Baria Chloride Lab

Baria Chloride Lab
When performing the experiment, the objective was to dehydrate the Barium Chloride and to find
out the mass difference from when it was hydrated. Throughout the test, it was required to check the
measurements of the crucible and cover for the original mass and to be able to see the difference
between a hydrated and dehydrated molecule. The Barium Chloride is then placed on top of the
Bunsen burner using a ring stand and carefully placing the flames under the crucible. After waiting
for about 17 minutes, which would usually allow for the substance to heat up and evaporate all of
the water found within it, the crucible had to cool down for about 10 minutes. After it has cooled
down, the measurement would be taken again and would be less than
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Barium Sulfate Research Paper
Almost all of the barium consumed commercially is obtained from barite, which is often highly
impure. Barite is processed by carbothermal reduction (heating with coke) to give barium sulfide:
BaSO4 + 4 C → BaS + 4 CO
In contrast to barium sulfate, barium sulfide is soluble in water and readily converted to the oxide,
carbonate, and halides. To produce highly pure barium sulfate, the sulfide or chloride is treated with
sulfuric acid or sulfate salts:
BaS + H2SO4 → BaSO4 + H2S
Barium sulfate produced in this way is often called blanc fixe, which is French for "permanent
white." Blanc fixe is the form of barium encountered in consumer products, such as paints.[5]
In the laboratory barium sulfate is generated by combining solutions of barium ... Show more
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The accidental discovery of this conversion many centuries ago led to the discovery of the first
synthetic phosphor.[4] The sulfide, unlike the sulfate, is water–soluble. Sometime prior to the
autumn of 1803, the Englishman John Dalton was able to explain the results of some of his studies
by assuming that matter is composed of atoms and that all samples of any given compound consist
of the same combination of these atoms. Dalton also noted that in series of compounds, the ratios of
the masses of the second element that combine with a given weight of the first element can be
reduced to small whole numbers (the law of multiple proportions). This was further evidence for
atoms. Dalton's theory of atoms was published by Thomas Thomson in the 3rd edition of his System
of Chemistry in 1807 and in a paper about strontium oxalates published in the Philosophical
Transactions. Dalton published these ideas himself in the following year in the New System of
Chemical

Flame Test Lab Report
The purpose of this experiment was to allow for the presence of specific cations within a given
solution. By following the procedures, basic solubility rules were better understood. In addition,
qualitative analysis was used in tandem with identifying a formed precipitate along with identifying
certain metal species by use of a flame test. Careful application of the given procedures allowed for
an experiment that did not call for repetition. However, a beaker was shattered during
experimentation due to room temperature water being poured into a heated beaker. The safety
procedures might delve further into detail. Substance (Cation) Color Observed Barium Chloride
Yellow Copper Chloride Green/Tropical Calcium Chloride Neon Orange Potassium Chloride
Lavender ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The sticks were then briefly placed under a flame, and the respective colors were identified. Barium
chloride produced a yellow color, copper chloride produced a green color, calcium chloride gave off
a neon orange hue, potassium chloride emitted a lavender flame, lithium chloride gave off a red pink
color, and sodium chloride gave off an orange color. Now, in Part A the silver cation was found
present in unknown solution number 4. In Part B, the barium cation was also identified in the
solution. By the creation of a precipitate, or lack thereof, the presence of either cation was
discovered. For both parts, a precipitate was initially discovered, however, it was to be washed,
dissolved, and centrifuged. K2CrO4 was added and the presence of lead was either confirmed or
denied in which case HNO3 was used to confirm silver. In Part B, H2SO4 was used to confirm
barium and, NH4OH, along with K2C2O4, was used to confirm calcium. Only after a certain solid
had formed was the identity of the cation readily understood. Following closely to the given
procedures allowed for results that were both anticipated and

Gravimetric Analysis Of Sulfate
Quantitative Determination of Sulphate by Gravimetric Analysis
Table of Contents: 1. Synopsis
2. Objective
3. Theory
3.1: Summary
3.2: Technique
3.3: Chemicals
3.4: Instruments
4. Procedures
4.1: Precipitation of BaSO₄
4.2: Washing and Filtration of BaSO₄ Precipitate
4.3: Drying and Weighing of BaSO₄ Precipitate
5. Results and Calculations
6. Discussions
7. Conclusion
8. References
1. Synopsis:
This report is written about determining the quantitative amount of sulphate inside barium sulphate,
BaSO₄, using the method of gravimetric analysis. This quantitative determination is done by the
addition of a dilute solution of barium chloride slowly to a hot unknown sulfate solution ... Show
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The desiccator is a sealable enclosure that is used to preserve items sensitive to moisture in the open
air, such as cobalt chloride paper.
The digital analytical weighing balance is type of electronic balance made to measure small amounts
of mass up till several decimal figures. 4. Procedures:
In order to determine the quantitative amount of sulphate, the procedure that is split up into three

smaller sections. The first section is the precipitation of barium sulphate. The second section is the
washing and filtration of the barium sulphate precipitate. And, the third section is the drying and
weighing of the barium sulphate precipitate.
4.1 Precipitation of BaSO2: 1. Use the bulb filler and vacuum–assisted pipette to pipette 25ml of the
0.5% sodium sulphate solution into a 250ml beaker. 2. Add 50ml of water and 5 drops of
concentrated hydrochloric acid into the beaker. Note: Concentrated hydrochloric acid is highly
corrosive. Add the concentrated hydrochloric acid into the beaker while handling it in the fume hood
with protective gloves and goggles. 3. Heat the beaker until it is boiling. Use a glass rod to stir the
solution vigorously, while adding 10ml of 10% barium chloride solution from a measuring cylinder
drop–by–drop. 4. Use a watch glass to cover the beaker and adjust the heat to just below
temperatures. Leave it there to digest for 20 minutes. 5. To test for

Limiting Reactant Lab Report
The objectives for the Limiting Reactant Lab was to determine out of the equation Ba〖Cl〗_(2
(aq))+ 〖Na〗_2 〖SO〗_(4 (aq))→ 〖BaSO〗_(4 (s) )+2 〖NaCl〗_((aq)) which compound is
the limiting reactant from choosing either A or B for the experiment. The purpose for part one is
about 〖Na〗_2 〖SO〗_(4 (aq)) and Ba〖Cl〗_(2 (aq))*2H_2 O, when adding water and
resulting in 〖BaSO〗_(4 (s) ) is allowed to precipitate. From the two values the percent yield can
be calculated. The purpose for part two is the formation of barium sulfate. The methods used for part
one was (I) to pick between part A or part B. (II) weigh out the part that you picked. And lastly (III)
let the chemicals precipitate when adding distilled water. The methods that were used during the
second part of the lab was to calculate how much of the compounds that you need than to add 5ml
distilled water to both and combine together. What was found in this lab was which chemical
compound from the product of the equation is the limiting reactant. ... Show more content on
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What was concluded when doing the lab was to determine which product of the equation was the
limiting reactant. When doing all the calculations were 83.1% of the yield of the compound. It is
very close to having almost the perfect percentage of the limiting yield when doing the

Qualitative Analysis Lab
CH 204 – Introduction to Chemical Practice Experiment 1– Qualitative Analysis of Cations Anusia
Mansukhani Andrea Martinez TA: Joseph Guerrera September 28th,2017 RESULTS &
DISCUSSION The purpose of this lab was perform qualitative analysis an unknown solution and
determine if the unknown cation. It was a combination of either lead and calcium, lead and barium,
silver and calcium or silver barium. This experiment was divided into three parts. In part A, the
solution was either to be composed of silver or lead and in part B, it was either composed of barium
or calcium. In part C, a flame test was done to determine the identify of various cations through the
color of each flame. The experiment was done on unknown solution 1 and since HCL is a strong
acid, it was added to the unknown solution to break up the salt from the metal and make it soluble, it
is primarily added to separate part A cations (PbCl2, AgCl) from part B cations (BaCl2, CaCl2). In
part A, heat was used to separate lead ions in step 5 and presence of lead was confirmed after step 6.
As soon as K2CrO4 and acetic acid was added to the liquid that was a result of centrifuging, a
yellow precipitate formed instantaneously confirming the presence of lead in the solution. PbCl2 is
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If there are multiple cations, the flame test becomes invalid. The six cations that were flame tested
were LiCl, CaCl2, NaCl, BaCl2, KCl, CuCl2. After flamer testing each one using a wooden stick the
colors found were very distinct and clarified the purpose of a flame test. The colors were as follows,
Lithium– Pink, Calcium–Red, Sodium– Orange, Barium–yellow, Potassium– lavender, Copper–
green. The main limitation of a cation flame test would be when 2 or more cations are present
because the flame would not show a distinct

Condumetric and Gravemetric Lab Report Essay
Conductimetric Titration and Gravimetric Determination of a Precipitate
Objective:
* Measure the conductivity of the reaction between sulfuric acid and barium hydroxide * use
conductivity values to determine equivalence point * measure mass of a product to determine
equivalence point gravimetrically * calculate molar concentration of barium hydroxide solution
Procedure:
* First, combine 10.0 mL of the Ba(OH)2 solution with 50 mL of distilled water. Then, measure out
60 mL of 0.100 M H2SO4. Set up a conductivity probe and open programs by connecting to logger
pro. After that, start to titrate with increments of 1.0 mL. Keep titrating with smaller increments until
it is pretty close to the 100 microsiemens/cm mark. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The reactant ions reacted and decreased as more product formed. By measuring the conductivity
throughout, the equivalence point was determined. With the equivalence point and the
stoichiometric relationship, the molarity of barium hydroxide can be determined. Another way to
calculate the molar concentration of barium hydroxide would be to calculate the number of moles of
the insoluble barium sulfate by gravimetric determination.
Data Analysis: 1. 7.6 10–4 mol H2SO4 2. 0.076 M Ba(OH)2 3. 0.0008351 mol BaSO4 4. 0.0835 M
Ba(OH)2 5. Equivalence Point: 24% error, Gravimetric determination: 17% error. The gravimetric
determination was more accurate because an exact amount of precipitate was formed.
Conclusion:
In this lab an attempt was made to determine the concentration of a Ba(OH)2 solution by using the
conductimetrically determined equivalence point of the reaction between Ba(OH)2 and H2SO4 and
by gravimetric determination. The molarity using the equivalence point was determined to be 0.076
M, with a percent error of 24% (actual value was 0.100 M). The molarity using gravimetric
determination was 0.0835, an error of 17%. One possible error is the presence of bubbles in the
buret. Bubbles would have caused the buret reading to be too high, resulting in a larger equivalence
point. Another possible error deals with the colloidal nature of barium hydroxide due to its relatively
low solubility. The colloidal barium hydroxide would make it

Metal Cations Lab Report
In this lab an unknown metal cation is identified by comparing chemical reactions of known metal
cations with different ions to chemical reactions of the unknown with those ions.Nine different
metal cations are reacted with sulfate, iodide, carbonate, hydroxide, and ammoniaand observed. A
procedure is then planned using the original tests to identify the unknown metalcation. The nine
different metal ions, aluminum, barium, cobalt, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, lead and zinc,
were reacted with sulfate, iodide, carbonate, hydroxide, and ammonia. When reacted with sulfate
aluminum, cobalt, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, and zinc all had no reaction. Barium and
lead both formed white precipitates. When reacted with iodide aluminum, barium, cobalt,
magnesium, manganese, and zinc all had no reaction. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Aluminum had no reaction to the NH3 at all. When an excessamount of NH3 was added barium
formed a white precipitate, cobalt formed a pink precipitate,copper formed a bright blue precipitate,
iron formed an red precipitate, magnesium had a whitesmooth precipitate, manganese had a tan
precipitate, and lead and zinc both turned clear.The unknown metal cation contains either zinc or
lead. To discover which one is presentthe unknown is tested with sulfate because only lead and
barium react with the sulfate. Barium isnot an option in the unknown metal mixture, so if a reaction
occurs it is known that lead ispresent. In this case there is no reaction so zinc is present meaning that
Zinc White is the presentpigment. Zinc white was introduced in 1840. Next the unknown is tested
for iron, copper, orcobalt. This is done by mixing the unknown

Understanding Of Basic Solubility Principles And...
The purpose of this experiment was to apply the understanding of basic solubility principles and
precipitation reactions to identify two unknown cations in a given solution. The first two processes
involved adding various acids and basis to the unknown solution to observe different precipitation
reactions. The unknown solution contained either silver or lead and either barium or calcium. For
unknown solution one, adding a sample of hydrochloric acid to the unknown solution started the
experiment. This was imperative because it triggered a precipitation reaction, creating PbCl2 or
AgCl. HCl was an ideal acid that was used because it was soluble to Calcium or Barium but atleast
partially insoluble to Ag and Pb, allowing for the Calcium or Barium to have remained in solution,
become isolated in a new test tube, and set aside for later use.1 The chloride ions are much more
attractive to the silver and lead ions compared to the calcium or barium, which allowed some to
precipitate while others to have remained in solution.2
After the initial decanter, deionized water was added to the precipitate and the tube was placed in
boiling water. This is an essential step, because this allows for the dissolution of any PbCl that might
have precipitated. Since PbCl is slightly insoluble, if there was Pb in the unknown solution, the
heating process would have caused it to become mostly soluble in the water. The addition of heat as
a source of energy was enough to break the attractive forces

The Atomic Weight Of The Unknown Barium Carbonate
In this lab experiment, an unknown metal carbonate went through a chemical reaction with 1.0 M
barium chloride, forming products of barium carbonate and an alkali metal chloride. The unknown
alkali metal carbonate also went through a chemical reaction with 1 M hydrochloric acid, forming
an alkali metal chloride, with liquid water, and carbon dioxide gas as products. A final flame test
was done to reveal what the unknown alkali metal was. Once all molar masses were calculated, the
masses were extremely varied, ranging from 37.061 grams per mol to 133.110 grams per mol. When
the flame test was performed, yellow–orange colored flames appeared, revealing that the unknown
alkali metal carbonate was sodium carbonate.
The purpose of this experiment was to use different type of tests to determine the atomic weight for
the unknown alkali metal carbonate along with determining which alkali metal it is. The first test
consisted of reacting the aqueous metal carbonate with barium chloride in a precipitation reaction [1
M2(CO3) + 1 BaCl2 → 1 Ba(CO3) + 2 MCl]. The product of this reaction is barium carbonate,
which is isolated and later weighed by using filter paper and a Buchner funnel with vacuum
filtration. When weighed, the barium carbonate can be converted to moles of the unknown carbonate
and grams per mol of the unknown alkali metal carbonate can be calculated. The second reaction
consisted of reacting the unknown carbonate (a base) with hydrochloric acid (an acid) to form

The Importance Of A Modified Barium Swallow Study At...
I had the opportunity to observe a Modified Barium Swallow Study at Arkansas Children's Hospital
this semester. It was informative, interesting, and sparked left me researching unfamiliar terms as I
left the study. I was surprised at how much I enjoyed this observation experience and I feel as
though it is one of the most, if not the most, beneficial hands on experiences I have had thus far. The
differences between pediatrics and geriatrics have been discussed, taught, and even viewed through
video in class, but there is nothing quite like seeing all of those differences in person. I would like to
start off mentioning that I had pre–conceived idea of what my experience was going to be with a 9–
month–old. I had prepared myself for crying, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There were various cups set out with different labels on the side. Legally they have to put labels on
everything used by the patient that has their name, D.O.B, and that barium was used. The SLP
poured barium into the cups, which she then flavored with Kool–Aid and then barium was added to
applesauce. This allowed the SLP to test various consistencies and see how the patient tolerated
them. Thin, Nectar, and Puree consistencies were observed during the study. The study requires
several disciplines to be presented in the room in order for it to be completed. There was a
radiologist, radiology technician, nurse, an SLP, and the mother of the child. This made for a tight
space during the study itself. Once the room was prepped and all required personnel was ready the
SLP went to get the family.
The steps were explained in detail to the mother and then instructions were given to her on which
way the child should be facing while being fed the samples. I was surprised to learn that the child's
mother was actually the one feeding him the test consistencies and not a trained professional. There
were so things happening in the room all at once. The SLP was trying to watch the monitor for
penetration and aspiration all while trying to help the mother keep the baby's attention. Then the
radiologist says "deep penetration" and two seconds later "silent aspiration". The nurse wrote this
information down on a sheet which specifies exactly when, where, and what consistency was

Barium Swallow : Patient Clinical Details
Barium swallow Patient clinical details The patient was referred to the Radiologist from his GP,
because of ongoing pain and difficulty when swallowing. The patient was 45years old male,
consumed alcohol regularly and a heavy smoker. Due to the clinical details the radiologist decided
to perform a barium swallow this allows for the best visualisation of the internal structures, mainly
the upper gastrointestinal tract and the stomach. Barium swallows show any strictures or narrowing
's in this region which would account for the patients clinical details. Esophageal carcinomas are
able to be diagnosed from: Barium swallow Chest MRI or thoracic CT Endoscopic ultrasound
Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) and biopsy PET scan Because barium swallows are non–
invasive and clearly outline the shape of the esophagus, the radiologist decided this form of imaging
was best suited to the patient and his clinical details which strongly suggested cancer to be the cause
of the clinical details. Esophageal cancers usually present with the following symptoms: Difficulty
swallowing (dysphagia) Backwards movement of food through the esophagus and possibly mouth
(regurgitation) Chest pain not related to eating Weight loss without trying Worsening indigestion or
heartburn Coughing or hoarseness But early esophageal cancers typically causes no symptoms and
have no apparent signs. Barium Swallow A barium swallow is a procedure of the upper
gastrointestinal tract,

Bendigo Radiology Case Study: Barium Enemas
Imaging in Swan Hill, provide a clear concise explanation of what exactly a Barium Enema is. It
specifically requires the use of a liquid Barium mixture to cover the lower GI mucosal lining. With
the Addition of fluoroscopic X–ray images and air the Colons structure and caliber can be assessed.
(Radiology, 2012). Bendigo Radiology provide services such as Barium Enemas to locations as far
south victoria as Portland. During my first placement at Portland I was fortunate enough to be able
to aid a fluoroscopy procedure. The procedure was for an elderly man much like presented in this
case. It happened that this procedure was a Barium Enema. It quickly became apparent that I had
much to learn about the complexities of Barium Enemas, as seen in ... Show more content on
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It was fitting then that my case report would focus on a similar fluoroscopic scenario of a Barium
Enema. Ultimately this case will inform my prior curiosity and give me the knowledge for future
encounters. To fully explore Barium Enemas this report focuses on Professionalism, Pathology and
Pathological Processors, Imaging and Future Directions. Professionalism is at the cornerstone of a
radiographers practice. It ensures a patient can entrust skills and competence of the professional.
The Australian Institute of Radiography list what radiographer should demonstrate in an
fluoroscopic interaction. Highlighted is the need for expertise in infection control, setting parameters
for screening, exposure factor comprehension, being a team member and being "mindful of...
radiation protection" (Radiography, 2013). Being aware of the radiation exposed to the patient and
team members is essential in practice. The governing body that regulates ionizing radiation is
ARPANSA, Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safty Agency. They cite the "ALARA"
priciple as the phiosophy for preventing radation to the patient. That is to keep dose As Low as
Reasonably Archiveable (Protection, 2011). This can be achieved practically

Small Bowel Ingestion: A Case Study
A 61 year old female was at Christus Spohn South Hospital to have a small bowel series done on
September 15, 2016. She had prior radiographs from September 14, 2016, September 13, 2016 and
September 12, 2016. She also had a CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis from September 8, 2016 and
had a recent surgery on her abdomen. Radiographs of her abdomen showed staples and surgical
clips along her midline in the epigastric region of her stomach. She was being evaluated for a
possible bowel obstruction in the ileus. The radiographic exam of the small bowel was being
performed without the use of fluoroscopy. The patient's radiographic room was prepped before she
came down for the study. A 14x17 digital image receptor was placed lengthwise in ... Show more
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Following the ingestion of the barium sulfate a high KUB radiograph was taken using 100 kV and
80 mAs with 50 inch SID. The central ray was 3 inches above the level of her iliac crest and the
exposure was taken at the end of expiration. The time was annotated on each and every radiograph
taken throughout the study. The patient was then rolled onto their right side to allow the stomach to
drain. The patient remained lying on her right side for 15 minutes and then turned back to the supine
position for another high KUB radiograph of the stomach. The same technical factors were used of
100 kV and 80 mAs and a SID of 50 inches with the central ray 3 inches above her iliac crest. On
the 15 minute radiograph the barium had moved to the second part of the small intestine the
jejunum. The patient requested that she stay lying in the supine position instead of lying on her right
side because it was more comfortable for her. The technologist said that was fine because the barium
did move. However, if the barium had not moved, she would have been returned into the right
lateral position. If the patient is able to get up and walk around at this time it is ideal to allow the
barium to start moving through the small

Qualitative Analysis Lab Report Essay
CH 204 – Introduction to Chemical Practice Experiment #1– (Qualitative Analysis of Cations)
Ashley Gilbert* Claire LeBovidge TA: Ravi Teja February 15, 2017 RESULTS & DISCUSSION
The purpose of this experiment was to have found the identity of unknown cations having used
qualitative analysis. The unknows were composed of metal nitrate salts and contained either lead or
silver and calcium or barium. Also, cation flame test was performed to test and observe the color the
flames turned when a wooden stick, dipped in a metal chloride solution, was waved over the flame.
If this experiment was to be repeated, a way to improve the current procedure might be to describe
exactly what the test tubes should look like in steps that may be confusing, for example in step 11, it
HCl is an acid and would react with the base, either silver or lead, and once they reacted, a
precipitate would form.1 The Sample was heated in step 5 to dissolve the precipitate into the liquid.
Heat caused the precipitate to dissolve by breaking apart the molecules into cations and anions. In
step 12. K2CrO4 was added to the solution because, if the unknown solution had contained barium,
then when KrCrO4 was added a precipitate would have formed between the two. This is because
K2CrO4 is a strong oxidizing agent and when mixed with a reducing agent, barium, a precipitate
formed.2 A "false positive" is when a characteristic of a solution that was needed to confirm a cation
showed up in the solution, but that solution was not the cation that the "false positive" made one
believe it was. If a yellow precipitate had formed, a person would have thought that they had had
barium, but the yellow precipitate could have been a false positive and the person would have really
had had calcium. Lead Formula Unit Equation: Total Ionic Equation: Net Ionic Equation: Barium
Formula Unit

Barium Swallow Case Study
Barium Swallow A barium swallow is an X–ray exam that is used to evaluate the area at the back of
your throat (pharynx) and the tube that carries food and liquid from your mouth to your stomach
(esophagus). For this exam, you will swallow a white chalky liquid called barium. X–rays are done
while the barium passes through your pharynx and esophagus. The barium makes it easier for your
health care provider to see possible problems in this area. A barium swallow may be done to check
for various problems, such as: Ulcers. Tumors. Inflammation of the esophagus. Hiatal hernia. This is
a condition in which the upper portion of the stomach protrudes into the chest cavity. Scarring.
Blockages. Problems with the muscular ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
You will likely drink the barium through a straw. During the procedure, the X–ray table may be
moved to a more upright angle. You may also be asked to shift your position on the table. This will
allow your entire esophagus to be viewed. The health care provider will watch the barium flow
through your esophagus using a type of X–ray that allows images to be viewed on a monitor in a
movie–like sequence (fluoroscopy). X–ray images will also be stored for later viewing. AFTER
THE PROCEDURE You can return to your regular activities and diet unless instructed otherwise by
your health care provider. Your stool (feces) may be white or gray for 2–3 days until all the barium
has passed out of your body in your stool. You may be given a laxative to take in order to help
remove the barium from your body. Your health care provider may recommend other things to help
prevent constipation after this procedure, including: ○ Drinking enough fluid to keep your urine
clear or pale yellow. ○ Eating foods that have a lot of fiber, such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains,
and beans. Call your health care provider

CH 204 – Introduction to Chemical Practice Experiment #1 – Qualitative Analysis of Cations Anam
Zaki* Baylee Halliwell TA: Jiawei (Will) He February 16, 2016 RESULTS & DISCUSSION The
purpose of this experiment was to use qualitative analysis in order to identify two cation in a
solution. During the first part of the experiment, the identity of either silver or lead was revealed,
and during the second part, the identity of either calcium or barium was discovered. For the last part
of the experiment, many different cations were exposed when Cation Flame Tests were executed. A
wooden stick dipped into each solution and was held over a flame, and the color of the flame
revealed the cation that was in the solution. For the first part of ... Show more content on
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Silver: Formula Unit:[Ag(〖NH_3)〗_2 ]Cl_((aq))+2H〖NO_3〗_((aq))→AgCl_((s))+2NH_4
〖NO_3〗_((aq)) Total Ionic Equation:〖Ag^+〗_((aq))+〖〖〖2NO〗_3〗^–〗
_((aq))+〖2H^+〗_((aq) )+〖Cl^–〗_((aq))→AgCl_((s))+2N〖〖H_4〗^+〗_((aq))+2
〖〖NO_3〗^–〗_((aq)) Net Ionic Equation:〖Ag^+〗_((aq))+〖Cl^–〗_((aq))→AgCl_((s))
Calcium: Formula Unit: Ca(〖〖OH)〗_2〗_((aq) )+〖K_2 C_2 O_4〗_((aq) )→〖CaC_2 O_4〗
_((s) )+2KOH_((aq)) Total Ionic Equation: 〖Ca^(2+)〗_((aq))+O〖H^–〗_((aq) )+〖K^+〗_((aq)
)+〖〖C_2 O_4〗^(2–)〗_((aq))→〖CaC_2 O_4〗_((s))+2〖K^+〗_((aq))+2〖OH^–〗_((aq))
Net Ionic Equation: C〖a^(2+)〗_((aq))+〖〖C_2 O_4〗^(2–)〗_((aq))→C〖aC_2 O_4〗_((s))
REFERENCES Drug Testing in a Drug Court Environment: Common Issues to Address.
https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ojp/181103.pdf (accessed Feb. 14, 2016). Dogancay, D. Flame Tests
Performed Safely: A Safe and Effective Alternative to the Traditional Flame Test. Sci Teach [Online]
2005, 72,

Identifying Unknown Ionic Salts From Zinc Nitrate
Identifying Unknown Ionic Salts by Precipitation ––– Cindy
Aim: identify three unknown ionic salts from zinc nitrate, barium nitrate, lead nitrate, sodium
chloride, sodium carbonate and magnesium chloride by precipitation.
Equipment:
6 small test tubes
distilled water
measuring cylinder
3 unknown ionic salts (No.7, 8, 9)
rack
silver nitrate
sodium hydroxide
calcium nitrate
sodium chloride
copper sulphates Method:
1. Pick three unknown ionic salts (NO. 7, 8 and 9)
2. Use the measuring cylinder to get 1.5ml water and pour it into a test tube
3. Use a spatula to remove 3 scoops of the ionic salts powder into the test tube and dissolve them in
1.5 ml water respectively.
4. Put 2 drops of silver nitrate in each of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
NO. 7 NO. 8 NO. 9
Silver nitrate PPT
Table 2: Test for unknown solid 7
Table 3: Test for unknown solid 8 and 9 NO. 7
Sodium hydroxide
Calcium nitrate PPT
PPT = Precipitation NO. 8 N0. 9
Sodium chloride
Copper sulphates PPT Table 4: Name of solid 7, 8 and 9
Number of the ionic solid No. 7 No. 8 No. 9
Name of the solid Sodium carbonate Zinc nitrate Barium nitrate
Dissociation equations of the ionic solids:
1. Na2CO3 (aq) + aq 2Na+(aq) + CO32–(aq)

2. Zn(NO3)2(aq) + aq Zn2+(aq) + 2NO3–(aq)
3. Ba(NO3)2 (aq) + aq Ba2+(aq) + 2NO3–(aq)
Precipitation equation:
1. Na2CO3 (aq) + 2AgNO3 (aq) NaNO3 (aq) + Ag2CO3 (s)
2. Na2CO3(aq) +Ca(NO3)2(aq) 2NaNO3(aq)+ CaCO3(s)
3. Ba(NO3)2(aq) + CuSO4 (aq) Cu(NO3)2 (aq) + BaSO4 (s)
4. Ba(NO3)2(aq) + CuSO4(aq) Cu(NO3)2(aq)+ BaSO4 (s)
5. MgCl2(aq) + 2Na2CO3(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + MgCO3 (s)
6. MgCl2(aq)+ 2NaOH(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + Mg(OH)2 (s)
7. Pb(NO3)2(aq)+ 2NaOH(aq) 2NaNO3(aq)+Pb(OH)2 (s)
8. Pb(NO3)2(aq) + CuSO4(aq) Cu(NO3)2(aq)+ PbSO4 (s)
9. 2NaCl(aq)+ Pb(NO3)2(aq) 2NaNO3(aq) + PbCl2 (s)
10. NaCl(aq) + AgNO3(aq) NaNO3(aq) + AgCl (s)
11. Zn(NO3)2(aq) +Na2CO3(aq) 2NaNO3(aq)+ ZnCO3 (s)
12. Zn(NO3)2(aq) +2NaOH(aq) 2NaNO3(aq) + Zn(OH)2 (s)
Discussion:
In the method, the first chemical that is used to identify the solids is silver nitrate

The Pros And Cons Of Screening Testing
Checking for growth (or for conditions that may get to be disease) in individuals who have no
indications is called screening. Screening can help specialists discover and treat a few sorts of tumor
early. Early identification is essential in light of the fact that when anomalous tissue or tumor is
discovered early, it might be less demanding to treat. When side effects show up, malignancy may
have started to spread and is harder to treat. A few screening tests have been appeared to identify
tumor early and to decrease the shot of passing on from that growth. These tests are portrayed on the
Screening Tests page. Yet, it is critical to remember that screening tests can have potential damages
and in addition advantages. Some screening tests may bring about draining or other wellbeing
issues. Screening tests can have false–positive results–the test shows that growth may be available
despite the fact that it is most certainly not. False–positive test outcomes can bring about uneasiness
Regularly, specialists will suggest a biopsy after a physical examination or imaging concentrate, for
example, a x–beam, has distinguished a conceivable tumor. Amid the biopsy, the specialist uproots a
little measure of tissue so it can be analyzed under a magnifying lens by a pathologist . Taking into
account this investigation, the pathologist figures out if the tissue that was uprooted or dangerous. A
cleansing is a system that passes on liquid into the rectum and colon through the backside. Barium,
which is an uncommon shading called an unpredictability medium, is the liquid used as a piece of a
barium inside cleanse. Exactly when a x–pillar is taken, the barium seems awe inspiring white,
clearly delineating the colon and rectum. Oddities, for instance, irritation, polyp and development,
are then

Qualitative Analysis Of Chemistry Cations
RESULTS & DISCUSSION
The experiment used qualitative analysis to determine two cations in an unknown solution. In Part
A, identified either silver or lead that was interfused into the metal nitrate salts solution. In Part B,
calcium or barium would appear. In Part C, another method of qualitative analysis was performed by
cation flame tests. The various metal chloride solutions would be used to observed and recorded the
colored flame of each species. The goal was to practice qualitative strategies to be able to
precipitate, separate and identify the unknown cations in the solution by used lab equipment such as
the centrifuge, disposable pipette, and Bunsen burner.
If the experiment were repeated, some parts of procedure should be modified or improved to shorten
the time of experiment and make the experiment more organized. Such as the Part A, Step 5; after
heated up the test tube in the boiling water, used cold water to cool down the temperature of the test
tube instead of cool it down spontaneously. By modified that it would save more time. Since there
were so many groups doing the same step together, the lab equipment was limit such as the
centrifuge. Students lined up in front of the centrifuge to wait for the others. Students could spread
out to the different part of the experiment, some groups could start with Part A and the other can
start with Part C.
The unknown solution #4 was assigned and analyzed. Followed the steps in Part A to identify the
presence of Lead or

A Career In Speech-Language Pathology
As a child, I was faced with a lot of adversity. My grandmother raised my brothers and me. We lived
on government assistance with little money and no car for transportation for extracurricular
activities. The hardships we faced compelled me at a young age to stay in school, go to college, and
make something of myself because I did not want to live a life limiting my dreams and
opportunities. Throughout my academic career, there was not a specific moment that solidified my
desire to pursue a profession in Speech– Language Pathology (SLP); instead, there were numerous. I
initially became interested in this profession after learning how a child's dysfluency was able to
significantly improve. The gradual process of a client making substantial improvements ... Show
I put my best effort into everything that I do because I believe that a person's work reflects who they
are as an individual, thus, I strive to ensure that my work is a true representation of who I am. The
challenges and obstacles that I have endured and overcome have helped build my character of being
a resilient individual that is willing to do whatever it takes to pursue my dreams. I can honestly say
adversity transformed me into the strong–minded person I am today. I do not take anything for
granted because I know what it feels like to not have much. I do everything with a purpose and the
desire to make a better life for myself so I work hard to achieve all of my goals. I want to be a
speech pathologist that delivers and promotes the highest professional standards in a variety of
clinical educational settings across a culturally and linguistically diverse client population.
Ultimately, I know that if given the chance to obtain a Master's of Science in Speech–Language
Pathology at the University of West Georgia, I am confident in my ability to be a devoted student
who is eager and willing to learn how to work closely with faculty and staff to acquire the necessary
skills and knowledge to effectively assess a patient and be a remarkable speech

Chemical Conductivity : The Law Of Conservation Of Acide
The goal of this experiment was to use conductivity to evaluate the number of ions in a chemical
equation to confirm that the Law of Conservation of Matter is true both in theory and practice. The
original hypothesis was that the experimentally determined ions and number of moles would indeed
give the same results as the Law of Conservation of Matter, and that the predicted volume of acid
needed to completely react with barium hydroxide would be 12.5 mL. This hypothesis has been
proven in that the results do coincide with the Law of Conservation of Matter to show a 1:1 ratio
between barium hydroxide and sulfuric acid. However, the volume needed to completely react with
the barium hydroxide was about half that of the predicted.
The balanced chemical equation between barium hydroxide and sulfuric acid yields an equation that
indicates 1 mol of barium hydroxide reacts with 1 mol of sulfuric acid to produce 1 mol of barium
sulfate and 2 mol of water. In the reactants, it is indicated that there is a 1:1 molar ratio, which is the
first indication of what will be produced in the reaction. Also, since barium hydroxide is a strong
base and sulfuric acid is a strong acid, the reactants neutralize each other and the products produced
are insoluble3. The point in the reaction at which the reactants neutralize each other is the titration's
end point, which can be seen in all the figures as well as Table 1.
In trying the find the predicted volume of sulfuric acid that would react

Unknown 3 Lab Report
3– A) Unknown 3 b) Iron and Barium were present in unknown 3. Assigned unknown reacted with
all 4 reactants and formed precipitate with 3 of them (Sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide and
Sulfuric acid). During the experiment it reacted very similarly to Iron (III) nitrate and Barium
nitrate. For example, with it was tested against Ammonium Chloride, the color of the solution
changed to a light green, very identically to Iron (III) nitrate and Ammonium Chloride. Besides,
unknown 3 formed an orange brownish precipitate when it was tested with sodium carbonate. Iron
(III) nitrate acted similarly. Moreover, unknown 3 reacted similar to Barium nitrate when it was
tested against ammonium chloride and sulfuric acid. It did not form any precipitate with ammonium
chloride but formed a very light white precipitate, which is identical to barium nitrate's reaction
against sulfuric acid. Therefore, the two present metal in unknown 3 are Iron and barium. ... Show
For example, silver nitrate formed a white precipitate when it was tested with ammonium chloride.
In contrast, unknown 3 did not formed any precipitate with ammonium chloride. Ammonium
chloride change the color of unknown 3 to a light green while the solution of silver nitrate and
ammonium chloride was cloudy white solution. Likewise, the metal in unknown 3 could have been
Calcium neither. Data and observation shows that calcium nitrate whether formed a white precipitate
or did not react at all while unknown 3 formed an orange precipitate. Therefore, silver and calcium
are not the two metal present in unknown

Potassium Chromate Lab
The results obtained were consistent with the lab manual and the unknown sample aligned well with
the instructions that were given. The unknown sample was labeled "3" which was then combined
with HCl and centrifuged, decanted, combined with more HCl, centrifuged, and decanted again. The
precipitate formed from the two latter steps was then boiled and then combined with acetic acid and
Potassium Chromate to check for the presence of Pb2+. Upon mixing the precipitate with acetic acid
and Potassium Chromate, a bright yellow solution was formed with no apparent precipitate. This
bright yellow solution indicated that our unknown for part A contained Lead Chromate. In part, B
the liquid that was decanted in step 3 was to be tested for the presence of either the presence of
Barium or Calcium. The solution was mixed with Ammonium hydroxide and then it was tested to
make sure the solution was basic. Ammonium carbonate was then added and the solution was
heated, cooled, centrifuged, and the liquid was discarded. The precipitated was washed with water
and centrifuged. Acetic acid was mixed with the precipitated and dissolved until it was not cloudy.
Ammonium hydroxide was mixed with the unknown liquid. Potassium Chromate was then added
and a yellow precipitate was formed. The mixture was centrifuged and an orange liquid was formed
and then decanted. The remaining precipitate was then checked for the presence of barium by
adding HCl to dissolve it and was then ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The HCl itself helped to separate the Lead ions from the Calcium ions. This is why a precipitate was
formed for use in Part A and the liquid was saved for Part B. This worked due to differing KSP's as
one compound was more soluble rather than the other and thus the Lead, which was extremely
insoluble with a low KSP formed a precipitate with the addition of HCl since

Barium Enema Research Paper
Barium Enema A barium enema is an X–ray test. It is used to check for problems in the colon or in
the last part of the small bowel. The colon is also called the large intestine. For this test, a liquid
called barium will be put into your colon. The liquid shows up well on X–rays. This makes it easier
to see problems. The test can help find the cause of symptoms such as belly pain or blood in your
poop (stools). BEFORE THE PROCEDURE Follow instructions from your doctor about what you
cannot eat or drink. Ask your doctor about: ○ Changing or stopping your regular medicines. This is
important if you take diabetes medicines or blood thinners. ○ Taking medicines such as aspirin and
ibuprofen. These medicines can thin your blood.

Quantitative Determination of Sulphate By Gravimetric...
ANALYTICAL & PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY ( CP4001)
EXPERIMENT 4:
QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF SULPHATE BY GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS
FORMAL REPORT
NAME: CHIA KOK SIONG
ADMIN NO: 1027325
CLASS: DFST/FT/2B/21
�
SYNOPSIS
The objective of this experiment is to determine the amount of sulphate by gravimetric analysis. The
amount of sulphate is determined quantitatively as barium sulphate, BaSO4, by gravimetric analysis.
For the experiment, a dilute solution of barium chloride was slowly added to a hot unknown
sulphate solution slightly acidified with concentrated HCl. The precipitate is then filtered off by
suction filtration, washed with water and dried in the oven at 150 degree Celsius for about half an
hour and cooled in the desiccator, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cooling the precipitate in the desiccator is to prevent the capture of moisture in the outside air as the
desiccator controls the level of humidity in it while the precipitate cools down.
For the weighing of the crucible, it is done in a closed balance, so that it can measure a very accurate
weight of the collected sulphate.
�
PROCEDURES
PRECIPITATION OF BARIUM SULPHATE

25mL of the given sulphate solution was pipette into a 250mL beaker.
50mL of water and 5 drops of concentrated HCl was added.
The solution was heated till boiling and vigorously stirred. 10mL of 10% barium chloride solution
was added drop wise from a measuring cylinder.
The beaker was covered with a watch glass and digested for 20 minutes.
A few drops of barium chloride was add to the clear supernatant liquid to test for complete
precipitation.
WASHING AND FILTRATION OF BARIUM SULPHATE PRECIPITATE
The filter paper was positioned to cover the entire base of the crucible completely. The clear
supernatant solution was decanted by filtration into the pre–weighed crucible with filter paper.
A "rubber–policeman" was used to dislodge any particles on the beaker and the beaker was rinsed
with warm deionised water. The contents were emptied into the crucible while the vacuum pump
was still at work.
The precipitate was further washed with warm deionised water at the vacuum pump two more times.
The filtrate was discarded.
WASHING AND FILTRATION OF BARIUM SULPHATE PRECIPITATE
The crucible

Alkali Metal Carbonate Lab Report
Reem Tahomi
Chemistry 227
November 5, 2017
Which Alkali Metal Carbonate Abstract:
The purpose of this lab was determining which alkali metal carbonate composes a given unknown
sample by using three different methods. These three methods of flame test, simple weight loss
calculation, and gravimetric analysis method were used to identify the properties and the molar mass
of the unknown given sample. After doing the previous tests, it was discovered that the metal was
Na2CO3 (sodium carbonate), and the mass of the molar mass was 37.158 g/mol, and the recovery
rate was 95.58%.
Introduction:
Determining the unknown alkali carbonate was the primary goal of the lab. To distinguish the
unknown given alkali metal carbonate, three methods were ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
According to the properties of the given chemical samples, each sample had a different flame color
the can be used to identify the sample.
Data:
The data and the results was collected from group number 12.
In this experiment the unknown given sample was sample number 3.
The first method:
The simple weight loss experiment: Simple Weight Loss Trails
Trail # Mass of the unknown Mass of CO2
1 0.499 g 0.591 g
2 0.494 g 0.490 g
3 0.489 g 0.521 g
Table 1) simple weight loss. The data is inaccurate but consistently precise.
The required data for this method is in the table below:
Mass of the empty beaker 129.517 g
Mass of empty cylinder 77.260 g
Mass of cylinder + 40 mL of 1 M HCl 116.590 g

Mass of HCl 116.590–77.260= 39.33 g
Mass of Beaker + HCl 129.517+ 39.33= 168.847 g
Mass of beaker after the reaction 168.255 g
Mass of CO2 168.847–168.255= 0.592 g Table 2) the masses needed to be collected for this method.
Simple Weight Loss Trails
Trail # Mass of the unknown Mass of the CO2 Moles of M2CO3 Molar Mass of the Unknown
1 0.499 g 0.591 g 0.0133 mol 37.159 g
2 0.494 g 0.490 g 0.0111 mol 44.955 g
3 0.489 g 0.521 g 0.0118 mol 42.29 g average = 41.468 g
Table3) masses of the unknown, CO2, Moles of M2CO3, and Molar Mass of the unknown during
trail 1, 2, and 3.
Alkali Metal Carbonate

Flame Test Lab Report Discussion
The fundamental purpose of this 3 part experiment is to determine cations via various tests, such as
identifying cations with forming precipitates (qualitative analysis tests) or identifying cations with
performing cation flame tests. Part A was mixing various chemicals to form specific types of
precipitates that indicated the presence of a Lead cation or a Silver cation. Part B was similar to Part
A, but Part B contained a false positive of whether the cation was Barium or Calcium (both had
white precipitates). In Part C, various flame tests were performed, and the cation was determined by
the color of the flame. In addition to determining cations, this experiment's purpose taught how to
use various equipment, specifically the centrifuge, the heat plate, and the bunsen burner. The
experiment taught how a centrifuge isolated the solids from liquids, how the heat plate is used to
fully dissolve a solution, and how a bunsen burner is used to emit large flames from lighting up a
solution. What could've done better in this experiment is not pouring too much chemical in the test
tube, because the test tube broke when ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Barium was found by dissolving a precipitate from Step 12 in HCl, stirring it constantly,
centrifuging/decanting the solid to obtain a precipitate, adding H2SO4, and stirring for 30 seconds
until a color change from yellow to light yellow on the bottom half of the test tube was observed.
The slight color change indicated that some white precipitate was forming and mixing with the
yellow precipitate to indicate barium presence. Similar to Part A, the results were expected because
of the step by step procedures stating if there wasn't a presence of this cation, move on and add
whichever chemicals were needed to form the presence of the other

Is The Alimentary Canal A Long And Complex Structure?
Over the past few weeks we have been studying the gastrointestinal system, as we progress thru our
clinical and didactic instruction, I have learned that the alimentary canal is a long and complex
structure. Although the basic positioning concepts are similar to those of the chest and abdomen, the
organs of digestive system are difficult to visualize without the use of contrast media. While at
Christus Spohn South, I have had the opportunity to view several esophagograms, however there has
only been one upper GI series (UGI). Below I will explain the many aspects of this exam and how it
is performed. A fluoroscopic upper GI series is generally used to study ". . . the form and function of
the distal esophagus, stomach, and duodenum and to detect abnormal anatomic and functional
conditions" (Bontrager and Lampignano). This particular upper GI series was performed on a forty–
eight–year–old female, outpatient. In addition, the patient had previously undergone this exam and
understood the basics of the procedure. Even though there are a multitude of clinical indications to
perform an upper GI, such as bezoars, diverticula and gastritis. The reason for the patient's exam
was due to possible esophageal gastric reflux and a hiatal hernia. Former surgeries recorded in the
patient's history, were both an appendectomy and a cholecystectomy. Besides this, the patient also
indicated a history of gastric ulcers that were previously treated. Before an UGI several preparations
need to

Barium Enema Essay
Everyone should know that a lower GI is a very common and important exam used to diagnose
many colon conditions. A lower GI examination, also know as a barium enema, is an x–ray
examination of the large intestine. The large intestine, or large bowel, consists of the entire colon,
including the appendix, rectum, and sigmoid colon. This commonly performed test is essentially the
predecessor to the more familiar colonoscopy. A lower GI is used worldwide to help diagnose fatal
diseases and many other problems that affect the large intestine.
Some of the reasons that your doctor might order this exam are if you are experiencing diarrhea,
constipation, blood in your stool, unexplained weight loss, anemia, to screen for colon polyps or ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The barium is then released from the bag and begins to flow slowly into your colon. As the barium
begins to fill your bowel you will feel some pain and pressure, and an urgency to have a bowel
movement. The doctor will watch the barium as it moves through your intestine on a TV screen,
using a special "live x–ray" called fluoroscopy. You will be asked to turn to different positions, and
the table may be tilted slightly to help the barium flow through your colon and to take x–rays from
different directions. Sometimes a slightly different version of the test may be done. It is called a
double contrast barium enema. If a double contrast study is being done, the barium will be drained
out, and then air will be injected into your colon. As you can imagine with the air contrast study, the
amount of cramping and pain increases, due to the expansion of the bowel with air. After all of the
films are taken the enema tube is removed, and you are taken to the restroom to expel the remaining
barium and air. One or two films may be taken afterwards, to check how much barium is remaining
in your bowel. The entire test takes anywhere from thirty minutes to one hour. After the exam you
may resume a regular diet, and be sure to drink plenty of liquids to replace those you have lost and
to help flush the remaining barium out of your system.
During the

To ensure maximum efficiency and meet time constraints, the steps in the procedure were performed
quickly and but carefully. Most binary mixings produced clear colorless solutions, milky white
solutions, or white precipitates. The mixings of the known solutions were recorded in Matrix 1; half
of the fields were blocked out to prevent repetitions and same mixtures. The table produced many
notable observations; for instance, water produced clear colorless solutions in all mixings and
mixings with lead (II) nitrate usually formed precipitates. To identify the unknown solutions,
qualitative analysis was performed on the unknown solutions and compared with observations of
known solutions in Matrix 1. For example, Unknown Solutions 3 and 9 were easily identified as
potassium iodide because of its ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Unknown Solution 8 was identified as sodium oxalate from its formation of white silver oxalate
precipitate with silver nitrate, clear brown solution formation with sodium sulfide, milky white
solution formation with barium chloride (the white particles in the solution were barium oxalate),
and white lead (II) oxalate precipitation reaction with lead (II) nitrate. Though Solutions 4 and 10
reacted with lead (II) nitrate to form a brown precipitate just as sodium sulfide would, the two
unknown solutions did not form a clear brown solution with sodium oxalate and had different but
similar properties in other binary mixings; this might be due to contamination, so Solutions 4 and 10
are likely sodium sulfide. Though it reacted differently with sodium sulfide, Unknown Solution 11
was identified as sodium oxalate because of its many white precipitate–forming reactions. Sodium
carbonate formed a milky yellow–white precipitate (silver carbonate) with silver nitrate, a white
precipitate (barium carbonate) with barium chloride, and reacted with lead (II) nitrate to form lead
(II)

Flame Test Lab Report Essay
In Part A of the experiment, the Unknown Substance #4 was found to contain Silver. Since no
precipitate was formed in Step 6 of the experiment, it was confirmed that there was no presence of
lead. Step 8 verified that the unknown solution contained Silver, with the formation of the white
AgCl precipitate. Silver was reasonable since it was confirmed that it was not Lead. Part B of the
experiment resulted in the identification of Barium. The presence of Barium was confirmed in Step
13, with the formation of the white BaSO4 precipitates in the orange solution. The unknown
solution was further tested to avoid a false positive confirmation of Calcium in Step 14. No
precipitate was formed so the solution in the 1M K2C2O4 so the Barium was once again verified.
Barium was reasonable since it had been ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After a metal salt is added to a hot flame, it shifts from the excited state to its ground state,
displaying a discrete spectrum of light. For example, Barium Chloride will emit a yellow color,
whereas Lithium Chloride emits a dark red color. However, the cation flame test is limited in that if
multiple cations are present, the results can be altered. The result of an impure solution can cause the
mixing of emitted wavelengths and colors. Alternatively, one cation can potentially conceal the
identity of the others.3 If this experiment were to have been repeated, micropipettes would be used
instead of the standard pipettes to increase the accuracy when withdrawing fluids. This would
substantially decrease the degree of errors due to incorrect measurements. Additionally, the
centrifuges would be replaced with new machines since the previous centrifuges caused a few test
tubes to break, even though the solutions had been evenly balanced by weight. More caution may
also be needed when balancing the centrifuges to prevent future

Modified Barium Swallow Case Study
The video that was observed was a three–year child that was given a modified barium swallow. The
child is diagnosed with a microdeletion of the twenty–second chromosome. He also suffers from
multiple heart defects, scoliosis, immune deficiencies, and developmental delays. The child's oral
preparatory, oral transport, pharyngeal, and esophageal stages of swallowing were observed during
the modified barium swallow. The child was first presented with a liquid. During the oral
preparatory stage, the child closed his mouth when given the liquid and to prepare for the next stage
of swallowing. The child did not complete the oral transport stage because the liquid remained in the
oral cavity. The clinicians then proceeded to present the child

Patient Clinical Details And Treatments
Patient clinical details The patient was referred to the Radiologist from his GP, because of ongoing
pain and difficulty when swallowing. The patient was 45years old male, consumed alcohol regularly
and a heavy smoker.
Due to the clinical details the radiologist decided to perform a barium swallow this allows for the
best visualisation of the internal structures, mainly the upper gastrointestinal tract and the stomach.
Barium swallows show any strictures or narrowing 's in this region which would account for the
patients clinical details.
Diagnosis of esophageal carcinomas require imaging to visualise the involvement: Barium swallow
are the most common form of imaging and diagnosis of esophageal carcinoma but other procedures
such as Chest MRI or thoracic CT, Endoscopic ultrasound and some nuclear medicine scans will
demonstrate esophageal carcinomas Because barium swallows are non–invasive and clearly outline
the shape of the esophagus, the radiologist decided this form of imaging was best suited to the
patient and his clinical details which strongly suggested cancer to be the cause of the clinical details.
Esophageal cancers usually present with the following symptoms: Difficulty swallowing
(dysphagia), Backwards movement of food through the esophagus and possibly mouth
(regurgitation), Chest pain not related to eating, Weight loss without trying ,Worsening indigestion
or heartburn, Coughing or hoarseness But an early esophageal cancer typically causes no symptoms

Barium Chloride Dihydrate
In conclusion to the first portion of the experiment, which included the continuous heating and
cooling of a 1.5–gram sample of barium chloride dihydrate, the litmus paper tested indicated that
there was no release of acidic vapors during the separating of the water and compound bonds. In
other words, the chemical equation BaCl2 + 2H2O (s)  BaCl2 + 2H2O (g), labeled as 5.3 in the
original lab report, is best used to describe the transition which took place during this portion of the
lab.
The second procedure called for us to heat a number of other hydrates and test their vapors for any
evidence of acid just as we had done in the previous experimental procedure. The results for the
heating of each individual hydrate posed a different conclusion

Common Ion Effect in Equilibrium
Lab Experiment # 11 The common ion effect in dissolution and precipitation Equilibria
Introduction:
Dissolution and precipitation reactions are very important chemical reactions because it is applied to
many aspects of the industries in medicine, food, water etc. The objectives of this laboratory
experiment is to become familiar with dissolution and precipitation equilibria, develop a lab
technique suitable for the determination of the solubility for a sparingly soluble salt, Ba(NO3)2 (s)
at room temperature and measure the common ion effect in solubility of Ba(NO3)2 (s) in an acidic
solution, HNO3 (aq).
Procedure:
In this lab, the evaporation technique was used to determine the solubility of the salt at room
temperature in water. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Conclusion:
From the experiment, it can be seen that the solubility of barium nitrate in water is greater than the
solubility of barium nitrate in nitric acid. This is due to the common ion, NO3–, in barium nitrate
and nitric acid. The acid dissociation yielded a concentration of this ion already, so the dissociation
of this ion from barium nitrate is an additional concentration of the ion. This is called the common
ion effect. The experiment took the evaporation technique approach, but there are other ways to
carry out this experiment to determine the solubility of barium nitrate. One of such was is by using a
specific amount of barium nitrate and dissolving it slowly in water until precipitation occurs. From
that the amount that was dissolved will be known by taking the mass of the remaining amount of
barium nitrate. This procedure was carried out as well during the lab experiment to test the
experiment's accuracy. From the results, it showed that more barium nitrate was dissolved using the
evaporation technique. This is because in the alternate technique, it is hard to determine when the
salt begins to precipitate; therefore it is not as accurate as the evaporation

Compression Paddles
The equipment and supplies you will need to set up the room when you are getting ready to do an
esophagogram test. You will need to make sure you are in a room that has a fluoroscopic machine
with a table that will stand up. You will also need a footboard, shoulder supports and compression
paddles. You will need the right type or types of barium, gas–producing crystals, cups and straws.
You will also need some of the equipment and supplies that you need for any other image test that
you might do such as a gown, lead shields, etc. According to Adler "a fluoroscopic machine looks
very similar to radiographic units with the addition of a fluoroscope in a tower on the back of the
table (Adler 98)." Having the fluoroscope allows for really time images so that the radiologist ...
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Another piece of equipment you will need is the compression paddles. To me compression paddles
look like a tennis paddle. There is a round piece at the end that has something in the center that you
can inflate and deflate. The compression paddles can be used if the patient is lying in a prone
position. You place the paddle in the stomach area to provide pressure if needed. One of the supplies
I talked about before is barium. What is barium? Barium comes in several different types. One is a
sulfate which is a positive contrast and it is the one that is used the most. Barium sulfate is made by
mixing a powder with water at a certain ratio and has to be mixed right before the patient is going to
drink it or it will separate because the powder doesn't dissolve. There is also a thin barium that you
can get already mixed or you can mix it in the office. It is a type of sulfate as well. There are times
when you will use a thick barium, which is mixed three to four parts barium to one

Barium Research Paper
Barium is a soft silver that is alkaline earth metal. Barium is never found in nature as a free element.
The two of the most commonly natural occurring minerals of barium are as followed: barite, and
witherite, they both very insoluble in water . Barium was soon identified as a new element back in
1774. Barium ended up not being reduced until 1808. Barium was beginning to be used as a "getter"
for different vacuum tubes. Many barium compounds are added to fireworks so that the green color
of fireworks can be seen. Barium is to be known as a insoluble additive to many oil wells and
drilling fluids. The soluble barium ion and soluble compounds are extremely poisonous, ... Show
Bariums reactions are with: chalcogens, and oxygen or air occurs at room temperature. Somehow
barium is scientifically stored under oil or it is stored in an alert atmosphere. The following are
nonmetal that barium reacts with: carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, silicon, and hydrogen. Barium is
very exothermic and it needs to proceed upon heating so I won't explode or cause hazardous
chemical problems. Barium's reaction with water and alcohol happen to be very exothermic and
happens to release hydrogen gas. The following are elements that barium combines with: aluminum,
zinc, lead, and tin. With these combinations they end up forming intermetallic phases and alloys.
Barium that was founded in the earth's crust is a mixture of seven primordial nuclides which are:
barium–130, 132, and 134 through 138. Barium–132 happens to decay similarly like xenon–132,
with half– lives a thousand times greater than the age of the universe. Radioactivity of these types of
isotopes is so weak that it amazingly proposes no certain or complete danger to

Pigment Lab
Introduction Pigments have a rich and complex history that connects both chemistry and art into one
science. In this experiment there were four different pigments being created: barium white, chrome
yellow, synthetic malachite, and Prussian blue. Barium white, also known as Barite, is an excellent
pigment to paint with because "barium sulfate is particularly inert to UV light and so does not
darken over time" (Emsley, 2014). Therefore, the pigment can survive for long periods of time
without fading. Chrome yellow was discovered in 1816 by Nicolas Louis Vauquelin (Douma, 2008).
Vauquelin also "found that he could make bright yellow and rich orange versions of lead chromate,
both of which he proposed as potential pigments" (Douma, 2008). The ... Show more content on
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The chemical reaction produced was Na2SO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq)  BaSO4(s) +2NaCl(aq) with
barium sulfate being the precipitate. Similarly, when scraping off the chrome yellow, ZnSO4(aq) +
Na2CrO4(aq)  ZnCrO4(s) + Na2SO4(aq), there was less pigment than was expected. However, the
copper carbonate made an exceptional amount of pigment, both the first week and the second. The
reaction to make copper carbonate is written, CuSO4(aq) + 2NaHCO3(aq)  CuCO3(s) +
Na2SO4(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g). Lastly, the final amount of Prussian blue, 4FeCl3(aq) +
3K4Fe(CN)6(aq)  Fe4(Fe(CN)6)3(s) + 12KCl(aq), was very little; however, the amount was
enough to incorporate shadows into the painting. By using all but the chrome yellow, a snowy
landscape was painted as seen in Figure

Baria Chloride Lab

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