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Bahan ajar human factor
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang tantangan rekayasa keselamatan lalu lintas di Indonesia dan dunia. Dokumen ini menjelaskan bahwa faktor manusia sangat berpengaruh terhadap kecelakaan lalu lintas, seperti kesalahan, ketidakfokusan, dan kelalaian. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan pemahaman akan faktor manusia untuk mencegah kecelakaan. Dokumen ini juga menjelaskan berbagai disiplin ilmu
Bahan ajar human factor
- 1. Road Safety EngineeringChallenges Indonesia & Beyond August 2011 Education Encouragement Research HUMAN FACTOR Make road transportation save for everyone
- 2. DIFINISI KESELAMATAN LLAJ Suatukeadaan terhindarnya setiap orang dari resiko kecelakaan selama berlalu lalu lintas yang disebabkan oleh manusia, kendaraan, jalan, dan/atau lingkungan
- 3. Kecelakaan adalah suatuperistiwa yang tidak diduga dan tidak disengaja melibat kan kendaraan dengan atau tanpa peng guna jalan lain yang mengakibatkan kor ban manusia dan / atau kerugian harta benda Accident is defined as “that occurrence in a sequence of events which ussualy produced intended injury, death or property damaged”
- 4. Kita harus bekerjaberangkat dari pemikiran bahwa 99% kecelakaan yg terjadi adalah karena faktor sistem, dan hanya 1 % yang merupakan takdir Kecelakaan adalah sesuatu yang seharus nya bisa dicegah atau dihilangkan
- 10. Apakah kecelakaandapat dicegah? Aksioma Heindrich - Setiap kecelakaan pasti ada sebabnya - Bila penyebab kecelakaan dapat dihilangkan, maka kecelakaan dapat dihindarkan Setiap kecelakaan pada dasarnya dapat dicegah!!!!!!!!
- 11. HUMAN FACTORHUMAN FACTOR UNSAFEACTUNSAFE ACT UNINTENDEDUNINTENDED ACTIONACTION ROUTTINEROUTTINE ECEPTIONECEPTION SABOTAGESABOTAGE RULE BASERULE BASE KNOWLEDGEKNOWLEDGE BASESBASES MEMORYMEMORY FAILUREFAILURE ATTENTIONATTENTION FAILUREFAILURE VIOLATIONVIOLATION SS MISTAKEMISTAKE SS LAPSESLAPSESSLIPSSLIPS INTENDEDINTENDED ACTIONACTION Reason (1990), Salmon et al, 2005)Reason (1990), Salmon et al, 2005)
- 12. SLIPS : eksekusisalah atau tindakan yang salah karena ketidaksengajaan ( maksudnya benar tetapi eksekusi salah) Contoh : seorang pengemudi yang hendak menginjak rem untuk memperlambat/menghentikan kendaraan tetapi malah menginjak gas, dalam hal ini maksudnya benar tetapi salah dalam eksekusi. Lapses : Kesalahan ingatan yang menyebabkan kesalahan untuk melakukan tindakan yang sudah direncanakan, atau melakukan aksi dengan tahapan yang salah. Contoh : menyalakan lampu yang seharusnya memberi sign) UNINTENDED ACTIONUNINTENDED ACTION
- 13. Mistakes :terjadi ketika terjadi kesalahan pengaplikasian aturan, atau peraturan yang salah dilakukan untuk mencapai tujuan tertentu Contoh : salah mengira kecepatan pengendara lain sehingga memutuskan untuk masuk ke dalam persimpangan. Violations : terjadi ketika adanya kesegajaan untuk mengabaikan peraturan tertentu dan ketentuan yang berlaku yang mengakibatkan adanya konflik dengan pengguna jalan lain atau lingkungan. INTENDED ACTIONINTENDED ACTION
- 14. What is HumanFactors? This section shall: • Define human factors as it relates to maintenance • Show specific examples of maintenance human factors • Show why the topic is important to you
- 15. Why is humanfactor important..? - Make Mistakes ( cenderung berbuat salah ) - Could be Distracted ( seringkali bingung ) - Forget what has been learned ( lupa yg sdh dipelajari ) - Get tired ( cape ) - Use naturally subjective preferences - Have phsychological limitation - Etc
- 16. Untuk apa belajarhuman factor..? Designing workplaces, tools, procedures, and policies so people can use them easily and safely Primary concern is for people in the organization Combines elements from many disciplines Critical to the overall road safety and personal safety
- 17. Ensure continuing safetyand efficiency by paying attention to issues that affect human performance. Human Factors Goal
- 18. Too much information HumanError.... Too little information Stress Low Competency Fatigue Information Not Detected Information is not perceived Information is not interpreted
- 19. The Elements ofHuman Factors
- 20. Personality types Relating to other people Dealing with stress Coping mechanisms Self image Accepting criticism Clinical Psychology
- 21. Study ofhuman body part sizes Can the user reach controls? Ability to access otomotive parts and systems Designing for extremes, i.e., smallest female and largest male No such thing as the “average” person Anthropometrics
- 22. • Reinforcing desiredbehavior • Observations in the workplace • Statistical analysis • Effects of stress on behavior • Controlled studies of the effects of work policies and procedures Experimental Psychology
- 23. Human-machine-interaction User interfacedesign Requirements analysis for software-based tools and test equipment Accommodation for range of computer literacy Human Machine Interaction
- 24. The “mental”parts of perception Problem solving ability Things that affect troubleshooting performance Effects of stress on mental processing Cognitive Science
- 25. Industrial safety Slips, trips, and falls Materials handling, e.g., lifting Toxic materials storage and use Facility design and safety Warnings Safety Engineering
- 26. Skeletal andmuscular structure Biomechanics Physical structure of perceptual elements, e.g., eyes Work physiology, e.g., heat generation and dissipation Fatigue effects Medical Science
- 27. Organizational structure Rewards and compensation Motivation Work teams and groups Union/management relations Equitable treatment Organizational Psychology
- 28. Principles oflearning Ways to help people to remember Design of instruction Educational Psychology
- 29. Organized approachto the study of work Setting reasonable work standards Making work tasks efficient Statistical analysis of work performance Efficient facility layout Industrial Engineering
- 30. TUGAS Buat makalah denganmencari sumber / referensi dari internet atau buku-buku. Siapkan bahan presentasi untuk menjelaskan isi dari makalah tersebut Dibagi kelompok dimana 1 kelompok terdiri atas 5 orang Pencarian data bisa on the desk survey ataupun on the field survey Waktu : 1 bulan
- 31. TOPIK 1. Sifat /Karakteristik Dasar Manusia 2. Anthropometrics 3. Eksperimental Psikhologi ( anak TK ) 4. Human Machine Interaction ( mobil terbaru ) 5. Cognitive Science 6. Safety Engineering ( K3 untuk transportasi ) 7. Skeletal and muscular structure 8. Biomechanical 9. Phisycal Structure ( mata ) 10. Organizational Psichology 11. Educational Psichology 12. Industrial Engineering ( contoh di udara )
Editor's Notes
- #20 Just select one or two and run the animation or talk about yourself. Human factors is comprised of many disciplines, which is the reason human factors has no single definition. We can review 10 of the human factors disciplines with the chart.
- #21 Clinical psychology deals with your psychological composure. It can address topics like emotions, motivation, fears, and such things.
- #22 Anthropometrics is the study of factors such as size, strength, reach and other dimensions that can be quantified to match the machine to the human. An original Coca-Cola bottle, for example, was designed to fit the average human hand, thus making it easy to hold the bottle and drink a lot of the product.
- #24 Computer scientists study the graphical user interface to be sure that humans can easily operate software. Therefore, computer science remains an excellent example of human factors.
- #25 Cognitive science studies how humans think, how they solve problems and the ways in which they process information. This knowledge can be critical to design of equipment, software, and documentation.
- #26 Safety engineering applies to worker safety, with respect to topics like safety equipment, labeling, rules, and such things.
- #27 Medical science applies to topics such as vision, hearing, balance, and overall health issues.
- #28 Organizational psychology looks at how people work within various size groups. Organizational psychologists have made excellent contributions to the field of Crew Resource Management, which is mandatory training for flight crews, and important to maintenance crews.
- #29 Educational psychologists study how people learn. Excellent training programs are often the result of using applied educational psychology.
- #30 Industrial engineering is the study of humans at work, using a systematic approach to understand how people work, and then to design the job and the equipment accordingly. You may be able to suggest additional human factors disciplines.