The document discusses the second law of thermodynamics, focusing on heat engines, which convert heat to mechanical energy. It explains the equivalence of the Kelvin-Planck and Clausius statements, emphasizing that reversible heat engines operating between the same temperature reservoirs have identical efficiency. Additionally, it mentions the Carnot theorem related to these thermodynamic principles.

1. Basic Mechanical Engineering
UNIT-2
Thermodynamics' Laws
Part-Two (Second Law of Thermodynamics)
By
Mr. Varun Pratap Singh

6. Source Sink

7. In thermodynamics and engineering, a heat engine is a system that converts heat to mechanical energy, which can
then be used to do mechanical work. It does this by bringing a working substance from a higher state temperature
to a lower state temperature.

9. Reversible Heat Engine
Every reversible heat engine operating between the same two temperature reservoirs have identical efficiency. This means no
matter how a reversible heat engine is constructed or what the working fluid is, its efficiency is the same as all other heat
engines working from the same two temperatures.

15. The Kelvin-Planck statement is the statement of the second law of thermodynamics for heat
engines, while the Clausius statement is the statement of the refrigerators and heat pumps.

19. Equivalence of Kelvin-Planck and Clausius Statements
The Clausius and Kelvin-Planck statements of the second law are entirely equivalent. This equivalence can be
demonstrated by showing that the violation of either statement can result in violation of the other one.

21. The Clausius and Kelvin-Planck statements of the second law are entirely equivalent. This equivalence can be
demonstrated by showing that the violation of either statement can result in violation of the other one.

28. CARNOT THEOREM AND COROLLARY