Definition of prodrugs along with their uses in pharmacy have been discusses here in brief. Also includes the basic objectives of their formulation with examples.
Prodrugs an approach to solve problems related to admeJyotsna Patil
prodrugs an approach to overcome problems related to ADME, for MPharm students
sub- modern pharmaceutical and medicinal chemistry
branch- quality assurance
This document discusses prodrugs, which are medications that are metabolized in the body into an active drug. Prodrugs can improve how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted. Prodrugs are classified based on their structure and include carrier-linked bipartite, tripartite, and mutual prodrugs as well as bioprecursor prodrugs. The objectives of prodrugs are to improve solubility, stability, bioavailability, and therapeutic effects while decreasing toxicity. Examples are given of prodrugs that increase stability, such as levodopa, and those that increase bioavailability, such as ampicillin esters.
An ideal prodrug is pharmacologically inactive but is converted to an active drug through metabolic or chemical means. It rapidly transforms to the active drug only at the desired site and has nontoxic metabolic byproducts. Prodrugs can improve drug properties like solubility, stability, absorption, and can target drugs to specific sites through enzymatic activation. Common prodrug approaches include carrier-linked, mutual, and bioprecursor prodrugs which utilize ester, amide or other hydrolyzable linkages.
The document discusses prodrug design and its applications. Prodrugs are biologically inert derivatives of drug molecules that undergo conversion in vivo to release the active parent drug. The objectives of prodrug design are to improve pharmaceutical and pharmacokinetic properties like solubility, stability, absorption and bioavailability. Prodrugs can be classified based on the carrier group attached and site of bioactivation. Applications include masking taste/odor, reducing irritation, enhancing solubility, stability and bioavailability to improve drug delivery. In summary, prodrug design is a strategy to overcome undesirable drug properties and improve therapeutic effectiveness.
increase membrane permeability by prodrug design.keshob ghosh
This presentation discusses prodrugs and how they can improve membrane permeability and drug absorption. A prodrug is a medication that is metabolized into an active drug after administration. Prodrugs are used to improve patient acceptability, alter absorption and distribution, alter metabolism and elimination, and allow drugs that do not cross biological barriers like the blood brain barrier to do so. The presentation provides examples of prodrugs like oseltamivir and valacyclovir and explains how they work to improve permeability through passive diffusion or carrier-mediated transport by increasing lipophilicity or allowing recognition by transporters.
1. Prodrugs are pharmacologically inactive compounds that are metabolized into active drug substances within the body. They can improve drug properties like absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion.
2. Common functional groups used in prodrugs include esters, amides, and Mannich bases, which are metabolized by hydrolysis or other enzymatic reactions. Examples are given of prodrugs that use these functional groups.
3. The goals of prodrugs are to selectively deliver drugs to sites of action, protect drugs from metabolism until they reach target sites, and limit side effects by targeting drug release. Effective prodrugs must be activated rapidly at target sites.
The document discusses the concept of prodrugs. It defines prodrugs as therapeutically inactive compounds that are metabolized into active drug metabolites. The objectives of prodrug design are to overcome barriers like poor solubility, stability, absorption and toxicity. An ideal prodrug is pharmacologically inert, transforms rapidly into the active form at the target site, and produces non-toxic metabolic fragments. Prodrugs are classified based on their structure and site of conversion. The applications of prodrugs include improving drug properties and delivery.
This document provides an overview of prodrugs. It begins with definitions, noting that a prodrug is a chemically modified inactive precursor that is metabolized in the body to release the active drug. The document then discusses the history of prodrugs, classifications including carrier-linked and bio-precursor prodrugs, and applications such as improving solubility, bioavailability, and site-specific drug delivery including targeting to the brain or colon. In summary, the document defines prodrugs, outlines their classifications and metabolic activation, and explores their applications in enhancing drug delivery and targeting.
Prodrugs an approach to solve problems related to admeJyotsna Patil
prodrugs an approach to overcome problems related to ADME, for MPharm students
sub- modern pharmaceutical and medicinal chemistry
branch- quality assurance
This document discusses prodrugs, which are medications that are metabolized in the body into an active drug. Prodrugs can improve how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted. Prodrugs are classified based on their structure and include carrier-linked bipartite, tripartite, and mutual prodrugs as well as bioprecursor prodrugs. The objectives of prodrugs are to improve solubility, stability, bioavailability, and therapeutic effects while decreasing toxicity. Examples are given of prodrugs that increase stability, such as levodopa, and those that increase bioavailability, such as ampicillin esters.
An ideal prodrug is pharmacologically inactive but is converted to an active drug through metabolic or chemical means. It rapidly transforms to the active drug only at the desired site and has nontoxic metabolic byproducts. Prodrugs can improve drug properties like solubility, stability, absorption, and can target drugs to specific sites through enzymatic activation. Common prodrug approaches include carrier-linked, mutual, and bioprecursor prodrugs which utilize ester, amide or other hydrolyzable linkages.
The document discusses prodrug design and its applications. Prodrugs are biologically inert derivatives of drug molecules that undergo conversion in vivo to release the active parent drug. The objectives of prodrug design are to improve pharmaceutical and pharmacokinetic properties like solubility, stability, absorption and bioavailability. Prodrugs can be classified based on the carrier group attached and site of bioactivation. Applications include masking taste/odor, reducing irritation, enhancing solubility, stability and bioavailability to improve drug delivery. In summary, prodrug design is a strategy to overcome undesirable drug properties and improve therapeutic effectiveness.
increase membrane permeability by prodrug design.keshob ghosh
This presentation discusses prodrugs and how they can improve membrane permeability and drug absorption. A prodrug is a medication that is metabolized into an active drug after administration. Prodrugs are used to improve patient acceptability, alter absorption and distribution, alter metabolism and elimination, and allow drugs that do not cross biological barriers like the blood brain barrier to do so. The presentation provides examples of prodrugs like oseltamivir and valacyclovir and explains how they work to improve permeability through passive diffusion or carrier-mediated transport by increasing lipophilicity or allowing recognition by transporters.
1. Prodrugs are pharmacologically inactive compounds that are metabolized into active drug substances within the body. They can improve drug properties like absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion.
2. Common functional groups used in prodrugs include esters, amides, and Mannich bases, which are metabolized by hydrolysis or other enzymatic reactions. Examples are given of prodrugs that use these functional groups.
3. The goals of prodrugs are to selectively deliver drugs to sites of action, protect drugs from metabolism until they reach target sites, and limit side effects by targeting drug release. Effective prodrugs must be activated rapidly at target sites.
The document discusses the concept of prodrugs. It defines prodrugs as therapeutically inactive compounds that are metabolized into active drug metabolites. The objectives of prodrug design are to overcome barriers like poor solubility, stability, absorption and toxicity. An ideal prodrug is pharmacologically inert, transforms rapidly into the active form at the target site, and produces non-toxic metabolic fragments. Prodrugs are classified based on their structure and site of conversion. The applications of prodrugs include improving drug properties and delivery.
This document provides an overview of prodrugs. It begins with definitions, noting that a prodrug is a chemically modified inactive precursor that is metabolized in the body to release the active drug. The document then discusses the history of prodrugs, classifications including carrier-linked and bio-precursor prodrugs, and applications such as improving solubility, bioavailability, and site-specific drug delivery including targeting to the brain or colon. In summary, the document defines prodrugs, outlines their classifications and metabolic activation, and explores their applications in enhancing drug delivery and targeting.
A prodrug is an inactive pharmacological compound that is metabolized into an active drug within the body. Prodrugs improve drug properties like membrane permeability, absorption, distribution, solubility, metabolism, toxicity and elimination. Common prodrug types include carrier-linked prodrugs where an active drug is linked to a carrier group that is enzymatically removed, and bioprecursors that are metabolized into the active drug. Prodrugs can prolong a drug's duration of action by slowing its release and conversion into the active form in tissues and blood. While prodrugs provide benefits like reduced toxicity and improved drug delivery, their design must avoid forming unexpected toxic metabolites during activation.
The document discusses prodrug concepts and provides examples of different types of prodrugs. It defines a prodrug as a biologically inactive derivative of a drug molecule that undergoes biotransformation in the body to release the active drug. The objectives of prodrug design are to improve solubility, stability, absorption, and tissue selectivity while decreasing toxicity. Prodrugs are classified based on the linkage between the drug and promoiety, including carrier-linked, mutual, and bioprecursor prodrugs. Functional groups like esters and alcohols are commonly used to link drugs to promoieties. The prodrug approach can modify important drug properties like solubility.
The document presents a project on water soluble and insoluble prodrugs by Sunil Saini. It defines prodrugs as pharmacologically inactive derivatives of active drugs that are designed to maximize the amount of active drug that reaches its site of action. The project discusses how various prodrugs are used to increase drug absorption, improve site-specific delivery, prolong drug action, and decrease side effects.
The document provides information on prodrugs. It defines a prodrug as a biologically inert derivative of a drug molecule that undergoes conversion in vivo to release the active parent drug. The objectives of prodrug design include improving solubility, stability, absorption, and decreasing toxicity. Examples are given of common prodrugs and how they achieve various objectives like masking taste, reducing irritation, and prolonging duration of action. Prodrug strategies can also be used for targeted drug delivery in chemotherapy through approaches like antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy.
Prodrugs are inactive compounds that are metabolized in the body to release an active drug. There are two main types of prodrugs: 1) Carrier-linked prodrugs where an active drug is linked to a carrier group that is removed enzymatically to release the drug, such as esters that hydrolyze to release carboxylic acid drugs. 2) Bioprecursor prodrugs where the drug itself is inactive until it is converted to the active form inside the body. Prodrugs can be designed for various purposes like improving membrane permeability, prolonging drug activity, masking side effects, altering solubility, targeting drug delivery, increasing stability, or activating through external triggers.
Basic Concepts & Application of Prodrugs Design [Antiviral,Antibiotics,GPAT Q...ThePharmaFacts
PCI Syllabus 6th Semester Medicinal Chemistry III
Introduction
History of Prodrug
Prodrug Concept
Classification of Prodrug
Objectives of Prodrug
Applications of Prodrug
Q&A on Prodrug
This document provides an overview of prodrug design and practical considerations. It defines prodrugs as chemically inert precursors that release the active pharmacological compound. Prodrugs are classified based on their carrier and linker groups. The rationale for prodrug design includes improving solubility, enhancing membrane permeability, reducing pre-systemic metabolism, and targeting delivery to specific sites. Practical considerations for prodrug design involve the use of ester, amide, phosphate and carbamate groups to link the drug. The document discusses several examples of prodrugs and their advantages over parent drugs.
Prodrugs are inactive compounds that are converted into active drugs inside the body. They are designed to overcome issues like acid sensitivity, poor membrane permeability, toxicity, bad taste, and short duration of action. When designing prodrugs, it is important to ensure they are effectively converted into the active drug and that any cleaved groups are non-toxic. Some examples of prodrugs include esters which improve membrane permeability, levodopa which is a prodrug for dopamine, and diazepam which prolongs the activity of nordazepam. Prodrugs can also mask drug toxicity, provide slow release of toxic drugs, and alter solubility.
Prodrug is a pharmacological substance administered in an inactive form.
Once administered, the prodrug is metabolized in vivo into an active drug within the body through metabolic process, such as hydrolysis of an ester form of the drug.
1. The document describes the design of a prodrug for Albendazole to reduce its side effects. It involves synthesizing 5,6-dibromo benzimidazole, which is expected to have less toxicity.
2. The synthesis was carried out using normal techniques and the compound was evaluated using melting point, TLC, chemical tests and solubility studies. It showed less solubility, indicating lower adverse reactions.
3. The aim is to overcome side effects of Albendazole through structural modification via a prodrug approach to reduce adverse drug reactions.
This document discusses prodrugs, which are biologically inert derivatives of drug molecules that undergo conversion in vivo to release the active parent drug. Prodrugs can help overcome issues like poor solubility, stability, absorption and toxicity. They are designed to improve pharmaceutical, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. The concepts of carrier-linked prodrugs, mutual prodrugs, bioprecursor prodrugs and polymeric prodrugs are explained. The objectives of prodrug design like improving formulation, absorption and safety are covered. In conclusion, prodrug design is an important part of drug development that can enhance clinical effectiveness by overcoming undesirable properties.
Prodrugs are inactive derivatives of active drug molecules that undergo biotransformation in the body to release the active drug. They are designed to improve drug solubility, stability, absorption, distribution, and reduce toxicity and side effects. Prodrugs can be classified as carrier-linked or bioprecursor types. The carrier-linked type attaches the active drug to an inert carrier molecule through a metabolically labile bond. Bioprecursor prodrugs rely on metabolic activation like oxidation or phosphorylation to release the active drug. Key steps in prodrug design involve identifying delivery problems and selecting a carrier to impart the desired properties while releasing the active drug in the target area. Common applications of prodrugs include targeting the brain
The document discusses pro-drugs, which are inactive precursors designed to improve the delivery of active drug molecules. It describes how pro-drugs can be used to mask tastes/odors, modify formulations, enhance solubility, reduce side effects like GI irritation, and target drug delivery. Pro-drugs are metabolized in the body to release the active drug. Types include carrier-linked prodrugs, bioprecursor prodrugs, and mutual prodrugs, which release two active drugs. Applications include taste masking, solubility enhancement, and site-specific delivery to improve drug therapies.
A prodrug is a precursor compound that is metabolized within the body to form an active drug. Prodrugs can improve how medicines are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated to reduce unintended side effects. There are two types of prodrugs - Type I are activated intracellularly by enzymes, while Type II are activated extracellularly by enzymes or in bodily fluids. Examples of prodrugs include heroin metabolites and diet pills. Endogenous compounds are substances naturally found in or produced by the body that can act as drugs or help other compounds act as drugs. Determining the effects of administering endogenous compound drugs can be difficult due to existing background levels in the body.
The prodrug concept was first proposed in 1958 as a way to temporarily modify drugs' physicochemical properties to improve their usefulness and decrease toxicity. Prodrugs are converted to the active drug within the body through enzymatic or non-enzymatic reactions. This allows for improved solubility, delivery, stability, and decreased adverse effects. Ideal prodrugs are inactive or less active than the parent drug, are cleaved in vivo to release the parent drug, and produce non-toxic metabolic fragments. Common prodrug modifications include esterification of carboxylic acids and alcohols as well as derivatization of carbonyl groups. Successful prodrugs have been developed to improve patient acceptance, reduce gastric irritation,
A prodrug is an inactive or less active pharmacological substance that is converted into an active drug through normal metabolic processes. Prodrugs are designed to improve properties like absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of the intended drug. Prodrugs can be classified as Type I, which are activated intracellularly, or Type II, which are activated extracellularly such as in digestive fluids or circulation. Common examples of prodrugs include enalapril, which is converted to enalaprilate; oseltamivir (Tamiflu), which is converted to oseltamivir carboxylate; and famciclovir, which is converted to penciclovir.
Prodrugs are pharmacologically inactive derivatives of active drug molecules that are designed to overcome barriers to the optimal performance of the parent drug and are biotransformed in the body into the active drug. Common functional groups used in prodrug design include carboxylic acids, alcohols, amines, phosphates and carbonyls. Prodrugs are typically produced by modifying these groups, such as through esterification, to form esters, carbonates, carbamates, amides and phosphates. Upon administration, prodrugs are enzymatically or chemically transformed back into the active drug molecule.
According to WHO Drug is any substance or product i.e used or intended to be used to modify or explore physiological system or pathological state for the benefits of recipients.
Prodrug basic concepts and application of Prodrug Design.pptxpankajnepal764
This document discusses prodrugs, which are inactive precursors to pharmacologically active drugs. Prodrugs are designed to improve drug properties like solubility, stability, taste, and bioavailability. Prodrugs undergo biotransformation in the body to release the active drug. They are classified as carrier-linked or bioprecursors based on their structure and activation method. Common applications of prodrugs include improving taste and odor, enhancing bioavailability, increasing stability and solubility, reducing toxicity, and allowing site-specific drug delivery. Prodrugs can also prolong the duration of drug action.
The document discusses prodrugs, which are chemically modified inactive precursors of drug molecules that are converted in vivo to release the active drug. Prodrugs can improve pharmaceutical and pharmacokinetic properties like solubility, stability, absorption and bioavailability. They are classified based on the attachment of an inert carrier group (carrier-linked), the presence of two moieties (bipartite), a linker between drug and carrier (tripartite), or two active drugs coupled together (mutual). Prodrugs aim to overcome issues like poor solubility, taste, irritation and increase absorption for improved drug delivery.
A prodrug is an inactive pharmacological compound that is metabolized into an active drug within the body. Prodrugs improve drug properties like membrane permeability, absorption, distribution, solubility, metabolism, toxicity and elimination. Common prodrug types include carrier-linked prodrugs where an active drug is linked to a carrier group that is enzymatically removed, and bioprecursors that are metabolized into the active drug. Prodrugs can prolong a drug's duration of action by slowing its release and conversion into the active form in tissues and blood. While prodrugs provide benefits like reduced toxicity and improved drug delivery, their design must avoid forming unexpected toxic metabolites during activation.
The document discusses prodrug concepts and provides examples of different types of prodrugs. It defines a prodrug as a biologically inactive derivative of a drug molecule that undergoes biotransformation in the body to release the active drug. The objectives of prodrug design are to improve solubility, stability, absorption, and tissue selectivity while decreasing toxicity. Prodrugs are classified based on the linkage between the drug and promoiety, including carrier-linked, mutual, and bioprecursor prodrugs. Functional groups like esters and alcohols are commonly used to link drugs to promoieties. The prodrug approach can modify important drug properties like solubility.
The document presents a project on water soluble and insoluble prodrugs by Sunil Saini. It defines prodrugs as pharmacologically inactive derivatives of active drugs that are designed to maximize the amount of active drug that reaches its site of action. The project discusses how various prodrugs are used to increase drug absorption, improve site-specific delivery, prolong drug action, and decrease side effects.
The document provides information on prodrugs. It defines a prodrug as a biologically inert derivative of a drug molecule that undergoes conversion in vivo to release the active parent drug. The objectives of prodrug design include improving solubility, stability, absorption, and decreasing toxicity. Examples are given of common prodrugs and how they achieve various objectives like masking taste, reducing irritation, and prolonging duration of action. Prodrug strategies can also be used for targeted drug delivery in chemotherapy through approaches like antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy.
Prodrugs are inactive compounds that are metabolized in the body to release an active drug. There are two main types of prodrugs: 1) Carrier-linked prodrugs where an active drug is linked to a carrier group that is removed enzymatically to release the drug, such as esters that hydrolyze to release carboxylic acid drugs. 2) Bioprecursor prodrugs where the drug itself is inactive until it is converted to the active form inside the body. Prodrugs can be designed for various purposes like improving membrane permeability, prolonging drug activity, masking side effects, altering solubility, targeting drug delivery, increasing stability, or activating through external triggers.
Basic Concepts & Application of Prodrugs Design [Antiviral,Antibiotics,GPAT Q...ThePharmaFacts
PCI Syllabus 6th Semester Medicinal Chemistry III
Introduction
History of Prodrug
Prodrug Concept
Classification of Prodrug
Objectives of Prodrug
Applications of Prodrug
Q&A on Prodrug
This document provides an overview of prodrug design and practical considerations. It defines prodrugs as chemically inert precursors that release the active pharmacological compound. Prodrugs are classified based on their carrier and linker groups. The rationale for prodrug design includes improving solubility, enhancing membrane permeability, reducing pre-systemic metabolism, and targeting delivery to specific sites. Practical considerations for prodrug design involve the use of ester, amide, phosphate and carbamate groups to link the drug. The document discusses several examples of prodrugs and their advantages over parent drugs.
Prodrugs are inactive compounds that are converted into active drugs inside the body. They are designed to overcome issues like acid sensitivity, poor membrane permeability, toxicity, bad taste, and short duration of action. When designing prodrugs, it is important to ensure they are effectively converted into the active drug and that any cleaved groups are non-toxic. Some examples of prodrugs include esters which improve membrane permeability, levodopa which is a prodrug for dopamine, and diazepam which prolongs the activity of nordazepam. Prodrugs can also mask drug toxicity, provide slow release of toxic drugs, and alter solubility.
Prodrug is a pharmacological substance administered in an inactive form.
Once administered, the prodrug is metabolized in vivo into an active drug within the body through metabolic process, such as hydrolysis of an ester form of the drug.
1. The document describes the design of a prodrug for Albendazole to reduce its side effects. It involves synthesizing 5,6-dibromo benzimidazole, which is expected to have less toxicity.
2. The synthesis was carried out using normal techniques and the compound was evaluated using melting point, TLC, chemical tests and solubility studies. It showed less solubility, indicating lower adverse reactions.
3. The aim is to overcome side effects of Albendazole through structural modification via a prodrug approach to reduce adverse drug reactions.
This document discusses prodrugs, which are biologically inert derivatives of drug molecules that undergo conversion in vivo to release the active parent drug. Prodrugs can help overcome issues like poor solubility, stability, absorption and toxicity. They are designed to improve pharmaceutical, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. The concepts of carrier-linked prodrugs, mutual prodrugs, bioprecursor prodrugs and polymeric prodrugs are explained. The objectives of prodrug design like improving formulation, absorption and safety are covered. In conclusion, prodrug design is an important part of drug development that can enhance clinical effectiveness by overcoming undesirable properties.
Prodrugs are inactive derivatives of active drug molecules that undergo biotransformation in the body to release the active drug. They are designed to improve drug solubility, stability, absorption, distribution, and reduce toxicity and side effects. Prodrugs can be classified as carrier-linked or bioprecursor types. The carrier-linked type attaches the active drug to an inert carrier molecule through a metabolically labile bond. Bioprecursor prodrugs rely on metabolic activation like oxidation or phosphorylation to release the active drug. Key steps in prodrug design involve identifying delivery problems and selecting a carrier to impart the desired properties while releasing the active drug in the target area. Common applications of prodrugs include targeting the brain
The document discusses pro-drugs, which are inactive precursors designed to improve the delivery of active drug molecules. It describes how pro-drugs can be used to mask tastes/odors, modify formulations, enhance solubility, reduce side effects like GI irritation, and target drug delivery. Pro-drugs are metabolized in the body to release the active drug. Types include carrier-linked prodrugs, bioprecursor prodrugs, and mutual prodrugs, which release two active drugs. Applications include taste masking, solubility enhancement, and site-specific delivery to improve drug therapies.
A prodrug is a precursor compound that is metabolized within the body to form an active drug. Prodrugs can improve how medicines are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated to reduce unintended side effects. There are two types of prodrugs - Type I are activated intracellularly by enzymes, while Type II are activated extracellularly by enzymes or in bodily fluids. Examples of prodrugs include heroin metabolites and diet pills. Endogenous compounds are substances naturally found in or produced by the body that can act as drugs or help other compounds act as drugs. Determining the effects of administering endogenous compound drugs can be difficult due to existing background levels in the body.
The prodrug concept was first proposed in 1958 as a way to temporarily modify drugs' physicochemical properties to improve their usefulness and decrease toxicity. Prodrugs are converted to the active drug within the body through enzymatic or non-enzymatic reactions. This allows for improved solubility, delivery, stability, and decreased adverse effects. Ideal prodrugs are inactive or less active than the parent drug, are cleaved in vivo to release the parent drug, and produce non-toxic metabolic fragments. Common prodrug modifications include esterification of carboxylic acids and alcohols as well as derivatization of carbonyl groups. Successful prodrugs have been developed to improve patient acceptance, reduce gastric irritation,
A prodrug is an inactive or less active pharmacological substance that is converted into an active drug through normal metabolic processes. Prodrugs are designed to improve properties like absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of the intended drug. Prodrugs can be classified as Type I, which are activated intracellularly, or Type II, which are activated extracellularly such as in digestive fluids or circulation. Common examples of prodrugs include enalapril, which is converted to enalaprilate; oseltamivir (Tamiflu), which is converted to oseltamivir carboxylate; and famciclovir, which is converted to penciclovir.
Prodrugs are pharmacologically inactive derivatives of active drug molecules that are designed to overcome barriers to the optimal performance of the parent drug and are biotransformed in the body into the active drug. Common functional groups used in prodrug design include carboxylic acids, alcohols, amines, phosphates and carbonyls. Prodrugs are typically produced by modifying these groups, such as through esterification, to form esters, carbonates, carbamates, amides and phosphates. Upon administration, prodrugs are enzymatically or chemically transformed back into the active drug molecule.
According to WHO Drug is any substance or product i.e used or intended to be used to modify or explore physiological system or pathological state for the benefits of recipients.
Prodrug basic concepts and application of Prodrug Design.pptxpankajnepal764
This document discusses prodrugs, which are inactive precursors to pharmacologically active drugs. Prodrugs are designed to improve drug properties like solubility, stability, taste, and bioavailability. Prodrugs undergo biotransformation in the body to release the active drug. They are classified as carrier-linked or bioprecursors based on their structure and activation method. Common applications of prodrugs include improving taste and odor, enhancing bioavailability, increasing stability and solubility, reducing toxicity, and allowing site-specific drug delivery. Prodrugs can also prolong the duration of drug action.
The document discusses prodrugs, which are chemically modified inactive precursors of drug molecules that are converted in vivo to release the active drug. Prodrugs can improve pharmaceutical and pharmacokinetic properties like solubility, stability, absorption and bioavailability. They are classified based on the attachment of an inert carrier group (carrier-linked), the presence of two moieties (bipartite), a linker between drug and carrier (tripartite), or two active drugs coupled together (mutual). Prodrugs aim to overcome issues like poor solubility, taste, irritation and increase absorption for improved drug delivery.
The document discusses basic concepts and applications of prodrug design. It defines prodrugs as biologically inert derivatives of drug molecules that undergo enzymatic and/or chemical conversion in vivo to release the pharmacologically active parent drug. The objectives of prodrug design include improving pharmaceutical and pharmacokinetic properties as well as decreasing toxicity. Applications of prodrugs include masking taste/odor, reducing irritation, enhancing solubility/stability, improving bioavailability, preventing presystemic metabolism, prolonging duration of action, reducing toxicity, and enabling site-specific drug delivery such as in chemotherapy through directed enzyme prodrug therapy.
This document provides an overview of prodrug design. It defines a prodrug as an inactive derivative of a drug molecule that undergoes biotransformation to release the active drug. Prodrugs are classified based on their structure and include carrier-linked, bipartite, tripartite, mutual, and bioprecursor prodrugs. The document discusses various rationales for prodrug design such as improving solubility, absorption, patient acceptability, and site-specific drug delivery. Common functional groups used in prodrugs include esters, amides, phosphates, and carbamates. The document also covers practical considerations and approaches for overcoming limitations like pre-systemic metabolism and blood-brain barrier penetration.
This document provides an overview of prodrug design. It defines a prodrug as an inert derivative of a drug molecule that undergoes biotransformation to release the active parent drug. Prodrugs can be classified based on their structure and include carrier-linked, bipartite, tripartite, mutual, and bioprecursor prodrugs. The rationale for prodrug design includes improving solubility, absorption, bioavailability, site-specific delivery, and overcoming issues like poor stability, toxicity and patient acceptability. Practical considerations for developing prodrugs with esters, amides, phosphates and carbamates are discussed. The document outlines various approaches of prodrug design to optimize the pharmacokinetic and pharmac
The document discusses the rationale and various approaches for prodrug design. It summarizes that prodrugs can be designed to (1) modify physicochemical properties like eliminating volatility, improving stability or solubility; (2) minimize toxicity by masking reactive functional groups; (3) encourage patient acceptance by modifying taste, odor or injection pain; and (4) improve absorption, distribution and site specificity by altering membrane permeability or targeting enzymes. Specific examples are given like methenamine as a urinary tract antiseptic, ester prodrugs of aspirin to reduce gastric toxicity, and amino acid esters of antiviral drugs to enhance solubility. The document highlights how prodrugs can overcome pre-systemic metabolism, provide
The document discusses prodrugs, which are inactive compounds that are metabolized into active drug metabolites. It provides background on the history of prodrugs, the prodrug concept, objectives of prodrug design, properties of ideal prodrugs, classifications of prodrugs, and limitations and applications of prodrugs. Specifically, it describes how prodrugs can overcome barriers like poor solubility, stability issues, low absorption, and toxicity to improve drug delivery and pharmacokinetics. Prodrugs are classified based on their structure and site of conversion to the active drug. Common examples of early prodrugs included aspirin and chloramphenicol derivatives.
Metabolism,Excretion,prodrug,Therapeutic Drug monitoringSrinivasSree11
1. Metabolism and excretion are important processes that determine the duration and intensity of a drug's effects in the body. Metabolism involves chemical alteration of drugs through phase I and phase II reactions, while excretion removes drugs and metabolites from the body through renal, hepatic, pulmonary and other routes.
2. Factors like age, diet, diseases, genetic factors and simultaneous administration of other drugs can influence drug metabolism by inducing or inhibiting drug-metabolizing enzymes. Metabolism can convert drugs to active, inactive or less active forms.
3. Prodrugs are inactive forms administered to deliver the active drug selectively or improve pharmacokinetics. They are converted to active drugs through metabolic processes
The document discusses prodrugs, which are pharmacologically inactive derivatives of active drugs designed to improve drug properties like solubility, absorption, and site-specific delivery. It covers basic prodrug concepts and classifications like carrier-linked prodrugs and bioprecursors. Approaches for prodrug design include using carriers, linkers, and multi-drug systems. Applications of prodrugs include improving patient acceptability by modifying taste, odor or irritation, enhancing solubility and dissolution for better absorption, and enabling site-specific or sustained drug delivery. The document provides examples of prodrug linkages and enzymes involved in their hydrolysis.
Prodrugs are inactive compounds that are metabolized in the body to an active drug. Prodrugs can improve therapeutic efficacy and reduce adverse effects by increasing solubility, permeability, bioavailability, and targeted delivery to tissues. Site-specific delivery is achieved through enzymatic activation of the prodrug only at the desired site of action, such as the brain or infected cells. Examples of prodrugs discussed include oseltamivir, l-dopa, and bambuterol. Challenges in prodrug design include interindividual variability in metabolizing enzymes and ensuring sufficient conversion of the prodrug to the active drug.
Pro-Drug and Active Drug In Medicinal Chemistry.pptPrachi Pandey
The document provides an overview of prodrugs and their applications in medicinal chemistry. It defines prodrugs as biologically inert derivatives of drug molecules that undergo enzymatic and/or chemical conversion in vivo to release the pharmacologically active parent drug. The document discusses various classifications of prodrugs and their purposes in improving drug properties like solubility, stability, absorption and reducing toxicity. It also summarizes key pharmaceutical applications of prodrugs in masking taste/odor, reducing irritation, improving solubility, prolonging drug action, and enabling site-specific drug delivery.
Biologically inert derivatives of drug molecules that undergo an enzymatic and/or chemical conversion in vivo to release the pharmacologically active parent drug. Classification of pro- drugs.
The document discusses the basic concepts and applications of prodrug design. It defines a prodrug as an inactive derivative of an active drug that undergoes biotransformation in the body to release the pharmacologically active drug. The objectives of prodrug design include improving pharmaceutical and pharmacokinetic properties like solubility, stability, absorption and reducing toxicity. Prodrugs are classified based on their structure and site of bioactivation. Applications of prodrugs include masking taste/odor, reducing irritation, enhancing solubility/bioavailability, prolonging duration of action, reducing toxicity and enabling site-specific drug delivery.
Understanding the role of pharmacology in prosthodontics is imperative because this is one of the most neglected parts of research even though there are a large number of dental patients suffering from systemic diseases which have to be taken care of before the commencement of dental treatment.
Another main reason is that the prosthodontist may have to deal with a medical emergency arising on the dental chair.
The document discusses macrolide antibiotics such as erythromycin, clarithromycin, and azithromycin. It also discusses the antimalarial chloroquine and its mechanism of action, inhibiting heme polymerization in plasmodium parasites. The prodrug concept and applications are explained, including improving drug properties like taste, solubility, and bioavailability.
This document provides an overview of rectal drug delivery systems. Some key points:
- Rectal drug delivery is an alternative to oral administration when swallowing is not possible. It avoids first pass metabolism in the liver and degradation in the stomach.
- Advantages include avoidance of GI irritation, enhanced absorption of some drugs, avoidance of hepatic first pass, and usefulness in pediatric/geriatric patients.
- Applications include rectal administration of anti-epileptics, analgesics like morphine, and peptides.
- Common dosage forms are suppositories, creams, gels, and solutions/suspensions. Suppository bases include fatty bases and water-soluble bases.
- Fact
This document discusses the concept and objectives of prodrugs. It defines prodrugs as biologically inert derivatives of drug molecules that undergo enzymatic or chemical conversion in the body to release the active drug. The key objectives of prodrug design are to improve pharmaceutical and pharmacokinetic properties like solubility, stability, absorption and to decrease toxicity. Examples of different types of prodrugs and their applications like masking taste, reducing irritation and enhancing bioavailability are provided.
This document discusses drug interactions, which can occur via pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic mechanisms. Pharmacokinetic interactions involve effects on absorption, distribution, metabolism, or excretion of one drug by another drug. Common examples include inhibition of cytochrome P450 enzymes, alteration of gut motility, and displacement from plasma protein binding sites. Pharmacodynamic interactions involve direct effects on physiological systems or receptor sites, and can result in synergism, antagonism, or unexpected toxicity. It is important for clinicians to be aware of potential drug interactions due to their impact on treatment outcomes and patient safety.
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Basic concepts of Prodrug & their application in pharmacy fields
1. BASIC CONCEPT OF PRODRUG & THEIR
APPLICATION IN PHARMACY FIELDS
NAME OF STUDENT – SHUVAM SAR
ROLL NUMBER – 19320219008
MOBILE NUMBER - +918478098881
EMAIL ID – itzshuvam@gmail.com
2. ABSTRACT – Prodrugs are formulated to get the desired effects of any drug molecule, to
achieve highest safety & efficacy with least toxicity, elevated taste & smell, to by pass the
biotransformation related wastage of drug quantity within the body after administration through
any route. Other goals of prodrug formulation include, getting better patient compliance with
lesser GIT irritation, better distribution profile, enhanced permeability & absorption.
KEYWORDS – Prodrugs, efficacy, biotransformation, patient compliance,
distribution profile
REPORT –
Definition - Prodrugs are bioreversible derivatives of drug molecules which undergo chemical
transformation or enzymatic conversion in vivo to release the active parent drug which shows
desired pharmacologic effect.
Objectives of Prodrug design –
Pharmaceutical objectives - To improve solubility (corticosteroids), chemical stability
(dopamine), patient acceptance (chloramphenicol palmitate); to decrease pain & irritation.
Pharmacokinetic objectives – To improve oral absorption/ permeability & bioavailability
(ampicillin), decrease first pass metabolism (propranolol), provide organ/ tissue selective
delivery of active principle.
Pharmacodynamic objectives – To avoid toxicities/ adverse reactions, improve site specificity,
mask reactive species to improve its therapeutic efficacy.
Ideal Prodrugs Should Possess Following Properties –
1. It should not have intrinsic pharmacological activity
2. It should rapidly transform chemically/ enzymatically into active form.
3. The metabolic fragments apart from active drug should be non-toxic.
APPLICATION –
Pharmaceutical application – Improvement of taste, odor; Reduction of GI irritation & pain on
injection; Enhancement of chemical stability of drug & drug solubility of dissolution rate
(hydrophilicty of drugs).
Pharmacokinetic application – Enhancement of bioavailability (lipophilicity), Prolong duration
of action, reduce toxicity, site specific drug delivery (drug targeting), prevention of presystemic
metabolism.
3. Examples – Aspirin – Salicylic acid (reduced GI irritation); Hexamine – Formaldehyde (acts as a
urinary tract antibacterial)
Types of prodrug –
Mutual Prodrug: - A mutual prodrug consists of two pharmacologically active agents coupled
together so that each acts as a promoter for other agents & vice versa. E.g. - Benorylate (NSAID)
= Aspirin + Paracetamol (Prodrug).
Macromolecular Prodrugs: - where macromolecules like polysaccharides, dextrans, proteins,
peptides, polymers are used as carriers.
Site Specific Prodrugs: - Where a carrier acts as a transporter of the active drug to a specific
targeted site.
Figure – Site specific prodrugs
Carrier linked prodrugs/ simple prodrugs: - Where active drug is covalently linked to inert carrier
or transport moiety (ester/ amides). Such prodrugs have greatly modified lipophilicity due to
attached carrier. The active drug is released by hydrolytic cleavage (chemically/ enzymatically).
Bio precursors/ metabolic processes: - Inert molecules obtained by chemical modification of
active drug, but don’t contain a carrier. Mixed type prodrugs are also possible.
4. Figure – Metabolic transformation of prodrug to drug
APPLICATION OF PRODRUG IN PHARMACY FIELD –
1. Improving formulation & administration :-
Dissolution of drug molecule from dosage form may be rate limiting step for absorption.
Different formulation techniques like salt formation & solubilizing excipients have been used to
improve the formulation. Rather prodrug formulations are alternative way to increase the
aqueous solubility of parent drug molecule by improving dissolution rate via attaching ionizable/
polar neutral groups such as phosphates, sugar moieties & amino acids, resulting in enhanced
bioavailability. Phosphate esters are a widely used prodrug for improving aqueous solubility &
parenteral administration. E.g. prednisolone sodium phosphate is a classic example of a
phosphate prodrug. It is highly soluble (more than 30 times greater than prednisolone). Oral
liquid formulation used as immunosuppressant for allergic inflammatory condition in children &
used to mask the unpalatable taste of prednisolone tablets. The phosphate pro moiety is linked
directly to free hydroxyl group on prednisolone.
Another example is about phenytoin. Fosphenytoin sodium salt, the phosphate ester is attached
to acidic amine of phenytoin (antiepileptic agents) via oxymethylene spacer. Fosphenytoin is
5. used to reduce drug precipitation & consequent local irritation by phenytoin at injection site. It
has aqueous solubility more than 7000 times than that of phenytoin & is rapidly converted to
phenytoin in blood. Amino acid esters/ amides are commonly used for ionizable groups.
2. Enhancing permeability & absorption –
The transport of a drug to its site of action usually requires passage through several lipid
membranes. In oral drug delivery, the most common absorption routes are passive transport
mechanism. It has been achieved by masking polar ionized/ nonionized functional groups to
enhance oral/ topical absorption. A hydrophobic hydroxyl, thiol, carboxyl, phosphate, amino
sugar group on parent drug can be converted to more lipophilic alkyl or aryl esters. E.g.
Oseltamivir is an orally active ethyl ester prodrug of selective inhibitor of viral neuraminidase
glycoprotein & used in treatment of influenza type A & type B. After absorption, Oseltamivir
undergoes rapid bioconversion to its parent drug mostly by action of carboxyl esterase.
Prodrugs with lipophilic pro moieties have been used to improve topical absorption for
transdermal & ocular drugs. The stratum corneum, the outermost layer of epidermis represents a
high resistance barrier against topical drug delivery. Only the drug with balance of both water &
lipid solubility can efficiently penetrate through the layer of skin. E.g. tazarotene is an ethyl ester
6. prodrug with enhanced transdermal drug delivery. Tazarotene is used for psoriasis & acne
treatment and causes lesser skin irritation than parent drug tazarotenic acid.
3. Changing the distribution profile –
After administration a drug molecule has to bypass several pharmaceutical & pharmacokinetic
barriers before reaching its physiological target & exert desired effect. Some drugs are to
accumulate into specific tissue/ organ only to improve the efficacy of the drug. E.g. the
antiparkinson agent 2 DOPA, because of its hydrophilic nature, the neurotransmitter dopamine is
not able to cross the blood brain barrier & distribute into brain tissue. However, the alpha amino
acid prodrug of dopamine, 2 DOPA enables the uptake & accumulation of dopamine into brain
via L-type amino acid transporter 1. After L-type amino acid transporter 1 mediated uptake L
DOPA is bio activated by aromatic L amino acid decarboxylase to hydrophilic dopamine, which
is concentrated in dopaminergic nerves.
4. Protecting from rapid metabolism & excretion –
Presystemic metabolism (first pass effect) in the GIT & liver may greatly reduce the total amount
of active drug reaching the systemic circulation & its target. This problem has been by passed by
sublingual or buccal administration or by modified/ controlled release formulation. Rapid
metabolic breakdown of drug can also be protected by prodrug structure. This is carried out by
masking the metabolically labile but pharmacologically essential functional groups. E.g.
bronchodilator & beta 2 agonist terbutaline, sustained drug action has been achieved by
converting its phenolic group. Which are susceptible to rapid & extensive presystemic
metabolism into bis dimethyl carbamates. This prodrug bambuterol is slowly bioactivated to
terbutaline by nonspecific butyrylcholinesterase mainly outside the lungs. As a result slower
7. release & prolonged action, once daily administration of bambuterol provides relief from asthma,
with lower adverse effects than terbutaline.
5. Overcoming toxicity problems –
Adverse drug reactions can change the structure of function of cells/ tissues of organs. Reduced
toxicity can sometimes be accomplished by altering one or more ADME barriers. It is achieved
by targeting drugs to desired cells & tissues via site selective drug delivery. E.g. tirapazamine, a
heteroaromatic nitrogen oxide is a well-known example of hypoxia activated anticancer drugs
which has served as a lead composed in the development of a number of newer prodrugs with
improved anticancer properties. TPZ is bioactivated by a one electron bireduction primarily by
NADPH cytochrome P450 reductase to a highly DNA reactive radical.
6. Improvement of odour –
The odour of a compound depend upon its vapour pressure(boiling point). A liquid with high
vapour pressure(low boiling point) will have a strong odour. Ethyl marcaptan is such drug which
is a foul smelling liquid BP 35c. It is used in treatment of leprosy. Ethyl mercaptan is converted
into its phthalate ester(b.p is high & odour less). The prodrug is administered by rubbing on skin.
7. Reduction of GI irritation –
Different drugs causes irritation & damage to gastric mucosa through direct contact. Increased
stimulation of acid secretion. The NSAIDs, salicylates have such a tendency. They lower gastric
8. pH & induce or aggregate ulceration. E.g. Salicylic acid --- Aspirin; Kanamycin --- Kanamycin
pamoate.
8. Improvement of taste –
Decreasing water solubility of a drug by the formation of a prodrug may have additional benefits
beyond simply increasing absorption. A number of agents have unpleasant taste when the drug
begins to dissolve in mouth & then is capable of interacting with taste receptors. This can present
significant problem mainly in pediatric patients. A prodrug with reduced water solubility does
not dissolve to any appreciable extent in mouth & does not interact with taste receptors. This
approach has been used in case of antibacterial chloramphenicol which produces a bitter taste
when given as parent drug. The hydrophobic palmitate ester does not dissolve to any appreciable
extent in mouth so there is little chance for interaction with taste receptors. The ester moiety is
subsequently hydrolyzed in GIT & the agent is absorbed as chloramphenicol. E.g.
Chloramphenicol palmitate, clindamycin palmitate, erythromycin estolate.
SITE SPECIFIC DRUG DELIVERY (DRUG TARGETING) –
Getting absorbed into systemic circulation, the drug is distributed to target site and non-target as
well. Such a distribution pattern has several disadvantages like – undesirable toxic effects in non-
target tissues, may get eliminated without reaching site of action for having long distribution
time and may not penetrate the target despite reaching them. These problems can be solved by
targeting the drug to its site of action by altering its disposition characteristics. The prodrug is
converted to its active form only in the target organ/ tissue by specific enzymes or pH value,
different from normal value for activation. E.g.
Acyclovir, the antiviral drug, useful in herpes infections. After entering the infected cell,
the drug is treated with viral enzyme thymidine kinase to form acyclovir monophosphate
that can’t diffuse back out of cell. The monophosphate is further converted to active
triphosphate form by cellular enzymes. The triphosphate then destroys the viral DNA.
9. Mesalamine/ mesalazine (5 amino salicylic acid) is a drug used in the treatment of
inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis) since it is not absorbed into systemic
circulation. If it is taken orally, the drug is inactivated before reaching lower intestine, the
site of action. Covalent binding of this agent to sulfapyridine yields prodrug
sulfasalazine, azo compound. This prodrug reaches the colon intact where cleavage by
bacterial enzyme azo reductase release active mesalamine for local action. A
disadvantage for the carrier moiety is its systemic toxicity.
Hexamine/ methenamine is a prodrug of urinary tract antiseptic, formaldehyde.
Methenamine is administered in enteric coated capsule to protect it from premature
hydrolysis in acidic environment of stomach. After dissolution of enteric coated capsules
in intestine, the agent is absorbed & moves into blood stream, eventually ending up
where acidic pH catalyzes the chemical hydrolysis to give formaldehyde.
10. The prodrug form of 2PAM (pro 2PAM) an important antidote for phosphate &
carbamate. Acetyl cholinesterase inhibitors used in insecticides & nerve gases. The polar
properties of 2PAM, a permanent cationic species, prevent this drug from being absorbed
following oral administration & restrict drug from access to brain, even after IV. Pro
2PAM is a dihydropiridine derivative that undergoes metabolic & chemical oxidation to
yield active drug 2PAM. The non-ionic pro 2PAM can easily cross blood brain barrier &
oxidation to 2PAM within the brain essentially traps the active cationic drug species
inside the brain.
Dopamine, a neurotransmitter produces vasodilation of renal tissue by binding to specific
receptors in kidney & used to treat renal hypertension. However, the therapeutic index of
dopamine is small as it precipitates high B.P. by interacting with α-adrenergic receptors.
This can be overcome by taking advantage of the fact that the γ-glutamyl derivatives of
amino acid & peptides selectively accumulate in kidneys. Such a derivative of dopamine,
on reaching kidneys is acted upon successively by 2 enzymes, present in high
concentration in renal tissues, γ-glutamyl trans peptidase & L-aromatic amino acid
decarboxylase to release the active drug dopamine locally. The increase in dopamine
levels produces a marked increase in renal blood flow.
11. CONCLUSION – Still further research works are undergone to formulate most suitable prodrug
for selective drug molecules, with enhanced & selective delivery of drug at the target site.