the introduction to data structures and the concept of algorithm and about stack,linked list and queue of implementation of ADT

1. DATA STRUCTURES
AND
ALGORITHMS
Lecture Notes 3
Prepared by İnanç TAHRALI

2. 2
ROAD MAP
 Abstract Data Types (ADT)
 The List ADT
 Implementation of Lists

Array implementation of lists

Linked list implementation of lists

Cursor implementation of lists

3. 3
Abstract Data Types (ADT)
 Definition :
Is a set of operation
Mathematical abstraction
No implementation detail
 Example :
Lists, sets, graphs, stacks are examples of
ADT along with their operations

4. 4
Why ADT ?
 Modularity
 divide program into small functions
 easy to debug and maintain
 easy to modify
 group work
 Reuse
 do some operations only once
 Easy to change of implementation
 transparent to the program

5. 5
THE LIST ADT
 Ordered sequence of data items called
elements
 A1, A2, A3, …,AN is a list of size N
 size of an empty list is 0
 Ai+1 succeeds Ai
 Ai-1 preceeds Ai
 position of Ai is i
 first element is A1 called “head”
 last element is AN called “tail”
Operations ?

6. 6
THE LIST ADT
 Operations
 PrintList
 Find
 FindKth
 Insert
 Delete
 Next
 Previous
 MakeEmpty

7. 7
THE LIST ADT
 Example:
the elements of a list are
34, 12, 52, 16, 12
 Find (52)  3
 Insert (20, 3)  34, 12, 52, 20, 16, 12
 Delete (52)  34, 12, 20, 16, 12
 FindKth (3)  20

8. 8
Implementation of Lists
 Many Implementations
 Array
 Linked List
 Cursor (linked list using arrays)

9. 9
ROAD MAP
 Abstract Data Types (ADT)
 The List ADT
 Implementation of Lists

Array implementation of lists

Linked list implementation of lists

Cursor implementation of lists

10. 10
Array Implementation of List ADT
 Need to define a size for array
 High overestimate (waste of space)
 Operations Running Times
PrintList O(N)
Find
Insert O(N) (on avarage half needs to be moved)
Delete
FindKth
Next O(1)
Previous

11. 11
Array Implementation of List ADT
 Disadvantages :
 insertion and deletion is very slow

need to move elements of the list
 redundant memory space

it is difficult to estimate the size of array

12. 12
ROAD MAP
 Abstract Data Types (ADT)
 The List ADT
 Implementation of Lists

Array implementation of lists

Linked list implementation of lists

Cursor implementation of lists

13. 13
Linked List Implementation of Lists
 Series of nodes
 not adjacent in memory
 contain the element and a pointer to a node containing its
succesor
 Avoids the linear cost of insertion and deletion !

14. 14
Linked List Implementation of Lists
 Insertion into a linked list

15. 15
Linked List Implementation of Lists
 Deletion from a linked list

16. 16
Linked List Implementation of Lists
 Need to know where the first node is
 the rest of the nodes can be accessed
 No need to move the list for insertion and
deletion operations
 No memory waste

17. 17
Linked List Implementation of Lists
Linked List Array
PrintList O(N) (traverse the list)
O(N)
Find
FindKth (L,i) O(i)
O(1)
Delete O(1)
O(N)

18. 18
Programming Details
 There are 3 special cases for linked lists
 Insert an element at the front of the list

there is no really obvious way
 Delete an element from the front of the list

changes the start of the list
 Delete an element in general

requires to keep track of the node before the deleted one
How can we solve these three problems ?

19. 19
Programming Details
Keep a header node in position 0
 Write a FindPrevious routine
 returns the predecessor of the cell
 To delete the first element
 FindPrevious routine returns the position of
header
Use of header node is controversial !

20. 20
Type decleration for link list node
template <class Object>
class List; // Incomplete declaration.
template <class Object>
class ListItr; // Incomplete declaration.
template <class Object>
class ListNode {
ListNode( const Object & theElement = Object( ),
ListNode*n=NULL) : element(theElement),next(n)
{}
Object element;
ListNode *next;
friend class List<Object>;
friend class ListItr<Object>;
};

21. 21
Iterator class for linked lists
template <class Object>
class ListItr {
public:
ListItr( ) : current( NULL ) { }
bool isPastEnd( ) const { return current == NULL; }
void advance( )
{ if( !isPastEnd( ) ) current = current->next; }
const Object & retrieve( ) const
{ if( isPastEnd( ) )
throw BadIterator( );
return current->element; }
private:
ListNode<Object> *current; // Current position
ListItr(ListNode<Object> *theNode):current( theNode ) { }
friend class List<Object>; // Grant access to constructor
};

22. 22
List class interface
template <class Object>
class List {
public:
List( );
List( const List & rhs );
~List( );
bool isEmpty( ) const;
void makeEmpty( );
ListItr<Object> zeroth( ) const;
ListItr<Object> first( ) const;
void insert( const Object & x, const ListItr<Object> & p );
ListItr<Object> find( const Object & x ) const;
ListItr<Object> findPrevious( const Object & x ) const;
void remove( const Object & x );
const List & operator=( const List & rhs );
private:
ListNode<Object> *header;
};

23. 23
Function to print a list
template <class Object>
void printList( const List<Object> &the List)
{
if (theList.isEmpty())
cout<< “Empty list” << endl;
else
{
ListItr<Object> itr = theList.first();
for (; !itr.isPastEnd(); itr.advance())
cout << itr.retrieve() <<“ ”;
}
cout << endl;
}

24. 24
Some list one-liners
/* Construct the list */
template <class Object>
List<Object>::List( )
{
header = new ListNode<Object>;
}
/* Test if the list is logically empty */
template <class Object>
bool List<Object>::isEmpty( ) const
{
return header->next == NULL;
}

25. 25
Some list one liners
/* Return an iterator representing the header node
template <class Object>
ListItr<Object> List<Object>::zeroth( ) const
{
return ListItr<Object>( header );
}
/* Return an iterator representing the first node
in the list. This operation is valid for empty
lists. */
template <class Object>
ListItr<Object> List<Object>::first( ) const
{
return ListItr<Object>( header->next );
}

26. 26
Find routine
/* Return iterator corresponding to the first
node containing an item x. Iterator isPastEnd
if item is not found. */
template <class Object>
ListItr<Object> List<Object>::find( const
Object & x ) const
{
ListNode<Object> *itr = header->next;
while( itr != NULL && itr->element != x )
itr = itr->next;
return ListItr<Object>( itr );
}

27. 27
Deletion routine for linked lists
/* Remove the first occurrence of an item x. */
template <class Object>
void List<Object>::remove( const Object & x )
{
ListItr<Object> p = findPrevious( x );
if( p.current->next != NULL )
{
ListNode<Object> *oldNode = p.current->next;
p.current->next = p.current->next->next;
delete oldNode;
}
}

28. 28
findPrevious-the find routine for
use with remove
/*Return iterator prior to the first node containing an
item x.
template <class Object>
ListItr<Object> List<Object>::findPrevious( const Object &
x ) const
{
ListNode<Object> *itr = header;
while( itr->next != NULL && itr->next->element != x )
itr = itr->next;
return ListItr<Object>( itr );
}

29. 29
Insertion routine for linked lists
/* Insert item x after p. */
template <class Object>
void List<Object>::insert( const Object & x,
const ListItr<Object> & p )
{
if( p.current != NULL )
p.current->next = new ListNode<Object>
( x, p.current->next );
}

30. 30
makeEmpty and List destructor
/* Make the list logically empty. */
template <class Object>
void List<Object>::makeEmpty( )
{
while( !isEmpty( ) )
remove( first( ).retrieve( ) );
}
/* Destructor */
template <class Object>
List<Object>::~List( )
{
makeEmpty( );
delete header;
}

31. 31
List copy routines: operator=
/*Deep copy of linked lists.
template <class Object>
const List<Object> & List<Object>::operator=( const
List<Object> & rhs )
{
ListItr<Object> ritr = rhs.first( );
ListItr<Object> itr = zeroth( );
if( this != &rhs )
{
makeEmpty( );
for( ; !ritr.isPastEnd( );
ritr.advance( ),itr.advance( ))
insert( ritr.retrieve( ), itr );
}
return *this;
}

32. 32
List copy routines : copy constructor
/* Copy constructor
template <class Object>
List<Object>::List( const List<Object> & rhs )
{
header = new ListNode<Object>;
*this = rhs;
}

33. 33
Doubly Linked List
 Traversing list backwards
 not easy with regular lists
 Insertion and deletion more pointer fixing
 Deletion is easier
 Previous node is easy to find

34. 34
Circulary Linked List
 Last node points the first

35. 35
ROAD MAP
 Abstract Data Types (ADT)
 The List ADT
 Implementation of Lists

Array implementation of lists

Linked list implementation of lists

Cursor implementation of lists

36. 36
Cursor Implementation of Linked List
Problems with linked list implementation:
 Same language do not support pointers !
 Then how can you use linked lists ?
 new and free operations are slow
 Actually not constant time

37. 37
Cursor Implementation of Linked List
SOLUTION: Implement linked list on an array
called CURSOR

38. 38
Cursor Implementation of Linked List
 Cursor operation simulates the features
 Collection of structures

uses array for nodes
 Array index is pointer
 new and delete operation

Keep a free list
 new returns an element from freelist
 delete place the node in freelist

Freelist
 Use cell 0 as header
 All nodes are free initially
 0 is a NULL pointer

39. 39
Cursor Implementation of Linked List
If L = 5, then L represents list (A, B, E)
If M = 3, then M represents list (C, D, F)

40. 40
Iterator for cursor implementation
of linked lists
template <class Object>
class ListItr
{
public:
ListItr( ) : current( 0 ) { }
bool isPastEnd( ) const {return current == 0; }
void advance( ){
if( !isPastEnd( ) )
current = List<Object>::cursorSpace[ current ].next; }
const Object & retrieve( ) const {
if( isPastEnd( ) ) throw BadIterator( );
return List<Object>::cursorSpace[ current ].element; }
private:
int current; // Current position
friend class List<Object>;
ListItr( int theNode ) : current( theNode ) { }
};

41. 41
Class skeleton for cursor-based List
template <class Object>
class ListItr; // Incomplete declaration.
template <class Object>
class List
{
public:
List( );
List( const List & rhs );
~List( );
bool isEmpty( ) const;
void makeEmpty( );
ListItr<Object> zeroth( ) const;
ListItr<Object> first( ) const;
void insert( const Object & x, const ListItr<Object> & p );
ListItr<Object> find( const Object & x ) const;
ListItr<Object> findPrevious( const Object & x ) const;
void remove( const Object & x );

42. 42
Class skeleton for cursor-based List
public:
struct CursorNode
{
CursorNode( ) : next( 0 ) { }
private:
CursorNode( const Object & theElement, int n )
: element( theElement ), next( n ) {}
Object element;
int next;
friend class List<Object>;
friend class ListItr<Object>;
};
const List & operator=( const List & rhs );

43. 43
Class skeleton for cursor-based List
private:
int header;
static vector<CursorNode> cursorSpace;
static void initializeCursorSpace( );
static int alloc( );
static void free( int p );
friend class ListItr<Object>;
};

44. 44
cursorSpace initialization
/* Routine to initialize the cursorSpace. */
template <class Object>
void List<Object>::initializeCursorSpace( )
{
static int cursorSpaceIsInitialized = false;
if( !cursorSpaceIsInitialized )
{
cursorSpace.resize( 100 );
for( int i = 0; i < cursorSpace.size( ); i++ )
cursorSpace[ i ].next = i + 1;
cursorSpace[ cursorSpace.size( ) - 1 ].next = 0;
cursorSpaceIsInitialized = true;
}
}

45. 45
Routines : alloc and free
/* Allocate a CursorNode
template <class Object>
int List<Object>::alloc( )
{
int p = cursorSpace[ 0 ].next;
cursorSpace[ 0 ].next = cursorSpace[ p ].next;
return p;
}
/* Free a CursorNode
template <class Object>
void List<Object>::free( int p )
{
cursorSpace[ p ].next = cursorSpace[ 0 ].next;
cursorSpace[ 0 ].next = p;
}

46. 46
Short routines for cursor-based lists
/* Construct the list
template <class Object>
List<Object>::List( )
{
initializeCursorSpace( );
header = alloc( );
cursorSpace[ header ].next = 0;
}
/* Destroy the list
template <class Object>
List<Object>::~List( )
{
makeEmpty( );
free( header );
}

47. 47
Short routines for cursor-based lists
/* Test if the list is logically empty. return true if
empty
template <class Object>
bool List<Object>::isEmpty( ) const
{
return cursorSpace[ header ].next == 0;
}
/* Return an iterator representing the first node in
the list. This operation is valid for empty lists.
template <class Object>
ListItr<Object> List<Object>::first( ) const
{
return ListItr<Object>( cursorSpace[ header ].next );
}

48. 48
find routine - cursor implementation
/*Return iterator corresponding to the first node containing
an item x. Iterator isPastEnd if item is not found.
template <class Object>
ListItr<Object> List<Object>::find( const Object & x ) const
{
int itr = cursorSpace[ header ].next;
while( itr != 0 && cursorSpace[ itr ].element != x )
itr = cursorSpace[ itr ].next;
return ListItr<Object>( itr );
}

49. 49
insertion routine-cursor implementation
/* Insert item x after p.
template <class Object>
void List<Object>::insert(const Object & x,const ListItr<Object> & p)
{
if( p.current != 0 )
{
int pos = p.current;
int tmp = alloc( );
cursorSpace[ tmp ] = CursorNode( x, cursorSpace[ pos ].next );
cursorSpace[ pos ].next = tmp;
}
}

50. 50
deletion routine - cursor implementation
/* Remove the first occurrence of an item x.
template <class Object>
void List<Object>::remove( const Object & x )
{
ListItr<Object> p = findPrevious( x );
int pos = p.current;
if( cursorSpace[ pos ].next != 0 )
{
int tmp = cursorSpace[ pos ].next;
cursorSpace[ pos ].next = cursorSpace[ tmp ].next;
free ( tmp );
}
}