Bridge loading and bridge design fundamentalsMadujith Sagara
This document discusses bridge loading standards and load evaluation for bridge design according to Eurocode standards. It provides definitions of key terms like carriageway and notional lane used in evaluating bridge loads. It summarizes the four load models specified in Eurocode 1-2 for determining effects of road traffic on bridges, including concentrated tandem loads and uniform loads in Load Model 1, single axle loads in Load Model 2, special abnormal vehicles in Load Model 3, and uniform crowd loads in Load Model 4. Diagrams show how these loads are applied to the notional lanes of a bridge carriageway for analysis. Groups of simultaneous traffic loads are also defined for combination with other actions.
The document provides guidance on loads and forces that should be considered when designing bridges, including:
1. Dead loads, live loads, dynamic loads, longitudinal forces, wind loads, centrifugal forces, horizontal water currents, buoyancy, earth pressures, temperature effects, and seismic loads.
2. It describes the various live load models (Class A, B, 70R, AA) and provides details on load intensity, wheel/track configuration, and load combinations.
3. Design recommendations are given for calculating impact factors, braking forces, wind loads, water current pressures, earth pressures, and seismic forces.
This document provides information on bridge planning, design, classification and components. It discusses:
1. The key steps in bridge planning including studying needs, alternatives, design and implementation.
2. Common bridge classifications including material (masonry, concrete, steel), structural type (slab, girder, truss), and purpose (road, rail).
3. The main components of a typical T-beam bridge including the deck slab, longitudinal girders, cross girders, abutments and foundations. Methods for designing the deck slab and cantilever portions are outlined.
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF HIGH RISE BUILDING BY USING ETABSila vamsi krishna
RESULT OF ANALYSIS:
https://www.slideshare.net/ilavamsikrishna/results-of-etabs-on-high-rise-residential-buildings
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF BUILDING BY USING STAAD PRO PPT link :
https://www.slideshare.net/ilavamsikrishna/analysis-and-design-of-mutistoried-residential-building-by-using-staad-pro
FOR FULL REPORT:
vamsiila@gmail.com
This document section describes design considerations for precast pretensioned concrete girders. It discusses typical girder sections and common span ranges. The key stages in precast girder design are described as transfer (when prestressing force is transferred to the concrete), service (when self-weight and permanent loads are considered), and ultimate (to resist factored loads). Three stages of stress development are discussed: transfer when prestressing occurs, stage IIA when the girder is erected and before the composite deck is cured, and stage IIB when the composite section develops. Standard precast girder types used in California include I-girders, bulb-tees, bath-tubs, and wide-flange sections,
This document discusses bridges in hilly areas and the various challenges associated with their construction. It outlines different types of bridges suitable for hilly regions, including beam bridges, truss bridges, cantilever bridges, arch bridges, tied-arch bridges, suspension bridges, and cable-stayed bridges. For each bridge type, it provides a brief definition and example image. It also discusses challenges like foundation construction, substructure, superstructure, plant and materials management, and financing.
This document provides an overview of modeling a three-story L-shaped concrete building in ETABS. Key steps include generating grids, drawing wall objects to form bays, modeling an elevator core using fine grid snapping, assigning properties like slab thickness and loads, and performing both static and earthquake analysis according to UBC97 code. The example demonstrates ETABS capabilities for integrated object-based modeling of concrete structures with features like automatic load transfer, shear wall design, and modeling of floor diaphragms and cores.
This document summarizes the key aspects of box culvert design and analysis. Box culverts consist of horizontal and vertical slabs built monolithically, and are used for bridges with limited stream flows and high embankments up to spans of 4 meters. They are economical due to their rigidity and do not require separate foundations. Design loads include concentrated wheel loads, uniform loads from embankments and decks, sidewall weights, water pressure when full, earth pressures, and lateral loads. The culvert is analyzed for moments, shears, and thrusts using classical methods to determine force effects from these various loading conditions.
Bridge loading and bridge design fundamentalsMadujith Sagara
This document discusses bridge loading standards and load evaluation for bridge design according to Eurocode standards. It provides definitions of key terms like carriageway and notional lane used in evaluating bridge loads. It summarizes the four load models specified in Eurocode 1-2 for determining effects of road traffic on bridges, including concentrated tandem loads and uniform loads in Load Model 1, single axle loads in Load Model 2, special abnormal vehicles in Load Model 3, and uniform crowd loads in Load Model 4. Diagrams show how these loads are applied to the notional lanes of a bridge carriageway for analysis. Groups of simultaneous traffic loads are also defined for combination with other actions.
The document provides guidance on loads and forces that should be considered when designing bridges, including:
1. Dead loads, live loads, dynamic loads, longitudinal forces, wind loads, centrifugal forces, horizontal water currents, buoyancy, earth pressures, temperature effects, and seismic loads.
2. It describes the various live load models (Class A, B, 70R, AA) and provides details on load intensity, wheel/track configuration, and load combinations.
3. Design recommendations are given for calculating impact factors, braking forces, wind loads, water current pressures, earth pressures, and seismic forces.
This document provides information on bridge planning, design, classification and components. It discusses:
1. The key steps in bridge planning including studying needs, alternatives, design and implementation.
2. Common bridge classifications including material (masonry, concrete, steel), structural type (slab, girder, truss), and purpose (road, rail).
3. The main components of a typical T-beam bridge including the deck slab, longitudinal girders, cross girders, abutments and foundations. Methods for designing the deck slab and cantilever portions are outlined.
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF HIGH RISE BUILDING BY USING ETABSila vamsi krishna
RESULT OF ANALYSIS:
https://www.slideshare.net/ilavamsikrishna/results-of-etabs-on-high-rise-residential-buildings
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF BUILDING BY USING STAAD PRO PPT link :
https://www.slideshare.net/ilavamsikrishna/analysis-and-design-of-mutistoried-residential-building-by-using-staad-pro
FOR FULL REPORT:
vamsiila@gmail.com
This document section describes design considerations for precast pretensioned concrete girders. It discusses typical girder sections and common span ranges. The key stages in precast girder design are described as transfer (when prestressing force is transferred to the concrete), service (when self-weight and permanent loads are considered), and ultimate (to resist factored loads). Three stages of stress development are discussed: transfer when prestressing occurs, stage IIA when the girder is erected and before the composite deck is cured, and stage IIB when the composite section develops. Standard precast girder types used in California include I-girders, bulb-tees, bath-tubs, and wide-flange sections,
This document discusses bridges in hilly areas and the various challenges associated with their construction. It outlines different types of bridges suitable for hilly regions, including beam bridges, truss bridges, cantilever bridges, arch bridges, tied-arch bridges, suspension bridges, and cable-stayed bridges. For each bridge type, it provides a brief definition and example image. It also discusses challenges like foundation construction, substructure, superstructure, plant and materials management, and financing.
This document provides an overview of modeling a three-story L-shaped concrete building in ETABS. Key steps include generating grids, drawing wall objects to form bays, modeling an elevator core using fine grid snapping, assigning properties like slab thickness and loads, and performing both static and earthquake analysis according to UBC97 code. The example demonstrates ETABS capabilities for integrated object-based modeling of concrete structures with features like automatic load transfer, shear wall design, and modeling of floor diaphragms and cores.
This document summarizes the key aspects of box culvert design and analysis. Box culverts consist of horizontal and vertical slabs built monolithically, and are used for bridges with limited stream flows and high embankments up to spans of 4 meters. They are economical due to their rigidity and do not require separate foundations. Design loads include concentrated wheel loads, uniform loads from embankments and decks, sidewall weights, water pressure when full, earth pressures, and lateral loads. The culvert is analyzed for moments, shears, and thrusts using classical methods to determine force effects from these various loading conditions.
This document provides details on the design of a continuous one-way reinforced concrete slab. It includes minimum thickness requirements, equations for calculating moments and shear, maximum reinforcement ratios, and minimum reinforcement ratios. An example is then provided to demonstrate the design process. The slab is designed to have a thickness of 6 inches with 0.39 in2/ft of tension reinforcement in the negative moment region and 0.33 in2/ft in the positive moment region.
This document provides information about truss bridges, including their history, types, and design principles. It discusses the evolution of bridge construction from natural bridges to modern designs. Key truss designs discussed include the Kingpost, Queenpost, Howe, Pratt, and Warren trusses. The document also covers truss components, optimal truss geometry, design of compression/tension members, and design of vertical and diagonal members. Overall, the document provides a technical overview of truss bridge design and the various truss configurations used in steel bridges.
This document discusses the need for raft foundations. Raft foundations are recommended when:
1) Building loads are heavy or soil capacity is low, so individual footings would cover too much area.
2) Soil contains weak lenses or cavities, making differential settlement hard to predict.
3) Structures are sensitive to differential settlement.
4) Structures like silos naturally suit raft foundations.
5) Floating foundations are needed over very weak soil.
6) Buildings require basements or underground pits.
7) Individual footings would experience large bending stresses.
Raft foundations increase capacity, decrease settlement, and equalize differential settlement compared to individual footings. However,
This document discusses the analysis and design of deep beams according to the traditional ACI design method. It defines deep beams as structural elements where the clear span to depth ratio is less than 4 and are loaded on one face and supported on the opposite face. The document outlines procedures for determining flexural and shear reinforcement for deep beams, including calculating moment arms, tension reinforcement, shear strength, and required shear reinforcement. It provides an example problem to demonstrate the design of a simply supported deep beam.
Calulation of deflection and crack width according to is 456 2000Vikas Mehta
This document discusses the calculation of crack width in reinforced concrete flexural members. It provides information on:
1) Crack width is calculated to satisfy serviceability limits and is only relevant for Type 3 pre-stressed concrete members that crack under service loads.
2) Crack width depends on factors like amount of pre-stress, tensile stress in bars, concrete cover thickness, bar diameter and spacing, member depth and location of neutral axis, bond strength, and concrete tensile strength.
3) The method of calculation involves determining the shortest distance from the surface to a bar and using equations involving member depth, neutral axis depth, average strain at the surface level. Permissible crack widths are specified depending on exposure
This document provides details on the structural design of buried pipelines under various loading conditions according to British standards. It outlines assumptions made, references used, and notes on the design process. The design involves selecting an appropriate pipe strength and bedding combination that can withstand permanent and transient loads over the pipe's 120-year design life. Various parameters are calculated, such as soil and water loads, and checked against the pipe's minimum crushing strength to ensure it satisfies the required safety factor.
Cable Layout, Continuous Beam & Load Balancing MethodMd Tanvir Alam
This document provides information on cable layout and load balancing methods for prestressed concrete beams. It discusses layouts for simple, continuous, and cantilever beams. For simple beams, it describes layouts for pretensioned and post-tensioned beams, including straight, curved, and bent cable configurations. It also compares the load carrying capacities of simple and continuous beams. The document concludes by explaining the load balancing method for design, using examples of how to balance loads in simple, cantilever, and continuous beam configurations.
- Deep beams are defined as beams with a shear span to depth ratio of less than 2. They behave differently than ordinary beams due to two-dimensional loading and non-linear stress distributions.
- Deep beams transfer significant load through compression forces between the load and supports. Shear deformations are more prominent.
- Design of deep beams requires considering two-dimensional effects, non-linear stress distributions, and large shear deformations. Procedures include checking minimum thickness, designing for flexure and shear, and detailing reinforcement.
ANALYSIS OF FRAMES USING SLOPE DEFLECTION METHODSagar Kaptan
slope deflection equations are applied to solve the statically indeterminate frames without side sway. In frames axial deformations are much smaller than the bending deformations and are neglected in the analysis.
This document discusses methods for determining soil bearing capacity from standard penetration test (SPT) numbers. It provides Meyerhof and Bowles equations that relate allowable soil bearing capacity (Qa) to SPT numbers (N) and footing parameters. It also gives examples of using the equations to calculate Qa for different soil and footing conditions.
Effect of tendon profile on deflections – Factors
influencing deflections – Calculation of deflections – Short term and long term deflections - Losses
of prestress
Prestressed concrete uses tensioned steel to put concrete in compression and improve its performance. Circular structures like pipes, tanks and poles are well-suited for circular prestressing using hoop tension to counteract internal fluid pressure. Pipes can be made through monolithic, two-stage or precast construction. Design considerations include stresses from handling, support conditions, working pressure and cracking. Tanks come in different shapes and are analyzed as shells. Poles are designed for various loads as vertical cantilevers with tapering cross-sections.
A bridge is the key element in a transportation system; it controls both the volume and weight of the traffic. Balance must be achieved between handling future traffic volume and loads and the cost of heavier and wider bridge structure. Economic Analysis and comparisons against competing alternatives is required as Bridges are the most expensive part of a road transportation network. Monetized & Non-Monetized Benefits that will accrue like time savings to road users, benefits to business activities (and to the economy in general) and salvage value benefits like Right-of-Way and substructure use need to be assessed as well.
The document provides details to design the reinforcement for a basement retaining wall. It includes calculating the required wall thickness, loads on the wall, bending moments, shear forces, and reinforcement requirements. The summary is as follows:
1. The thickness of the basement retaining wall is determined to be 200mm based on the given height and material properties.
2. The loads on the wall, including soil pressure, water pressure, and surcharge loads are calculated.
3. The bending moment and shear force diagrams are drawn, with the maximum bending moment found to be 33.12 kNm and maximum shear force 65.76kN.
4. The required vertical and horizontal reinforcement is calculated for different sections based on
The document discusses the balanced cantilever method of bridge construction. It begins by explaining that this method is used for bridges with spans between 50-250m, and involves attaching precast or cast-in-place segments in an alternating manner from each end of cantilevers supported by piers. This method is well-suited for irregular spans, congested sites, and environmentally sensitive areas. It also discusses advantages like determinacy and reduced cracking risks. The document then goes into detail about construction sequences, member proportioning, superstructure types, and analysis of a specific balanced cantilever bridge in Kochi, India.
The balanced cantilever method is used to construct bridges with spans between 50-250m. It involves erecting segments on each side of the pier in a balanced sequence to minimize load imbalance and bending in the piers. This method is advantageous for long spans, marine environments, and where access under the deck is difficult. The cantilever lengths are typically 0.20-0.30 of the main span. Segment construction proceeds until the midspan point is reached, where the balanced pair is closed. The key advantages are single-sided support during construction and uniform construction. However, it is also very expensive and complicated to construct.
This document provides an overview of analysis and design methods for concrete slabs, including:
1. Elastic analysis methods like grillage analysis and finite element analysis can be used to determine moments and shear forces in slabs.
2. Yield line theory is an alternative plastic/ultimate limit state approach for determining the ultimate load capacity of ductile concrete slabs. It involves assuming yield line patterns that divide the slab into rigid regions and equating external and internal work.
3. Examples are provided to illustrate yield line analysis for one-way spanning slabs and rectangular two-way slabs. Conventions, assumptions, and calculation procedures are explained.
A raft foundation is a large concrete slab that interfaces columns with the base soil. It can support storage tanks, equipment, or tower structures. There are different types including flat plate, plate with thickened columns, and waffle slab. The structural design uses conventional rigid or flexible methods. It involves determining soil pressures, load eccentricities, moment and shear diagrams for strips, punching shear sections, steel reinforcement, and checking stresses. A beam-slab raft foundation design follows the same process as an inverted beam-slab roof.
A concise presentation on bridge construction. Related to civil engineering courses. can be helpful for undergraduate students.
Its a Part of my class presentation.
CE 72.52 - Lecture 8a - Retrofitting of RC MembersFawad Najam
The document outlines a presentation on retrofitting concrete structures. It discusses two approaches to retrofitting: global (system) strengthening which adds new elements to enhance stiffness, and local (element) strengthening which targets insufficient member capacities. Examples of global retrofitting mentioned include adding reinforced concrete shear walls and buckling restrained braces. Local retrofitting examples discussed are reinforcement concrete jacketing of columns and beams.
The document describes scenic locations and landmarks on and around Bailey Island, Maine. It mentions the cribstone bridge connecting Orrs and Bailey Islands, seaside homes, a monument honoring Maine fishermen, Land's End at the tip of Bailey Island, a view of Jaquish Gut in Casco Bay showing an unknown monument in the distance, and Halfway Rock Light built in 1871 to mark a submerged obstruction.
The colonies developed a free-market economic system with little control from England initially. Children apprenticed to learn trades after basic schooling, working for room and board until age 21. Those who couldn't afford passage to America would become indentured servants, working for families for several years to pay off their voyage. As tobacco and other plantation crops grew, the need for labor led to the rise of slavery, with over 28,000 slaves in Virginia by 1700.
This document provides details on the design of a continuous one-way reinforced concrete slab. It includes minimum thickness requirements, equations for calculating moments and shear, maximum reinforcement ratios, and minimum reinforcement ratios. An example is then provided to demonstrate the design process. The slab is designed to have a thickness of 6 inches with 0.39 in2/ft of tension reinforcement in the negative moment region and 0.33 in2/ft in the positive moment region.
This document provides information about truss bridges, including their history, types, and design principles. It discusses the evolution of bridge construction from natural bridges to modern designs. Key truss designs discussed include the Kingpost, Queenpost, Howe, Pratt, and Warren trusses. The document also covers truss components, optimal truss geometry, design of compression/tension members, and design of vertical and diagonal members. Overall, the document provides a technical overview of truss bridge design and the various truss configurations used in steel bridges.
This document discusses the need for raft foundations. Raft foundations are recommended when:
1) Building loads are heavy or soil capacity is low, so individual footings would cover too much area.
2) Soil contains weak lenses or cavities, making differential settlement hard to predict.
3) Structures are sensitive to differential settlement.
4) Structures like silos naturally suit raft foundations.
5) Floating foundations are needed over very weak soil.
6) Buildings require basements or underground pits.
7) Individual footings would experience large bending stresses.
Raft foundations increase capacity, decrease settlement, and equalize differential settlement compared to individual footings. However,
This document discusses the analysis and design of deep beams according to the traditional ACI design method. It defines deep beams as structural elements where the clear span to depth ratio is less than 4 and are loaded on one face and supported on the opposite face. The document outlines procedures for determining flexural and shear reinforcement for deep beams, including calculating moment arms, tension reinforcement, shear strength, and required shear reinforcement. It provides an example problem to demonstrate the design of a simply supported deep beam.
Calulation of deflection and crack width according to is 456 2000Vikas Mehta
This document discusses the calculation of crack width in reinforced concrete flexural members. It provides information on:
1) Crack width is calculated to satisfy serviceability limits and is only relevant for Type 3 pre-stressed concrete members that crack under service loads.
2) Crack width depends on factors like amount of pre-stress, tensile stress in bars, concrete cover thickness, bar diameter and spacing, member depth and location of neutral axis, bond strength, and concrete tensile strength.
3) The method of calculation involves determining the shortest distance from the surface to a bar and using equations involving member depth, neutral axis depth, average strain at the surface level. Permissible crack widths are specified depending on exposure
This document provides details on the structural design of buried pipelines under various loading conditions according to British standards. It outlines assumptions made, references used, and notes on the design process. The design involves selecting an appropriate pipe strength and bedding combination that can withstand permanent and transient loads over the pipe's 120-year design life. Various parameters are calculated, such as soil and water loads, and checked against the pipe's minimum crushing strength to ensure it satisfies the required safety factor.
Cable Layout, Continuous Beam & Load Balancing MethodMd Tanvir Alam
This document provides information on cable layout and load balancing methods for prestressed concrete beams. It discusses layouts for simple, continuous, and cantilever beams. For simple beams, it describes layouts for pretensioned and post-tensioned beams, including straight, curved, and bent cable configurations. It also compares the load carrying capacities of simple and continuous beams. The document concludes by explaining the load balancing method for design, using examples of how to balance loads in simple, cantilever, and continuous beam configurations.
- Deep beams are defined as beams with a shear span to depth ratio of less than 2. They behave differently than ordinary beams due to two-dimensional loading and non-linear stress distributions.
- Deep beams transfer significant load through compression forces between the load and supports. Shear deformations are more prominent.
- Design of deep beams requires considering two-dimensional effects, non-linear stress distributions, and large shear deformations. Procedures include checking minimum thickness, designing for flexure and shear, and detailing reinforcement.
ANALYSIS OF FRAMES USING SLOPE DEFLECTION METHODSagar Kaptan
slope deflection equations are applied to solve the statically indeterminate frames without side sway. In frames axial deformations are much smaller than the bending deformations and are neglected in the analysis.
This document discusses methods for determining soil bearing capacity from standard penetration test (SPT) numbers. It provides Meyerhof and Bowles equations that relate allowable soil bearing capacity (Qa) to SPT numbers (N) and footing parameters. It also gives examples of using the equations to calculate Qa for different soil and footing conditions.
Effect of tendon profile on deflections – Factors
influencing deflections – Calculation of deflections – Short term and long term deflections - Losses
of prestress
Prestressed concrete uses tensioned steel to put concrete in compression and improve its performance. Circular structures like pipes, tanks and poles are well-suited for circular prestressing using hoop tension to counteract internal fluid pressure. Pipes can be made through monolithic, two-stage or precast construction. Design considerations include stresses from handling, support conditions, working pressure and cracking. Tanks come in different shapes and are analyzed as shells. Poles are designed for various loads as vertical cantilevers with tapering cross-sections.
A bridge is the key element in a transportation system; it controls both the volume and weight of the traffic. Balance must be achieved between handling future traffic volume and loads and the cost of heavier and wider bridge structure. Economic Analysis and comparisons against competing alternatives is required as Bridges are the most expensive part of a road transportation network. Monetized & Non-Monetized Benefits that will accrue like time savings to road users, benefits to business activities (and to the economy in general) and salvage value benefits like Right-of-Way and substructure use need to be assessed as well.
The document provides details to design the reinforcement for a basement retaining wall. It includes calculating the required wall thickness, loads on the wall, bending moments, shear forces, and reinforcement requirements. The summary is as follows:
1. The thickness of the basement retaining wall is determined to be 200mm based on the given height and material properties.
2. The loads on the wall, including soil pressure, water pressure, and surcharge loads are calculated.
3. The bending moment and shear force diagrams are drawn, with the maximum bending moment found to be 33.12 kNm and maximum shear force 65.76kN.
4. The required vertical and horizontal reinforcement is calculated for different sections based on
The document discusses the balanced cantilever method of bridge construction. It begins by explaining that this method is used for bridges with spans between 50-250m, and involves attaching precast or cast-in-place segments in an alternating manner from each end of cantilevers supported by piers. This method is well-suited for irregular spans, congested sites, and environmentally sensitive areas. It also discusses advantages like determinacy and reduced cracking risks. The document then goes into detail about construction sequences, member proportioning, superstructure types, and analysis of a specific balanced cantilever bridge in Kochi, India.
The balanced cantilever method is used to construct bridges with spans between 50-250m. It involves erecting segments on each side of the pier in a balanced sequence to minimize load imbalance and bending in the piers. This method is advantageous for long spans, marine environments, and where access under the deck is difficult. The cantilever lengths are typically 0.20-0.30 of the main span. Segment construction proceeds until the midspan point is reached, where the balanced pair is closed. The key advantages are single-sided support during construction and uniform construction. However, it is also very expensive and complicated to construct.
This document provides an overview of analysis and design methods for concrete slabs, including:
1. Elastic analysis methods like grillage analysis and finite element analysis can be used to determine moments and shear forces in slabs.
2. Yield line theory is an alternative plastic/ultimate limit state approach for determining the ultimate load capacity of ductile concrete slabs. It involves assuming yield line patterns that divide the slab into rigid regions and equating external and internal work.
3. Examples are provided to illustrate yield line analysis for one-way spanning slabs and rectangular two-way slabs. Conventions, assumptions, and calculation procedures are explained.
A raft foundation is a large concrete slab that interfaces columns with the base soil. It can support storage tanks, equipment, or tower structures. There are different types including flat plate, plate with thickened columns, and waffle slab. The structural design uses conventional rigid or flexible methods. It involves determining soil pressures, load eccentricities, moment and shear diagrams for strips, punching shear sections, steel reinforcement, and checking stresses. A beam-slab raft foundation design follows the same process as an inverted beam-slab roof.
A concise presentation on bridge construction. Related to civil engineering courses. can be helpful for undergraduate students.
Its a Part of my class presentation.
CE 72.52 - Lecture 8a - Retrofitting of RC MembersFawad Najam
The document outlines a presentation on retrofitting concrete structures. It discusses two approaches to retrofitting: global (system) strengthening which adds new elements to enhance stiffness, and local (element) strengthening which targets insufficient member capacities. Examples of global retrofitting mentioned include adding reinforced concrete shear walls and buckling restrained braces. Local retrofitting examples discussed are reinforcement concrete jacketing of columns and beams.
The document describes scenic locations and landmarks on and around Bailey Island, Maine. It mentions the cribstone bridge connecting Orrs and Bailey Islands, seaside homes, a monument honoring Maine fishermen, Land's End at the tip of Bailey Island, a view of Jaquish Gut in Casco Bay showing an unknown monument in the distance, and Halfway Rock Light built in 1871 to mark a submerged obstruction.
The colonies developed a free-market economic system with little control from England initially. Children apprenticed to learn trades after basic schooling, working for room and board until age 21. Those who couldn't afford passage to America would become indentured servants, working for families for several years to pay off their voyage. As tobacco and other plantation crops grew, the need for labor led to the rise of slavery, with over 28,000 slaves in Virginia by 1700.
This document provides an overview of Slovenia, highlighting some key facts and recommendations for visiting. It notes that Slovenia won the Euro cup in 2007 and qualified for the World Cup in 2009. It also mentions some unusual Slovenian individuals like mountain climber Tomaž Humar. The document recommends visiting villages, taking day trips from Ljubljana, and spending holidays on small farms. It advises against relying on public transport and discussing the second world war. Reasons to visit include the mountains, castles, and understanding Slovenia's role in a united Europe.
Cell phone use in the United States has grown dramatically from 27% of the population in 1999 to 89% in 2009, with $37 billion now spent annually. Early cell phones were over a foot long and costly, but technology has enabled newer phones to have features like cameras, internet access, apps, and touchscreens. Looking ahead, analysts predict cell phones may soon have improved cameras, longer battery life, high-speed data, and pico projectors. The development of new cell phone technologies has significantly changed communication and connectivity.
Jeffrey Dahmer was born in 1960 in Wisconsin and murdered 17 victims between 1978 to 1991. He would lure men back to his apartment and murder them by drilling holes in their skulls or strangling them. In 1991, one of his victims managed to escape and alerted police, who discovered body parts, severed heads, and photographs in Dahmer's apartment. At trial, Dahmer pleaded not guilty by reason of insanity but was found sane and guilty, receiving 15 life sentences totaling 957 years in prison.
This document provides recommendations for marketing an app, including focusing on the product or service, being analytical of data, integrating marketing by building engagement and ownership over time, and using app details like name, images, description and screenshots to represent the product on its page. It cautions against quick fixes or relying only on followers for marketing success and recommends deeper engagement strategies instead.
The document discusses application virtualization and management virtualization (VMM). It describes key capabilities of VMM including application sequencing, deployment, and servicing as well as image-based OS servicing. It provides examples of applications that can be virtualized and deployed using VMM. It also discusses the architecture of VMM including the client-server model, APIs, and components involved in application streaming.
This document discusses Double-Take Software, which provides solutions for availability, backup, and migration of physical and virtual machines. It focuses on high availability, disaster recovery, server migration, and systems management. Key capabilities include replicating data in real-time between sources and targets regardless of hardware or application, with low bandwidth consumption. Replication is done at the byte-level while preserving write-order consistency.
The document discusses the history and evolution of chocolate production. It details how cocoa beans are harvested and fermented before being dried, roasted, and ground into chocolate liquor. The liquor is then further processed through conching and tempering to produce smooth chocolate for consumption.
The document discusses the consumerization of IT, based on research from a survey of 1,600 IT professionals. It finds that about 85% see some use of personal equipment for work, with senior managers and executives often setting the precedent. While about half of organizations discourage or ban personal tech, it does not prevent all unwanted behavior. The research also examines which types of workers are most keen on using their own gear, and what devices and services are officially and unofficially used the most. Finally, it notes that businesses tend to lag behind consumers in adopting new technologies.
The document discusses the role of a Scrum Master. It provides descriptions of a Scrum Master from various sources, including that they are responsible for ensuring Scrum is understood and enacted, that they ensure the Scrum Team adheres to Scrum practices and rules, and that they are a servant leader focused on helping the team and removing impediments. The document also provides tips for being a successful Scrum Master such as focusing on continuous improvement, coaching the team, and emphasizing retrospectives.
SharePoint Saturday UK - Measuring the Intangible, SharePoint ROI21apps
SharePoint Saturday UK - Measuring the Intangible, SharePoint ROI.
Ant Clay talks about how you can measure the seemingly intangible value of the social features of Microsoft SharePoint 2010.
bailey bridges: circular economy in WorldWar2 by BLIEBERG architects of a cir...Kris Blykers
circular economy in world war II: about modularity, versatility, simplicity, standardization, interchangeability and many other design characteristics of a circular construction design.
bailey bridges: circular economy in WorldWarII by BLIEBERG architects of a c...Kris Blykers
circular economy in WorldWar II : about modularity, versatility, simplicity, interchangeability, standardization and above all: a clever design to make constructions in a circular way.
Different forms of steel intensive structures, shape optimisation,stability,p...SanjibKumarMandal1
THE FRAME GEOMETRY MATCHES THE SHAPE OF THE BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM FOR OPTIMAL DESIGN, THUS MINIMIZING MATERIAL WASTE AND REDUCING THE TOTAL WEIGHT OF FRAMES
This document provides an overview of the Construction Engineering course taught by Prof. Dr. Kanya Lal Khatri. It outlines 28 topics that will be covered in the course, including building requirements, types of structures and foundations, masonry, doors and windows, and maintenance of buildings. It also discusses the importance of construction in society by providing shelter, opportunities, and infrastructure like highways, bridges, and dams. Finally, it highlights some key engineering projects from a construction point of view, such as buildings, airports, tunnels, bridges, and dams.
Bridges allow people and goods to cross bodies of water, open spaces, or roads to avoid traffic. There are several main types of bridges including arch bridges, truss bridges, and beam bridges. Arch bridges have a curved design and can be made of materials like wood, stone, concrete, or steel. Truss bridges form triangles using connecting elements. Beam bridges have a simple horizontal beam resting on vertical piers.
This document provides an overview of structural engineering theory including:
- A brief history of structural engineering from ancient Greek and Egyptian temples to modern skyscrapers.
- The main forms of structures including cables, arches, trusses, beams, and surfaces like membranes, plates and shells.
- Common building materials used in structural engineering like aggregates, steel, concrete, wood and composites.
- The different types of loads structures must support including static loads (dead and live), as well as dynamic loads from wind, earthquakes, and other sources.
This document provides an overview of the design of steel structures. It begins with an introduction discussing common steel structures like industrial buildings, warehouses, stadiums and bridges. It explains that pre-engineered steel buildings are popular due to quick construction. The document then discusses the role of civil engineers in designing steel structures to ensure safety, economy and durability. It provides details on the Indian code for steel design, IS 800:2007, and the limit state design approach. The document further discusses types of steel sections, structural members, design loads, design philosophies like working stress method and limit state method. It concludes with explaining partial safety factors for loads and material resistance in limit state design.
The document discusses different types of cable structures including:
1) Cable-stayed bridges and roof structures that use cables to support beams or roofs from masts or towers.
2) Tensile membrane structures that use pneumatic or prestressed membranes in anticlastic shapes like saddle roofs or synclastic dome shapes.
3) Tensegrity structures that are hybrid cable and compression member systems forming domes or frames.
4) Various examples are provided of notable cable structures like cable-stayed bridges and roof structures from around the world.
This document outlines the design and construction of a 1:5 scale timber bus shelter. It includes sections on the design concept, proposed designs, technical drawings, design considerations regarding weather resistance and access, selected materials, construction details showing joints, the construction process, force analysis of loads, and conclusions. The final design is a timber framed structure with a gable roof to shelter 5-6 people from rain and sun.
Comparative Study of Pre-Engineered and Conventional Steel Frames for Differe...irjes
In this paper, the conventional steel frames having triangular Pratt truss as a roofing system of 60 m
length, span 30m and varying bay spacing 4m, 5m and 6m respectively having eaves level for all the portals is at
10m and the EOT crane is supported at the height of 8m from ground level and pre-engineered steel frames of
same dimensions are analyzed and designed for wind zones (wind zone 2, wind zone 3, wind zone 4 and wind
zone 5) by using STAAD Pro V8i. The study deals with the comparative study of both conventional and preengineered
with respect to the amount of structural steel required, reduction in dead load of the structure.
Space frame , space structure and geodesic domesNarendra Shah
our presentation will provide information about space frame , space structures and geodesic domes, these technology used to cover large/long span shed, beautification of buildings.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on stress ribbon bridges. It defines a stress ribbon bridge as a tension structure similar to a simple suspension bridge, where the suspension cables are embedded in the deck which follows a catenary arc between supports. This provides stiffness to prevent excessive swaying. Such bridges use pre-tensioned concrete reinforced by steel cables. The document outlines the history and theory behind stress ribbon bridges, describes their construction process, and provides examples of existing stress ribbon bridges along with their advantages and disadvantages.
This document discusses different types of steel structures, including welded, bolted, composite, hot-rolled, and cold-formed steel structures. It provides examples of each type, noting that welded connections were prone to brittle fracture during earthquakes in the 1990s, while bolted connections are easier to install. Composite steel-concrete columns and concrete-filled steel tubes offer advantages like enhanced ductility and strength. Hot-rolled steel is formed at high temperatures, while cold-formed steel uses low-temperature processes like rolling and pressing of thin sheets. Cold-formed steel is commonly used residential and commercial construction.
Tensile structures provide large column-free interior spaces through the use of tensioned fabric membranes maintained under tension by cable or truss networks. They offer several advantages over conventional structures like flexibility in design, natural daylighting, low costs, and minimal maintenance. However, the lightweight nature of fabric requires careful consideration of structural form finding, static and dynamic load analysis, and material patterning during the design process to develop stable, efficient tensile structures.
This document provides an introduction to structural analysis. It discusses key concepts including structural idealizations, load classifications, and analytical models. Structural idealizations involve representing actual structural connections and supports as fixed or pinned joints in analytical models. Loads are classified as dead, live, or environmental loads. Dead loads comprise the structural self-weight. Live loads are movable loads. Environmental loads include wind, snow, and earthquakes. Structural analysis predicts member forces and deflections based on analytical models and applied loads.
This document provides an introduction to structural analysis. It discusses key concepts including structural idealizations, load classifications, and analytical models. Structural idealizations involve representing actual structural connections and supports as pinned or fixed connections in analytical models. Loads are classified as dead loads from structural materials and live loads from occupancy. Structural systems can be modeled as plane or space structures and represented through line diagrams. The role of structural analysis in engineering design projects is to predict structural performance under prescribed loads through analyzing stresses, deflections, and reactions.
Undergraduate major project_-_design_ofVijay Singh
This document describes the design of a T-beam rail-over-bridge submitted by 9 students for their Bachelor of Technology degree in Civil Engineering. It includes an introduction to bridge types and T-beam bridges. It then outlines the contents which will cover the design of the deck slab, cantilever slab, longitudinal and cross girders, and bearings. Design calculations and reinforcement details will be provided for each component.
This document summarizes work carried out on the analysis of masonry arches using the four-hinge method. Theoretical, experimental, and finite element analysis were conducted on unreinforced and reinforced arch models. The theoretical analysis identified failure modes and collapse loads. Experimental testing validated the theoretical models. Finite element analysis provided further data on stresses and failure. Key findings included the four-hinge mechanism does not necessarily cause collapse in unreinforced arches and reinforcement improves stiffness but debonding is a risk. Suggestions for future work include considering fill material and different reinforcement techniques.
The effect of varying span on Design of Medium span Reinforced Concrete T-bea...theijes
Bridge is a structure providing passageway over an obstacle without closing the way beneath. T-beam Bridge is mainly used by designer for small and medium span bridge. Reinforced Concrete is mostly used for highway bridge construction because of its durability, rigidity, economy, ease of construction and ease with pleasing appearance. This paper describes the design of 4-lane Reinforced Concrete T-beam Bridge deck considering IRC Class-AA tracked loading with span varying from 25 to 40m. After computing manually and STAAD Pro analysis software, it is observed that dead load bending moment with increasing span increases almost square of span
This document provides an overview of STAAD Pro structural analysis software. It discusses the history and introduction of STAAD Pro, the types of structures that can be modeled including buildings, staircases, water tanks, shear walls, and steel structures. The document outlines the STAAD Pro work flow including creating geometry, assigning loads and properties, running analyses, designing structures, and creating reports. It also presents some example student projects modeled in STAAD Pro.
Role of engineers in infrastructure development for the prosperity of nepal ...Bhim Upadhyaya
This document discusses the role of engineers in infrastructure development for a prosperous Nepal. It notes that infrastructure development is the basis for economic growth. As Nepal is still developing, there is a need for large numbers of engineers across many fields like hydro, rail, irrigation, housing, energy, roads, and urban development. Technology will be a major driver of development. The document outlines some of Nepal's challenges like poverty, unemployment, and lack of infrastructure. It argues that integrated, simultaneous actions across education, healthcare, infrastructure, market connectivity, and quality of life are needed to uplift the nation.
India's vision and roadmap for development of sanskrit reportBhim Upadhyaya
This document provides a vision and roadmap for the development of Sanskrit over the next ten years. It begins with an introduction and overview of the current status of Sanskrit education. Key points include that Sanskrit is currently taught from 1st to 12th standard as an optional language in some states, but faces challenges like low salaries for teachers.
The vision calls for strengthening Sanskrit while complementing regional languages. It also aims to popularize Sanskrit literature and make Sanskrit studies more integrated with science, technology and modern subjects. Sanskrit should be promoted through optional rather than compulsory study. The document recommends qualitative changes to Sanskrit education at school, higher education and traditional levels over the next 3-4 and 6
Water resources of nepal- in the context of climate change 2011 by wecsBhim Upadhyaya
This document provides an overview of water resources in Nepal and how they are being impacted by climate change. It discusses Nepal's river systems and water availability. It also examines existing water usage, including irrigation, groundwater, hydropower, and water supply. The document analyzes trends showing decreasing precipitation and streamflow. Climate change is negatively impacting glaciers and snowpack and increasing risks of flooding and drought. This is affecting agriculture and livelihoods. The document concludes by recommending further research and adaptive measures to address climate change impacts on Nepal's water resources.
Energy demand projection 2030 a study done by nepal investment boardBhim Upadhyaya
The document provides projections for Nepal's energy demand in 2030 using the Model for Analysis of Electricity Demand (MAED). Key findings from the base case scenario include:
- Total energy demand is projected to increase to 16,540 GWyr by 2030, with electricity comprising 23% of the energy mix compared to 6% currently.
- Electricity demand is forecasted to reach 3,817 GWyr by 2030, equivalent to 33,433 GWh or a required installed capacity of 10,092 MW.
- The share of traditional fuels like biomass will decline from 77% currently to 55% by 2030, being displaced by increased use of electricity, solar, and modern biomass.
The document provides an overview of Nepal's current energy scenario. It describes Nepal's traditional energy resources like wood fuel, animal dung, and agricultural residues. It also discusses commercial energy sources including hydroelectric potential and coal reserves. Renewable resources such as solar, wind, biogas, and micro-hydro are also covered. The document analyzes Nepal's energy consumption trends, the challenges facing different sectors, and outlines existing energy policies. Key issues are identified for traditional, commercial and renewable energy relating to technical, policy, institutional, environmental, social and economic aspects.
The National Water Plan (NWP) of Nepal was approved in 2005 to guide development of water resources in the country over 2002-2027. It recognizes the objectives of Nepal's Water Resources Strategy of improving living standards in a sustainable manner. The NWP lays out short, medium, and long-term action plans for the water sector, including investments and human resource development. Key elements of the NWP include programs for water-induced disaster management, watershed management, water supply and sanitation, irrigation, hydropower, and other water uses. It also covers mechanisms such as water information systems, regional cooperation frameworks, legal frameworks, and institutional arrangements. The total estimated cost of implementing the NWP is NPR 558
Water Resources Strategy Nepal 2002 by WECsBhim Upadhyaya
This document presents Nepal's Water Resources Strategy, which was formulated through a multi-year process involving extensive stakeholder consultation and expert analysis. The strategy aims to guide sustainable development and management of Nepal's water resources by addressing issues such as water-induced disasters, watershed management, domestic water supply, irrigation, hydropower, and regional cooperation. Key elements of the strategy include improving disaster preparedness, adopting integrated water resources management approaches, increasing access to domestic water supply and sanitation, expanding irrigation infrastructure, harnessing hydropower potential, and strengthening legal/institutional frameworks and cross-border cooperation regarding shared water resources. The strategy is intended to help balance economic growth, environmental protection, and social development relating to Nepal's water
Nepal - energy sector synopsis report 2010- wecsBhim Upadhyaya
This document is an energy sector synopsis report for Nepal published by the Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS) in July 2010. It provides an overview of Nepal's energy resources, including biomass such as woodfuel, animal residues, and agricultural residues. It also discusses Nepal's hydroelectric potential and current status of hydropower generation. Key points include that biomass accounts for over 80% of total energy consumption, community forests play an important role in woodfuel supply, and Nepal has significant untapped hydropower potential but current generation does not meet the country's growing demand for electricity. The report aims to give stakeholders updated information on Nepal's energy supply, consumption, and issues to support energy planning and development
Nepal final report on energy sectors vision 2050 adBhim Upadhyaya
This document provides a long term vision for Nepal's energy sector to the year 2050. It begins with an introduction and outlines the rationale, approach, and structure. It then reviews the global, regional, and historical context for Nepal's energy development. It analyzes Nepal's current energy resources, consumption patterns, policy and institutional framework. It identifies major gaps and issues. It presents modeling results for different future scenarios based on low, medium, and high economic growth. It concludes by proposing a vision, mission, objectives, and strategies to guide Nepal's energy sector development through 2050 with a focus on increasing renewable energy and meeting rising energy demand through sustainable means.
Andhra pradesh(india) sunrise vision 2029 draft by chandrababu naiduBhim Upadhyaya
This document presents a draft vision framework for Andhra Pradesh called "Sunrise Andhra Pradesh Vision 2029". The vision aims to transform Andhra Pradesh into a happy, inclusive, globally competitive society through strategic reforms in six key areas: human development, inclusive growth, a globally competitive knowledge economy, sustainability, and governance. The framework outlines goals and targets for social, economic and human development over the next decade to achieve this vision, such as improving the state's human development index and adopting sustainable development goals.
Engineering council uk guidance on security for engineers & techniciansBhim Upadhyaya
The document provides guidance for engineers and technicians on security. It defines security and explains that security operates on multiple levels from national to individual. It discusses the role engineers and technicians play in security given their work with assets, operations, and products/services. The document outlines six key principles to guide engineers/technicians in identifying, assessing, managing, and communicating security issues: 1) adopt a security-minded approach, 2) apply responsible judgement and leadership, 3) comply with and improve security legislation/codes, 4) ensure good security communications, 5) understand and improve security governance systems, 6) contribute to public/professional security awareness.
ARENA - Young adults in the workplace (Knight Moves).pdfKnight Moves
Presentations of Bavo Raeymaekers (Project lead youth unemployment at the City of Antwerp), Suzan Martens (Service designer at Knight Moves) and Adriaan De Keersmaeker (Community manager at Talk to C)
during the 'Arena • Young adults in the workplace' conference hosted by Knight Moves.
International Upcycling Research Network advisory board meeting 4Kyungeun Sung
Slides used for the International Upcycling Research Network advisory board 4 (last one). The project is based at De Montfort University in Leicester, UK, and funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Council.
EASY TUTORIAL OF HOW TO USE CAPCUT BY: FEBLESS HERNANEFebless Hernane
CapCut is an easy-to-use video editing app perfect for beginners. To start, download and open CapCut on your phone. Tap "New Project" and select the videos or photos you want to edit. You can trim clips by dragging the edges, add text by tapping "Text," and include music by selecting "Audio." Enhance your video with filters and effects from the "Effects" menu. When you're happy with your video, tap the export button to save and share it. CapCut makes video editing simple and fun for everyone!
PDF SubmissionDigital Marketing Institute in NoidaPoojaSaini954651
https://www.safalta.com/online-digital-marketing/advance-digital-marketing-training-in-noidaTop Digital Marketing Institute in Noida: Boost Your Career Fast
[3:29 am, 30/05/2024] +91 83818 43552: Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida also provides advanced classes for individuals seeking to develop their expertise and skills in this field. These classes, led by industry experts with vast experience, focus on specific aspects of digital marketing such as advanced SEO strategies, sophisticated content creation techniques, and data-driven analytics.
Connect Conference 2022: Passive House - Economic and Environmental Solution...TE Studio
Passive House: The Economic and Environmental Solution for Sustainable Real Estate. Lecture by Tim Eian of TE Studio Passive House Design in November 2022 in Minneapolis.
- The Built Environment
- Let's imagine the perfect building
- The Passive House standard
- Why Passive House targets
- Clean Energy Plans?!
- How does Passive House compare and fit in?
- The business case for Passive House real estate
- Tools to quantify the value of Passive House
- What can I do?
- Resources
Revolutionizing the Digital Landscape: Web Development Companies in Indiaamrsoftec1
Discover unparalleled creativity and technical prowess with India's leading web development companies. From custom solutions to e-commerce platforms, harness the expertise of skilled developers at competitive prices. Transform your digital presence, enhance the user experience, and propel your business to new heights with innovative solutions tailored to your needs, all from the heart of India's tech industry.
Maximize Your Content with Beautiful Assets : Content & Asset for Landing Page pmgdscunsri
Figma is a cloud-based design tool widely used by designers for prototyping, UI/UX design, and real-time collaboration. With features such as precision pen tools, grid system, and reusable components, Figma makes it easy for teams to work together on design projects. Its flexibility and accessibility make Figma a top choice in the digital age.
Decormart Studio is widely recognized as one of the best interior designers in Bangalore, known for their exceptional design expertise and ability to create stunning, functional spaces. With a strong focus on client preferences and timely project delivery, Decormart Studio has built a solid reputation for their innovative and personalized approach to interior design.
Visual Style and Aesthetics: Basics of Visual Design
Visual Design for Enterprise Applications
Range of Visual Styles.
Mobile Interfaces:
Challenges and Opportunities of Mobile Design
Approach to Mobile Design
Patterns
Practical eLearning Makeovers for EveryoneBianca Woods
Welcome to Practical eLearning Makeovers for Everyone. In this presentation, we’ll take a look at a bunch of easy-to-use visual design tips and tricks. And we’ll do this by using them to spruce up some eLearning screens that are in dire need of a new look.
Storytelling For The Web: Integrate Storytelling in your Design ProcessChiara Aliotta
In this slides I explain how I have used storytelling techniques to elevate websites and brands and create memorable user experiences. You can discover practical tips as I showcase the elements of good storytelling and its applied to some examples of diverse brands/projects..
4. •Education- Leys School,
Cambridge, and Sheffield
University (Doctorate of
Engineering)
•Career- Sheffield City Engineer
Department, Experimental Bridging
Establishment (1928), First Director
of the Military Engineering
Experimental Establishment
•Knighted in 1946
, Kt, OBE, D Eng,
C Eng, MICE,
MI Struct E, JP
5. Design employed prefabricated panels and parts
Can be carried by trucks and assembled using
manpower alone
Erection using simple tools (ropes, pulleys, jacks
and hammers)
Can be moved, rebuilt, or replaced in several
hours, even under enemy fire
14. How a bridge won WWII
Without the Bailey Bridge, we should not have won the
war. It was the best thing in that line that we ever had.”
Field Marshal Lord Bernard L. Montgomery
“…one of the three pieces of equipment that most
contributed to our victory in Festung Europa.”
General Dwight Eisenhower
19. Bailey suspension spans were widely used in Asia during and after the
Second World War because of their wide availability and low cost
20. Bailey Bridge panels being used as roof trusses for a factory building
in South Africa during the 1950s
21. What of the name Bailey now?
Donald Bailey lived his life in relative obscurity.
During the 1960s Thomas Storey Engineers Ltd
of London marketed Bailey Bridges under the name
Bailey-Uniflote all over the world
Today, another English firm, Mabey Johnson, fabricates
the same style component steel segmented truss bridges
using higher strength, lower weight structural steel