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Basic Components of Electrical and Electronics Circuits & Functions
- 1. Basics of ElectricalEngineering CIRCUIT COMPONENTS AND ITS FUNCTIONS
- 2. Contents • Circuits –Terminologies and their physical meaning • Basic components, functions and applications • Additional Components – Digital, Integrated and other fabricated components, functions and their applications • AC (Alternating Current) Vs DC (Direct Current)
- 3. Circuit & Terminologies •A circuit is a closed path that consists of circuit components in which electrons from a voltage or current source can flow. Voltage Source??... Current Source??? Electrical Circuit??... Electronic Circuit??? • Voltage • Current • Power
- 4. Components of aCircuit • Passive Components • Active Components Passive Components Active Components • Linear Components – made of conductors (R, L, C) • Non-linear Components – made of semiconductors
- 5. Resistors (Passive Component) •Made of carbon or cermat (a mixture of metal and ceramic) • Limits current – Absorbs energy/ dissipates heat • Used to improve stability of circuits • Connected in series to divide voltage • Connected in parallel to divert current fixed chassis mount surface mount through-hole potentiometer s Trimmer potentiometer s (Trim Pots) Variable resistors
- 6. • Stores electriccharge. • Acts as a filter to smooth out variations in a direct current. • Blocks DC (Blocking capacitors) and permits AC in a circuit (Bypass Capacitors). • Couples or bonds electrical signals from one part of the circuit to another (Tuned Circuit) Capacitors
- 7. Inductors (Passive Component) •Limits rate of change of current • inductors are used to block alternating current (AC) to flow through it
- 8. Diode (Passive Component) •allows current to flow through it in only one direction. (forward bias Vs reverse bias) Used as an on/off switch • Used as a rectifier that converts AC to DC • To detect or separate the signal from radio frequencies.
- 9. Transistor (Active Component) •ability to control the current flowing through a circuit (current controlling device), which is generated by the flow of electrons and holes. • Used as Amplifiers in audio systems, televisions, radios, and other electronic devices – amplify a weak signal and provide a stronger output signal • Used as a Switch with high switching frequency • Used as Oscillator – can produce a signal at a specific frequency, which is useful in applications such as radio communications
- 10. Operational Amplifier (ActiveComponent) • To perform amplification and different mathematical operations like Summing, Difference, Integration, Differentiation, etc. • Can by used to amplifier circuits and oscillator circuits • Used to design rectifiers. • Current to Voltage Converter • Voltage to Current Converter • Peak Detector
- 11. Antenna (Active Component) •Antenna is a device for converting radio frequency (RF) current from a radio transmitter into an electromagnetic signal (radiowave) radiated into space, or for capturing a small portion ofthe electromagnetic wave from space and then feeding it into a receiver for amplification.
- 12. Transformer (Passive Component) •Transforms the amplitude of alternating voltage (or current) from one value to another value keeping the power and frequency of the AC same. The step up and step down transformers have their applications in devices that require amplification or deterioration of the input signal respectively. • Audio transformer – provide filtration to the input signal by eliminating the unwanted or noise signals • Used to provide isolation between circuits (prohibit the flow of signal from one part of the circuit to the other) • impedance matching transformers are used to match the impedance of a source to the load. Impedance matching transformers ensure an efficient and reliable transfer of energy between the input and output devices with the help of electromagnetic induction • Blocks DC signal as well as to couple stages of signal-processing circuits
- 13.
- 14. Relay • A relayis an electrically operated switch. • Consists of a set of input terminals for a single or multiple control signals, and a set of operating contact terminals. • The switch may have any number of contacts in multiple contact forms, such as make contacts, break contacts, or combinations thereof
- 15. Microphone • A microphoneis a transducer or sensor that converts sound into an electrical signal. Feedback amplifiers are those which have a feedback path from the output to input. Generally, they work in a closed-loop system Feedback Amplifiers
- 17. Thank You … FEELFREE TO GET YOUR DOUBTS CLARIFIED
Editor's Notes
- #4 Electrical devices convert electrical energy into other forms of energy, for example heat, light or sound. Electronic devices control the flow of electrons in order to perform a task. Power Consumption – More (Elect.) Less safe; Less (Electro.) More safe
- #5 Passive Comp. - do not have gain or directionality – Also known as electrical components; Active Comp. - have gain or directionality – Electrical Components. (Basic) Linear Components – made of conductors (Copper, Aluminum) – Resistor, Inductor, Capacitor ; (Additional) Non-linear components made of semiconductors (Silicon, germanium) – Diode, Transistor Definition and Function of every component: Next slides
- #7 A capacitor is made up of two conductors (plates), separated by a dielectric or insulating material, which accumulates electric charge when connected to a power source.
- #8 Inductor - A coil or solenoid that generates magnetic field that induces orcreates voltage. Inductor has two types: an air core whereby it is just a wound of wire and a magnetic core which is a coil of wire wound on a ferrite.
- #9 LED - A LED is a semiconductor component that emits light whencurrent flows through it. Used mainly as an indicator lamp inmany devices
- #10 Special Transistors- Phototransistors
- #11 Op Amp is a form of linear IC that has two inputs,called inverting and non-inverting, and a single-ended output which produces an output voltage thatis typically hundreds of thousands times larger than the voltage difference between its input terminals a chip – an IC is a miniaturized electronic circuitconsisting of several interconnected active devices (transistors,diodes) and passive components (resistors, capacitors, etc.)fabricated together on a thin substrate of semiconductormaterial (usually a silicon). Oscillator – can produce a signal at a specific frequency, which is useful in applications such as radio communications
- #13 Electronic transformers operating voltages are very low and are rated at low power levels Impedance can be defined as the opposition offered to the alternating current running through the circuit. The components used in the construction of the circuit as well as the wires that are used to make the connections of the circuit tend to offer some magnitude of resistance to the flow of current. This resistance to the flow of current further deteriorates the overall power value of the circuit.
- #17 AC & DC waveforms – Average value and RMS value