Basic rules for effective writing
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This document provides basic rules and tips for effective academic writing. It recommends using formal, concise language without slang, vague terms, or filler words. Key points include using simple, clear sentences in an active voice tailored to the target audience. Writers should avoid complex sentences, jargon, cliches and metaphors. The document also emphasizes the importance of revising, editing, and practicing writing to improve.
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Reading is the process of extracting meaning from written symbols. There are various reasons for reading, such as language learning or obtaining information from magazines, letters, etc. The aims of reading include being able to read unfamiliar texts silently with understanding. Problems in reading comprehension can arise from concepts, vocabulary, discourse markers, or issues linking ideas beyond the literal text. Faulty habits include subvocalizing or finger pointing. There are three levels of comprehension - literal, inferential, and evaluative. The three main approaches to teaching reading are bottom-up, top-down, and interactionist. Skimming and scanning are speed reading techniques - skimming obtains the overall idea while scanning searches for specific information quickly.
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This document provides an overview of the APA and MLA citation styles. It defines APA as the style of the American Psychological Association and MLA as the style of the Modern Language Association. Both are used to cite sources in research papers and require in-text citations and bibliographies that are formatted differently. The key differences between APA and MLA are that APA is more commonly used in scientific and social science fields, while MLA is used more in language and literature fields. Both require double spaced papers with 1 inch margins but have different rules for page headers and bibliographies.
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This document discusses the importance of reviewing related literature and studies when conducting research. It states that a review of existing materials provides the foundation for a proposed study by guiding the researcher and helping to identify a research problem or topic, understand the topic better, avoid duplicating other studies, locate additional sources of information, and design the research methodology. The document also outlines the characteristics, sources, and locations of related literature and studies that should be surveyed.
Buyer supplier relationship
The document discusses various types of buyer-supplier relationships including transactional relationships, value-added exchanges, and collaborative/partnering relationships. It compares and contrasts transactional relationships with partnerships. Strategic alliances are defined as relationships based on mutual trust and open communication to reduce costs and improve quality. Supplier development aims to increase supplier efficiency through assistance. Effective buyer-supplier relationships require communication, trust, and a team approach. Relationship management also depends on internal team dynamics and understanding each party's goals.
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Research problem
1. The document discusses identifying and formulating a research problem, which is the first step of the research process. It involves selecting a broad topic and narrowing it down to a specific statement.
2. Several factors are considered when identifying a research problem, including significance to the field of study, originality, feasibility, whether it is solvable, current, and interesting to the researcher. Problems can come from personal or practical experiences, literature, theories, and through consultation with experts.
3. The process of identifying a research problem involves selecting a broad research area, reviewing literature and theories, delimiting the topic, and evaluating the problem by establishing significance, researchability and feasibility before formulating a clear final statement
Chapter 9-METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION
This document discusses various methods of data collection in research. It describes 7 common methods: questionnaires, checklists, interviews, observation, records, experimental approaches, and survey approaches. For each method, it outlines the key aspects, such as how it is administered or structured, as well as advantages and disadvantages. It also discusses important considerations for developing research instruments and measuring variables in studies. The overall purpose is to provide guidance on selecting appropriate data collection techniques based on the research problem and design.
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The Never List
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This document provides guidelines for writing a successful essay, including:
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Or, strategies for successful essay writingThings to avoid in .docx
Or, strategies for successful essay writing
Things to avoid in essay writing!
Write a creative title for your essay
Consider that the title is the first opportunity you have to inform your reader about the thesis of your essay
NEVER just write “Evaluation Essay”
Capitalize the title correctly
Format the essay with double-spacing and page numbers
FIRST THINGS FIRST
The purpose of an introduction is to:
engage the reader
provide background information
present the thesis
Unless necessary for contextualization, save the evidence to support your claims in the body paragraphs.
Don't serve the main meal at the same time as the appetizer!
Too many details in the introduction:
"Air travel is a form of travel in vehicles that can sustain flight". (Really? No kidding!)
Don't start your essay with a definition of what is probably unnecessary: obesity, global warming, cell phones, the internet, etc.
The purpose of simply taking up space is too obvious and wastes opportunity to craft useful sentences that further your essay.
ONLY use a definition if writing about something truly obscure.
Avoid Useless "definitions"
The trick to avoid these words: insert “as opposed to?”
Basically, very, really, literally, truly, personally (as opposed to...?)
Here is a link to a good page about writing concisely: http://writingcenter.unc.edu/handouts/writing-concisely/
Using Words that Do Not Add Meaning
In this essay I will prove...
I will discuss...
As said in the previous paragraph….
As mentioned before...
Avoid these space fillers! Instead - just write what you are saying.
Don't waste space saying what you WILL write about or what you already wrote.
Example:
Wrong: In this essay I will argue that cell phones should not be used while drive.
Better: Cell phones should not be used while driving.
Announcing Yourself to the Reader
Did you ever get tired of reading essays with questions?
Do you think that these questions would be stronger written as statements?
Are all the questions necessary?
Do they engage the reader?
Especially in a repeating pattern: did you ever wonder, did you ever think, why is it that... blah blah blah?
STOP!
And if writing a question, remember to use a question mark when creating a question, even if it's a rhetorical question.
Rhetorical Questions
Avoid Pointing the Camera at Yourself:
I think, I believe, I feel, in my opinion...
Write what you think in a statement
The reader will know what you think by what you write.
ONLY use “I” when framing a direct response:
“I agree/concede/argue/claim…”
Remove yourself
You didn't actually write the paper, but you're really good at introducing other people's quotes!
Stringing them together is almost writing a paper, right?
Not quite!
The reader needs to hear your voice and your ideas that are supported by the evidence, not replaced by them.
After using a quote, be sure to explain how it supports the claim in the topic sentence and the thesis.
Don’t .
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Basic rules for effective writing
- 1. BASIC RULES FOR EFFECTIVE WRITING AYNUR MURAT
- 2. There are some basic rules that make writing clear, formal and concise. Here are a few of them; Don’t use “something” or “thing” in essays, because these expressions make essay vague, non-descriptive Don’t quote from the original source, try to paraphrase it, because you write an essay to share your opinions, not authors’ Don’t use informal language. Academic writing should be formal and should’t include slang words.
- 3. Don’t use “and so on” , “and so forth” or “etc” in your writings Don’t begin a sentence with coordinating conjunctions(for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so). Don’t begin with sentences that say "in this paper, I will talk about …”. All of the sentences should inslude direct information Indent the first line of all paragraphs and observe a one-inch margin on both the left and right-hand side of your pages
- 4. Don’t use metaphors and cliches use "you" when you mean all people in general. You may say "we" to refer to all human beings Paragraphs should be well-structured (topic sentence, support sentences, concluding sentence) and can not less than 5-6 sentences in length (except for the introduction and conclusion, which may be 2-4 sentences in length
- 5. There are some mistakes that non- native writers make; don’t use “nowadays.” Instead, use “today, currently, recently.” Rather than using first, second, third, etc. as transition words, use some different words like ‘’ to begin with” Don’t use ‘’so’’ as an adjective. ‘’very’’ is much better.
- 6. Don't use ‘’in this life, in this world.’’ they are meaningless. Using these words implies that there is another world to be compared. There isn't another life or another world Especially isn’t a transition word, it is an adverb, so instead of especially, use ‘’ in particular.’’ Some says that ‘’ I am agree.’’ This is wrong. It must be I agree.
- 7. when you talk about your plan for future, don’t use ‘’dream.’’ It is generally used for images we see during the sleep. Some say ‘’discuss about’’. This is wrong. Discuss is never followed by a preposition. ‘’ United States’’ is wrong. It must include an article, so ‘’the United States’’ is used
- 8. There are some other tips for effective writing; Expess, not impress: a good writing isn’t about the numbers of words you use or the effectiveness of adverbs. The important thing is to be understood Simple sentences work best: a writer should write simple. Long and complex sentences make readers bored. Plus, simple sentences are understood by all readers.
- 9. Know who your target audience is: ıt is very crucial to know your audience, because you write your essay according to them. You need to know how much they know about the topic, how can you expess yourself.
- 10. Read it aloud: ıf you read your passage aloud, you will notice your mistakes. When you write it silently, you may not notice some problematic parts, but reading it aloud helps you see these mistakes
- 11. Avoid using jargon as much as possible: Not everbody in your audience knows the specific terms you use. They may not be the experts of the issue, so just use general terms so that everbody can understand it
- 12. Use the words that you are familiar with, don’t look for interesting and fancy words: ıf you try to use new, interesting words, you may make more mistakes. Less but true words are always better
- 13. Use active rather than passive:Instead of ‘’the price was established by the real estate vendor.’’ ‘’the real estate vendor set the price’’ is better. Being positive is better than being negative: Being positive is always better. Your writing seem better with positive statements
- 14. Set aside time for revising and rewriting– after you’ve written the whole content: when you start to write don’t be so meticulous, but then revise and rewrite it. It will be better
- 15. Good writing is simply always writing. Write as much as possible, because practising is a very important issue.