The Second Law of Thermodynamics identifies the direction of processes like heat transfer, determines the quality of energy sources, and excludes perpetual motion machines. It introduces concepts like reversibility and irreversibility. A process must satisfy both the first and second laws. The Second Law is expressed by both the Kelvin-Planck statement, which prohibits a heat engine from receiving heat from a single reservoir and producing work without rejection, and the Clausius statement, which prohibits heat transfer from a cold to hot body without work. Real processes are irreversible but reversible processes are theoretically most efficient.
The following presentation consists of information on limitation of 1st law, introduction to 2nd law, kelvin planks statement, Clausius statement, PPM 2, Carnot cycle, Carnot heat engines, etc
The following presentation consists of information on limitation of 1st law, introduction to 2nd law, kelvin planks statement, Clausius statement, PPM 2, Carnot cycle, Carnot heat engines, etc
The second law of thermodynamics is explored in this lecture. Topics covered include:
Introduction to the second law
Thermal energy reservoirs
Heat engines
Thermal efficiency
The 2nd law: Kelvin-Planck statement
Refrigerators and heat pumps
Coefficient of performance (COP)
The 2nd law: Clasius statement
Perpetual motion machines
Reversible and irreversible processes
Irreversibility's, Internal and externally reversible processes
The Carnot cycle
The reversed Carnot cycle
The Carnot principles
The thermodynamic temperature scale
The Carnot heat engine
The quality of energy
The Carnot refrigerator and heat pump
thermal power plant , thermodynamics, limitations of laws of thermodynamics, kelvin- planck statement , heat engine , thermal reservoir, deduction of heat efficiency , clausius statement, limitations of laws of thermodynamics, irreversibility of thermodynamics
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
The second law of thermodynamics is explored in this lecture. Topics covered include:
Introduction to the second law
Thermal energy reservoirs
Heat engines
Thermal efficiency
The 2nd law: Kelvin-Planck statement
Refrigerators and heat pumps
Coefficient of performance (COP)
The 2nd law: Clasius statement
Perpetual motion machines
Reversible and irreversible processes
Irreversibility's, Internal and externally reversible processes
The Carnot cycle
The reversed Carnot cycle
The Carnot principles
The thermodynamic temperature scale
The Carnot heat engine
The quality of energy
The Carnot refrigerator and heat pump
thermal power plant , thermodynamics, limitations of laws of thermodynamics, kelvin- planck statement , heat engine , thermal reservoir, deduction of heat efficiency , clausius statement, limitations of laws of thermodynamics, irreversibility of thermodynamics
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
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Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
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This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
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How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
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it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
1. Second Law of Thermodynamics (YAC Ch.5)
• Identifies the direction of a process. (e.g.: Heat can only spontaneously
transfer from a hot object to a cold object, not vice versa)
• Used to determine the “Quality” of energy. (e.g.: A high-temperature
energy source has a higher quality since it is easier to extract energy from
it to deliver useable work.)
• Used to exclude the possibility of constructing 100% efficient heat
engine and perpetual-motion machines. (violates the Kevin-Planck and
the Clausius statements of the second law)
• Used to introduce concepts of reversible processes and irreversibilities.
• Determines the theoretical performance limits of engineering systems.
(e.g.: A Carnot engine is theoretically the most efficient heat engine; its
performance can be used as a standard for other practical engines)
Second-law.ppt
Modified 10/9/02
2. Second Law (cont)
• A process can not happen unless it satisfies both the first and
second laws of thermodynamics. The first law characterizes the
balance of energy which defines the “quantity” of energy. The
second law defines the direction which the process can take place
and its “quality”.
• Define a “Heat Engine”: A device that converts heat into work
while operating in a cycle.
Heat engine
QH
QL
TH
TL
Wnet
DQ-Wnet=DU (since DU=0 for a cycle)
Wnet=QH-QL
Thermal efficiency, hth is defined as
hth=Wnet/QH=(QH-QL)/QH
=1-(QL/QH)
Question: Can we produce an 100%
heat engine, i.e. a heat engine where
QL=0?
3. Steam Power Plant
• A steam power plant is a good example of a heat engine where the
working fluid, water, undergoes a thermodynamic cycle
Wnet= Wout - Win = Qin-Qout
Qinis the heat transferred from the high temp. reservoir,
and is generally referred to as QH
Qoutis the heat transferred to the low temp. reservoir,
and is generally referred to as QL
Thermal efficiency
hth = Wnet/QH= (QH-QL)/QH =1-(QL/QH)
Typical Efficiency of a large commercial steam power
plant 40%
Thermal Reservoir
A hypothetical body with a very large thermal capacity
(relative to the system beig examined) to/from which
heat can be transferred without changing its
temperature. E.g. the ocean, atmosphere, large lakes.
Back
4. Kevin-Planck Statement
• The Kelvin-Planck Statement is another expression of the second law of
thermodynamics. It states that:
It is impossible for any device that operates on a cycle to receive heat from
a single reservoir and produce net work.
• This statement is without proof, however it has not been violated yet.
• Consequently, it is impossible to built a heat engine that is 100%.
Heat engine
QH
TH
Wnet
• A heat engine has to reject some
energy into a lower temperature sink
in order to complete the cycle.
• TH>TL in order to operate the
engine. Therefore, the higher the
temperature, TH, the higher the
quality of the energy source and more
work is produced.
Impossible because it violates the Kelvin-Planck Statement/Second Law
5. Heat Pumps and Refrigerators
• A “heat pump” is defined as a device that transfers heat from a low-temperature
source to a high-temperature one. E.g. a heat pump is used to extract energy from
outside cold outdoor air into the warm indoors.
• A refrigerator performs the same function; the difference between the two is in
the type of heat transfer that needs to be optimized.
• The efficiencies of heat pumps and refrigerators are denoted by the Coefficient
of Performance (COP) where
Heat pump/
Refrigerator
QH
QL
TH
TL
Wnet
For a Heat Pump:
COPHP=QH/Wnet=QH/(QH-QL) = 1/(1-QL/QH)
For a Refrigerator:
COPR=QL/Wnet=QL/(QH-QL) = 1/(QH/QL-1)
Note: COPHP = COPR + 1
• COPHP>1, ex: a typical heat pump has a COP
in the order of 3
• Question: Can one build a heat pump
operating COP= , that is Wnet= 0 and QH=Q?
6. Clausius Statement
• The Clausius Statement is another expression of the second law of thermodynamics.
It states that:
It is impossible to construct a device that operates in a cycle and produces no
effect other than the transfer of heat from a lower-temperature body to a higher-
temperature body.
• Similar to the K-P Statement, it is a negative statement and has no proof, it is based
on experimental observations and has yet to be violated.
• Heat can not be transferred from low temperature to higher temperature unless
external work is supplied.
Heat pump
QH
QL
TH
TL
Therefore, it is impossible to build a
heat pump or a refrigerator without
external work input.
7. Equivalence of the Two Statements
It can be shown that the violation of one statement leads to a violation
of the other statement, i.e. they are equivalent.
A 100% efficient heat engine; violates K-P Statement
Heat pump
QL
QL
TH
TL
Heat transfer from low-temp body to
high-temp body without work; A
violation of the Clausius statement
Heat pump
QH+QL
QL
TH
TL
Wnet
=QH
Heat engine
QH
8. Perpetual-Motion Machines (YAC: 5-5)
Imagine that we can extract energy from unlimited low-temperature energy sources
such as the ocean or the atmosphere (both can be thought of as thermal reservoirs).
Heat
engine
Heat
pump
QL
QH
QH
Win = QH-QL
Wnet=QL
TH
Ocean TL
It is against the Kevin-Planck
statement: it is impossible to
build an 100% heat engine.
Perpetual Motion Machines, PMM, are classified into two types:
PMM1- Perpetual Motion Machines of the First Kind: They violate the First Law
of Thermodynamics
PMM2 - Perpetual Motion Machines of the Second Kind : Violate the Second
Law of Thermodynamics
9. Reversible Processes and Irreversibilities (YAC: 5-6)
• A reversible process is one that can be executed in the reverse direction
with no net change in the system or the surroundings.
• At the end of a forwards and backwards reversible process, both system
and the surroundings are returned to their initial states.
• No real processes are reversible.
• However, reversible processes are theoretically the most efficient
processes.
• All real processes are irreversible due to irreversibilities. Hence, real
processes are less efficient than reversible processes.
Common Sources of Irreversibility:
• Friction
• Sudden Expansion and compression
• Heat Transfer between bodies with a finite temperature difference.
• A quasi-equilibrium process, e.g. very slow, frictionless expansion or
compression is a reversible process.
10. Reversible Processes and Irreversibilities (cont’d)
• A work-producing device which employs quasi-equlibrium or
reversible processes produces the maximum amount of work
theoretically possible.
•A work-consuming device which employs quasi-equilibrium or
reversible processes requires the minimum amount of work
theoretically possible.
• One of the most common idealized cycles that employs all
reversible processes is called the Carnot Cycle proposed in 1824 by
Sadi Carnot.