2. Contents
• Circuits – Terminologies and their physical meaning
• Basic components, functions and applications
• Additional Components – Digital, Integrated and other fabricated
components, functions and their applications
• AC (Alternating Current) Vs DC (Direct Current)
3. Circuit & Terminologies
• A circuit is a closed path that consists of
circuit components in which electrons
from a voltage or current source can flow.
Voltage Source??... Current Source???
Electrical Circuit??... Electronic Circuit???
• Voltage
• Current
• Power
4. Components of a Circuit
• Passive Components
• Active Components
Passive Components
Active Components
• Linear Components – made of conductors (R, L, C)
• Non-linear Components – made of semiconductors
5. Resistors (Passive Component)
• Made of carbon or cermat
(a mixture of metal and ceramic)
• Limits current – Absorbs energy/
dissipates heat
• Used to improve stability of circuits
• Connected in series to divide voltage
• Connected in parallel to divert
current
fixed
chassis
mount
surface
mount
through-hole
potentiometer
s
Trimmer
potentiometer
s
(Trim Pots)
Variable
resistors
6. • Stores electric charge.
• Acts as a filter to smooth out
variations in a direct current.
• Blocks DC (Blocking capacitors)
and permits AC in a circuit
(Bypass Capacitors).
• Couples or bonds electrical
signals from one part of the
circuit to another (Tuned Circuit)
Capacitors
7. Inductors (Passive Component)
• Limits rate of change of current
• inductors are used to block alternating current (AC) to flow through it
8. Diode (Passive Component)
• allows current to flow through it in only one direction.
(forward bias Vs reverse bias) Used as an on/off switch
• Used as a rectifier that
converts AC to DC
• To detect or separate the
signal from radio
frequencies.
9. Transistor (Active Component)
• ability to control the current flowing through a circuit (current
controlling device), which is generated by the flow of electrons and
holes.
• Used as Amplifiers in audio systems, televisions, radios, and other
electronic devices – amplify a weak signal and provide a stronger output
signal
• Used as a Switch with high switching frequency
• Used as Oscillator – can
produce a signal at a
specific frequency, which is
useful in applications such
as radio communications
10. Operational Amplifier (Active Component)
• To perform amplification and different mathematical
operations like Summing, Difference, Integration,
Differentiation, etc.
• Can by used to amplifier circuits and oscillator circuits
• Used to design rectifiers.
• Current to Voltage Converter
• Voltage to Current Converter
• Peak Detector
11. Antenna (Active Component)
• Antenna is a device for converting radio frequency (RF) current from a
radio transmitter into an electromagnetic signal (radiowave) radiated
into space, or for capturing a small portion ofthe electromagnetic wave
from space and then feeding it into a receiver for amplification.
12. Transformer (Passive Component)
• Transforms the amplitude of alternating voltage (or current) from one
value to another value keeping the power and frequency of the AC same.
The step up and step down transformers have their applications in devices
that require amplification or deterioration of the input signal respectively.
• Audio transformer – provide filtration to the input signal by eliminating
the unwanted or noise signals
• Used to provide isolation between circuits (prohibit the flow of signal from one part
of the circuit to the other)
• impedance matching transformers are used to match the impedance of a source to
the load. Impedance matching transformers ensure an efficient and reliable
transfer of energy between the input and output devices with the help of
electromagnetic induction
• Blocks DC signal as well as to couple stages of signal-processing circuits
14. Relay
• A relay is an electrically operated
switch.
• Consists of a set of input
terminals for a single or multiple
control signals, and a set of
operating contact terminals.
• The switch may have any number
of contacts in multiple contact
forms, such as make contacts,
break contacts, or combinations
thereof
15. Microphone
• A microphone is a
transducer or sensor that
converts sound into an
electrical signal.
Feedback amplifiers are
those which have a
feedback path from the
output to input. Generally,
they work in a closed-loop
system
Feedback Amplifiers
Electrical devices convert electrical energy into other forms of energy, for example heat, light or sound. Electronic devices control the flow of electrons in order to perform a task.
Power Consumption – More (Elect.) Less safe; Less (Electro.) More safe
Passive Comp. - do not have gain or directionality – Also known as electrical components;
Active Comp. - have gain or directionality – Electrical Components.
(Basic) Linear Components – made of conductors (Copper, Aluminum) – Resistor, Inductor, Capacitor ; (Additional) Non-linear components made of semiconductors (Silicon, germanium) – Diode, Transistor
Definition and Function of every component: Next slides
A capacitor is made up of two conductors (plates), separated by a dielectric or insulating material, which accumulates electric charge when connected to a power source.
Inductor - A coil or solenoid that generates magnetic field that induces orcreates voltage. Inductor has two types: an air core whereby it is just a wound of wire and a magnetic core which is a coil of wire wound on a ferrite.
LED - A LED is a semiconductor component that emits light whencurrent flows through it. Used mainly as an indicator lamp inmany devices
Special Transistors- Phototransistors
Op Amp is a form of linear IC that has two inputs,called inverting and non-inverting, and a single-ended output which produces an output voltage thatis typically hundreds of thousands times larger than the voltage difference between its input terminals
a chip – an IC is a miniaturized electronic circuitconsisting of several interconnected active devices (transistors,diodes) and passive components (resistors, capacitors, etc.)fabricated together on a thin substrate of semiconductormaterial (usually a silicon).
Oscillator – can produce a signal at a specific frequency, which is useful in applications such as radio communications
Electronic transformers operating voltages are very low and are rated at low power levels
Impedance can be defined as the opposition offered to the alternating current running through the circuit. The components used in the construction of the circuit as well as the wires that are used to make the connections of the circuit tend to offer some magnitude of resistance to the flow of current. This resistance to the flow of current further deteriorates the overall power value of the circuit.
