This study aimed to observe the response of 34 rice accessions to attack by sugarcane borer (Diatraea saccharalis Fabr., 1794) and to analyze the genetic diversity of these accessions by microsatellite markers. Twenty larvae were placed on the leaf sheaths of rice plants. At 30 days after infestation the rice plants at ground level were taken to the laboratory where the signs of borer attack, external and internal diameter of the stem and weight of surviving larvae were determined. For the molecular analysis of rice acces- sions, 24 microsatellite markers were used. The results of the morphological traits of the rice plant, response of the plant to insect attack, development of the sugarcane borer larvae and molecular data, indicated a genotypic variation. The accessions that most favored larval survival were IAC 47 and Ti Ho Hung. Larvae with highest weight (0.0986 g and 0.0862 g) and the largest internal diameters of the rice stem (3.18 mm) were found in land races “Canela de Ferro” (rust colored stem) and all these “Canela de Ferro” accessions also remained genetically grouped. The most tolerant materials, based on the ability to produce new tillers after larval infestation were, Chiang an Tsao Pai Ku and IR 40 which remained morphological and genetically grouped. The results of this study indicate that all the traits and molecular analyses were able to separate the accessions of rice into different groups in relation to resistance to the sugarcane borer. These materials can be used as donor sources in breeding for genetic resistance to sugarcane borers and can be used as donors to amplify the genetic base of Brazilian rice.
We evaluated the oviposition preference and damage capacity of Spodoptera frugiperda on the different phenological stages of corn. Tests were performed at the Assis Chateaubriand Agricultural School (07º10'15" S, 35º51'13" W, altitude 634 meters), municipality of Lagoa Seca, Paraíba State, Brazil, in two areas of 500 m2, with CMS maize hybrid strain and maize intercropped with bean with the spacing of 0.80 x 0.40 m. Eggs and caterpillars were collected weekly on 50 plants randomly sampled in five spots. Height and number of leaves per plant, and damage from caterpillars of S. frugiperda were recorded using the scale, the rangers were., 0) no damage, 1) leaf scraped, 2) leaf pierced, 3) leaf torn, 4) damage in cartridge, 5) cartridge destroyed. The average number of clutches did not differ significantly among the three phenological stages of the culture, but average clutch size (number of eggs) was significantly smaller for the stage of 4-6 leaves. However, there was a significant interaction with respect to the number of clutches between position in the plant (lower, middle, and upper) and phenological stage, and between leaf surface and phenological stages. There were significant differences among tillage systems for corn in monoculture and corn intercropped with bean.
1) The document discusses the importance of plant genetic resources (PGR) in crop improvement and ensuring global food security. It highlights how PGR were crucial for the Green Revolution and remain important for addressing future challenges like climate change.
2) It provides an overview of the current status of biodiversity and challenges threatening it like population growth, pollution, and climate change. It also summarizes Pakistan's PGR conservation efforts and how they contribute to food security.
3) The document advocates for an integrated approach utilizing PGR, including crop wild relatives in genebanks, to develop climate-resilient varieties through techniques like molecular mapping and genetic engineering. International cooperation on PGR is also emphasized.
Mini core collection – a means to enhance utilization of germplasmICRISAT
1) ICRISAT developed mini core collections containing 1% of accessions from entire germplasm collections for crops like sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea etc. to enhance utilization of plant genetic resources in crop improvement.
2) Evaluation of mini core collections identified new sources of resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses and accessions with specific agronomic and nutritional traits.
3) Over 280 sets of mini core collections were provided to research institutions in 36 countries who utilized them to identify trait-specific germplasm for breeding programs.
Abdul GHAFOOR discusses the potential of plant genetic resources for sustainable agriculture in a changing climate. The document outlines strategies and management approaches. As the global population grows, climate change poses challenges to food security through increasing temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, and more frequent extreme weather events. Plant genetic resources and crop wild relatives are critical for developing climate-resilient crop varieties but many are threatened or under-conserved. The document calls for integrated approaches utilizing plant genetic resources, community-based management, and international cooperation to address food insecurity exacerbated by climate change.
This document compares seven methods for assessing stored cereal losses to insects. It conducted experiments infesting wheat and barley grains with rice weevils (Sitophilus oryzae) under controlled conditions. It then applied seven assessment methods to the infested grains: 1) visual inspection, 2) uncorrected weight loss, 3) modified standard volume/weight ratio, 4) grain count and weight, 5) percentage of damaged grains converted to weight loss, 6) one thousand grain mass, and 7) one thousand grain mass including dust. The results showed wide variation in estimated grain mass losses depending on the method used, from 9.3-25.8% for barley and 2.2-12.5
This document summarizes research on advances in the breeding system of sorghum. It discusses sorghum and other millets as nutritious crops grown in marginal soils. It reviews different millet crops and their cultivation. The document also discusses plant genetic resources and genotypes collected for breeding new cultivars. It summarizes research on sorghum conducted by the Department of GPB at SHUATS, including analyzing the antioxidant properties and chemical composition of sorghum seeds harvested at different times. Breeding methods like selection, hybridization, and molecular tools are described for developing improved sorghum varieties with high yield and grain quality.
Gene introgression from wild relatives to cultivated plantsManjappa Ganiger
This document summarizes a seminar on using crop wild relatives to introduce beneficial genes into cultivated crops. It discusses how crop wild relatives contain genetic diversity that can provide traits like pest and disease resistance, abiotic stress tolerance, and improved yields. Specific examples are given of introducing disease resistance genes from wild relatives into tomatoes and rust resistance genes into wheat. The use of wild rice species to develop rice varieties with improved resistance to various diseases and insects is also described.
We evaluated the oviposition preference and damage capacity of Spodoptera frugiperda on the different phenological stages of corn. Tests were performed at the Assis Chateaubriand Agricultural School (07º10'15" S, 35º51'13" W, altitude 634 meters), municipality of Lagoa Seca, Paraíba State, Brazil, in two areas of 500 m2, with CMS maize hybrid strain and maize intercropped with bean with the spacing of 0.80 x 0.40 m. Eggs and caterpillars were collected weekly on 50 plants randomly sampled in five spots. Height and number of leaves per plant, and damage from caterpillars of S. frugiperda were recorded using the scale, the rangers were., 0) no damage, 1) leaf scraped, 2) leaf pierced, 3) leaf torn, 4) damage in cartridge, 5) cartridge destroyed. The average number of clutches did not differ significantly among the three phenological stages of the culture, but average clutch size (number of eggs) was significantly smaller for the stage of 4-6 leaves. However, there was a significant interaction with respect to the number of clutches between position in the plant (lower, middle, and upper) and phenological stage, and between leaf surface and phenological stages. There were significant differences among tillage systems for corn in monoculture and corn intercropped with bean.
1) The document discusses the importance of plant genetic resources (PGR) in crop improvement and ensuring global food security. It highlights how PGR were crucial for the Green Revolution and remain important for addressing future challenges like climate change.
2) It provides an overview of the current status of biodiversity and challenges threatening it like population growth, pollution, and climate change. It also summarizes Pakistan's PGR conservation efforts and how they contribute to food security.
3) The document advocates for an integrated approach utilizing PGR, including crop wild relatives in genebanks, to develop climate-resilient varieties through techniques like molecular mapping and genetic engineering. International cooperation on PGR is also emphasized.
Mini core collection – a means to enhance utilization of germplasmICRISAT
1) ICRISAT developed mini core collections containing 1% of accessions from entire germplasm collections for crops like sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea etc. to enhance utilization of plant genetic resources in crop improvement.
2) Evaluation of mini core collections identified new sources of resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses and accessions with specific agronomic and nutritional traits.
3) Over 280 sets of mini core collections were provided to research institutions in 36 countries who utilized them to identify trait-specific germplasm for breeding programs.
Abdul GHAFOOR discusses the potential of plant genetic resources for sustainable agriculture in a changing climate. The document outlines strategies and management approaches. As the global population grows, climate change poses challenges to food security through increasing temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, and more frequent extreme weather events. Plant genetic resources and crop wild relatives are critical for developing climate-resilient crop varieties but many are threatened or under-conserved. The document calls for integrated approaches utilizing plant genetic resources, community-based management, and international cooperation to address food insecurity exacerbated by climate change.
This document compares seven methods for assessing stored cereal losses to insects. It conducted experiments infesting wheat and barley grains with rice weevils (Sitophilus oryzae) under controlled conditions. It then applied seven assessment methods to the infested grains: 1) visual inspection, 2) uncorrected weight loss, 3) modified standard volume/weight ratio, 4) grain count and weight, 5) percentage of damaged grains converted to weight loss, 6) one thousand grain mass, and 7) one thousand grain mass including dust. The results showed wide variation in estimated grain mass losses depending on the method used, from 9.3-25.8% for barley and 2.2-12.5
This document summarizes research on advances in the breeding system of sorghum. It discusses sorghum and other millets as nutritious crops grown in marginal soils. It reviews different millet crops and their cultivation. The document also discusses plant genetic resources and genotypes collected for breeding new cultivars. It summarizes research on sorghum conducted by the Department of GPB at SHUATS, including analyzing the antioxidant properties and chemical composition of sorghum seeds harvested at different times. Breeding methods like selection, hybridization, and molecular tools are described for developing improved sorghum varieties with high yield and grain quality.
Gene introgression from wild relatives to cultivated plantsManjappa Ganiger
This document summarizes a seminar on using crop wild relatives to introduce beneficial genes into cultivated crops. It discusses how crop wild relatives contain genetic diversity that can provide traits like pest and disease resistance, abiotic stress tolerance, and improved yields. Specific examples are given of introducing disease resistance genes from wild relatives into tomatoes and rust resistance genes into wheat. The use of wild rice species to develop rice varieties with improved resistance to various diseases and insects is also described.
This document summarizes research on advances in plant breeding systems. It discusses how biotechnology tools can help overcome limitations in crop production by improving quantity, quality, and stress tolerance. Molecular markers, marker-assisted selection, genomic selection, and new statistical tools are supporting conventional breeding. Other technologies discussed include standardized field sites, high-throughput phenotyping, DH lines, and various analytical techniques. The document also discusses using tools like CRISPR/Cas9 and RNAi for genetic engineering to introduce beneficial genes. Specific research on okra and rice breeding is summarized, including studies on tissue culture, induced mutations, and marker-assisted selection.
1) The document discusses the status of yellow rust disease resistance in improved wheat genotypes in Nepal. Yellow rust is a major constraint to wheat production in Nepal.
2) Variety trials were conducted on 280-290 wheat genotypes at different sites in Nepal from 2017-2019 to evaluate resistance to yellow rust at seedling and adult plant stages. Many genotypes showed resistance at adult plant stages even if susceptible at seedling stage.
3) Recently released varieties like Munal and Chyakhura have shown durable adult plant resistance to yellow rust and other rusts. Additional promising lines like WK1712, WK2286, WK2370 and WK2422 also show potential for future release with yellow rust
ESTIMATING STABILITY PARAMETERS AND STRESS INDICES USING ELITE SALT TOLERANT ...SriTejaswi11
This study evaluated 13 salt tolerant rice genotypes across 13 locations in India representing saline and alkaline environments over two years. Yield and other traits were measured and additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) analysis was performed to assess stability and adaptation. The AMMI1 model with one interaction principal component best explained the genotype-environment interactions. The genotype CHK3 was identified as the most widely adapted, with the highest yield across the most number of environments based on the AMMI models. This genotype shows potential for cultivation in multiple saline and alkaline environments.
This document summarizes information about pre-breeding programs in maize. It discusses how pre-breeding can help broaden the genetic base of maize by incorporating genetic resources from germplasm banks into breeding programs. Specific examples are provided, such as the Latin American Maize Project which evaluated over 15,000 maize accessions across 12 countries. Traits of priority for pre-breeding in tropical conditions are identified, including disease resistance, drought tolerance, and nutritional quality. The document concludes by emphasizing the complex problems of maize breeding in tropical regions and the need for local pre-breeding programs to develop materials adapted to diverse environmental conditions.
This study investigated the effects of drought stress on yield and other agronomic traits in 17 spring wheat lines. The lines were grown under three stress conditions: normal irrigation, drought stress after anthesis, and no irrigation. Several traits were measured, including grain yield, 1000 grain weight, biomass, harvest index, plant height, spike length, and awn length. Analysis of variance showed significant differences among lines for all traits and between stress levels. Certain lines, such as Zarrin, performed best in terms of grain yield, biomass, and harvest index across conditions. Correlations between stress tolerance and traits varied by condition. Under normal irrigation, grain yield, biomass, and harvest index had highest heritability.
This document discusses crop genetic resources and genomic resources. It provides background on plant genetic resources, genetic diversity, genetic erosion, and conservation efforts. It then shifts to discussing genomic resources, including sequenced crop plant genomes and genomic tools. Examples of comparative and translational genomics are also presented. The document concludes with a case study on promoter analysis of the PDI gene in wheat and related species.
This document summarizes a PhD thesis on population dynamics, damage estimation, and management strategies of rodents in the sugarcane-wheat cropping system in Lower Sindh, Pakistan. The objectives are to estimate rodent population densities, assess crop damage at various growth stages, develop mechanical and chemical control methods, and estimate population dynamics and fluctuations across seasons and crops. Field experiments will be conducted using live traps, zinc phosphide, brodifacoum, and bromadiolone baits in a randomized block design. The outcomes aim to improve farmer livelihoods and transfer control knowledge.
Poster describing a global occurrence database of over 5 million records of the distributions of crops and their wild relatives, including taxonomic and geographic information.
This document summarizes a student's master's seminar presentation on stability for grain yield in little millet. It includes an introduction to little millet, its nutritional value and importance as a crop. It also discusses previous crop improvement efforts including varietal releases. It covers topics like genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance and stability analysis. It presents data on promising new germplasm lines. Finally, it summarizes one case study on genetic variability in little millet genotypes.
“Genetic architecture improvement in cowpea”Vinod Pawar
The document discusses cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), an important pulse crop grown in India and other tropical regions. It provides information on the following:
- Cowpea production, uses, nutritional value, and world leading producers like Nigeria.
- Results from studies on cowpea including correlations and path analysis between traits and heterosis estimates from line x tester hybrids.
- The importance of cowpea as a food, feed, cover crop, and its ability to fix nitrogen and enrich soil.
- Tables with cowpea taxonomy, composition, year-wise production data, and combining ability analysis results from different studies.
Crop wild relatives - looking at trends in genetic diversity to inform conser...Bioversity International
Presentation given by Elena Fiorino, Imke Thormann and Ehsan Dullo from Bioversity International on the closing day of the International Horticultural Congress 2014.
In their presentation they tackle questions such as 'Why is in situ conservation of crop wild relatives important?' and 'How can we develop in situ conservation strategies?'
Watch this video to learn more about crop wild relatives and why they are the cornerstone of agriculture: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ah7RruMZ9CU
This document summarizes research on advances in plant breeding systems. It discusses how modern tools like molecular markers, marker-assisted selection, genomic selection, and new statistical methods are being used along with technologies like RNA interference, CRISPR/Cas9, and TALENs to introduce beneficial genes and improve traits. Specific examples discussed include research on improving okra and rice varieties for traits like disease resistance and yield through techniques like tissue culture, molecular characterization, and genome editing. The document also summarizes research on inducing mutations in wheat using chemicals like EMS to generate genetic variability for breeding programs.
Inheritance of soybean resistance to soybean rust in Uganda’s soybean germplasmInnspub Net
Understanding the genetic mechanisms of soybean rust resistance is important for effective selection and breeding procedures. This study was hence conducted to determine the combining ability and gene action controlling soybean rust using a 10×10 half diallel mating design. The F2 segregating populations along with their parents were evaluated for rust severity and sporulation level at two reproductive stages (R4 and R6) in screen house and field conditions during the second season of 2016 and first season of 2017 at MUARIK using an alpha lattice design replicated thrice. Significant differences were observed among the parents and F2 generations for both disease severity and sporulation level. General and specific combining abilities were highly significant. The GCA/SCA ratio (1.50-2.30) and the Baker’s ratio (0.75-0.82) showed the predominance of additive gene action in the inheritance of soybean rust resistance. The broad-sense (0.94-0.99) and narrow-sense (0.73-0.82) heritability estimates indicated the possibility of improving resistance to soybean rust through selection in the early generations. UG 5, Maksoy 3N, Maksoy 4N and Maksoy 5N had negative GCA effects. The F2 populations derived from these parents crossed with Wonder soya and Nam 2 had also negative SCA effects. The use of these parents and F2 populations can, therefore, increase the response to selection for improving resistance to soybean rust.
Weeding and plant density effects on weed density, agronomic traits and grain...Sheku kanteh
The document summarizes a study that examined the effects of weeding and plant density on weed density, agronomic traits, and grain weight of cowpea in Sierra Leone. Twenty-seven weed species from 25 genera and 14 families were identified at the study site, with the dominant weeds being Diodia scandens, Croton hirtus, Oldenlandia herbacea, and Cyperus difformis. The results showed that weeding and plant density significantly affected cowpea growth and yield, with weeding every 3-6 weeks and lower planting density enhancing lower weed density, better vegetative growth, and higher grain weight.
Presentation delivered by Dr. Ian King (University of Nottingham, UK) at Borlaug Summit on Wheat for Food Security. March 25 - 28, 2014, Ciudad Obregon, Mexico.
http://www.borlaug100.org
Stenocarpella maydis and Fusarium graminearum maize cob rots are two most devastating cob rots in maize which causes yield losses and reduce grain quality as a result of mycotoxins which is produced from this fungus. Developing varieties resistant to cob rots is a practical and economic strategy that provides cheaper protection against yield loss and poor grain quality. There is still low adoption of improved varieties partly because of limited incorporation of farmer preferred standards. Therefore farmers’ preferences and perceptions should be captured early in a breeding program to enhance the adoption of released varieties. A focus group discussion (FGD) participatory approach was used in four districts of Uganda to assess farmers’ perceptions on maize cob rots and to investigate the possibilities of breeding for farmer-preferred cob rot resistant varieties. Semi- structured questionnaires were administered to selected seed merchants to consolidate and verify farmers’ reporting on seed varieties. Results ofinvestigationsuggested that absolute cob rot resistance was associated with undesirable traits such as small seededness, late maturing and low yields. Yield and earliness were the most preferred farmer agronomic traits, with a farmer-preference mean derived score of 4.5 and 3.75 respectively from the total of 5. In this regard, selection for farmer-preferred cob rot resistance varieties should strike a balance between yield and or earliness with cob rot resistance.
Phenotypic Correlation and Heritability Estimates of some Quantitative Charac...Premier Publishers
This study evaluated 16 advanced rice varieties under different nitrogen fertilizer levels to determine phenotypic correlations and heritability estimates of quantitative traits. Field experiments were conducted in Malaysia over two seasons. Data was collected on plant height, tillers per hill, panicles per hill, filled grains per panicle, and unfilled grains per panicle. Significant variation was observed among genotypes and in response to nitrogen levels for most traits. High phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation, heritability, genetic advance, and positive correlations between yield components indicated the influence of traits like tonnes per hectare, grain weight per plot, and kilograms per plot on yield. High heritability estimates suggested additive gene effects were more important than environmental effects
2015. M. S. Swaminathan. Next Generation Genomics and the zero hunger challengeFOODCROPS
This document summarizes a conference on next generation genomics and integrated breeding for crop improvement. It discusses the history and impact of the green revolution, challenges of feeding a growing population, and opportunities provided by new genomic and phenomic technologies to accelerate crop breeding for traits like increased yield, abiotic stress tolerance, and nutritional quality. It highlights examples of successful crop varieties developed through marker-assisted breeding and genetic modification. The document emphasizes the need for integrated approaches that apply genomic data and high-throughput phenotyping within breeding programs to address food security and climate change challenges.
GENOMIC AND TRANSCRIPTOMIC APPROACHES TOWARDS THE GENETIC IMPROVEMENT OF AN U...Faraz Khan
With the world population estimated to be nine billion by 2050, the need to exploit plant genetic diversity in order to increase and diversify global food supply, and minimise the over-reliance for food on a few staple crops is of the utmost importance. Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L) Verdc.), is underutilised legume indigenous to Africa, rich in carbohydrates, with reasonable amounts of protein. It is known to be drought tolerant, able to
grow on marginal lands where other major crops cannot with minimal rainfall (<700 mm) and chemical inputs. Crop improvement for abiotic stress tolerance and increasing/stabilising yield have been difficult to achieve due to the complex nature of these stresses, and the genotype x environment interaction (GxE). This review paper highlights how a number of recent technologies and approaches used for major crop research, can be translated
into use in research of minor crops, using bambara groundnut as an exemplar species. Using drought tolerance as a trait of interest in this crop, we will demonstrate how limitations can affect genomic approaches for understanding traits in bambara groundnut, and, how genomic and transcriptomic methodologies developed for major crops can be applied to underutilised crops for better understanding of the genetics governing important agronomic traits. Furthermore, such approaches will allow for cross species comparison between major and minor crops, exemplified by bambara groundnut leading to improved research in such crops. This will lead to a better understanding of the
role of stress-responsive genes and drought adaptation in this underutilised legume.
Advances in legume breeding for better livelihoods of smallholder farmers in ...ICRISAT
Despite their many benefits, productivity of legumes in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is generally lower than world averages due to:Biotic stresses (diseases, pests, weeds), Abiotic stresses (heat, frost, drought, and salinity) and Edaphic factors (associated with soil nutrient.
deficits). Reference sets developed for assorted legumes and traits of agronomic importance identified for further crop improvement.
This document summarizes research on advances in plant breeding systems. It discusses how biotechnology tools can help overcome limitations in crop production by improving quantity, quality, and stress tolerance. Molecular markers, marker-assisted selection, genomic selection, and new statistical tools are supporting conventional breeding. Other technologies discussed include standardized field sites, high-throughput phenotyping, DH lines, and various analytical techniques. The document also discusses using tools like CRISPR/Cas9 and RNAi for genetic engineering to introduce beneficial genes. Specific research on okra and rice breeding is summarized, including studies on tissue culture, induced mutations, and marker-assisted selection.
1) The document discusses the status of yellow rust disease resistance in improved wheat genotypes in Nepal. Yellow rust is a major constraint to wheat production in Nepal.
2) Variety trials were conducted on 280-290 wheat genotypes at different sites in Nepal from 2017-2019 to evaluate resistance to yellow rust at seedling and adult plant stages. Many genotypes showed resistance at adult plant stages even if susceptible at seedling stage.
3) Recently released varieties like Munal and Chyakhura have shown durable adult plant resistance to yellow rust and other rusts. Additional promising lines like WK1712, WK2286, WK2370 and WK2422 also show potential for future release with yellow rust
ESTIMATING STABILITY PARAMETERS AND STRESS INDICES USING ELITE SALT TOLERANT ...SriTejaswi11
This study evaluated 13 salt tolerant rice genotypes across 13 locations in India representing saline and alkaline environments over two years. Yield and other traits were measured and additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) analysis was performed to assess stability and adaptation. The AMMI1 model with one interaction principal component best explained the genotype-environment interactions. The genotype CHK3 was identified as the most widely adapted, with the highest yield across the most number of environments based on the AMMI models. This genotype shows potential for cultivation in multiple saline and alkaline environments.
This document summarizes information about pre-breeding programs in maize. It discusses how pre-breeding can help broaden the genetic base of maize by incorporating genetic resources from germplasm banks into breeding programs. Specific examples are provided, such as the Latin American Maize Project which evaluated over 15,000 maize accessions across 12 countries. Traits of priority for pre-breeding in tropical conditions are identified, including disease resistance, drought tolerance, and nutritional quality. The document concludes by emphasizing the complex problems of maize breeding in tropical regions and the need for local pre-breeding programs to develop materials adapted to diverse environmental conditions.
This study investigated the effects of drought stress on yield and other agronomic traits in 17 spring wheat lines. The lines were grown under three stress conditions: normal irrigation, drought stress after anthesis, and no irrigation. Several traits were measured, including grain yield, 1000 grain weight, biomass, harvest index, plant height, spike length, and awn length. Analysis of variance showed significant differences among lines for all traits and between stress levels. Certain lines, such as Zarrin, performed best in terms of grain yield, biomass, and harvest index across conditions. Correlations between stress tolerance and traits varied by condition. Under normal irrigation, grain yield, biomass, and harvest index had highest heritability.
This document discusses crop genetic resources and genomic resources. It provides background on plant genetic resources, genetic diversity, genetic erosion, and conservation efforts. It then shifts to discussing genomic resources, including sequenced crop plant genomes and genomic tools. Examples of comparative and translational genomics are also presented. The document concludes with a case study on promoter analysis of the PDI gene in wheat and related species.
This document summarizes a PhD thesis on population dynamics, damage estimation, and management strategies of rodents in the sugarcane-wheat cropping system in Lower Sindh, Pakistan. The objectives are to estimate rodent population densities, assess crop damage at various growth stages, develop mechanical and chemical control methods, and estimate population dynamics and fluctuations across seasons and crops. Field experiments will be conducted using live traps, zinc phosphide, brodifacoum, and bromadiolone baits in a randomized block design. The outcomes aim to improve farmer livelihoods and transfer control knowledge.
Poster describing a global occurrence database of over 5 million records of the distributions of crops and their wild relatives, including taxonomic and geographic information.
This document summarizes a student's master's seminar presentation on stability for grain yield in little millet. It includes an introduction to little millet, its nutritional value and importance as a crop. It also discusses previous crop improvement efforts including varietal releases. It covers topics like genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance and stability analysis. It presents data on promising new germplasm lines. Finally, it summarizes one case study on genetic variability in little millet genotypes.
“Genetic architecture improvement in cowpea”Vinod Pawar
The document discusses cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), an important pulse crop grown in India and other tropical regions. It provides information on the following:
- Cowpea production, uses, nutritional value, and world leading producers like Nigeria.
- Results from studies on cowpea including correlations and path analysis between traits and heterosis estimates from line x tester hybrids.
- The importance of cowpea as a food, feed, cover crop, and its ability to fix nitrogen and enrich soil.
- Tables with cowpea taxonomy, composition, year-wise production data, and combining ability analysis results from different studies.
Crop wild relatives - looking at trends in genetic diversity to inform conser...Bioversity International
Presentation given by Elena Fiorino, Imke Thormann and Ehsan Dullo from Bioversity International on the closing day of the International Horticultural Congress 2014.
In their presentation they tackle questions such as 'Why is in situ conservation of crop wild relatives important?' and 'How can we develop in situ conservation strategies?'
Watch this video to learn more about crop wild relatives and why they are the cornerstone of agriculture: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ah7RruMZ9CU
This document summarizes research on advances in plant breeding systems. It discusses how modern tools like molecular markers, marker-assisted selection, genomic selection, and new statistical methods are being used along with technologies like RNA interference, CRISPR/Cas9, and TALENs to introduce beneficial genes and improve traits. Specific examples discussed include research on improving okra and rice varieties for traits like disease resistance and yield through techniques like tissue culture, molecular characterization, and genome editing. The document also summarizes research on inducing mutations in wheat using chemicals like EMS to generate genetic variability for breeding programs.
Inheritance of soybean resistance to soybean rust in Uganda’s soybean germplasmInnspub Net
Understanding the genetic mechanisms of soybean rust resistance is important for effective selection and breeding procedures. This study was hence conducted to determine the combining ability and gene action controlling soybean rust using a 10×10 half diallel mating design. The F2 segregating populations along with their parents were evaluated for rust severity and sporulation level at two reproductive stages (R4 and R6) in screen house and field conditions during the second season of 2016 and first season of 2017 at MUARIK using an alpha lattice design replicated thrice. Significant differences were observed among the parents and F2 generations for both disease severity and sporulation level. General and specific combining abilities were highly significant. The GCA/SCA ratio (1.50-2.30) and the Baker’s ratio (0.75-0.82) showed the predominance of additive gene action in the inheritance of soybean rust resistance. The broad-sense (0.94-0.99) and narrow-sense (0.73-0.82) heritability estimates indicated the possibility of improving resistance to soybean rust through selection in the early generations. UG 5, Maksoy 3N, Maksoy 4N and Maksoy 5N had negative GCA effects. The F2 populations derived from these parents crossed with Wonder soya and Nam 2 had also negative SCA effects. The use of these parents and F2 populations can, therefore, increase the response to selection for improving resistance to soybean rust.
Weeding and plant density effects on weed density, agronomic traits and grain...Sheku kanteh
The document summarizes a study that examined the effects of weeding and plant density on weed density, agronomic traits, and grain weight of cowpea in Sierra Leone. Twenty-seven weed species from 25 genera and 14 families were identified at the study site, with the dominant weeds being Diodia scandens, Croton hirtus, Oldenlandia herbacea, and Cyperus difformis. The results showed that weeding and plant density significantly affected cowpea growth and yield, with weeding every 3-6 weeks and lower planting density enhancing lower weed density, better vegetative growth, and higher grain weight.
Presentation delivered by Dr. Ian King (University of Nottingham, UK) at Borlaug Summit on Wheat for Food Security. March 25 - 28, 2014, Ciudad Obregon, Mexico.
http://www.borlaug100.org
Stenocarpella maydis and Fusarium graminearum maize cob rots are two most devastating cob rots in maize which causes yield losses and reduce grain quality as a result of mycotoxins which is produced from this fungus. Developing varieties resistant to cob rots is a practical and economic strategy that provides cheaper protection against yield loss and poor grain quality. There is still low adoption of improved varieties partly because of limited incorporation of farmer preferred standards. Therefore farmers’ preferences and perceptions should be captured early in a breeding program to enhance the adoption of released varieties. A focus group discussion (FGD) participatory approach was used in four districts of Uganda to assess farmers’ perceptions on maize cob rots and to investigate the possibilities of breeding for farmer-preferred cob rot resistant varieties. Semi- structured questionnaires were administered to selected seed merchants to consolidate and verify farmers’ reporting on seed varieties. Results ofinvestigationsuggested that absolute cob rot resistance was associated with undesirable traits such as small seededness, late maturing and low yields. Yield and earliness were the most preferred farmer agronomic traits, with a farmer-preference mean derived score of 4.5 and 3.75 respectively from the total of 5. In this regard, selection for farmer-preferred cob rot resistance varieties should strike a balance between yield and or earliness with cob rot resistance.
Phenotypic Correlation and Heritability Estimates of some Quantitative Charac...Premier Publishers
This study evaluated 16 advanced rice varieties under different nitrogen fertilizer levels to determine phenotypic correlations and heritability estimates of quantitative traits. Field experiments were conducted in Malaysia over two seasons. Data was collected on plant height, tillers per hill, panicles per hill, filled grains per panicle, and unfilled grains per panicle. Significant variation was observed among genotypes and in response to nitrogen levels for most traits. High phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation, heritability, genetic advance, and positive correlations between yield components indicated the influence of traits like tonnes per hectare, grain weight per plot, and kilograms per plot on yield. High heritability estimates suggested additive gene effects were more important than environmental effects
2015. M. S. Swaminathan. Next Generation Genomics and the zero hunger challengeFOODCROPS
This document summarizes a conference on next generation genomics and integrated breeding for crop improvement. It discusses the history and impact of the green revolution, challenges of feeding a growing population, and opportunities provided by new genomic and phenomic technologies to accelerate crop breeding for traits like increased yield, abiotic stress tolerance, and nutritional quality. It highlights examples of successful crop varieties developed through marker-assisted breeding and genetic modification. The document emphasizes the need for integrated approaches that apply genomic data and high-throughput phenotyping within breeding programs to address food security and climate change challenges.
GENOMIC AND TRANSCRIPTOMIC APPROACHES TOWARDS THE GENETIC IMPROVEMENT OF AN U...Faraz Khan
With the world population estimated to be nine billion by 2050, the need to exploit plant genetic diversity in order to increase and diversify global food supply, and minimise the over-reliance for food on a few staple crops is of the utmost importance. Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L) Verdc.), is underutilised legume indigenous to Africa, rich in carbohydrates, with reasonable amounts of protein. It is known to be drought tolerant, able to
grow on marginal lands where other major crops cannot with minimal rainfall (<700 mm) and chemical inputs. Crop improvement for abiotic stress tolerance and increasing/stabilising yield have been difficult to achieve due to the complex nature of these stresses, and the genotype x environment interaction (GxE). This review paper highlights how a number of recent technologies and approaches used for major crop research, can be translated
into use in research of minor crops, using bambara groundnut as an exemplar species. Using drought tolerance as a trait of interest in this crop, we will demonstrate how limitations can affect genomic approaches for understanding traits in bambara groundnut, and, how genomic and transcriptomic methodologies developed for major crops can be applied to underutilised crops for better understanding of the genetics governing important agronomic traits. Furthermore, such approaches will allow for cross species comparison between major and minor crops, exemplified by bambara groundnut leading to improved research in such crops. This will lead to a better understanding of the
role of stress-responsive genes and drought adaptation in this underutilised legume.
Advances in legume breeding for better livelihoods of smallholder farmers in ...ICRISAT
Despite their many benefits, productivity of legumes in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is generally lower than world averages due to:Biotic stresses (diseases, pests, weeds), Abiotic stresses (heat, frost, drought, and salinity) and Edaphic factors (associated with soil nutrient.
deficits). Reference sets developed for assorted legumes and traits of agronomic importance identified for further crop improvement.
Advances in legume breeding for better livelihoods of smallholder farmers in ssaTropical Legumes III
#DYK the benefits of legumes: It intensify cropping systems as double, catch, relay and intercrops; Provide ‘free’ nitrogen to soils through atmospheric nitrogen fixation; Act as break crops for disease and pest cycles; Increase and diversify smallholder farmers’ incomes and Increase household diet quality with plant proteins and micronutrients.
1) The document discusses pre-breeding in field crops using indigenous landraces to improve genetic diversity and introduce beneficial traits for crop improvement.
2) It notes the importance of landrace conservation and utilization in pre-breeding to broaden the genetic base of crops and transfer genes for traits like biotic/abiotic stress resistance from unadapted plant genetic resources.
3) The document outlines strategies for identifying beneficial landraces and wild relatives for use in pre-breeding, including evaluation of phenotypic and genotypic traits of interest.
Genetic parameter estimates and diversity studies of upland rice (Oryza sativ...Innspub Net
Dearth of well-articulated information on genetic parameter estimates and diversity of upland rice limits the genetic improvement of rice. This study assessed the genetic parameter estimates and genetic diversity among 40 rice accessions using 26 agro-morphological traits. The trial was conducted in 2020 at the Njala University experimental site using 5 × 8 triple lattice design. The agro-morphological traits were analyzed using various multivariate and genetic parameter estimate techniques. Classification based on qualitative and quantitative traits grouped the germplasm into ten and five distinct clusters, respectively. Genotypes Buttercup-ABC, Buttercup-RARC, Jewulay, NERICA L4, Ndomawai, Sewulie and Painipainie produced earliest days to heading (81.8–97.2 days) and maturity (111.2 – 120.7 days). Genotypes Jasmine (3.036 t.ha-1), Rok 34 (3.238 t.ha-1) and Parmoi (2.663 t.ha-1) exhibited the highest grain yields. Principal component analysis (PCA) of qualitative traits exhibited four principal components (PCs) with eigenvalues > 1.0 and cumulative variation of 68.04%, whilst the PCA of quantitative traits had five PCs accounting for 81.73% of the total genetic variation. The findings indicate the presence of enough variability that could be exploited for the genetic improvement of rice varieties and the studied traits can be used for selection. Leaf blade length and width, culm diameter at basal internode, culm length, days to 50% heading, flag leaf girth, panicle number per plant, grain yield, and 100 grain weight had high heritability and genetic advance indicating the presence of additive gene action. Findings are relevant for conservation, management, short term recommendation for release and genetic improvement of rice.
Genetic parameter estimates and diversity studies of upland rice (Oryza sativ...Open Access Research Paper
Dearth of well-articulated information on genetic parameter estimates and diversity of upland rice limits the genetic improvement of rice. This study assessed the genetic parameter estimates and genetic diversity among 40 rice accessions using 26 agro-morphological traits. The trial was conducted in 2020 at the Njala University experimental site using 5 × 8 triple lattice design. The agro-morphological traits were analyzed using various multivariate and genetic parameter estimate techniques. Classification based on qualitative and quantitative traits grouped the germplasm into ten and five distinct clusters, respectively. Genotypes Buttercup-ABC, Buttercup-RARC, Jewulay, NERICA L4, Ndomawai, Sewulie and Painipainie produced earliest days to heading (81.8–97.2 days) and maturity (111.2 – 120.7 days). Genotypes Jasmine (3.036 t.ha-1), Rok 34 (3.238 t.ha-1) and Parmoi (2.663 t.ha-1) exhibited the highest grain yields. Principal component analysis (PCA) of qualitative traits exhibited four principal components (PCs) with eigenvalues > 1.0 and cumulative variation of 68.04%, whilst the PCA of quantitative traits had five PCs accounting for 81.73% of the total genetic variation. The findings indicate the presence of enough variability that could be exploited for the genetic improvement of rice varieties and the studied traits can be used for selection. Leaf blade length and width, culm diameter at basal internode, culm length, days to 50% heading, flag leaf girth, panicle number per plant, grain yield, and 100 grain weight had high heritability and genetic advance indicating the presence of additive gene action. Findings are relevant for conservation, management, short term recommendation for release and genetic improvement of rice.
The document summarizes information about wheat blast, a disease of wheat caused by the fungus Pyricularia oryzae. It provides background on the disease's emergence and spread, symptoms, effects on wheat quality, and discusses disease management strategies and host resistance. Recent outbreaks in Bangladesh in 2016 demonstrated the pathogen's ability to spread to new regions outside of South America, representing a serious new threat to global wheat production.
Genome wide association studies (GWAS) analysis of karnal bunt resistance in ...Innspub Net
Karnal bunt (KB) disease is one of the most important challenges posed on of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) industry of Pakistan because of itsinclusionin quarantine list around the globe. This disease is caused by the fungus Tilletia indica M. (Neovossia indica). It affects the grain quality of wheat and hampers its movement in international market resulting in economic losses. Presence of >3% infected grains in wheat lot makes it unsuitable for human consumption. Eradication of this disease is very difficult as no resistant cultivar has been found against KB in Pakistan so far. Genome wide association study (GWAS) was conducted on a set of 199 wheat germplasm collected from Pakistan. In this study 31,000 single nucleotide polymorphism markers were developed by 90K SNP array technology. A linear mixed model in GWAS, accounting for population structure, was fitted to identify significant genomic regions [-log(P) ≥ 4.0] on 6 different chromosomes i.e. 1A, 1D, 2D, 3B, 4A, 5A with novel loci. Candidate genes, through wheat genome assembly, were identified as putative genes related to KB resistance including kinase like protein family. The results of this study can be useful in wheat breeding through marker assisted selection for KB resistant varieties.
Advances in Vegetable Improvement through Biotechnological ApproachAditika Sharma
The document discusses various biotechnological approaches that can be used to improve vegetables, including genetic engineering, molecular markers, and tissue culture techniques. It provides examples of how transgenic crops have been developed with traits like virus resistance, herbicide tolerance, and improved nutrition. Molecular markers can be used for marker-assisted selection, genetic mapping, and introgressing traits from wild relatives. The global adoption of biotech crops is also summarized. Genome sequencing of various crops is helping with marker development and gene discovery.
Genetic Diversity and Selection Criteria in Blast Resistance Rice (Oryza sati...Premier Publishers
This study evaluated genetic diversity among 16 advanced blast-resistant rice lines under tropical environments. Three field experiments were conducted from 2016 to 2018 in Malaysia. Various agronomic traits were measured, including plant height, tillers, panicles, grain weight, and yield. Genetic diversity was analyzed using multivariate analysis. High phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation were observed for traits like tonnes per hectare, grain weight per plot, and kilograms per plot, indicating significant genetic influence. Heritability was also high for several traits. Cluster analysis grouped the lines into nine major clusters based on assessed characters. The study aims to identify promising lines and guide future rice breeding programs in Malaysia.
Rice production in agriculture biotechnologyFaisal Hussain
Rice is a staple food for over half the world's population and provides over a quarter of dietary energy and protein in developing countries. Modern farming technologies like semi-dwarf and nitrogen responsive varieties have led to 84% of rice production growth. Over 2000 modern varieties have been commercially released in Asia over 40 years, gradually incorporating biotic and abiotic stress resistances. Agricultural biotechnology can increase crop productivity, improve nutrition, and broaden stress tolerance in rice. Molecular markers and transgenic technologies allow introduction of traits like herbicide and stress resistance and enhanced nutrition into rice. Golden rice was developed using genes from daffodil and bacteria to biosynthesize beta-carotene, a vitamin A precursor, addressing deficiencies
This document discusses in-vitro androgenesis in rice. It provides background on rice production and genetics. Rice anther culture is described as a two-step process of callus induction and plant regeneration. Factors affecting rice androgenesis include genotype, donor plant physiology, anther development stage, pretreatment, culture medium, and growth regulators. Applications of doubled haploids in rice include shortening breeding cycles and fixing traits. Challenges include low response rates and albinism in regenerated plants.
Grain mold, considered the most important disease of sorghum, is associated with several fungal genera. The disease reduces both yield and quality. In this study, over 300 sorghum seed samples collected from Texas, Florida, and Georgia were evaluated for grain mold severity, seed weight, germination rate, and seed fungal community. Grain mold severity of the seed samples, except for those collected from Cameron, Texas, were rated 3 or higher, indicating that these sorghum lines were moderately susceptible under naturally-infected field conditions during the 2016 and 2017 growing seasons. Seed weight across surveyed locations ranged from 1.1 g to 4.0g for samples collected in Texas during the same period. Percent germination rates for samples collected in Texas ranged from 59.6% to 86.7%. Sorghum samples collected from Florida and Georgia exhibited moderately susceptible response to grain mold infection. Mean seed weight was 1.9 g for samples collected from Florida, while in Georgia, mean seed weight was 2.3 g. Germination rate was low for samples collected from Florida and Georgia. Mycological analysis of sorghum seed samples collected from farmers’ fields in Central and South Texas during the 2016 and 2017 growing seasons showed Alternaria species as the most frequently isolated fungal genus, accounting for 40% and 42 % in 2016 and 2017, followed by Fusarium incarnatum, F. acuminatum, F. equiseti, & F. semitectum Complex. In Florida and Georgia, Fusarium incarnatum, F. acuminatum, F. equiseti, & F. semitectum Complex was the most frequently recovered fungal species, accounting for 77% and 72% of the total. genera/species isolated from seed samples. Other fungal species, including Curvularia lunata, Bipolaris sp., Colletotrichum sublineola, F. verticillioides, Penicillium sp., Aspergillus flavus, F. thapsinum, F. oxysporum, F. sporotrichioides, F. graminearum, F. proliferatum, and Aspergillus niger were also isolated from sorghum seeds in various frequencies. In conclusion, the presence of large number of fungal genera associated with grain deterioration and their effect on other traits, makes management of this disease complex challenging. To identify grain mold resistant sources in a region, using the most dominant species in that region to screen the sorghum germplasm is recommended.
Tagging microsatellite marker to a blast resistance gene in the irrigated ric...Thiago Pinheiro
This study aimed to determine the genetic basis of blast resistance in rice cultivar Cica-8 and identify linked molecular markers. Crosses were made between resistant Cica-8 and susceptible Metica-1, and progeny including F1, F2, BC1, and BC2 were inoculated with blast isolate IB-1. Segregation analysis showed resistance is controlled by a single dominant gene. Of 11 microsatellite markers tested, one marker RM7102 was linked to the resistance allele at a distance of 2.7 cM.
Development of biotic stress resistance technologiesMamtaChoudhary75
This document discusses methods for developing biotic stress resistance in crops. It begins by defining biotic stress as damage caused by living organisms like insects, pathogens, and weeds. It then outlines several mechanisms of insect and disease resistance in plants. The document proceeds to describe various methods for breeding biotic resistance in crops, including introducing exotic lines, hybridization, backcross breeding, gene pyramiding, and transgenic approaches. It also summarizes two case studies on developing resistance to stem rust and Fusarium wilt in wheat and cotton. In closing, it notes future challenges in breeding for biotic stress resistance.
The study evaluated 25 wheat genotypes for yield and its components under natural field conditions. Data was recorded for various morphological traits and subjected to analysis of variance. Most traits showed significant genetic variability except chlorophyll content. Plant height ranged from 51-110 cm with a mean of 80.6 cm. Number of tillers ranged from 3.4-11.4 with a mean of 7.4. Correlation analysis revealed plant height had positive correlations with spike length, plant biomass and 1000 grain weight. Number of tillers showed positive correlation with plant biomass. The study aims to identify traits that can help in wheat variety development with improved yield under biotic and abiotic stresses.
recent advances in vegetable breeding through biotechnological and molecular ...CHF, CAU Pasighat
This document discusses advances in vegetable breeding using biotechnology and molecular tools. It describes various techniques such as tissue culture, embryo rescue, somatic hybridization, genetic engineering, and molecular approaches that are used. Tissue culture techniques discussed include meristem culture and anther culture. Case studies demonstrate the use of these techniques in crops like ginger, potato, and broccoli. Molecular tools discussed are molecular markers, gene tagging, genome sequencing, and their applications in assessing genetic diversity and aiding breeding programs in crops like potato, tomato, bean and pea.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated heterosis in pearl millet for agronomic traits and resistance to downy mildew. Sixteen hybrids were produced by crossing four resistant varieties with four susceptible varieties. The hybrids and parents were evaluated in field trials. Significant differences were found among parents and hybrids for all traits except a few. Location effects were only significant for yield and number of panicles. Several hybrids showed high and significant heterosis for yield and components like panicle weight and number. Negative heterosis for traits like disease incidence and earliness are desirable for breeding resistance and earliness. Correlation analysis showed traits like panicle weight and number were strongly correlated with yield. Overall, the study demonstrated potential
An experiment was carried out in Bakura and Zaria to evaluate heterosis for downy mildew resistance in some pearl millet using Complete Randomized Block Design. Four resistant varieties (PEO5532, SOSATC88, P1449 and DMR15) and four susceptible varieties (BDP1, MOP1, LCIC9702 and PEO5984 were used as male and female respectively. The resistant varieties were crossed with the susceptible varieties using North Carolina design 11. Sixteen (F1) hybrids obtained were evaluated along with their parents for downy mildew resistance, grain yield and other agronomic traits. The analysis of variance showed highly significant difference among parents and hybrids for all agronomic characters. Location × genotype interaction effects were only significant for grain yield and number of panicles per plot. The study selected the best parents that give high heterosis in terms of yield components, yield and downy mildew resistance. Two hybrids PEO5984 × P1449 and PEO5984 × PEO5532 had significant heterosis for 50% days to flower ng, PEO5984 × P1449, PEO5984 × PEO5532, PEO5984 × DMR15 and PEO5984 × SOSATC88 for yield, the best MP and BP heterosis for downy mildew incidence is PEO5984 × P1449 and MOP1 × p1449 for MP heterosis and BDP1 × P1449 for BP heterosis. Correlation among the characters studied showed that magnitudes of genetic correlation were higher than those of phenotypic correlation in some of the traits considered. The number of panicles / plot and panicle weight / plot showed significant genetic correlations indicate degree of correlation with grain yield. This showed that selection for any of these characters could lead to indirect selection of grain yield.
Inheritance of Resistance to Sorghum ShootFly, Atherigona soccata in Sorghum,...ICRISAT
Sorghum production is affected by a wide array of biotic constraints, of which sorghum shootf ly, Atherigona soccata is the most important pest, which severely damages the sorghum crop during the seedlings stage. Host plant resistance is one of the major components to control sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata. To understand the nature of gene action for inheritance of shoot fly resistance, we evaluated 10parents, 45F1’s and their reciprocals in replicated trials during the rainy and post rainy seasons. The genotypes ICSV700, Phule Anuradha, ICSV25019, PS35805, IS2123, IS2146, and IS18551 exhibited resistance to shoot fly damage across seasons. Crosses between susceptible parents were preferred for egg laying by the shoot fly females, resulting in a susceptible reaction. ICSV700, ICSV25019, PS35805, IS2123, IS2146, and IS18551 exhibited significant and negative general combining ability (gca) effects for oviposition, deadheart incidence, and overall resistance score.
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2. 44 J.B. Nascimento et al. / Crop Protection 67 (2015) 43e51
production of whiteheads (dead panicles) (Martins et al., 1977,
1978, 1981, 1989a,b). It is also difficult to control with pesticides,
as proper timing of application is difficult. Moreover, no pesticides
are officially registered for control of the sugarcane borer in Bra-zilian
rice (Martins et al., 2009).
Some cultural practices are recommended to reduce the risk of
damage by the sugarcane borer to rice: a) avoid planting rice crops
near fields of sugarcane and corn and other sugarcane borer host
plants, b) avoid excess nitrogen fertilization which increases the
susceptibility of the rice plant, and c) use of cultivars that have
characteristics expressing resistance to the borer (Martins et al.,
1977, 2009) in areas of greatest risk of attack. An important strat-egy
to reduce the potential for sugarcane borer damage to rice is the
development of rice cultivars with genetic resistance and their
integration with other cultural control tactics as suggested above.
Genetically resistant/tolerant cultivars are a key tactic in the
development of a package of Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
practices for managing rice stem borer populations (Ferreira et al.,
2000). Resistant/tolerant cultivars are a user-friendly, economical
and environmentally friendly approach to rice stem borer man-agement.
Limited studies have been conducted to identify sugar-cane
borer resistant cultivars in Brazil and thus there are no
identified donor cultivars in the Brazilian accessions with adequate
resistance to the borers for use in the breeding program. However,
there is potential for their use of some Brazilian highlands mate-rials,
as donors in a program of genetic enhancement of resistance,
especially in the “Canela de Ferro” accessions (landraces) (Martins
et al., 1977) and the line CNAs 9023 (Ferreira et al., 2004). Thus,
there is a need to enhance the levels of genetic resistance of
adapted Brazilian cultivars for use as a component in the IPM
program targeting sugarcane borer in upland rice.
The objective of this study was to identify sources of resistance
to D. saccaralis in the Brazilian rice germplasm collection. The ul-timate
goal of this study is to use selected accessions as donor
parents with the aim to produce rice cultivars with enhanced
resistance to the sugarcane borer, via conventional methods of
plant breeding, and in the future, through the use of molecular
markers using genetic engineering methods.
The information derived from the molecular analyses enables a
better understanding of the genetic inheritance for resistance to
stem borers (Nibouche et al., 2010). Molecular markers have been
used to detect genetic diversity and to assist the management of
plant genetic resources (Coburn et al., 2002; Vanniarajan et al.,
2012). In contrast to morphological traits, molecular markers can
reveal differences among genotypes at the DNA level, providing a
more direct, reliable and efficient tool for germplasm character-ization,
conservation and management (Ram et al., 2007).
The types of molecular markers that are available today include
those based on restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)
(Botstein et al., 1980), random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)
(Williams et al., 1990), amplified fragment length polymorphism
(AFLP) (Blears et al., 1998), and simple-sequence repeats (SSRs) or
microsatellite markers (Giarrocco et al., 2007). Microsatellites and
PCR-based markers are both technically efficient, cost-effective and
commonly used in rice breeding research (Temnykh et al., 2000). In
this study we evaluated the response of 34 rice accessions to in-festations
of the sugarcane borer, D. saccharalis, and used SSR
markers to determine the genetic diversity of these accessions.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Plant material and DNA extraction
A total of 34 accessions of O. sativa were included in this study
(Table 1). These accessions are maintained at Embrapa Rice and
Beans Center, located in Santo Ant^onio de Goias, Goias (GO), Brazil
(altitude 749 m; 164004300 S; 491501400 W). The rice accessions
selected for this study are elite cultivars that have potential for
being good donors in the breeding program as based on their
resistance or tolerance to species of rice stem borers in Asia and
Brazil (Table 1) or because they are adapted to the upland rice
production conditions where stem borers are increasing in
importance in Brazil.
Genomic DNA from each sample was isolated from young leaf
tissue using the cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) method
proposed by Doyle and Doyle (1987) with minor modifications by
Brondani et al. (2002). DNA concentrations were estimated by
comparison with known concentrations of l DNA on 1% agarose
gels and the final concentration was 3 ng/mL.
2.2. Microsatellite genotyping
Twenty four microsatellite markers with the fluorescent dyes
HEX, 6-FAM, and NED were used in the experiments and the
microsatellite amplification reactions were performed using the
QIAGEN® 2X Multiplex PCR Kit (Qiagen, CA, USA) in a GeneAmp
9700 Thermal Cycler (Applied Biosystems) with an initial dena-turation
step at 95 C for 15 min, followed by 40 cycles of
denaturation (94 C for 30 s), annealing (57 C for 90 s), and
extension (72 C for 90 s), and a final extension step at 72 C for
10 min. The amplified products were diluted in sterile Milli-Q
H2O and the analyses of the fragments were performed using
GeneScan Analysis 2.1 (Applied Biosystems), and the size of the
alleles was obtained using the GeneMapper 3.5 program (Applied
Biosystems).
2.3. Statistical analyses
Genetic analyses were conducted as based on the molecular
profiles generated from the allele frequencies of polymorphic
loci. The number of private alleles was determined using the
GENETIC DATA ANALYSIS (GDA) software (Lewis and Zaykin,
2002). The number of alleles per locus and the PIC (Poly-morphism
Information Content) were determined by Power-
Marker version 3.23 (Liu and Muse, 2005). The probability of
identity (PI) values and the number of pairs of identical in-dividuals
were calculated using the IDENTITY v.1.0 software
(Wagner and Sefc, 1999).
Genetic distance was estimated using the Rogers coefficient as
modified by Wright (1978) using the NTSYS v.2.02 software (Rohlf,
1998) and then subjected to cluster analysis using the UPGMA
(Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Means) algo-rithm.
The data were plotted using a dendrogram for the visuali-zation
of genetic distances. To evaluate the consistency of the
dendrogram obtained by UPGMA, the cophenetic correlation co-efficient
(CCC) was calculated.
2.4. Phenotypic data
Rice accessions were evaluated, under greenhouse conditions,
for levels of phenotypic resistance to the sugarcane borer and
their genetic diversity was determined. The phenotypic response
of rice due to sugarcane borer attack was determined under
greenhouse conditions. Experiments were planted in three times
in 2010 (Jan. 01, March, 11 and July 07). The experimental design
was a randomized block with four replications. A plot consisted
of 10 plants, each of which was infested (on the main stem at the
stage of flag leaf formation) with two neonate larvae of
D. saccharalis per plant.
3. J.B. Nascimento et al. / Crop Protection 67 (2015) 43e51 45
Table 1
Identification number, common name, origin, institution and level of resistance to rice stem borers of selected rice accessions in the Core Collection of the EMBRAPA Rice and
Beans genebank.
Identification
numbera
The neonate D. saccharalis larvae used to infest the rice plants
were obtained from eggs provided by the company Biocontrol®,
Sert~aozinho, SP, Brazil where the borer was reared on an artificial
diet (Vacari et al., 2012). The cards with the eggs of the sugarcane
borer were treated with copper sulfate in the laboratory of
Biocontrol® and shipped to Goias. There they were maintained until
larval emergence in the EMBRAPA Rice and Beans Entomology
laboratory in acrylic type 350 ml germination boxes (Gerbox) (Reis
et al., 2000) containing moistened cotton.
The neonate larvae were placed on the leaf sheaths of rice plants
with a fine camel's hair brush. Thirty days after infestation, the rice
plants were cut at ground level and taken to the laboratory where
the stalks were examined. The following phenotypic data were
recorded: NLL e number of live larvae/stem; IM e individual (one
larva) mass in grams of surviving larvae; ED e external diameter of
the stem; ID e internal diameter of the stem (the diameter was
measured between five and 10 cm from the base of stem); NTP e
number of tillers produced by 30 days after larval infestation; NSA
e number of stems attacked after larval infestation and NLD e
number of stems with no larval damage after larval infestation.
Analyses of variance and the ScotteKnott test (Scott and Knott,
1974) were performed for comparison of means while multivariate
statistics were performed to verify the separation of groups in the
population for resistance to D. saccharalis. A CVA (Canonical Vari-able
Analysis), the matrix of Mahalanobis distance (D2) and Tocher's
grouping method (Cruz and Carneiro, 2006) were calculated using
GENES software (Cruz, 2006). To determine the correlation be-tween
two similarity matrices of morphological traits and molec-ular
data, the Mantel test was performed using PAST software
(Hammer et al., 2001).
Common name Country
of origin
Institution Levels of
resistance
Stem borer species Reference
Introduced lines and cultivars
CNA 0002846 Patnai 6 India IRRI Resistant Chilo suppressalis Pathak and Khush (1975), Ferreira et al. (1979),
Martins (1983)
CNA 0003021 Su yai 20 China IRRI Moderately
resistant
Chilo suppressalis Pathak and Khan (1994), Ferreira et al. (1979),
Martins (1983), Heinrichs et al. (1985)
CNA 0003053 Ti Ho Hung e IRRI Resistant Diatraea saccharalis Martins et al. (1977), Heinrichs et al. (1985),
Ferreira et al. (1979), Martins (1983), Pathak
and Khush (1975)
CNA 0003084 TKM 6 India IRRI Resistant Diatraea saccharalis
Chilo suppressalis
Stem borers
Martins et al. (1977), Martins (1983)
CNA 0003271 IR 42 Philippines IRRI Resistant Chilo suppressalis
Stem borers
Pathak and Khan (1994)
CNA 0004014 IR 13429-109-2.2.1 Philippines IRRI e e e
CNA 0005471 IR 40 Philippines IRRI Resistant Chilo suppressalis,
Scirpophaga incertulas
Heinrichs et al. (1985)
CNA 0005484 Chiang- an-Tsao-Pai Ku China IRRI Resistant Chilo suppressalis
Diatraea saccharalis
Martins et al. (1977), Heinrichs et al. (1985)
CNA 0005485 C 409 Myanmar IRRI Resistant Chilo suppressalis
Diatraea saccharalis
Martins et al. (1977), Heinrichs et al. (1985)
Brazilian lines and cultivars
CNA 0002023 IAC 47 Brazil IAC Susceptible Elasmopalpus lignosellus
Diatraea saccharalis
Martins et al. (1977), Ferreira et al. (2000)
CNA 0006187 Caiapo Brazil EMBRAPA e e e
CNA 0006710 Carajas Brazil EMBRAPA e e e
CNA 0007475 Canastra Brazil EMBRAPA Tolerant Diatraea saccharalis Ferreira et al. (2000)
CNA 0007706 Confiança Brazil EMBRAPA e e e
CNA 0008070 Primavera Brazil EMBRAPA Moderately
resistant
Diatraea saccharalis Lana et al. (2003), Ferreira et al. (2000)
CNA 0008172 Bonança Brazil EMBRAPA Tolerant Diatraea saccharalis Ferreira et al. (2000)
CNA 0008305 Carisma Brazil EMBRAPA e e e
CNA 0008711 Soberana Brazil EMBRAPA e e e
CNA 0010618 IAC 201 Brazil IAC e e e
CNA 0004121 Guarani Brazil EMBRAPA e e e
Land races
CA 220025 Canela de ferro Brazil EMBRAPA e e e
CA 220241 Canela de ferro Brazil EMBRAPA e e e
CA 220268 Canela de ferro Brazil EMBRAPA e e e
CA 780099 Canela de ferro Brazil EMBRAPA e e e
CA 790164 Canela de ferro Brazil EMBRAPA e e e
CA 790167 Canela de ferro Brazil EMBRAPA e e e
CA 790216 Canela de ferro Brazil EMBRAPA e e e
CA 790217 Canela de ferro Brazil EMBRAPA e e e
CA 790309 Canela de ferro Brazil EMBRAPA e e e
CA 790367 Canela de ferro Brazil EMBRAPA e e e
CA 810055 Canela de ferro Brazil EMBRAPA e e e
CA 810064 Canela de ferro Brazil EMBRAPA e e e
CA 980007 Canela de ferro Brazil EMBRAPA e e e
CA 980023 Canela de ferro Brazil EMBRAPA e e e
a The number is used in the EMBRAPA Rice and Beans gene bank.
4. 3. Results
3.1. Genetic diversity of rice accessions based on cluster analysis
Atotal of 261 alleles were detected with the set of 24 SSR markers
(Table 2). The average number of alleles per locus was 10.9 ranging
from 4 (RM 171) to 28 (RM 14). Of the total, 92 alleles were private.
The locusRM14 (13 private alleles) (Table 2) and the accessionsTKM
6 (Table 3) (13 private alleles) and IR 42 (Table 3) (9 private alleles)
had the highest number of private alleles. The PIC (Polymorphism
Information Content) ranged from 0.10 (locusRM 171) to 0.87 (locus
OG 106), with an average of 0.63 (Table 2). The PIwas 1.005 1018.
The high degree of polymorphism of microsatellite markers allowed
separation among rice accessions, resulting in rapid and efficient
identification of diversity of the accessions (Table 2).
The dendogram (Fig. 1) demonstrated the genetic relationships
among the 34 accessions, including the accessions reported as
resistant to the sugarcane borer and other rice stem borer species
(Table 1). The cluster analysis separated the accessions into five
groups and four accessions were isolated (Fig. 1). The first group
consisted of 22 accessions; Bonança, Carisma, Caiapo, Carajas,
Soberana, IAC 201, IAC 47, Ti Ho Hung, Guarani and 13 “Canelas de
Ferro” accessions (CA 220025, CA 220241, CA 780099, CA 790164,
CA 790167, CA 790216, CA 790217, CA 790309, CA 790367, CA
810055, CA 810064, CA 980007 and CA 980023). The remaining
groups consisted of two accessions each. The second group con-sisted
of Canastra and Confiança; the third consisted of C 409 and
Patnai 6; the fourth group consisted of accessions Chiang an Tsao
Pai Ku and IR 40; and the fifth group consisted of IR 13429-109-
2.2.1 and IR 42. The four isolated accessions were Primavera, Canela
de Ferro (CA 220268), Su Yai 20 and TKM 6.
The average genetic distance of RogerseWright, obtained
among the 34 accessions analyzed, was 0.63 and this value was
used as the cut-off point for identifying similar groups in the
dendrogram. The cophenetic correlation coefficient was high
magnitude (r 0.80) and significant (*P 0.05).
3.2. Phenotypic relationship of rice accessions
3.2.1. Univariate analysis
The phenotypic response of rice accessions to the borer
(D. saccharalis) indicated a genotypic variation (Table 4). There was
a positive correlation between survival (NLL) and the individual
mass (IM) of surviving larvae, external diameter (ED) and internal
Table 2
Number of alleles, polymorphic information content (PIC) and probability of identity
(PI) detected with 24 SSR markers.
Panel SSR marker Interval Allelesa PIC PI
1 RM 204 106e174 12 (5) 0.74 0.12
1 RM 38 236e274 15 (6) 0.79 0.09
1 4653 84e171 13 (6) 0.82 0.07
1 OG 106 187e252 19 (10) 0.87 0.04
1 RM 257 132e190 18 (9) 0.73 0.12
1 RM 103 328e336 5 (1) 0.44 0.36
2 RM 171 323e344 4 (3) 0.10 0.79
2 RM 231 168e192 8 (3) 0.55 0.26
2 RM 287 90e114 9 (4) 0.40 0.37
2 RM 7 166e184 7 (1) 0.51 0.28
2 RM 229 94e130 10 (1) 0.76 0.35
2 OG 44 153e183 8 (1) 0.75 0.14
3 RM 210 134e158 10 (2) 0.77 0.10
3 RM 222 203e227 8 (0) 0.58 0.26
3 RM 14 161e219 28 (13) 0.81 0.08
3 OG 10 94e138 14 (7) 0.72 0.15
3 RM 309 153e171 5 (2) 0.44 0.51
3 RM 253 99e141 11 (4) 0.65 0.20
4 RM 207 110e144 12 (3) 0.72 0.14
4 RM 252 194e262 13 (6) 0.43 0.33
4 RM 248 78e101 10 (0) 0.82 0.79
4 RM 263 153e189 8 (1) 0.72 0.16
4 RM 11 119e146 8 (3) 0.53 0.27
4 RM 55 229e239 6 (1) 0.57 0.25
Average e e 10.9 0.63 e
Combined value e e e e 1.005 1018
a Numbers in parentheses are private alleles.
Table 3
Identification of private alleles detected with 24 microsatellite markers in 34 rice
accessions.
Accessions SSR marker Private alelles
IAC 47 RM 253, RM 257 102, 171
Patnai 6 RM 287, RM 253,
OG 10, RM 204,
OG 106
91, 99, 114, 158, 197
Su Yai 20 RM 257, RM 14 158, 199
Ti Ho Hung RM 207 137
TKM 6 OG 10, RM 11,
RM 204, RM 257,
RM 253, RM 210,
4653, RM 231,
OG 106, RM 38,
RM 171, OG 106,
RM 252
102, 121, 122, 131, 134,
146, 182, 186, 187, 243,
241, 258, 336
IR 42 RM 253, RM 229,
OG10, RM 263,
RM 309, RM 14, RM 55
100,122, 122, 126, 153,
153, 181, 214, 234
IR 13429-109-2.2.1 RM 287, RM 252,
RM 171, RM 103
94, 114, 218, 323, 330
IR 40 4653, RM 287, RM 11 84, 112, 144
Chiang an Tso Pai Ku 4653, OG 10, RM 11,
RM 7, OG 106,
RM 14, RM 252
111, 116, 146, 184, 199,
206, 238
C 409 RM 207, RM 257,
RM 309, RM 14,
RM 231, OG 106
144, 150, 161, 163,
170, 205
Caiapo 4653 99, 150
Carajas 0 0
Canastra RM 207, RM 14, RM 204 110, 168, 172
Confiança OG 44 183
Primavera 0 0
Bonança RM 204 174
Carisma RM 231, RM 14, RM 38 178, 186, 274
Soberana RM 171 327
IAC 201 0 0
Canela de Ferro
(CA 220025)
RM 14, OG 106 189, 207, 248
Canela de Ferro
(CA 220241)
RM 14 219
Canela de Ferro
(CA 220268)
RM 257, RM 14 178, 218
Guarani OG 10, RM 252 113, 196, 248
Canela de Ferro
(CA 780099)
OG 10, RM 257,
OG 106, RM 38
100, 190, 247, 263
Canela de Ferro
(CA 790164)
RM 14,RM 38 216, 242
Canela de Ferro
(CA 790167)
RM 14, OG 106 179, 252
Canela de Ferro
(CA 790216)
RM 38 251
Canela de Ferro
(CA 790217)
0 0
Canela de Ferro
(CA 790309)
0 0
Canela de Ferro
(CA 790367)
RM 257 132
Canela de Ferro
(CA 810055)
RM 204, 4653,
RM 257, OG 106, RM 38
140, 171, 176, 235, 236
Canela de Ferro
(CA 810064)
0 0
Canela de Ferro
(CA 980007)
0 0
Canela de Ferro
(CA 980023)
RM 210, RM 257,
OG 106
140, 162, 218
46 J.B. Nascimento et al. / Crop Protection 67 (2015) 43e51
5. J.B. Nascimento et al. / Crop Protection 67 (2015) 43e51 47
Fig. 1. Dendrogram obtained by analysis of 34 accessions of rice by 24 SSR loci through genetic distance of RogerseWright. * Isolated accessions.
diameter (ID) of the stem and number of stems attacked (NSA)
(Table 5). This indicates that the larvae were heavier and had
greater survival when feeding on plants with larger stem di-ameters.
The morphological characteristics (large external diam-eter
of the stem and an internal diameter of the stem greater than
2.5 mm) that favor the growth and development of the sugarcane
borer are common in susceptible accessions.
3.2.2. Multivariate analysis
The genetic dissimilarity estimated by the Mahalanobis distance
(D2) (Table 6) indicated that the accessions that were most diver-gent
(dissimilar) (D2 max ¼ 31.00) were accession IAC 47 (accession
ID 1) and Chiang an Tsao Pai Ku (9) while Ti Ho Hung (4) and
“Canela de Ferro” (CA 220241) (21) were the most similar (D2
min ¼ 0.11). With the cluster analysis by Tocher's grouping method,
it was possible to observe four groups (Table 7), with the largest
number (16) of accessions in group I. This group has important
traits for susceptibility to the borer while the third group (Table 7)
consisted of accessions (3 ¼ Su Yai 20; 8 ¼ IR 40; 9 ¼ Chiang an Tsao
Pai Ku; 23 ¼ Guarani) that were more resistant as indicated in
Table 4.
By employment of the canonical variable analysis (CVA) clus-tering
method, it was possible to observe the distribution of ac-cessions
in a two-dimensional graph (Fig. 2). The positions of the
accessions in the graph were apparently distributed into three
groups, two large (group I and II) and one small [group III: Su Yai 20
(3), IR 40 (8), Chiang an Tsao Pai Ku (9)], in which the accessions
within a group were most similar, and two isolated accessions,
“Canela de Ferro” (CA 220268) (22) and Guarani (23), which were
most divergent. The two principal axes accounted for 81.3% of the
total variation (Fig. 2) among the seven characters (Table 4)
describing the 34 rice accessions.
3.3. Correlation between morphological traits and molecular data
The coefficient of correlation between the distance matrices of
morphological traits and molecular data was not significant
(r ¼ 0.82, P ¼ 0.11). Thus, Mantel's test did not reveal a significant
correlation between the morphological traits and molecular data.
However, the separation of groups as expressed in the molecular
(Fig. 1) and phenotypic (Table 7) data are similar. The largest group
(I), formed by the use of the Tocher's method (Table 7), is similar to
the first group in the dendogram as produced with the molecular
data (Fig. 1).
4. Discussion
4.1. Genetic diversity of rice accessions based on cluster analysis
Using 24 polymorphic SSR markers, the total number of alleles
(261) and the average number of alleles detected per locus (10.9)
(Table 2) was higher than the numbers previously described for
O. sativa genotypes (Vijaya et al., 2010; Narasimhulu et al., 2010).
Using 37 SSR markers, Vijaya et al. (2010) found 88 alleles with an
average of 2.37 alleles per locus, while Narasimhulu et al. (2010)
reported 96 alleles with an average of 2.67 alleles per locus. The
PIC value of 0.63 (Table 2) was higher than that previously reported
for genetic diversity assessment in rice germplasm (Brondani et al.,
2006; Giarrocco et al., 2007; Borba et al., 2009b; Pervaiz et al.,
2009). The number of private alleles (92) found in this study
(Table 2) was higher than that reported by Alvarez et al. (2007) and
Borba et al. (2009a). The PI value was low (1.005 1018) (Table 2)
which corresponds to the probability of finding, at random, two
individuals with the same genotype when analyzed by a set of
markers. The analysis of the distribution of number of alleles pre-sent
in the accessions provides an indirect measure of the level of
heterozygosity and diversity present in these accessions (Aitken
et al., 2006). Thus, the higher number of alleles and PIC detected
in our study indicates that the rice accessions analyzed are a good
source of genetic variability to be explored in crosses with rice
germplasm in an effort to increase the allele richness of genebanks.
The cophenetic correlation coefficient (r ¼ 0.82) revealed the
existence of a good fit between the similarity matrix and the
dendrogram (Fig. 1) where we could observe a division of the
groups. According to studies by Li et al. (2010), this genetic diver-gence
in the Embrapa rice germplasm collection could be related to
6. 48 J.B. Nascimento et al. / Crop Protection 67 (2015) 43e51
Table 4
Number of live larvae on the plant (NLL), individual mass (IM) in grams of surviving larvae, external diameter of stem (ED) and internal diameter of stem(ID) in mm, number of
tillers produced (NTP), number of stems attacked (NSA) and number of stems with no larval damage (NLD) after larval infestation on 34 rice accessions evaluated to detect
resistance to Diatraea saccharalis.
Source of variation Mean square
NLL IM ED ID NTP NSA NLD
Blocks 95.20 0.0025 0.305 0.175 9.51 25.49 34.74
Accessions 40.63ns 0.0026ns 7.801** 2.153** 49.48** 10.05ns 52.60**
Residue 30.19 0.0018 1.374 0.881 8.89 6.91 15.39
Average 6.18 0.05 5.04 2.47 3.25 5.31 7.71
CV (%) 88.87 79.00 23.26 37.96 91.83 49.54 50.91
Accessionsa Average
1- IAC 47 10.37 a 0.0710 a 5.82 a 2.51 a 0.62 c 5.9 a 4.50 c
2- Patnai 6 7.62 a 0.0331a 4.25 c 2.26 b 5.00 b 5.2 a 9.75 b
3- Su Yai 20 2.50 a 0.0391 a 2.96 d 1.30 c 6.50 b 4.7 a 11.75 a
4- Ti Ho Hung 10.25 a 0.0689 a 5.35 b 2.82 a 1.75 c 7.4 a 4.25 c
5- TKM 6 9.37 a 0.0522 a 4.63 c 2.39 b 4.50 b 6.1 a 8.37 b
6- IR 42 5.00 a 0.0540 a 5.06 b 2.36 b 5.40 b 6.7 a 8.62 b
7- IR 13429-109-2.2.1 7.75 a 0.0448 a 4.76 b 2.26 b 5.00 b 6.7 a 8.25 b
8- IR 40 3.00 a 0.0674 a 3.78 c 1.67 c 10.50 a 6.0 a 14.50 a
9- Chiang an Tso Pai Ku 4.87a 0.0248 a 2.97 d 1.35 c 11.37 a 7.4 a 12.75 a
10- C 409 4.75 a 0.0537 a 4.80 b 2.24 b 5.50 b 3.6 a 11.37 a
11- Caiapo 6.87a 0.0385 a 4.89 b 2.67 a 1.87 c 3.9 a 8.00 b
12- Carajas 6.25 a 0.0547 a 4.27 c 2.25 b 2.62 c 6.1 a 6.50 c
13- Canastra 4.25 a 0.0463 a 5.13 b 2.46 a 4.62 b 3.5 a 11.12 a
14- Confiança 6.50 a 0.0369 a 5.49 b 2.53 a 2.62 c 3.7 a 8.75 b
15- Primavera 3.12 a 0.0301 a 4.35 c 2.11 b 3.12 c 5.5 a 7.62 c
16- Bonança 2.00 a 0.0163 a 4.96 b 2.33 b 2.50 c 3.0 a 9.50 b
17- Carisma 5.62 a 0.0434 a 4.90 b 2.39 b 4.12 b 5.2 a 8.87 b
18- Soberana 4.12 a 0.0883 a 3.78 c 1.78 c 4.25 b 5.1 a 9.12 b
19- IAC 201 3.00 a 0.0535 a 3.88 c 2.05 b 1.12 c 5.2 a 5.12 c
20- Canela de Ferro (CA220025) 5.12 a 0.0356 a 6.03 a 2.93 a 1.87 c 4.9 a 6.87 c
21- Canela de Ferro (CA220241) 9.25 a 0.0572 a 5.40 b 2.82 a 1.62 c 6.9 a 4.62 c
22- Canela de Ferro (CA220268) 6.50 a 0.0451 a 6.15 a 2.37 b 3.75 c 5.1 a 8.12 b
23- Guarani 2.87 a 0.0396 a 2.88 d 1.48 c 1.75 c 4.6 a 6.37 c
24- Canela de Ferro (CA780099) 7.87 a 0.0986 a 5.86 a 3.06 a 0.75 c 5.0 a 4.62 c
25- Canela de Ferro (CA790164) 7.12 a 0.0862 a 6.34 a 3.18 a 1.37 c 5.1 a 6.12 c
26- Canela de Ferro (CA790167) 9.00 a 0.0649 a 6.02 a 3.11 a 0.75 c 6.1 a 3.50 c
27- Canela de Ferro (CA790216) 6.12 a 0.0670 a 6.14 a 3.04 a 1.75 c 4.2 a 6.50 c
28- Canela de Ferro (CA790217) 8.37 a 0.7510 a 5.98 a 2.80 a 2.25 c 5.7 a 6.50 c
29- Canela de Ferro (CA790309) 7.87 a 0.0631 a 6.04 a 2.97 a 2.12 c 5.9 a 6.12 c
30- Canela de Ferro (CA790367) 7.75 a 0.0547 a 5.94 a 2.89 a 1.37 c 6.1 a 5.25 c
31- Canela de Ferro (CA810055) 5.50 a 0.0487 a 5.23 b 2.55 a 2.25 c 3.6 a 8.62 b
32- Canela de Ferro (CA810064) 6.37 a 0.0657 a 5.81 a 2.89 a 1.87 c 5.9 a 6.00 c
33- Canela de Ferro (CA980007) 6.62 a 0.0520 a 6.11 a 3.18 a 2.75 c 4.4 a 8.00 b
34- Canela de Ferro (CA980023) 6.62 a 0.0738 a 5.35 b 3.04 a 1.87 c 5.5 a 6.00 c
a Numbers 1e34, preceding the accession number refer to arbitrary numbers used to identify the accessions evaluated in this study.
the geographic origin of the accessions as they were received from
rice breeding programs in Asia (International Rice Research Insti-tute)
and from Brazilian institutions, IAC (Instituto Agronomico de
Campinas) and Embrapa- Rice and Beans Center.
4.2. Phenotypic relationship of rice accessions
Resistance of rice to the sugarcane borer has been reported by
several authors in the Philippines, Brazil, China and the USA
(Patanakamjorn and Pathak, 1967; Martins et al., 1977, 1981,
1989a,b,c; Rubia-Sanchez et al., 1998; Zhu et al., 2002; Way et al.,
2006). These authors considered the diameter of the rice stem as an
important quantitative trait for resistance. They observed that least
attacked plants had the smallest stem diameters and numbers of
live larvae. A stem with narrowgalleries becomes a physical barrier
that restricts the movement and feeding of the stem borer, which
characterizes resistance, in the form of antixenosis (Patanakamjorn
and Pathak, 1967; Lara, 1991). Our results agree with those of
Ntanos and Koutroubas (2000) and Hosseini et al. (2011).
The accessions that had more tillers and a larger number of
undamaged stems were IR 40 and Chiang Tsao Pai Ku. The data
show that accessions with high tillering capability after infestation
have a distinct capability to recover from the damage caused by the
stem borer. According to Martins et al. (1981), rice resistance to
sugarcane borers is associated with tillering of the plant after
infestation, a characteristic of tolerant genotypes.
Table 5
Correlation coefficients between the characteristics analyzed in 34 rice accessions
for resistance to Diatraea saccharalis.a
Charactersb NLL IM ED ID NTP NSA NLD
NLL 1 0.456** 0.597** 0.631** 0.395* 0.453** 0.589**
IM e 1 0.404* 0.449** 0.322ns 0.241ns 0.448**
ED e e 1 0.929** 0.599** 0.072ns 0.552**
ID e e e 1 0.677** 0.039ns 0.651**
NTE e e e e 1 0.197ns 0.886**
NSA e e e e e 1 0.257ns
NLD e e e e e e 1
a * and ** ¼ limits of 1 and 5% probability. ns ¼ non-significant values.
b Characters evaluated: number of live larvae (NLL); individual mass of larvae in g
(IM); external diameter of the stem in mm (ED); internal diameter of the stem in
mm (ID); number of tillers produced after infestation (NTP); number of stems
attacked (NSA); number of stems with no larval damage (NLD).
8. 50 J.B. Nascimento et al. / Crop Protection 67 (2015) 43e51
Su yai 20, IR40 and Chian an Tsao Pai Ku exhibited resistance to
D. saccharalis as based on the number of live larvae (NLL), individual
mass weight of larvae (IM), internal diameter of the stem (ID),
number of tillers produced (NTP) and number of tillers with no
larval damage (NLD) (Table 4). Suyai 20 has been reported to have
moderate resistance to Chilo suppressalis (Walker) (Lepidoptera:
Crambidae) in Asia; IR40 with resistance to C. suppressalis and the
yellow stem borer, Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker) (Lepidoptera:
Pyralidae), in Asia; and Chiang an Tsao Pai Ku with resistance to
C. suppressalis in Asia and D. saccharalis in Brazil and the USA
(Heinrichs et al., 1985). These cultivars were classified in pheno-typic
group III by Tocher's grouping method (Table 7) and were
separated according to the dispersion of scores based on the CVA
clustering method on seven phenotypic characters of rice resis-tance
to D. saccharalis (Fig. 2).
Selvi et al. (2002) observed that the accession TKM 6 proved to
be moderately resistant to the yellow stem borer S. incertulas
(Walker). This classification was confirmed in Selvi's studies with
RAPD markers. According to Khan et al. (1991) and Pathak and Khan
(1994), the resistance of TKM 6 is related to physical and chemical
factors that interfere in the development of the striped stem borer,
C. suppressalis. In our study the accession TKM 6 was moderately
resistant and genetically separate from groups of accessions most
attacked by the sugarcane borer.
The accession IAC 47 was the most susceptible to attack by
D. saccharalis larvae as based on NLL, IM, NTP and NLD (Table 4).
This cultivar has an internal stem diameter greater than 2.5 mm, a
morphological characteristic which is favorable to the growth and
development of D. saccharalis. The classification of IAC 47 as sus-ceptible
to D. saccharalis has been reported by other authors
(Martins et al., 1977, 1989a,b; Khan et al., 1991). Accessions like Ti
Ho Hung and the 13 “Canelas de Ferro” accessions occurred in the
same group as cultivar IAC 47, according to the multivariate
analysis of phenotypic and molecular data. Only one accession of
“Canela de Ferro” (CA 220268) was not associated in the group in
the phenotypic and molecular analysis. CA 220268 was the only
“Canela de Ferro” accession characterized by an internal diameter
of the stem less than 2.5 mm (2.37 mm). There has only been one
study where the Brazilian rice accessions have been evaluated for
resistance to the sugarcane borer. Under natural conditions in the
field Ferreira et al. (2000) observed that cultivars Bonança, Pri-mavera
and Carisma were more tolerant to D. saccharalis than
other cultivars as based on the low level of plant damage and the
high amount of grain production. However, more in depth studies
are needed to better understand the levels and mechanisms of
resistance involved in these rice accessions to the sugarcane
borers.
4.3. Correlation between morphological traits and molecular data
Through the evaluations using the SSR markers and morpho-logical
data we were able to differentiate the most divergent ac-cessions.
It was observed that therewas a correspondence between
the groups formed through clustering methods, under both aspects
analyzed (phenotypic and molecular analyses). However, the
Mantel's test did not reveal a significant correlation between the
phenotypic (morphological traits) as shown in Table 4 and the
molecular data (Fig. 1). In this case, different strategies for the
development of new molecular markers in rice, such as Single
Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs), can be used to identify specific
loci on the rice genome associated with D. saccharalis resistance.
In conclusion, the multivariate analysis was successful in sepa-rating
accessions into groups in relation to resistance to
D. saccharalis. The results indicate that morphological traits and
markers are useful for diversity analysis. According to the
morphological traits, different groups were identified in relation to
resistance to D. saccharalis. The molecular analysis of rice acces-sions
identified the genetic diversity of these materials which can
be exploited in the breeding program by using these accessions as
donor sources to amplify the genetic bases of genetic resistance of
Brazilian upland rice varieties to the sugarcane borer.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank CAPES (Coordination of Improvement of
Higher Education Personnel) for the scholarship granted to the first
author and to Dr E. A. Heinrichs, MS Kyle Koch and Reynard
Odenheimer for the helpful suggestions in reviewing the manu-script.
We are grateful to our co-workers Edmar Cardoso da Silva,
Edson Djalma and Jose Francisco Arruda e Silva for their constant
support. This research was financed by Brazilian Agricultural
Research Corporation e Embrapa (Project: 02090300300030).
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Table 7
Tocher's grouping method of the 34 accessions of rice based on dissimilarity
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Groups Number
of accessions
Accessionsb
I 16 1, 4, 14, 20, 21, 24, 25, 26, 27,
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II 13 2, 5, 6, 7, 10,11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17,18 and 19
III 4 3, 8, 9 and 23
IV 1 22
a Characters evaluated: number of live larvae (NLL); individual mass of larvae in g
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mm (ID); number of tillers produced after infestation (NTP); number of stems
attacked (NSA); number of stems with no larval damage (NLD).
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9. J.B. Nascimento et al. / Crop Protection 67 (2015) 43e51 51
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