree trimmings, straw or hay,
pine needles, cones, bark
Brown From the Kitchen:
• Paper towels, paper napkins, uncoated paper plates and cups, soiled
cardboard (like pizza boxes) – must be torn up or shredded to be used
effectively.
13. #ishareknowledge #aticordillera #atiinspire 13
HOUSEHOLD COMPOSTING
for Urban and Home Gardening
Don’t Compost
From the Garden:
• Diseased plants, leaves, or insect infested plants
• Invasive weeds that spread by root or runner such as ivy, briars, bindweed,
buttercup, dock, thristle
• Timber or large woody materials
From the house:
• Anything animal-based like meat, fish, poultry, dairy (including cheese), oils
or grease. This includes bones and shells.
• Vacuum cleaner bags and their contents.
• BBQ and coal ashes.
• Nappies or sanitary towels.
• Dog and cat pet wastes
• Chemicals and pharmaceuticals
Compost Bins and Compost Heaps
With this form of composting, materials are simply added to the heap,
composting area or bin, as they are generated.
The materials that are added in one season
are ready as compost for the next. The speed
of composting and the quality of the end
product can be improved by chopping and
mixing materials as they are being added,
monitoring and maintaining the proper
moisture levels, operating more than one
heap or bin at a time and turning the compost
regularly.
This type of composting works best if given
plenty of air pockets and space for air to flow
through so adding twigs, woodchips, straw,
and cardboard helps. And always remember:
try for a good mix of greens and browns –
these are the essential ingredients.
Suitable materials
Soft landscape materials to start with, e.g.
grass cuttings, weeds, leaves, old plants,
flowers, etc. Vegetative food scraps can be
buried into the composting materials once the
compost heap is well established.
14. #ishareknowledge #aticordillera #atiinspire 14
HOUSEHOLD COMPOSTING
for Urban and Home Gardening
Main Advantages:
• Simple, low maintenance system. Better if turned regularly – it will
decompose faster.
• Ideal for homes with small gardens and for people who do not want to
spend a lot of time working on their compost.
• Can also be used to compost turf/sod or leaves on their own.
• Relatively cheap
Disadvantages:
• In the plastic bins it can be difficult to turn compost material with a
garden fork. Aerator tools which have long handles to reach the bottom
of the bin can help to eliminate this problem.
• Removing compost from the bottom can sometimes be awkward. Often
its best to remove the top layers, harvest the compost at the bottom
and restart with the un-composted materials. For plastic bins, the entire
bin can be removed to access the compost.
• As it has an open bottom in contact with the ground it can attract
rodents. Adding wire mesh to the bottom of the bin can prevent this
problem.
Source: ATI-CAR Module on Composting in the Household by Vicky May Guinayen
18. #ishareknowledge #aticordillera #atiinspire 18
for Urban and Home Gardening
UPLAND KANGKONG PRODUCTION
K
angkong is one of the most popular leafy vegetables
in South and Southeast Asia. It is known by many
names including swamp cabbage, water convolvulus,
and water spinach.
Young leaves, petioles and stems are used as vegetable,
cooked alone or with meat or fish. The leaves are a good
source of protein, vitamin A, iron, and calcium.
Climatic and Soil Requirements
• Upland kangkong can be grown from low to mid elevations
throughout the year. Production is best in sandy to clay loam soil
with high levels of organic matter and a pH of 5.5 to 6.5.
• Optimum yield is achieved in lowland humid tropics under stable high temperatures
and short daylengths. Temperatures averaging between 25-30°C are ideal. Plants are
damaged at temperatures of 10°C or less.
Choosing a variety
• There are two common types. Upland kangkong (Ipomoea reptans) has narrow
leaves. It is adapted to moist soils and is harvested once. Lowland or aquatic
kangkong (Ipomoea aquatica) has broader, arrow–shaped leaves. It is adapted to
flooded conditions and is harvested several times. Regardless of type, the choice
of variety can be influenced by local growing conditions, seasons, and consumer
preferences.
Land Preparation
• Prepare land by plowing and harrowing twice. Kangkong requires a well–prepared
seed bed for good seedling growth. Prepare raised beds 1 m wide. Spread well–
decomposed animal manure at the rate of 1–2 kg/m2 between beds. Make shallow
lines 10 cm apart across the beds before sowing.
•
• For small areas, pots and containers can be used, mix well a part of garden soil with
one part of compost and one part of rice hull if available.
Seedling Preparation and Planting
• Kangkong can be grown in garden plots and containers. It can either be planted by
direct seeding, transplanting, or using stem cuttings. The choice of planting method
depends on the availability of seed and labor, growing season, and type of kangkong.
19. #ishareknowledge #aticordillera #atiinspire 19
UPLAND KANGKONG PRODUCTION
for Urban and Home Gardening
Direct seeding
• Direct seeding is done either by line–sowing or broadcasting. When line–sown,
seeds are sown in rows on well–prepared seedbed. Make furrows 1 to 1.5 cm deep
and space them 15 to 20 cm apart. Sow seeds 5 cm apart in rows.
• For pots and containers, broadcast the seeds evenly then cover seeds with a layer
of compost. After developing two to three true leaves, thin seedlings to stand 10–15
cm apart.
Transplanting
• Seedlings can be grown in containers, pots, trays or in seedbeds. Use plastic
seedling trays for growing containerized transplants. Fill the seedling tray with a
potting mix from soil, compost or rice hulls, and/or sand. Sow two or three seeds
per cell then thin to one seedling after they develop two to three leaves.
• If seedlings are raised seedbed, sow seeds by broadcasting evenly, cover with soil
then water thoroughly every morning or as needed (moist, but not wet). Seedlings
are ready for transplanting about three weeks after sowing or when transplants
have five to six leaves.
Using stem cuttings
• Stem cuttings from an existing kangkong crop can also be used for planting when
seeds are not available or insufficient. This method is commonly used when planting
the broadleaf, lowland type of kangkong. Cut stems 15 to 25 cm in length with
three to four internodes during the first harvest then soak in water overnight before
transplanting.
• In some cases, cuttings are soaked in water for 1–3 days to develop roots before
transplanting in the field. Dig holes 5–10 cm deep and plant two to three stem
cuttings per hole. Spacing between rows is 20–30 cm and plants within rows are
spaced 15–20 cm apart. Irrigate immediately after planting.
Fertilization
• Kangkong can thrive under conditions of moderate soil fertility, yet is quite
responsive to nitrogen fertilizer and organic manure. A combination of inorganic and
organic fertilizers improves yield and maintains soil fertility. The amount of fertilizer
to apply depends on soil fertility, soil type, fertilizer recovery rate, and soil organic
matter.
• Apply 1-2 kg/m2 animal manure before sowing. Ten to fifteen days later, top dress
with urea (46-0-0) or ammonium sulfate (21-0-0).
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UPLAND KANGKONG PRODUCTION
for Urban and Home Gardening
Irrigation
• Kangkong requires plenty of water because of its high succulence. Water should be
applied especially just after sowing or transplanting to ensure a good stand. Water
the plants every day or as needed.
Pest and Disease Management
• Diseases and insect pests must be controlled to ensure good yield and marketable
quality. Caterpillars, whiteflies and aphids cause serious damage. Control by regular
pruning of stems. Regular pruning at three weeks interval can minimize white rust.
Spray the plants with hot pepper extract or insecticidal soap to get rid of aphids.
•
• Numerous cultural practices can reduce the incidence of disease, including crop
rotation, field sanitation, adequate plant spacing, and using furrow rather than
overhead irrigation.
Harvesting
• Kangkong is ready for harvest by cutting young
shoots 20 to 50 days after sowing depending on
variety and plant type. Plants may be harvested
once or several times. For once–over harvesting,
plants are uprooted 20 to 30 days after sowing.
For multiple harvesting, stems or shoots 15–25 cm
in length are cut close to the ground, generally on
a weekly basis.
• Harvest during the cooler time of day, such
as early morning or late afternoon. Keep the
harvested produce in a cool shaded place.
Source: Palada, M.C and Chang, L.C. 2003. Suggested Cultural Practices for Kangkong. AVRDC.
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ZUCCHINI PRODUCTION
for Urban and Home Gardening
Z
ucchini is categorized as a summer
squash and a member of the gourd
family. It is actually a young fruit that
belongs to the Cucurbitaceae plant family,
alongside other favorites like cucumbers
and gourds. It provides micronutrients,
such as vitamins C and B6, riboflavin and
manganese. It is a cholesterol-free, low-
sodium, gluten-free, fat free and low-calorie.
Soil Requirement
• Zucchini plants are so prolific and easy to grow in both sandy and dense clay-like
soil, and everything in between. They can be grown in both container and traditional
vegetable gardens. Zucchini plants require at least 6-8 hours of daily direct sunlight.
Soil Preparation and Planting
• For home garden, make sure the soil is well tilled down to a depth of 8 inches. Create
small hills or mounds a foot across approximately 4 inches high. Space the mounds
24 inches apart for bush varieties. Remember to choose a sunny location as zucchini
plants need 6-8 hours of daily direct sunlight for maximum production. Using your
finger or the handle end of a hoe or trowel, create two holes approximately 1 inch
deep near the center of each mound. Place a seed in each hole, cover with an inch of
soil and water thoroughly. When the seedlings begin to sprout, thin to one seedling in
each mound.
• For container garden, no need to create the mounds. Choose bush variety and select
container of at least 18 inches across and 12 inches deep. The container should have
holes in the bottom for adequate drainage. Place the containers in a location where
they will receive adequate direct sunlight. Plant 2-3 seeds per container and thin 1-2
plants when the seedlings emerge.
Water Management
• Zucchini squash have a fairly high water content and the plants will benefit greatly
from consistent watering. When watering zucchini plants, focus a slow stream of
water at the base of the plants. Avoid watering the tops of the plants as this may
encourage diseases to develop.
• Make sure that the water does not erode any of the soil away from the base of the
plants. Exposed roots will lead to insect problems and under-performing plants.
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ZUCCHINI PRODUCTION
for Urban and Home Gardening
Fertilizer Management
• It is best to fertilize when the seedlings emerge and then again when the blossoms
appear and the plants begin to set fruit. It is best to use a balanced, water soluble
fertilizer and apply according to the manufacturer’s direction.
• For organic production, mix compost or animal manure into the soil just before
planting. After the blossoms appear, you can also apply an organic fertilizer.
Pest and Diseases Management
• Choose pest resistant zucchini varieties and keep your home garden free of weeds
and other plant debris. You can also cover the stems of the plants with cardboard
tubes to discourage pests.
• Homemade soap spray can be used for pest and diseases. Mix together 2 gallons
water, 4 tablespoons hot sauce and 4 tablespoon liquid dish soap. Mix it well and
spray all over the plants every 10 days.
Harvesting
• Zucchini is best harvested when the fruit is about 6 inches long. At this stage, the
skin is still very tender and the seeds are quite small.
• If you intend to make stuffed zucchini or zucchini bread, you can let the squash grow
a bit larger.
• Use a knife or shears and cut the stem 1 inch above the squash.
• Do not try to pull or twist the squash off the vine as it will damage the plant and root
system.
Source: https://www.backyard-vegetable-gardening.com/growing-zucchini.html
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LETTUCE PRODUCTION
for Urban and Home Gardening
L
ettuce can be easily grown both in backyard
gardens and in small and large-scale farms.
It grows best on regularly watered loamy
soil with high organic matter content and in an
environment with a temperature ranging from
18°C to 22 °C.
Varieties
• There are a lot of lettuce varieties. The most
common are Loose Leaf, Romaine, and Crisp
Head.
Sowing
• Lettuce grow better if these are sown first using seedling trays.
You may also improvise seedling trays for your home garden. Pulverize
soil before filling your containers.
• For home gardens with wider areas you can mix one (1) kg of compost for every
square meter of soil. Seeds should be sown ¼ inch deep and thinned when plants
have 3 to 4 true leaves. Soaking the seeds in water for four (4) hours before
sowing enhances germination.
Water and Nutrient Management
• Water at least once a day. It is best to water the plants in the morning.
• Apply nitrogenous fertilizers such as fermented plant juice once a week. Compost
may also be applied before planting and three weeks after transplanting.
Transplanting
• Lettuce seedlings can be transplanted after 10 to 14 days. Water the seedlings
before removing these from the seedling tray to lessen root damage and
transplanting shock.
• You can transplant lettuce directly in plots, or in pots. You may also use recycled
materials such as pails, basins, etc.
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Common Pests and Diseases
The most common insect pests of lettuce are aphids and semiloopers.
• Aside from frequent handpicking in the case of semi–loopers, and immediate removal
of infested plant part for aphids, hot pepper is also a readily available home remedy
in case of severe infestation.
• Mix 50 grams of crushed hot pepper and one-half (½) tablespoon powdered
detergent soap in eight (8) liters of water. Spray the solution on the lettuce including
the undersides of the leaves.
• Lettuce is also susceptible to rotting caused by fungus. This can be mitigated
through proper plant distancing, sufficient sunlight exposure, and proper
soil mixture to achieve optimum soil aeration, eliminate excess
moisture, and avoid water logging.
Harvesting
• Harvesting can be done after 45 to 60 days depending on the variety. Crispheads can
be harvested once the heads are firm while loose-leaf varieties should be harvested
before flowering. Harvest is best done in the morning.
Nutritional Value
• Lettuce is an excellent source of vitamin
A (in the form of carotenoids), vitamin
K, folate, molybdenum, dietary fiber,
manganese, potassium, biotin, vitamin
B1, copper, iron and vitamin C. It is also a
good source of vitamin B2, omega-3 fatty
acids, vitamin B6, phosphorus, chromium,
magnesium, calcium and pantothenic acid.
LETTUCE PRODUCTION
for Urban and Home Gardening
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PECHAY PRODUCTION
for Urban and Home Gardening
P
echay is a vegetable commonly planted
in backyard gardens. It grows best on
regularly watered loamy soil with high
organic matter content and in an environment
with a temperature ranging from 18 to 22°C It
is high in folic acid, rich in vitamin K, a good
source of calcium and contains fiber.
Soil Preparation
• Mix part of well-pulverized soil with 1 part
compost and one part rice hull. For home gardens
with wide areas, mix 1 kg compost and 300 grams
rice hull for every 1 square meter of soil.
Planting and Nutrient Management
• Pechay can either be sown directly in soil or transplanted. Direct seeding is
done by broadcasting or by sowing in rows. Cover the seeds by spreading additional
topsoil. Water immediately after sowing.
• Sow seeds in seedbeds or seedling trays. Transplant seedlings 10 days after sowing.
Transplant preferably in the afternoon and water immediately. You can use 1.5L
plastic bottles as growing pot. Each plastic bottle can accommodate two seedlings.
The bigger the container the better.
• If seedlings are transplanted in plots, transplant 10 days after sowing at a distance
of 10 cm between plants and 20 cm between rows. Water regularly and apply
organic probiotics like vermin-tea or Fermented Plant Juice (FPJ) if available to
promote better growth.
Watering
• Water the plants 2 to 3 times a week or as needed. Remove weeds regularly.
Pests
• Common insect pests of pechay include diamond back moth, cutworm, and aphids.
Hand picking of insect pests is recommended.
Harvesting
• Harvest as early as three weeks after planting or between 30-40 days after sowing.
Harvest preferably in the afternoon to minimize postharvest losses.
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BEAN PRODUCTION
for Urban and Home Gardening
B
ean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), is the general term
for “Baguio bean,” “habichuelas” and “French
beans.” It is one of the most widely cultivated
vegetable legumes in the Philippines. Beans are rich
in vitamins A, C, and K, folic acid and fiber.
Soil and Climate Requirements
• Snap bean grows best in well-drained, clay loam soil,
rich in organic matter with pH ranging from 5.5. to 7.5.
Soil Preparation and Planting
• Prepare a potting medium by mixing garden soil, rice hull and compost
at 1:1:1 ratio. Fill pots with mixed media, directly sow 2-3 seeds per pot
then cover lightly with soil. Use 1.5L softdrink plastic bottle, but the bigger
the container the better.
Fertilization
• As the plant grows, apply well-decomposed chicken manure or compost. Tea manure
and fermented plant juice (FPJ) diluted with water and drenched to improve soil fer-
tility.
Irrigation
• Snap bean requires constant supply of moisture throughout the growing period. Wa-
ter the plants regularly to enhance flowering and pod setting. Avoid too much water,
this can cause root rot. On the other hand, too little water can result to flower and
pod drop.
Harvesting
• Pole snap bean is harvested 60-70 days after planting (DAP), depending on the pod
diameter and toughness. Pole snap bean is handpicked every 3-5 days.
• Bush snap bean can be harvested as early as 55-60 DAP or at 2 weeks after flower
opening.
• Harvest pods that are well formed, straight, bright in color, fresh in appearance, ten-
der but firm, and crisp.
Reproduced by:
Department of Agriculture
AGRICULTURAL TRAINING INSTITUTE
Cordillera Administrative Region
BSU Compd., La Trinidad, Benguet
(074) 422-2375; (074) 661-3133
email: ati_car@yahoo.com
URL Address: ati.da.gov.ph/ati-car