This document discusses basic social institutions and factors of social change. It identifies six key social institutions: religion, government, economy, education, media, and family. For each institution, it outlines their basic functions, organizations, statuses, values, and norms. It then examines seven factors that can drive social change: demographic factors, technological factors, cultural factors, biological factors, natural factors, geographical factors, and socio-economic factors. Social institutions provide structure and order to society, while changes in these factors may prompt changes to social institutions and relationships over time.

1. BASIC SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Bolia
Calago
Gallardo
Garcia

2. A. SOCIAL STRUCTURES

3.  is the organized pattern of social
relationships and social institutions
that together compose society. It
affects all dimensions of human
experience in society.

4. 1) Religion and Society

5. Religion can be the conservative
force portrayed by Karl Marx. But
some points in history, as Max Weber
explained, religion has promoted
dramatic social change.

6. • BASIC NEEDS:
 Concerns About life after death, the
meaning of suffering and loss; desire
to connect with the Creator.
• ORGANIZATIONS:
 Congregation, clergy associations,
synagogue.
• STATUSES:
 Priest, sister, minister

7. • VALUES:
 Reading and adhering to holy texts
such as the Bible, the Torah, Koran;
honoring God.
• NORMS:
Attend worship services, contribute
money, follow the teachings.

8. 2) GOVERNMENT AND LAW

9. Government is a formal
organization that has the
authority to make and enforce
laws. It directs the political life
of a society.

10. • FUNCTIONS:
 Allocate power, determine authority,
prevent chaos, maintain social order,
enforce norms.
• ORGANIZATIONS:
 Officials, Parliaments, Monarchy,
Courts, Prisons.
• STATUSES:
 President, Senator, Police, Voters,
Lawyer, Judges.

11. • VALUES:
 Sacred trust, right to vote as a
privilege.
• NORMS:
Follow the rules, Give true
testimony, be informed about
candidates.

12. 3) ECONOMY

13. Social Institution that organizes a
society’s production, and consumption
of goods and services. The economy
operates, for better or worse, in
generally predictable manner. We
value goods and services because they
ensure survival or because they make
life easier or more interesting.

14. • FUNCTIONS:
 Produce and distribute goods and
services.
• ORGANIZATIONS:
 Credit unions, banks, companies.
• STATUSES:
 Worker, boss, buyer, seller,
creditor, debtor, advertiser

15. • VALUES:
 Making money, paying bills on
time, producing efficiently.
• NORMS:
 Maximize profits, “the customer is
always right,” work hard.

16. 4) EDUCATION

17. Education serves in fulfilling a
society’s various needs. Perhaps the
most important function of education
is socialization. If children need to
learn the norms, values, and skills they
need to function in society, then
education is a primary vehicle for such
learning.

18. • FUNCTIONS:
 Transmit knowledge and skills across
generations
• ORGANIZATIONS:
 School , College, Universities.
• STATUSES:
 Teacher, Students, dean , principal.

19. • VALUES:
 Academic, honesty, responsible, good
grades.
• NORMS:
 Do homework, prepare lectures, don’t
snitch on classmates.

20. 5) MEDIA

21. Mass media is communication—
whether written, broadcast, or spoken—
that reaches a large audience. This
includes television, radio, advertising, the
Internet, newspapers, and so forth. these
technologies use to communicate with
large numbers of people.

22. • FUNCTIONS:
 Disseminate information, report
events, molds public opinions.
• ORGANIZATION
 TV networks, radio station,
publishers, association of bloggers.
• STATUSES
 Journalist, newscaster, author, editor,
publisher, bloggers.

23. • VALUES:
 Timeliness, accuracy, freedom of
the press.
• NORMS:
 Be fair and profitable.

24. 6. MARRIAGE AND FAMILY

25. Family plays a vital role in
maintaining the social system as a
whole. It's the primary unit for
socializing children. No society is
possible without adequate
socialization of its young. In most
societies, the family is the major
unit in which socialization happens.

26. • FUNCTION:
 Regulate reproduction, socialize and
protect children.
• ORGANIZATION:
 Relative, Kinship groups.
• STATUSES:
 Daughter, Son, father, Mother, Brother,
Sister, Aunt, Uncle, Grandparent.

27. • VALUES:
 Sexual fidelity, providing for your
family, keeping a clean house, respect
for parents.
• NORMS:
 Have only as many children as you
can afford, be faithful to your spouse.

28. B. SOCIAL CHANGE

29. 1. DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS

30. Social change demographic factors
have been viewed from two different
angles. Qualitatively refers to physical
potentialities, mental abilities. That are
determined by genetic order, it cannot be
ascribed the place of a deterministic
cause of social change. But, Quantitative
aspect has been playing the most
decisive role in causing social change.

31. 2.Technological Factors

32. According to Ogburn, “Technology
changes society by changing our
environments to which we in turn
adopt. This change is usually in the
material environment and the
adjustment that we make with these
changes often modifies customs and
social institution initiates a
corresponding social change.

33. 3.Cultural Factors

34. According to White, “Culture is a
symbolic, continuous, cumulative and
progressive process.” It includes all that
man has acquired in the mental and
intellectual sphere of his individual and
social life. It is the expression of our
nature, in our modes of living and
thinking, in art, in literature, in
recreation and enjoyment.

35. 4. Biological Factors

36. Plays an important role in the
causation of social change. An ordinarily
biological factor refers to those which
are concerned with the genetic
constitution of the human beings.

37. Includes both non-human beings
such as animals, birds, herbs, insects.
Human beings use animals, birds, plants
and herbs according to the direction of
his own culture. And human beings
protect themselves from different
harmful elements.

38. 5. Natural Factors

39. A storm, earthquake, flood, drought,
disease and similar natural events even
today can disrupt the social system.
Natural calamities like floods,
earthquakes, draughts, famines and
other natural disasters always force
changes in the social conditions and life
of the affected people.

40. 6. Geographical Factors

41. The geographical conditions always
affect the social system and act as factors
of social change. The cultural life of the
people depends upon the physical
environment. Progress also depends
upon the availability of natural
resources, their exploitation and how are
these being recouped and preserved.

42. 7. Socio-economic
Factors

43. The economic factors constitute
an important factor of social change.
Marx said that the entire social
structure of a country is determined
by economic factors i.e the means of
production and distribution of
material means of production and
distribution.

44. When there are changes in the means
of production i.e the material
productive forces of society, it is
always changes the social
organization.

45. REFERENCES:
Henslin, J. (2010). Sociology: Core Concepts. Singapore:
Pearson Education.
Macionis, J. (2010). Sociology—10th Edition. Jurong,
Singapore: Pearson Education.
Newman, D. (2011). Sociology: Exploring the Architecture of
Everyday Life. United States of America: Pine Forge Press.
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