Basic Human Right - Unit 3.pptx

Unit - 3
Syllabus
Migrant workers and human rights violations
human rights of mentally and physically challenged.
State, Individual liberty, Freedom and democracy.
NGOs and human rights in India: - Land, Water,
Forest issues.

Migrant workers and human rights
violations
• Migrant workers –
a person who moves to another country or area in
order to find employment, in particular seasonal or
temporary work.
Migrant workers who work outside their home
country are also called foreign workers. They may
also be called expatriates or guest workers,
especially when they have been sent for or invited
to work in the host country before leaving the
home country.

violations
• Facts about Migrant workers
Migrant workers tend to be seen as
inexperienced or unskilled. They usually receive
low pay. Businesses may hire migrant workers
when they want to save money, or when there
are not enough local workers. Migrant workers
also may do jobs that local workers refuse to do.

violations
causes of migrant workers
In India the labour migration is mostly
influenced by social structures and pattern of
development. Uneven development is the main
reason of migration along with factors like
poverty, landholding system, fragmentations of
land, lack of employment opportunities, large
family-size and natural calamities.

violations
Other causes
• lack of
services.
• lack of safety.
• high crime.
• crop failure.
• drought.
• flooding.
• poverty.
• war.
Why do people migrate?
People migrate for many different reasons.
These reasons can be classified as economic,
social, political or environmental
economic migration - moving to find work or
follow a particular career path
social migration - moving somewhere for a
better quality of life or to be closer to family
or friends
political migration - moving to escape political
persecution or war
environmental causes of migration include
natural disasters such as flooding

violations
benefits of migrant workers?
Migrant workers can make a positive contribution to business
performance and productivity. They can also bring culturally unique
and complementary skills and knowledge to your business.
• Filling skills gaps - fulfiling existing contracts and taking on more
work through new skills and talent.
• Knowledge sharing - increasing access to international knowledge
and supporting the upskilling of co-workers.
• Expansion into new markets - strengthening contacts in
international markets and local networks through new language
skills and cultural awareness.
• Enrichment from different cultures - creating a more diverse
workforce with varied experience and ways of working.

violations
Field of migrant workers
Construction laborers occupy the top spot among
immigrant workers (26 percent) and the third spot for
native workers (11 percent). Construction managers and
carpenters are also among the most common
occupations for both native-born and foreign-born
workers in this sector.
Among them are cleaners and helpers as well as
plasterers. These are followed by other manufacturing,
construction and low-skilled service occupations, which
are therefore essentially dependent on migrants.

violations
• Importance
Migration boosts the working-age population.
Migrants arrive with skills and contribute to
human capital development of receiving
countries. Migrants also contribute to
technological progress

violations
• Rights for migrant worker
• The human right to freedom from forced labor. The human right to protection
against arbitrary expulsion from the State of employment. The human right to
return home if the migrant wishes. The human right to a standard of living
adequate for the health and well-being of the migrant worker and his or her
family.
• Human rights for workers
• 21 - Protection of life and personal liberty.
• 24 Prohibition of employment of children in factories, etc.
41 Right to work, to education and to public assistance in certain cases.
• 42 Provision for just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief.
• 43 Living wage, etc., for workers.
43A Participation of workers in the management of industries.
• https://www.pdhre.org/rights/migrants.html#:~:text=The%20human%20right%20t
o%20freedom%20from%20forced%20labor.,and%20his%20or%20her%20family.

violations
• HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS
A human rights violation is the disallowance of
the freedom of thought and movement to
which all humans legally have a right. While
individuals can violate these rights, the
leadership or government of civilization most
often belittles(dismiss as unimportant)
marginalized persons.

violations
Worst Human Rights Violations of All Time
• Child Slavery
• Abductions(the action of forcibly taking someone away against their will)
• arbitrary arrests(random)
• detentions(hold in custody) without trial,
• political executions(political murder)
• assassinations(murder of a prominent or important person) and
torture often follow.
• Caste-based discrimination and violence: More than 56,000 crimes were
committed against scheduled castes and scheduled tribes in 2015. ...
• Communal and ethnic violence: ...
• Freedom of association: ...
• Freedom of expression: ...
• Violence against women: ...
• Children's rights

violations
In cases where extreme violations of human rights have occurred,
reconciliation and peace building become much more difficult.
• Punishment
• Child Slavery - Any person who employs a child below 14 or a child
between 14 and 18 in a hazardous occupation or process can be punished
with jail time of between six months and two years and/or fine between
Rs. 20,000 and Rs. 50,000.
• Abductions(the action of forcibly taking someone away against their will)
Punishment for Kidnapping. (Section 363, The Indian Penal Code, 1860).
Whoever kidnaps any person from India or from lawful guardianship, shall be
punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may
extend to seven years, and shall also be liable to fine.

• arbitrary arrests(random reason )
The penalty of arresto mayor(1day to 6 month)
• detentions(hold in custody) without trial -
• political executions(political murder)
• assassinations(murder of a prominent or important person) and
torture often follow.
• Caste-based discrimination and violence: More than 56,000 crimes
were committed against scheduled castes and scheduled tribes in
2015. ...
• Communal and ethnic violence: ...
• Freedom of association: ...
• Freedom of expression: ...
• Violence against women: ...
• Children's rights
• Use link for more details :
• https://www.legalserviceindia.com/legal/article-4222-human-
rights-violations-a-curse-to-society-culture-and-humanity.html

human rights of mentally and
physically challenged.
Despite all the best efforts at prevention, children may be born with or
develop the following disabilities in early childhood, from the causes
which are not yet fully understood or could be prevented.
Types of Disabilities:
• Visual impairment
• Hearing impairment
• Loco motor impairment; Cerebral Palsy
• Mental retardation and Mental illness
• Children with learning disabilities
– Dyslexia (difficulty in learning to read or interpret words, letters)
– Dysgraphia (inability to write coherently)
– Dyscalculia (difficulty in making arithmetical calculations)
– Attention Deficit(too small) and Hyperactivity
Disorder(neurodevelopmental disorders) (ADHD)

What are the challenges faced by persons with Multiple
Disabilities?
• There are many challenges that disabled people have to
live with when employed and even as they seek
employment.
• Employers' doubt. ...
• Lack of education. ...
• Trapped in Poverty. ...
• Stigma(disapproval). ...
• The disparity(difference) between supply and demand. ...
• Transport and Accommodation facilities. ...
• Negative attitudes.

• According to the The Rights of Persons with Disabilities
(RPwD) Act, 2016, enacted on 28.12.2016 and came into
force from 19.04.2017, Disability has been defined based
on an evolving and dynamic concept.
• Disabled persons have the right to medical, psychological
and functional treatment, including prosthetic(artificial
device) and orthetic(artificial support) appliances, to
medical and social rehabilitation, education, vocational
training and rehabilitation, aid, counselling, placement
services and other services which will enable them to
develop their capabilities and skills to the maximum and
will hasten the processes of their social integration or
reintegration.

Constitutional Rights
• Mentally and physically challenged people can avail all the
fundamental rights guaranteed to an ordinary citizen by the
Constitution of India. No statute bars them from enjoying these
rights. However for mentally challenged the most important
constitutional rights are:
• Right against discrimination: By Article 15(2) of Constitution of
India any citizen, including mentally challenged people, can’t be
denied access to public goods. Also, they need to be provided equal
opportunities to prosper in life.
• Right to Health: Article 21 gives the right to life and personal
liberty. Right to health flows directly from right to life and the same
has been laid down by the supreme court in many cases.

• The PWD (Equal Opportunities, Protection of Rights, and Full Participations) Act, 1995 was
replaced by the right of Person with Disabilities Act 2016.
Steps in acts -
• Establishment of special schools for the education of mentally disabled children.
• Mentally disabled children were given the right to free education till the age of 18 under this
Act.
• 3% employment reservation for disabled (Including mentally disabled) in government jobs
was approved.
• The number of recognized disability conditions has been increased from 7 to 21 in the RPWD
Act 2016. The new list of recognized disabilities include three blood disorders and acid
attack survivors have also been included in the list.
• https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/declaration-rights-
disabled-
persons#:~:text=Disabled%20persons%20have%20the%20right,enable%20them%20to%20de
velop%20their

Main Provisions of the Act – PwD 1995
• Prevention and Early Detection of Disabilities
• Education
• Employment
• Non-Discrimination
• Research and Manpower Development
• Affirmative Action
• Social Security
• Grievance Redressal
• Income Tax Concessions
•
https://vikaspedia.in/education/parents-corner/guidelines-for-parents-of-
children-with-disabilities/legal-rights-of-the-disabled-in-india

What is the main difference between
liberty and freedom?
• liberty means the responsible use of freedom under
the rule of law without depriving(हिरावून) anyone else
of their freedom. Freedom is broader in that it
represents a total lack of restraint or the unrestrained
ability to fulfill one's desires.
• (It is only in a jungle that freedom from restraints is
available to animals.) In a civil society no person can be
really permitted to act without restraints(control).
Hence, Liberty is taken to mean the absence of not all
restraints but only those restraints which are held to be
irrational(illogical / non-Philosophy).

Liberty is usually defined in two ways:
Negative Liberty & Positive Liberty
• A) Negative Liberty:
• In its negative sense, Liberty is taken to mean
an absence of restraints. It means the
freedom to act is any way. In this form liberty
becomes a license. Such a meaning of liberty
can never be accepted in a civil society. In
contemporary(modern) times, Negative
conception of liberty stands rejected.

• B) Positive Liberty:
• In its positive sense, Liberty is taken to mean
freedom under rational and logical i.e. restraints
which are rational and have stood the test of
time. It means liberty under the rational and
necessary restraints imposed by law. These
restraints are considered essential for ensuring
the enjoyment of liberty by all the people. In a
civil society only positive liberty can be available
to the people.

• Positive Liberty means two important things:
1. Liberty is not the absence of restraints; it is
the substitution of irrational restraints by
rational ones. Liberty means absence of only
irrational and arbitrary restraints and not all
restraints.
2. Liberty means equal and adequate
opportunities for all to enjoy their rights.

Features/Nature of Liberty
i)Liberty does not mean the absence of all restraints
(ii) Liberty admits the presence of rational restraints and the
absence of irrational restraints.
(iii) Liberty postulates(offers) the existence of such conditions as
can enable the people to enjoy their rights and develop their
personalities.
(iv) Liberty is not a license to do anything and everything. It
means the freedom to do only those things which are considered
worth-doing or worth-enjoying.
(v) Liberty is possible only in a civil society and not in a state of
nature or a ‘state of jungle’. State of anarchy(lawlessness) can
never be a state, of Liberty.

Types of Liberty
Here we will see only
State and individual
liberties
State liberty come
under social/civil
liberty and individual
liberty come under
personal liberty

Types of Liberty
• Civil Liberty:
The liberty which each individual enjoys as a member of the
society is called civil liberty. It is equally available to all the
individuals. All enjoy equal freedom and rights in society. Civil
liberty is not unrestrained liberty. It is enjoyed only under some
restrictions (Laws and Rules) imposed by the state and society.
Civil Liberty is the very opposite of Natural liberty. Civil Liberty
accepts the presence of some rational restraints imposed by the
State and Society.
Further, Civil Liberty has two features:
(i) State guarantees Civil Liberty
(ii) Civil liberty also stands for the protection of Rights and
Freedom from undue interferences

Types of Liberty
• (i) State guarantees Civil Liberty:
• Civil liberty means liberty under law. Law creates
the conditions necessary for the enjoyment of
liberty. However, it refrains from creating
obstacles in the way of enjoyment of liberty by
the people. It protects liberty from such obstacles
and actions of other men and organisations as
can limit the equal liberty of all. The Laws of State
imposes such reasonable restraints as are
deemed(consider ) necessary for the enjoyment
of liberty by the people.

Types of Liberty
• (ii) Civil liberty also stands for the protection of
Rights and Freedom from undue interferences:
• Civil liberty involves the concept of limiting the
possibilities for violation of the rights of the
people by the government. This is ensured by
granting and guaranteeing the fundamental rights
of the people. It also stands for providing
constitutional and judicial protection to rights
and liberty of the people.

Types of Liberty
Individual Liberty/ Personal Liberty:
• Individual liberty means the freedom to pursue one’s
desires and interests as a person, but which do not
clash with the interests or desires of others. The
freedom of speech and expression, freedom of
residence, freedom of movement, freedom of
conscience, freedom of tastes and pursuits, freedom to
choose any profession or trade or occupation, the
freedom to enjoy the fruits of one’s labour, the right to
personal property, the freedom to profess(पेशा) or not
to profess any religion, and freedom to accept or not to
accept any ideology, all fall under the category of
individual freedom. However, all these freedoms are to
be exercised in a way as does not hinder (obstruct)the
equal freedom of others as well as does not violate
public order, health and morality.

Types of Liberty
• For more types and info refer below link
• https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/essay/libe
rty-definition-features-types-and-essential-
safeguards-of-liberty/40364

Freedom and democracy
• Freedom –
Freedom is understood as either having the
ability to act or change without constraint(limit /
control) the power and resources to fulfill one's
purposes.
Freedom is the state of not being held prisoner
or controlled by somebody else

Freedom
• Freedom is a condition in which people have the opportunity to speak,
act and pursue happiness without unnecessary external restrictions.
Freedom is important because it leads to enhanced expressions of
creativity and original thought, increased productivity, and an overall
high quality of life.
• What does freedom mean in democracy?
While thinking of individual freedom, every individual's and the entire
nation's common interests and the existence of the state must be taken into
consideration.
• Does democracy stand for freedom?
Cornerstones of democracy include freedom of assembly, association,
property rights, freedom of religion and speech, inclusiveness and equality,
citizenship, consent of the governed, voting rights, freedom from
unwarranted governmental deprivation of the right to life and liberty, and
minority rights.

Freedom
• What are the 5 democratic freedoms?
The freedoms of speech, association, assembly, religion,
and movement are regarded as essential to a healthy
democracy and strong civil society.
What is the importance of freedom?
Freedom is a condition in which people have the
opportunity to speak, act and pursue happiness without
unnecessary external restrictions. Freedom is important
because it leads to enhanced expressions of creativity
and original thought, increased productivity, and an
overall high quality of life.

Freedom
• What makes a person free?
A free person will ignore negative judgement from others because
they know what's best for themselves. They also avoid handing too
much power over to people with overbearing and forceful personalities.
Free people don't give in to peer pressure and meaningless obligations
that don't benefit them.
• What are the types of freedom?
• Freedom of association.
• Freedom of belief.
• Freedom to express oneself.
• Freedom of the press.
• Freedom to choose one's state in life.
• Freedom of religion.
• Freedom from bondage and slavery.
• Freedom of movement.

Democracy
• a system in which the government of a country is
elected by the people
• Why do we need Democracy?
Democracy explains and helps in maintaining law
and order. Democracy helps citizens to choose their
leaders to run the government. Democracy
provides equal rights among citizens on the basis of
caste, religion and gender. Democracy enhances the
quality of decision-making and also improves the
dignity of citizens.

Democracy
• Why is democracy important?
Supporting democracy not only promotes such fundamental
values as religious freedom and worker rights, but also helps
create a more secure, stable, and prosperous global arena in
which the we can advance its national interests.
What are the rights of democracy?
Freedom of expression and opinion. Access to power and its
exercise in accordance with the rule of law. The holding of
periodic free and fair elections by universal suffrage and by
secret ballot as the expression of the will of the people. A
pluralistic system of political parties and organizations.

Democracy
• What are 4 pillars of democracy?
Democracy rests on four pillars legislature(हवधान) ,executive
judiciary and the press. - Transforming India. Democracy rests
on four pillars legislature ,executive judiciary and the press. All
have to realize their responsibility and function .
Why democracy is the best form of government?
Democracy improves the quality of decision-making.
Democracy provides a method to deal with differences and
conflicts. Democracy enhances the dignity of citizens.
Democracy is better than other forms of government because
it allows us to correct our own mistakes.

democracy
• What are the characteristics of democracy?
The Characteristics of democracy are listed below: Elected
representative. Civil liberties. Independent judiciary. Organized
opposition party. Rule of law. Citizens in a democracy have not
only rights but also the responsibility to participate in the
political system.
What is the two things necessary to maintain democracy?1
Answer. The first thing that is needed to maintain democracy is
to follow constitutional methods of achieving our social and
economic objectives. The second thing which is of utmost
importance to safeguard our democracy is not to lay our liberties
even at the feet of a great man blindly

democracy
• Different types of democracies
• Direct democracy
• Representative democracy
• Constitutional democracy
• Monitory democracy
• Direct democracy
• In a direct democracy, such as ancient Athens, all citizens (only
adult males who had completed their military training; women,
slaves and plebs(ordinary person) were not citizens) are invited to
participate in all political decisions. This form of democracy is no
longer practiced. In this form of democracy citizens are
continuously involved in the exercise of power and decision is by
majority rule.

democracy
• Representative democracy
In a representative democracy, representatives are elected by the
people and entrusted to carry out the business of governance.
• Constitutional democracy
In a constitutional democracy a constitution outlines who will
represent the people and how.
• Monitory democracy
Political scientist John Keane suggests that a new form of democracy
is evolving in which government is constantly monitored in its
exercise of power by a vast array of public and private agencies,
commissions and regulatory mechanisms.

NGOs and human rights in India
• NGO - a non-profit organization that operates independently of any
government, typically one whose purpose is to address a social or
political issue.
• NGO Overviews
NGO (Full Form) Non-Governmental Organization
Types of NGO Trust Act of 1882
Society Act of 1860
Section 8 Act 2013
Tax Benefits 80G, 12AA
FCRA Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act 2010
Work Areas Education, Health, Environment, Agriculture,
Women’s and Child, Sports, Old Age etc.
NGOs work All over INDIA
Orientation Charities, Service, Participation, Empowerment

Best NGO in India
Smile Foundation. Smile Foundation is an NGO based in
New Delhi, India. ...
Give India Foundation. Give India is a non-profit
organization in India. ...
Nanhi Kali. ...
Goonj. ...
Helpage India. ...
CRY (Child Rights and You) ...
Care India. ...
Childline India Foundation.

• How to Start an NGO?
• Before starting an NGO, you should know the fundamental
problems of people in the area you want to reduce.
Knowing this, it becomes easier to formulate the purpose
and mission of your NGO accordingly. After this, you have
to decide the vision, mission and purpose of the NGO.
• People who have problems with society will have to work
accordingly because no one listens to many people’s
concerns. Therefore, the purpose of any NGO should be to
understand the problems of the people and start their NGO
accordingly.
• https://ngofeed.com/top-ngos-in-india/

• What is the advantage of NGO?
> Reduce literacy levels
> Improve standards of life
> Innovative approaches
> Better communication
• Importance :
• NGO activities include, but are not limited to, environmental,
social, advocacy and human rights work. They can work to
promote social or political change on a broad scale or very
locally. NGOs play a critical part in developing society,
improving communities, and promoting citizen
participation.

• Types of NGOs
• NGOs categorized based on their orientation

• 1. Charitable Orientation
• The NGOs fall under this category, in which they play as an
authoritarian and has all the powers on the other hand
beneficiary party has least or no involvement in their
activities.
• NGOs who were primarily involved in campaigns focused
on fulfilling the necessities of the lower income group
communities with the aid of clothing, medicine, food
distribution drives, housing facility, school, transport, etc.
• These NGOs work actively during natural calamities and
emergency situations. They play an important role by
providing necessities to affected families.

• Service Orientation
• The NGOs provide services in collaboration with
other parties as well.
• Service Orientation Non-governmental
organizations include those NGOs which
campaign dedicatedly towards the promotion
and awareness of education, health, family
planning for the underprivileged section of the
society.
• They actively work towards the goal and target
the specific services and goals in their mission.

• 3. Participatory Orientation
• In these types of NGOs Participatory approach is employed
and is signified by self-help missions and plans in which
localities play a primary role by engagement with the
organization of a project.
• They organize, manage in every possible way by
themselves, they collect donations in terms of money, land,
tools, labour, material, etc.
• In the traditional public development project, participation
instigates with the fulfilment of requirements followed by
the planning & deployment phase. Co-ops habitually
adhere to participatory coordination.

• Empowering Orientation
• The NGOs fall under this category, with emphasis
upon Empowering Orientation.
• Their aim is to provide aids to the deprived
section and nurture the understanding of
the social, political & economic aspects affecting
their lives,
• They have a mission to harden their
consciousness to enhance their ability to get
equal rights.

Types of NGOs categorized on the basis of the level of operation

• 1. Community-based Non- Governmental Organizations
(CBOs)
• Community-based Organizations are those NGOs that
target specific communities.
• They work for small range and small groups to elevate their
standards in society.
• They emanate the effort of people’s own initiatives.
• They usually involve in women’s organizations, sports clubs,
educational organizations, and neighbourhood
organizations, small regional communities, and many more.
• They committed to cultivating cognizance amongst the
deprived ones to boost their understanding of fundamental
rights to access basic services and positions in society.

• Citywide Non-Governmental Organizations
• These Non-governmental organizations actively work
at a city level.
• It includes bodies such as the Rotary or lion’s Club,
coalitions of business, associations of communal
organizations, and cultural or educational groups.
• In this category of NGOs, they generally have a
different set of purposes and some might be involved
in supporting deprived ones while others are here to
serve for the specific cause of supporting the
underprivileged.

• National level Non-Governmental Organizations
• These types of organizations are involved at the
national level.
• They have a huge team of volunteers and have an
agenda of National interest.
• NGOs that fall under this category are Red Cross,
professional organizations, YMCAs/YWCAs, etc.
• They also possess state & duty branches & deliver
services to the local level NGOs as well.

• 4. International NGOs
• The non-governmental organizations which organize
their activities at the International level fall under this
category.
• NGOs embrace secular foundations such as Redda B
Arana, Save the Children agencies, Care, Oxfam, Ford &
Rockefeller Foundations to generate cognizance among
the masses conscientiously.
• Their endeavours are diverse from funding local NGOs,
projects & agencies for organizing the project.

• Poverty Removal
• Rural Development
• Science & Technology
Development
• Tribal people
• Waste Management
• Drinking-Water
• Women
Categorization of NGO’S Based Upon Sectors
Age care (old age groups)
Agriculture
Animal Welfare and Rights
Art & Craft
Child Education
Cities/Urban Development
Community Development
Culture & Heritage
Disability
Disaster Management
Education
Environmental issues
Health & Hygiene
HIV/AIDS
Housing & Slums
Population

• How do NGOs help human rights?
Civil Society including NGOs
Civil society organizations are a vital part of the human rights
movement. They defend victims, promote human rights through
education, and campaign for improvements.
• Do you know of any NGOs fighting for human rights in India?
• Milaan Foundation is an organization working for an inclusive and
equal world for girls. Their continued efforts are empowering
young girls from marginalised communities with the knowledge
and skills needed to pursue their dreams and realise their
potential. These girls become influencers within their communities
and enable more girls to break free from illiteracy and poverty. So
far, 40,000 children and their communities have benefited through
Milaan Foundation

human rights in India: - Land
• What is land property rights?
Land rights do not just pertain(concern) to the right of ownership.
They also refer to access, use, possession and occupation of land,
and security of such use, possession or tenure. Local and national
landowning and land use systems vary considerably from country to
country and, frequently, within countries.
• How are land rights connected with human rights?
Land is a cross-cutting issue that impacts directly on the enjoyment
of a number of human rights. For many people, land is a source of
livelihood, and is central to economic rights. Land is also often
linked to peoples' identities, and so is tied to social and cultural
rights.

• Is right to property a human right?
A citizen's right to own private property is a
human right. The state cannot take possession
of it without following due procedure and
authority of law, the Supreme Court has held in
a judgment.

1. Issues –
Land and water
management
programme under
drought-prone area
programme in
selected areas. Soil
erosion and land
degradation surfaced
as major issues. Land
going out of
cultivation.
Deforestation and
degradation of forest
lands.
2. UNDERLYING CAUSES RELATED TO LAND USE
Social problems
Population pressure on land resources
Unequal distribution of land, capital and opportunities
Restrictions of land tenure and landownership
Natural hazards and limitations
Inadequate water supply and distribution
Irregular relief
Drought-prone soils
Poor drainage
Diseases
Mismatch between land use and land suitability
Inadequate water control
Clearance of forest on steeplands
Inadequate soil conservation practices
Inadequate periods of bush fallow
Related rural planning problems
Inadequate power
Lack of fertilizer and pesticides
Lack of markets, unsatisfactory price structure
Lack of finance
Inadequate transport
Lack of technical support

NGOs working for land
1. Universal Versatile Society (UVS)
• The NGO is into several critical areas such as agriculture,
environment, rural development, education, and women
empowerment. Its mission is to serve the communities by
connecting the donors with community-based projects and
use its expertise to promote sustainable development
projects.
For other NGOs refer below link :
https://www.giveindia.org/blog/10-ngos-empowering-indian-
farmers-to-grow-and-sustain/

human rights in India: - Water
In India, the constitutional right to access to clean
drinking water can be drawn from the right to
food, the right to clean environment and the right
to health, all of which have been protected under
the broad heading of the RIGHT TO LIFE,
guaranteed under Article 21 of the Constitution.
• Are water rights human rights?
Access to safe, affordable and reliable drinking
water and sanitation services are basic human
rights. They are indispensable to sustaining healthy
livelihoods and maintaining people's dignity.

• Is water a fundamental right in India?
Union of India, (2000) 10 SCC 664. In this case, the
Court held that “the right to water is a right to life,
and thus a fundamental right.”
• What kind of right is the right to water?
The human right to water and sanitation (HRWS)
is a principle that acknowledges that clean
drinking water and sanitation are essential to
every person's life. It was recognized as a human
right by the United Nations General Assembly on 28
July 2010.

• What caused India's water crisis?
• India's water crisis is often attributed to lack of government planning,
increased corporate privatization, industrial and human waste and
government corruption. In addition, water scarcity in India is expected to
worsen as the overall population is expected to increase to 1.6 billion by
year 2050.
• What are the reasons for water crisis?
• Following are some of the major causes of water shortage:
• Climate change.
• Natural calamities such as droughts and floods.
• Increased human consumption.
• Overuse and wastage of water.
• A global rise in freshwater demand.
• Overuse of aquifers and its consequent slow recharge.

NGOs working for water
Watershed Organisation Trust (WOTR)
• Located at Pune, this NGO has spread its
wings across nine states in India, impacting
more than 3,750 villages. With “water” at the
core of everything that it does, WOTR has
started many initiatives that aim at conserving
water bodies in India.

human rights in India: - Forest
• What are the forest rights?
• The Forest Rights Act (FRA), 2006 recognizes
the rights of the forest dwelling(home) tribal
communities and other traditional forest
dwellers to forest resources, on which these
communities were dependent for a variety of
needs, including livelihood, habitation(
वस्ती) and other socio-cultural needs.

• Indian Forestry: 10 Main Problems Faced by the
Indian Forestry
• Inadequate and Dwindling Forest Cover: ...
• Low Productivity: ...
• Nature of Forests and their Uneconomical
Utilisation: ...
• Lack of Transport Facilities: ...
• Forest Fires: ...
• Plant Diseases, Insects and Pests: ...
• Obsolete Methods of Lumbering and Sawing:

• The Wildlife and Forest Conservation Trust of
India (WFCTI) is a non-governmental
organization (NGO) operating to conserve
India's threatened and endangered wildlife,
habitat, and natural resources.

Basic Human Right - Unit 3.pptx

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