This study examined bacterial isolates associated with leukocytospermia in asthenospermic patients in Hilla City, Iraq. Semen samples were collected from 100 infertile men and divided into two groups based on the presence of leukocytes. Bacterial cultures were positive in 87.1% of samples with leukocytospermia compared to 0% without. Gram-positive bacteria like coagulase-negative staphylococci and Staphylococcus aureus were the most common isolates. Virulence factors including hemolysins, colonization factors, lipases and proteases were detected in many of the isolates. The isolates showed resistance to many antibiotics but were susceptible to imipenem, meropenem and
Comparison of ashdowns_medium_burkholderia_cepaciMuhamad Adityo
This study compared three media for their ability to isolate Burkholderia pseudomallei from clinical specimens: Ashdown's medium, Burkholderia cepacia medium, and Burkholderia pseudomallei selective agar (BPSA). The sensitivities of the three media were equivalent, with B. pseudomallei growing on all media for 155 positive clinical specimens. Quantitative cultures showed higher bacterial counts on Burkholderia cepacia medium. BPSA had lower selectivity than Ashdown's medium and Burkholderia cepacia medium, with more growth of other organisms. Ashdown's medium remains the standard, but Burkholderia cepacia medium is a suitable alternative, being widely available and supporting growth of
Comparative analysis between monophasic and biphasic methods of blood cultureAlexander Decker
This study compared the efficacy of biphasic blood culture bottles (BiPB) to conventional monophasic blood culture bottles (MPB) for isolating bacteria from blood cultures. 120 blood cultures were analyzed using each bottle type. The BiPB allowed for more rapid recovery of certain bacteria like E. coli, Staphylococcus, Klebsiella, Salmonella, and Proteus. The MPB isolated Pseudomonas and Enterococcus more readily. Overall, bacteria were recovered at a slightly higher but not statistically significant rate from the BiPB. Both bottle types are useful, but an anaerobic bottle should also be used for optimal recovery of all bacteria.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
ABSTRACT- This study was an attempt to estimate the prevalence of Antimicrobial resistance in patients attending the OPD and IPD of IIMS&R, hospital, Lucknow. Total 453 urine samples were included in this study. Urinary isolates from symptomatic UTI cases were identified by conventional methods. Of the 453 processed samples 166 samples showed significant colony count of pathogens among which the most prevalent were E. coli (49.39%) followed by Klebsiella species (7.83%). The majority of the isolates were from female (68.67%) while the remaining was from male (31.32%). Dysuria was the most common clinical presentation followed by fever and abdominal pain. Diabetes and urogenital instrumentation were the major risk factors for UTI. Among the 166 urine samples which showed significant colony count, 152 (91.56%) of specimen showed pus cells in wet film examination. Among the gram-negative enteric bacilli high prevalence of resistance was observed against Ampicillin, Cefotaxime, Ciprofloxacin, Nalidixic acid and co-trimoxazole. 44% of isolates were detected to produce ESBL among the gram negative bacteria. Carbapenemase production was seen in 13 (11.71%) isolates. Among the 32 Enterococcus isolates 14 (43.75%) were resistant to High level Gentamicin, 2 (6.25%) were resistant to High level Streptomycin while 12 (37.50%) of isolates were resistant to both of the antimicrobial drugs. Among the 16 Staphylococcus species, 8 (50%) were MRSA.
KEYWORDS- MRSA, Antimicrobial resistance, UTI, ESBL, Gram-negative bacteria
This study evaluated various diagnostic methods for leptospirosis in 100 febrile patients, including dark field microscopy (DFM), culture, immunochromatography (IgM Leptocheck), IgM enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (IgM ELISA), macroscopic slide agglutination test (MSAT) and microscopic agglutination test (MAT). None of the clinical samples showed positivity by DFM. Leptospira inadai was isolated from one urine culture. IgM ELISA detected seropositivity in 46% of patients, MSAT in 47%, and IgM Leptocheck in 16%. However, only 4 samples were confirmed positive by MAT. Serological testing of
A Toxocara cati eggs concentration method from cats’ faecesMabel Ribicich
This research brief describes a novel method developed for concentrating and recovering Toxocara cati eggs from cat feces samples. The concentration method was compared to the standard McMaster egg counting technique using feces samples from 20 naturally infected cats. On average, the concentration method recovered 24.37% more eggs than the McMaster technique. The concentrated eggs were able to fully embryonate within 3 weeks, providing a high quality inoculum for experimental and diagnostic purposes using a small final volume.
Identification of ticks and detection of blood protozoa in friesian cattle by...Noor Zada
This study aimed to detect Theileria annulata and Babesia bovis in Friesian cattle in District Kasur, Pakistan using PCR and blood smear examination. The study found a 21% infection rate using blood smears, with 66.6% positive for T. annulata and 42.8% positive for B. bovis. PCR detected a higher overall infection rate of 60%, with 60% positive for T. annulata and 33.3% for B. bovis. A tick survey found the highest prevalence of Hyalomma ticks, which are known vectors for both pathogens. Blood parameters analysis found signs of macrocytic hypochromic anemia in infected cattle.
Antibiogram of Bacterial Isolates at Hail General Hospital, KSA June 1 – Dece...iosrjce
This research study focused on the antibiogram of bacterial isolates at Hail General Hospital,
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. It sought to answer the following questions: (1) What is the percentage distribution of
the isolates on the specimens when classified according to the following bacteria? Enterobacter aerogenes,
Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
Raoultella (K.) ornithinolytica. (2) What is the antibiogram result of the bacterial isolates? Descriptive research
using content analysis was employed wherein the Automated Sensitivity Testing Machine data obtained from the
Microbiology section of Hail General Hospital. The statistical tools were frequency and percentage. The results
revealed that based on the percentage distribution of the specimens, the highest number of isolates for
Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus spp. was from throat swab,
urine for Escherichia coli and Psedomonas aeruginosa, ward swab and high vaginal swab for Raoultella (K.)
ornithinolytica. On antibiogram result, the most sensitive antibiotics for Enterobacter aerogenes was
Meropenem; Cirpofloxacin and Levofloxacin for Enterobacter cloacae; Imipenem for Escherichia coli;
Amikacin for Klebsiella pneumoniae; Ertapenem, Imipenem and Pip/Tazo for Proteus spp.; Pip/Tazo for
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Imipenem for Raoultella (K.) ornithinolytica. The most resistant antibiotics for
Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonaie and Raoultella (K.) ornithinolytica was
Ampicillin; Amox/K Clav, Cefazolin and Cefoxitin for Enterobacter cloacae; Cefotaxime for Pseudomonas
aeruginosa and for Proteus spp. was Cefazolin. The researchers recommend for the conduct of an annual
antibiogram study by institution, disseminate the information through seminars/fora especially to clinicians,
conduct another study to include other hospitals and other types of bacteria.
Comparison of ashdowns_medium_burkholderia_cepaciMuhamad Adityo
This study compared three media for their ability to isolate Burkholderia pseudomallei from clinical specimens: Ashdown's medium, Burkholderia cepacia medium, and Burkholderia pseudomallei selective agar (BPSA). The sensitivities of the three media were equivalent, with B. pseudomallei growing on all media for 155 positive clinical specimens. Quantitative cultures showed higher bacterial counts on Burkholderia cepacia medium. BPSA had lower selectivity than Ashdown's medium and Burkholderia cepacia medium, with more growth of other organisms. Ashdown's medium remains the standard, but Burkholderia cepacia medium is a suitable alternative, being widely available and supporting growth of
Comparative analysis between monophasic and biphasic methods of blood cultureAlexander Decker
This study compared the efficacy of biphasic blood culture bottles (BiPB) to conventional monophasic blood culture bottles (MPB) for isolating bacteria from blood cultures. 120 blood cultures were analyzed using each bottle type. The BiPB allowed for more rapid recovery of certain bacteria like E. coli, Staphylococcus, Klebsiella, Salmonella, and Proteus. The MPB isolated Pseudomonas and Enterococcus more readily. Overall, bacteria were recovered at a slightly higher but not statistically significant rate from the BiPB. Both bottle types are useful, but an anaerobic bottle should also be used for optimal recovery of all bacteria.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
ABSTRACT- This study was an attempt to estimate the prevalence of Antimicrobial resistance in patients attending the OPD and IPD of IIMS&R, hospital, Lucknow. Total 453 urine samples were included in this study. Urinary isolates from symptomatic UTI cases were identified by conventional methods. Of the 453 processed samples 166 samples showed significant colony count of pathogens among which the most prevalent were E. coli (49.39%) followed by Klebsiella species (7.83%). The majority of the isolates were from female (68.67%) while the remaining was from male (31.32%). Dysuria was the most common clinical presentation followed by fever and abdominal pain. Diabetes and urogenital instrumentation were the major risk factors for UTI. Among the 166 urine samples which showed significant colony count, 152 (91.56%) of specimen showed pus cells in wet film examination. Among the gram-negative enteric bacilli high prevalence of resistance was observed against Ampicillin, Cefotaxime, Ciprofloxacin, Nalidixic acid and co-trimoxazole. 44% of isolates were detected to produce ESBL among the gram negative bacteria. Carbapenemase production was seen in 13 (11.71%) isolates. Among the 32 Enterococcus isolates 14 (43.75%) were resistant to High level Gentamicin, 2 (6.25%) were resistant to High level Streptomycin while 12 (37.50%) of isolates were resistant to both of the antimicrobial drugs. Among the 16 Staphylococcus species, 8 (50%) were MRSA.
KEYWORDS- MRSA, Antimicrobial resistance, UTI, ESBL, Gram-negative bacteria
This study evaluated various diagnostic methods for leptospirosis in 100 febrile patients, including dark field microscopy (DFM), culture, immunochromatography (IgM Leptocheck), IgM enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (IgM ELISA), macroscopic slide agglutination test (MSAT) and microscopic agglutination test (MAT). None of the clinical samples showed positivity by DFM. Leptospira inadai was isolated from one urine culture. IgM ELISA detected seropositivity in 46% of patients, MSAT in 47%, and IgM Leptocheck in 16%. However, only 4 samples were confirmed positive by MAT. Serological testing of
A Toxocara cati eggs concentration method from cats’ faecesMabel Ribicich
This research brief describes a novel method developed for concentrating and recovering Toxocara cati eggs from cat feces samples. The concentration method was compared to the standard McMaster egg counting technique using feces samples from 20 naturally infected cats. On average, the concentration method recovered 24.37% more eggs than the McMaster technique. The concentrated eggs were able to fully embryonate within 3 weeks, providing a high quality inoculum for experimental and diagnostic purposes using a small final volume.
Identification of ticks and detection of blood protozoa in friesian cattle by...Noor Zada
This study aimed to detect Theileria annulata and Babesia bovis in Friesian cattle in District Kasur, Pakistan using PCR and blood smear examination. The study found a 21% infection rate using blood smears, with 66.6% positive for T. annulata and 42.8% positive for B. bovis. PCR detected a higher overall infection rate of 60%, with 60% positive for T. annulata and 33.3% for B. bovis. A tick survey found the highest prevalence of Hyalomma ticks, which are known vectors for both pathogens. Blood parameters analysis found signs of macrocytic hypochromic anemia in infected cattle.
Antibiogram of Bacterial Isolates at Hail General Hospital, KSA June 1 – Dece...iosrjce
This research study focused on the antibiogram of bacterial isolates at Hail General Hospital,
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. It sought to answer the following questions: (1) What is the percentage distribution of
the isolates on the specimens when classified according to the following bacteria? Enterobacter aerogenes,
Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
Raoultella (K.) ornithinolytica. (2) What is the antibiogram result of the bacterial isolates? Descriptive research
using content analysis was employed wherein the Automated Sensitivity Testing Machine data obtained from the
Microbiology section of Hail General Hospital. The statistical tools were frequency and percentage. The results
revealed that based on the percentage distribution of the specimens, the highest number of isolates for
Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus spp. was from throat swab,
urine for Escherichia coli and Psedomonas aeruginosa, ward swab and high vaginal swab for Raoultella (K.)
ornithinolytica. On antibiogram result, the most sensitive antibiotics for Enterobacter aerogenes was
Meropenem; Cirpofloxacin and Levofloxacin for Enterobacter cloacae; Imipenem for Escherichia coli;
Amikacin for Klebsiella pneumoniae; Ertapenem, Imipenem and Pip/Tazo for Proteus spp.; Pip/Tazo for
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Imipenem for Raoultella (K.) ornithinolytica. The most resistant antibiotics for
Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonaie and Raoultella (K.) ornithinolytica was
Ampicillin; Amox/K Clav, Cefazolin and Cefoxitin for Enterobacter cloacae; Cefotaxime for Pseudomonas
aeruginosa and for Proteus spp. was Cefazolin. The researchers recommend for the conduct of an annual
antibiogram study by institution, disseminate the information through seminars/fora especially to clinicians,
conduct another study to include other hospitals and other types of bacteria.
This study examined 2,206 preserved stool specimens using direct wet mounts, formalin-ethyl acetate concentrates, and trichrome staining. Parasites were detected in 98 specimens (4.4%). Trichrome staining exclusively identified parasites in 19 specimens (20.6%). Concentrates exclusively found parasites in 14 specimens (15.2%). Direct wet mounts only found parasites in 3 specimens (3.3%). The study concludes that with preserved stool specimens, direct wet mounts provide little additional diagnostic value compared to concentrates and trichrome staining, while taking substantial technical time. Routine examination of concentrates and permanent stains is recommended over direct wet mounts for preserved stool specimens.
The document describes a study that used MALDI-TOF MS to identify mycobacterial isolates. It compared two protein extraction protocols (A and B) on reference strains and clinical isolates, finding protocol A identified 92.1% of isolates to the species level compared to 50% for protocol B. Protocol A was then used to identify 27 environmental mycobacterial isolates, with two isolates misidentified by PRA-hsp65 but correctly identified by MALDI-TOF MS. Sequencing of the hsp65 and 16S rRNA genes confirmed the MALDI-TOF MS identifications. The results support the use of MALDI-TOF MS as a rapid and valuable tool for identifying
1. The study analyzed 30 Vibrio cholerae O1 isolates from patients in Delhi, India from 2012-2014 using mismatch amplification mutation assay (MAMA) PCR to identify the ctxB genotype.
2. All isolates were biochemically identified as V. cholerae El Tor serotype Ogawa. MAMA PCR results showed that all isolates carried the ctxB gene of the classical biotype, though they were phenotypically El Tor.
3. This identifies an "altered El Tor" variant circulating in Delhi that displays characteristics of both classical and El Tor biotypes in possessing the classical ctxB gene despite being phenotypically El Tor.
ABSTRACT- Enteric fever is a major public health problem in developing countries like India. An early and accurate diagnosis is necessary for a
prompt and effective treatment. We have evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of ENTEROSCREEN-WBTM as compared to Widal test in rapid and early
diagnosis of enteric fever. A total of 145 patients serum samples were tested by Rapid ENTEROSCREEN-WBTM and Widal test including clinically
suspected cases of enteric fever of all age groups. Vaccinated individuals, patients on antibiotic therapy, patients who have other associated conditions,
patients suffering from fever due to non-enteric etiology & non consent patients were excluded. The overall sensitivity, specificity, positive
predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of ENTEROSCREEN-WBTM considering Widal test as gold standard were 50% and
96%, 66.66% and 92.30% respectively. ENTEROSCREEN-WBTM was found to be significantly more specific. Although the Rapid ENTEROSCREEN-
WBTM tests are meant to diagnose of S. typhi. Ten patients who were ENTEROSCREEN-WBTM positive for S. typhi were also positive by
Widal test.
Key words- Enteric fever, Rapid ENTEROSCREEN-WBTM, Non-enteric etiology, S. typhi, Widal test
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research...iosrphr_editor
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call for research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, call for paper 2012, journal of pharmacy, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, research and review articles, Pharmacy journal, International Journal of Pharmacy, hard copy of journal, hard copy of certificates, online Submission, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, international journal, publishing a paper
Study of virulence genes in vancomycin resistant Enterococci (vre) from anima...Innspub Net
With Enterococcus species in the leading cause of nosocomial infections and resistance to an array of antibiotics, this study focused to determine the frequency and distribution of vancomycin-resistant Enterococci, the presence of virulence genes and to determine the relative nucleotide sequence relatedness among isolates using 16S rRNA sequence. A random sampling of 120 fecal samples of cattle, poultry, and piggery, and human clinical isolates was analyzed. Standard bacteriological methods were employed in the isolation and characterization of isolates and the disk diffusion method was used in determining their antibiotic resistance profiles. Results showed Enterococcus species in cattle at 100%, followed by clinical isolates at 80%. Vancomycin resistance was observed at high rates in Enterococcus species from human clinical isolates and cattle isolates at 90% and 80% respectively. Multiple antibiotic-resistant isolates yielded twelve resistance profiles and 16S rDNA sequences identified E. faecalis, E. durans, E. mundtii, and Enterococcus sp. Isolates from cattle samples were the most probable source of clinical isolates at 78% homology of conserved regions with the clinical isolates. Virulence determinant genes Asa1 was recorded at66.6%, Cyl at 16.6% and GelE at 8.3% among the isolates. This study established farm animals as possible reservoirs of VRE isolates to man. Hence, healthy and professional practices among animal farmers with antibiotic usage, as well as hygienic and preventive measures among hospital workers are here recommended.
This study investigated Clostridium perfringens infection in chickens in Egypt. Intestinal and liver samples were collected from sick chickens on 40 farms. C. perfringens was isolated from 72.1% of farms and 65.1% of samples. Isolates were tested for toxin genes, antibiotic sensitivity, and ability to cause necrotic enteritis experimentally. Amoxicillin and metronidazole were most effective against C. perfringens in vitro and in experimentally infected chickens. The study characterized C. perfringens affecting poultry in Egypt.
MVPK cell cultures showed cytopathic effect when inoculated with the virus. Animals inoculated with the virus showed increased rectal temperatures within 24 hours and vesicular lesions at inoculation sites by 48 hours, preceded by fever. Complement fixation and serum neutralization tests were performed on convalescent sera to identify virus neutralizing antibodies against vesicular exanthema virus. References included literature on the pathogenesis and identification of vesicular exanthema virus.
This document summarizes a study examining the characteristics of pathogens in pediatric patients using clean intermittent catheterization. The study recruited 50 patients using either conventional or LoFric brand catheters and collected urine samples to analyze bacterial species and antibiotic resistance. Preliminary results found Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, and Enterococcus faecalis to be the most common pathogens. E. coli often demonstrated resistance to commonly used antibiotics. Patients performing overnight catheterization were more likely to carry potential pathogens. The study aims to determine if LoFric catheters may reduce urinary tract infections in this population compared to conventional catheters.
This study analyzed urine samples collected from 2011-2013 at a hospital in Silchar, India to determine the antibiotic resistance patterns of bacteria causing urinary tract infections (UTIs). The main findings were:
1) Escherichia coli was the most common cause of UTIs, identified in 38.54% of samples. Resistance to oral antibiotics like fluoroquinolones and cephalosporins was high for E. coli isolates.
2) Extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production was observed in 28.74% of E. coli and 40.74% of Klebsiella isolates.
3) Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (
This study investigated the effects of autophagy on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in human retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE-19) under hypoxic conditions. RPE-19 cells were divided into control, hypoxia, and autophagy inhibitor groups. The hypoxia group showed increased autophagy marker levels and VEGF expression compared to the control group. The autophagy inhibitor group showed decreased VEGF levels compared to the hypoxia group. Additionally, inducing autophagy with rapamycin also increased VEGF expression in normal oxygen conditions. Therefore, the study concluded that autophagy promotes VEGF expression in RPE-19 cells.
Clinicobacteriological study of Urinary tract infection in pregnant womeniosrjce
This study examined the clinicobacteriological profile of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in 460 pregnant women in India. The key findings were:
1. The overall incidence of significant bacteriuria was 10.21%. It was higher in multigravida (11.74%) compared to primigravida (8.16%) and highest in the third trimester (11.8%).
2. Most cases of significant bacteriuria were asymptomatic (9.25%). The predominant symptom in symptomatic cases was burning urination (47.05%).
3. Escherichia coli was the most common organism isolated (55.31%). Isolates showed high resistance to commonly used antibiotics like
This document compares two serological tests - the haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) - for evaluating Newcastle disease antibodies in vaccinated Japanese quails. The study found that the HI test detected higher antibody titers in quails vaccinated with the La Sota vaccine strain when using the homologous La Sota antigen, compared to the heterologous Hitchner B1 antigen. Antibody titers in quails vaccinated with Hitchner B1 were similar against both antigens. In contrast, the two commercial ELISA kits tested did not detect any antibodies in vaccinated or unvaccinated quails. The study aims to evaluate the performance and reliability
Hepatitis-B and C in Sickle Cell Hemoglobinopathies of Western Odisha, Indiainventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This study established a modified immunohistochemistry method using murine antiserum as the primary antibody to detect mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) and Mycoplasma pulmonis antigens in formalin-fixed tissue sections. Using this method, MHV antigen was detected in the liver, stomach, caecum, colon and spleen of infected mice. Mycoplasma pulmonis antigen was demonstrated on the luminal surface of bronchioles in infected rats. This technique provides a useful method for diagnosing MHV and M. pulmonis infections when commercial antibodies are unavailable or serological diagnosis is not possible due to immunosuppression.
- Babies delivered after 40 weeks gestation did not have lower sample volumes, stem cell counts, or viability compared to those delivered before 40 weeks. There was no statistical difference found.
- Increasing maternal age did not correlate with declines in sample volume, viability, or CD34+ stem cell count. Statistical tests found no significant differences between age groups.
- The hypotheses that gestation periods over 40 weeks or increased maternal age would negatively impact cord blood sample quality were not supported by the data analysis. The null hypotheses could not be rejected.
Isolation and Identification of Avibacteriumparagallinarum from Layer Chicken...Dr. Md. Ehsanul Haque
An investigation was conducted for isolation, identification and determination of antibiotic sensitivity of Avibacteriumparagallinarun, the causal agent of infectious coryza, from layer chickens. A total of 21 samples with characteristic symptoms of the disease were collected from a Hatchery of Gazipur. Tissue specimens obtained aseptically from swollen infra orbital sinus and tracheal swab were processed, of which, 3 were found positive while the rest 18 were negative. Isolation of bacteria was performed by first putting the specimen in Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) enriched phosphate buffer broth, anaerobically incubated for 24 hours followed by culturing loopful of broth on Blood agar (BA) and Chocolate agar (CA) plates enriched with NAD and streaked with feeder organism of Staphylococcus. aureus. On 24 hours of anaerobic incubation (candle jar method), dew drop satellite colonies of A. paragallinarum were visible on the culture plates. Cultural characteristics of bacteria as well as their staining, morphological, motility and biochemical properties such as sugar fermentation, MR and V-P tests, Indole production and catalase tests were recorded for identification. Further, antibiogram study revealed that the isolates were sensitive to Ciprofloxacin, Chloramphenicol and Gentamicin but resistant to Ampicillin, Amoxycillin, Oxytetracycline, Erythromycin and Sulphamethoxazole.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
GS Hydro US Business Plan 2016 First DraftKevin Kisamore
GS Hydro US aims to transform into a world-class organization through strategic changes. This includes establishing a clear vision, roles and accountability, and focusing on suitable long-term products and markets. The plan is to dramatically grow through organic expansion, opening 25 local shops in 5 years, improving core processes, and strategic acquisitions, while developing the GS Hydro brand. Goals are to start implementing the plan immediately, fully establish pricing tools by Q3 2016, and achieve specified revenue and profitability targets within 3 years through local shop and core business growth, financed by an initial capital injection and future cash flow. Resource needs include adding personnel as revenue supports and potentially hiring individuals to develop systems and oversee the local shop model.
This study examined 2,206 preserved stool specimens using direct wet mounts, formalin-ethyl acetate concentrates, and trichrome staining. Parasites were detected in 98 specimens (4.4%). Trichrome staining exclusively identified parasites in 19 specimens (20.6%). Concentrates exclusively found parasites in 14 specimens (15.2%). Direct wet mounts only found parasites in 3 specimens (3.3%). The study concludes that with preserved stool specimens, direct wet mounts provide little additional diagnostic value compared to concentrates and trichrome staining, while taking substantial technical time. Routine examination of concentrates and permanent stains is recommended over direct wet mounts for preserved stool specimens.
The document describes a study that used MALDI-TOF MS to identify mycobacterial isolates. It compared two protein extraction protocols (A and B) on reference strains and clinical isolates, finding protocol A identified 92.1% of isolates to the species level compared to 50% for protocol B. Protocol A was then used to identify 27 environmental mycobacterial isolates, with two isolates misidentified by PRA-hsp65 but correctly identified by MALDI-TOF MS. Sequencing of the hsp65 and 16S rRNA genes confirmed the MALDI-TOF MS identifications. The results support the use of MALDI-TOF MS as a rapid and valuable tool for identifying
1. The study analyzed 30 Vibrio cholerae O1 isolates from patients in Delhi, India from 2012-2014 using mismatch amplification mutation assay (MAMA) PCR to identify the ctxB genotype.
2. All isolates were biochemically identified as V. cholerae El Tor serotype Ogawa. MAMA PCR results showed that all isolates carried the ctxB gene of the classical biotype, though they were phenotypically El Tor.
3. This identifies an "altered El Tor" variant circulating in Delhi that displays characteristics of both classical and El Tor biotypes in possessing the classical ctxB gene despite being phenotypically El Tor.
ABSTRACT- Enteric fever is a major public health problem in developing countries like India. An early and accurate diagnosis is necessary for a
prompt and effective treatment. We have evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of ENTEROSCREEN-WBTM as compared to Widal test in rapid and early
diagnosis of enteric fever. A total of 145 patients serum samples were tested by Rapid ENTEROSCREEN-WBTM and Widal test including clinically
suspected cases of enteric fever of all age groups. Vaccinated individuals, patients on antibiotic therapy, patients who have other associated conditions,
patients suffering from fever due to non-enteric etiology & non consent patients were excluded. The overall sensitivity, specificity, positive
predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of ENTEROSCREEN-WBTM considering Widal test as gold standard were 50% and
96%, 66.66% and 92.30% respectively. ENTEROSCREEN-WBTM was found to be significantly more specific. Although the Rapid ENTEROSCREEN-
WBTM tests are meant to diagnose of S. typhi. Ten patients who were ENTEROSCREEN-WBTM positive for S. typhi were also positive by
Widal test.
Key words- Enteric fever, Rapid ENTEROSCREEN-WBTM, Non-enteric etiology, S. typhi, Widal test
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research...iosrphr_editor
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call for research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, call for paper 2012, journal of pharmacy, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, research and review articles, Pharmacy journal, International Journal of Pharmacy, hard copy of journal, hard copy of certificates, online Submission, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, international journal, publishing a paper
Study of virulence genes in vancomycin resistant Enterococci (vre) from anima...Innspub Net
With Enterococcus species in the leading cause of nosocomial infections and resistance to an array of antibiotics, this study focused to determine the frequency and distribution of vancomycin-resistant Enterococci, the presence of virulence genes and to determine the relative nucleotide sequence relatedness among isolates using 16S rRNA sequence. A random sampling of 120 fecal samples of cattle, poultry, and piggery, and human clinical isolates was analyzed. Standard bacteriological methods were employed in the isolation and characterization of isolates and the disk diffusion method was used in determining their antibiotic resistance profiles. Results showed Enterococcus species in cattle at 100%, followed by clinical isolates at 80%. Vancomycin resistance was observed at high rates in Enterococcus species from human clinical isolates and cattle isolates at 90% and 80% respectively. Multiple antibiotic-resistant isolates yielded twelve resistance profiles and 16S rDNA sequences identified E. faecalis, E. durans, E. mundtii, and Enterococcus sp. Isolates from cattle samples were the most probable source of clinical isolates at 78% homology of conserved regions with the clinical isolates. Virulence determinant genes Asa1 was recorded at66.6%, Cyl at 16.6% and GelE at 8.3% among the isolates. This study established farm animals as possible reservoirs of VRE isolates to man. Hence, healthy and professional practices among animal farmers with antibiotic usage, as well as hygienic and preventive measures among hospital workers are here recommended.
This study investigated Clostridium perfringens infection in chickens in Egypt. Intestinal and liver samples were collected from sick chickens on 40 farms. C. perfringens was isolated from 72.1% of farms and 65.1% of samples. Isolates were tested for toxin genes, antibiotic sensitivity, and ability to cause necrotic enteritis experimentally. Amoxicillin and metronidazole were most effective against C. perfringens in vitro and in experimentally infected chickens. The study characterized C. perfringens affecting poultry in Egypt.
MVPK cell cultures showed cytopathic effect when inoculated with the virus. Animals inoculated with the virus showed increased rectal temperatures within 24 hours and vesicular lesions at inoculation sites by 48 hours, preceded by fever. Complement fixation and serum neutralization tests were performed on convalescent sera to identify virus neutralizing antibodies against vesicular exanthema virus. References included literature on the pathogenesis and identification of vesicular exanthema virus.
This document summarizes a study examining the characteristics of pathogens in pediatric patients using clean intermittent catheterization. The study recruited 50 patients using either conventional or LoFric brand catheters and collected urine samples to analyze bacterial species and antibiotic resistance. Preliminary results found Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, and Enterococcus faecalis to be the most common pathogens. E. coli often demonstrated resistance to commonly used antibiotics. Patients performing overnight catheterization were more likely to carry potential pathogens. The study aims to determine if LoFric catheters may reduce urinary tract infections in this population compared to conventional catheters.
This study analyzed urine samples collected from 2011-2013 at a hospital in Silchar, India to determine the antibiotic resistance patterns of bacteria causing urinary tract infections (UTIs). The main findings were:
1) Escherichia coli was the most common cause of UTIs, identified in 38.54% of samples. Resistance to oral antibiotics like fluoroquinolones and cephalosporins was high for E. coli isolates.
2) Extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production was observed in 28.74% of E. coli and 40.74% of Klebsiella isolates.
3) Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (
This study investigated the effects of autophagy on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in human retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE-19) under hypoxic conditions. RPE-19 cells were divided into control, hypoxia, and autophagy inhibitor groups. The hypoxia group showed increased autophagy marker levels and VEGF expression compared to the control group. The autophagy inhibitor group showed decreased VEGF levels compared to the hypoxia group. Additionally, inducing autophagy with rapamycin also increased VEGF expression in normal oxygen conditions. Therefore, the study concluded that autophagy promotes VEGF expression in RPE-19 cells.
Clinicobacteriological study of Urinary tract infection in pregnant womeniosrjce
This study examined the clinicobacteriological profile of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in 460 pregnant women in India. The key findings were:
1. The overall incidence of significant bacteriuria was 10.21%. It was higher in multigravida (11.74%) compared to primigravida (8.16%) and highest in the third trimester (11.8%).
2. Most cases of significant bacteriuria were asymptomatic (9.25%). The predominant symptom in symptomatic cases was burning urination (47.05%).
3. Escherichia coli was the most common organism isolated (55.31%). Isolates showed high resistance to commonly used antibiotics like
This document compares two serological tests - the haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) - for evaluating Newcastle disease antibodies in vaccinated Japanese quails. The study found that the HI test detected higher antibody titers in quails vaccinated with the La Sota vaccine strain when using the homologous La Sota antigen, compared to the heterologous Hitchner B1 antigen. Antibody titers in quails vaccinated with Hitchner B1 were similar against both antigens. In contrast, the two commercial ELISA kits tested did not detect any antibodies in vaccinated or unvaccinated quails. The study aims to evaluate the performance and reliability
Hepatitis-B and C in Sickle Cell Hemoglobinopathies of Western Odisha, Indiainventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This study established a modified immunohistochemistry method using murine antiserum as the primary antibody to detect mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) and Mycoplasma pulmonis antigens in formalin-fixed tissue sections. Using this method, MHV antigen was detected in the liver, stomach, caecum, colon and spleen of infected mice. Mycoplasma pulmonis antigen was demonstrated on the luminal surface of bronchioles in infected rats. This technique provides a useful method for diagnosing MHV and M. pulmonis infections when commercial antibodies are unavailable or serological diagnosis is not possible due to immunosuppression.
- Babies delivered after 40 weeks gestation did not have lower sample volumes, stem cell counts, or viability compared to those delivered before 40 weeks. There was no statistical difference found.
- Increasing maternal age did not correlate with declines in sample volume, viability, or CD34+ stem cell count. Statistical tests found no significant differences between age groups.
- The hypotheses that gestation periods over 40 weeks or increased maternal age would negatively impact cord blood sample quality were not supported by the data analysis. The null hypotheses could not be rejected.
Isolation and Identification of Avibacteriumparagallinarum from Layer Chicken...Dr. Md. Ehsanul Haque
An investigation was conducted for isolation, identification and determination of antibiotic sensitivity of Avibacteriumparagallinarun, the causal agent of infectious coryza, from layer chickens. A total of 21 samples with characteristic symptoms of the disease were collected from a Hatchery of Gazipur. Tissue specimens obtained aseptically from swollen infra orbital sinus and tracheal swab were processed, of which, 3 were found positive while the rest 18 were negative. Isolation of bacteria was performed by first putting the specimen in Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) enriched phosphate buffer broth, anaerobically incubated for 24 hours followed by culturing loopful of broth on Blood agar (BA) and Chocolate agar (CA) plates enriched with NAD and streaked with feeder organism of Staphylococcus. aureus. On 24 hours of anaerobic incubation (candle jar method), dew drop satellite colonies of A. paragallinarum were visible on the culture plates. Cultural characteristics of bacteria as well as their staining, morphological, motility and biochemical properties such as sugar fermentation, MR and V-P tests, Indole production and catalase tests were recorded for identification. Further, antibiogram study revealed that the isolates were sensitive to Ciprofloxacin, Chloramphenicol and Gentamicin but resistant to Ampicillin, Amoxycillin, Oxytetracycline, Erythromycin and Sulphamethoxazole.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
GS Hydro US Business Plan 2016 First DraftKevin Kisamore
GS Hydro US aims to transform into a world-class organization through strategic changes. This includes establishing a clear vision, roles and accountability, and focusing on suitable long-term products and markets. The plan is to dramatically grow through organic expansion, opening 25 local shops in 5 years, improving core processes, and strategic acquisitions, while developing the GS Hydro brand. Goals are to start implementing the plan immediately, fully establish pricing tools by Q3 2016, and achieve specified revenue and profitability targets within 3 years through local shop and core business growth, financed by an initial capital injection and future cash flow. Resource needs include adding personnel as revenue supports and potentially hiring individuals to develop systems and oversee the local shop model.
Este documento presenta una introducción a las ilusiones ópticas y las matemáticas recreativas. Explica que las matemáticas recreativas proporcionan un buen método para captar el interés de los jóvenes en la enseñanza de las matemáticas básicas a través de rompecabezas, paradojas y trucos. Aunque los problemas matemáticos recreativos a veces parecen triviales, a menudo conducen a desarrollos importantes e inesperados en matemáticas. El documento luego analiza varias
Arenas rodriguez mario la escuela de la guitarra libro 1 (ed ricordi) (guit...jose juan lobato juarez
El documento habla sobre los desafíos que enfrentan las pequeñas empresas en la actualidad. Menciona que la pandemia ha afectado negativamente a muchas pequeñas empresas y que necesitan apoyo gubernamental para sobrevivir y recuperarse. También señala que las pequeñas empresas son esenciales para la economía y el empleo.
Sanctuary Presentation 9. Christ in the Hebrew Sanctuary in the Book of Revel...Sami Wilberforce
This document provides an overview of Revival Week at Maseno University from 20-26 July 2015. The theme is "The Sanctuary" based on Psalm 77:13. It discusses the pattern of the Hebrew sanctuary and how Jesus has followed that same pattern from the beginning to the end, on earth and in heaven. It emphasizes the importance of understanding the sanctuary message to be able to follow our High Priest through the heavenly sanctuary spiritually.
The document then examines various aspects of the sanctuary pattern based on revelations in the Bible, including the furniture in each compartment and Jesus' role within the sanctuary. It addresses questions about the symbolism of Jesus walking among the golden candlesticks and being at the altar of incense or
The document provides details about a revival week at Maseno University with the theme of "The Sanctuary". It discusses Satan seeking to veil Jesus and eclipse His light from our sight. It examines why Satan hates the sanctuary and tries to block the view of it. Finally, it analyzes chapter 8 of the book of Daniel verse by verse, noting that it depicts the ram representing the Medo-Persian kingdom and discusses the ram's pushing westward, northward, and southward.
Sanctuary Presentation 6. The Priests Bells and Close of ProbationSami Wilberforce
The document discusses a revival week at Maseno University with the theme of "The Sanctuary". It provides biblical references to Psalms 77:13 and Exodus 28:33 regarding the bells on the high priest's garment. It describes a vision where the prophetess was taken to the most holy place and saw Jesus interceding for Israel with a bell and pomegranate on the bottom of His garment. It states that Jesus will not leave the sanctuary until the judgment is complete and the plagues will not be poured out until He finishes His work and takes off His priestly garments.
Sanctuary Presentation 5. The Candlestick and The Loud CrySami Wilberforce
The document discusses the themes of Revival Week at Maseno University from 20-26 July 2015. It focuses on the themes of the sanctuary and the candlestick, and references passages from Psalms and Ellen White about present truth, the sanctuary doctrine, and the commandments of God. It discusses the former and latter rains as metaphors for God preparing his people. Finally, it examines passages about the loud cry of the third angel's message and God's people shining light in the darkness as the gospel spreads to all nations.
El documento discute la importancia de ahorrar agua y ofrece consejos para hacerlo. Explica que el agua es escasa y vital para los seres humanos y el planeta. Recomienda métodos como arreglar grifos que gotean, lavar solo con la lavadora y lavavajillas llenos, regar plantas de forma eficiente, y renovar artefactos por opciones más eficientes. En general, enfatiza la necesidad de valorar el agua y no malgastar este recurso limitado.
O documento discute como as empresas podem obter vantagens competitivas através de planos de marketing focados em sustentabilidade. A empresa Natura é citada como exemplo por ter incorporado a sustentabilidade como estratégia competitiva desde 1983, reunindo ações relacionadas ao bem-estar em um círculo virtuoso que é seu diferencial no mercado. Profissionais de marketing devem buscar gerar uma sociedade mais igualitária e uma economia sustentável capaz de expandir a estrutura produtiva com geração de empregos de qualidade.
El documento describe un proyecto para construir prototipos de diferentes tipos de palancas. Se construirá un prototipo de palanca de primera clase para demostrar que cuando se aplica fuerza hacia abajo, la carga se mueve hacia arriba. El proyecto utilizará materiales como vigas, ladrillos y planchas para armar la base y estructura de la palanca y la resistencia.
El documento describe la evolución de la administración organizacional a través del tiempo. Comienza con las teorías clásicas de Adam Smith, Taylor y Weber que promovían la jerarquía, la especialización y el control. Luego, analiza cómo modelos como la línea de montaje de Ford revolucionaron la producción industrial. Más adelante, se enfoca en los nuevos desafíos del entorno volátil y la necesidad de fomentar la innovación y la motivación de los empleados. Finalmente, resume las principales funciones gerenciales de planeación,
Este documento presenta un manual básico de Ubuntu. Contiene secciones sobre cómo iniciar Ubuntu desde un CD, realizar la instalación, configurar el sistema, manejar aplicaciones básicas como el explorador de archivos y la terminal, cómo realizar tareas comunes y sustituir aplicaciones de Windows. También incluye consejos útiles y enlaces de interés para usuarios nuevos de Ubuntu.
Este documento presenta el diseño de un sistema de automatización para un edificio inteligente. Se describen los requerimientos de automatización para sistemas de iluminación, ventilación, aire acondicionado, hidrosanitario, emergencia y seguridad. Luego, se detallan los diseños propuestos para cada sistema, incluyendo la selección de equipos y estrategias de control. Finalmente, se propone una plataforma SCADA para la integración de todos los sistemas y se incluye un presupuesto referencial.
The document discusses socio-economic factors relevant to understanding media audiences, including the ABC Scale used to categorize social classes. It also discusses the importance of understanding target audiences through in-depth research before developing media products. Specifically, it focuses on understanding the socio-economic backgrounds and demographics of teenagers and parents in Banstead as the target audiences for a documentary on racial discrimination.
El documento trata sobre la oferta y la demanda. Explica que la oferta y la demanda determinan los precios en el mercado y que cuando la oferta supera a la demanda, los precios tienden a bajar, mientras que cuando la demanda es mayor, los precios tienden a subir. También define los conceptos de oferta, demanda, curvas de oferta y demanda, y leyes de la oferta y la demanda.
El documento presenta las reflexiones de una madre sobre sus hijos. Ella dice que no tiene un hijo preferido, sino que ama a cada uno de sus hijos en las diferentes etapas y circunstancias de sus vidas. Ama al hijo enfermo hasta que sane, al que está lejos hasta que regrese, y así sucesivamente con cada uno de sus hijos y sus necesidades.
Este documento describe los fármacos de primera línea para el tratamiento de la tuberculosis. Estos incluyen la isoniazida, rifampicina, pirazinamida y etambutol. Se explican los mecanismos de acción, farmacocinética y efectos adversos más comunes de cada fármaco.
This document provides details of a study on screening, characterization, and antibiotic resistance testing of pathogens from various clinical specimens. Over 6,000 samples, including urine, blood, pus, sputum, and others, were collected and analyzed using microbiological techniques. Isolates were identified based on morphological and biochemical characteristics. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using disk diffusion methods. Multiple drug-resistant organisms were detected. The study aimed to determine the prevalence and antibiotic resistance patterns of pathogens from different specimens to help guide treatment of infectious diseases.
Prevalence of Aeromonas Species Among Patients Attending General Hospital Owerripijans
A total of two hundred (200) stool samples were collected from patients attending General Hospital Owerri
and screened for the presence of Aeromonas species. Out of the two hundred (200) stool samples, one
hundred and fifty (150) were collected from diarrheal patients while fifty (150) were collected from nondiarrheal patients. Aeromonas species were only isoloated from diarrheal patients stool samples.The
prevalence of Aeromonas species in diarrheal patients was 5.3%. Aeromonas species were found to be
highly (100%) susceptible to ceftazidime, followed by cefotaxime (85%), then Augmentin (75%) and
Gentamicin (65%), but highly (100%) resistant to Ampicillin and Tretracyclin following by contrimoxazole
(83%). This observation could probably indicates that Aeromonas as enteropathogen associated with
diarrheal and should be considered amongst the causative agents of diarrheal.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
This document summarizes a study on ABO incompatibility and its role in neonatal jaundice in Zaria, Nigeria. The study found that 10% of mother-child pairs studied had ABO incompatibility. Infants with ABO incompatibility had higher bilirubin levels, a higher percentage of Coombs test positivity, and higher maternal antibody titers compared to compatible infants. All infants with ABO incompatibility showed hemolysis in the presence of serum complements, while only 56.8% of compatible infants did. The study concludes that ABO incompatibility contributes significantly to the severity of neonatal jaundice.
This study analyzed phenotypic virulence factors and antibiotic resistance patterns in 156 uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) isolates from patients with urinary tract infections (UTIs). The researchers found that 85.3% of isolates produced biofilm and 34% produced hemolysin. 62.8% exhibited mannose-sensitive hemagglutination (MSHA) and 37.2% exhibited mannose-resistant hemagglutination (MRHA). Biofilm formation correlated with infection type. Resistance was highest for ampicillin, tetracycline, amoxicillin and cotrimoxazole. 26.9% of isolates were extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producers. The results indicate relationships
This study examined the relationship between Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) cultures found in the bloodstream and anterior nares of patients. Cultures were collected from both sites of infected patients and just the anterior nares of uninfected patients. The agr-status, mutations, and DNA repeats of the cultures were analyzed. It was found that the agr-status, mutations, and repeats were identical between matching blood and nasal cultures. This supports the hypothesis that S. aureus infections originate from strains already present in the nose. Additionally, it was discovered that a strain's agr-status does not affect its ability to cause infection.
Antibiotic Sensitivity Pattern of Bacteria Isolated from Semen of Male Patients with Infertility Attending Murtala Muhammad Specialist Hospital Kano, Nigeria by Muhammad Ali in Advancements in Bioequivalence & Bioavailability
https://crimsonpublishers.com/abb/fulltext/ABB.000519.php
Species distribution and virulence factors of coagulase negative staphylococc...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) isolated from clinical samples in Nigeria. The most common CoNS species isolated were S. haemolyticus (28.3%), S. epidermidis (26.7%), and S. saprophyticus (18.3%). Many of the CoNS isolates produced virulence factors like hemolysins and biofilms. Hemolysis was observed in 34.2% of isolates, most frequently in S. haemolyticus (58.8%). Slime production, an indicator of biofilm formation, was detected in 75.95% of isolates, with high rates in S. epidermidis (93.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections have been recognized for decades as hospital acquired MRSA (HA-MRSA). Nowadays, MRSA is also recognized as a worldwide emerging community-associated pathogen. Community associated- MRSA (CA-MRSA) has been shown to be more virulent with a high degree of severity of disease when compared to HA-MRSA.
Asymptomatic urinary tract infection amongst some Students of Michael Okpara ...Premier Publishers
This work was carried out to determine Asymptomatic Urinary Tract Infection amongst some students of Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike and the sensitivity pattern of the isolates from urine. Using aseptic technique, midstream urine were collected from sixty (60) students, urinalysis was carried out on the urine samples and was then cultured on CLED and MacConkey agar using pour plate method. Growth was observed in 26 (87%) of the sample while there was no growth in 4 (13%) of the sample. Out of the 26 (87%) samples with growth, 14 (47%) had significant bacteria growth while 12 (40%) had no significant growth. Incidence of asymptomatic bacteriuria was higher in females 8 (57%) than males 6 (38%). The organisms isolated were Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Proteus species, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. All the Gram positive isolates were sensitive to Gentamycin and all resistance to Cefuroxime, Ceftazidime, Ceftriaxone, Cloxacillin. The Gram negative isolates were mostly sensitive to Nitrofurantoin, Gentamycin and Ofloxacin. Therefore, these drugs could be considered as the first line of drug for the treatment of asymptomatic urinary tract infection.
This study analyzed blood cultures from neonatal intensive care unit patients from 1997 to 2001 in Tripoli Medical Center, Libya. A total of 1431 blood culture sets from 1092 patients were positive for bacterial growth in 801 sets, representing 648 cases of neonatal bacteraemia. The most common causative agents were members of the Enterobacteriaceae family including Serratia, Klebsiella, and Enterobacter species as well as coagulase-negative and positive Staphylococci. Antibiotic susceptibility testing found high levels of resistance among the most frequent pathogens, though resistance to newer antibiotics like aztreonam and imipenem was less common. Resistance in Staphylococcus to anti-stap
This document summarizes a study that detected bovine tuberculosis in milk and serum samples from dairy farm animals in Assiut City, Egypt. Several methods were used for detection, including the tuberculin skin test, microscopic examination using Ziehl-Neelsen staining, bacterial culture using Lowenstein Jensen media, and an ELISA test using bovine PPD as the coating antigen. Acid-fast bacilli were detected microscopically in 7% of milk samples from tuberculin-positive reactors and 3% from tuberculin-negative reactors. Mycobacteria were isolated via culture from 3-4% of milk samples from tuberculin-positive reactors and 1-2% from negative reactors
This study characterized bacteriophages that can control multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli Serovar O168 isolated from ducklings in Egypt. Three phages (ECa1, ECb1, ECc1) were isolated from sewage samples and characterized. Electron microscopy showed the phages belonged to the family Podoviridae. A cocktail of the three phages was significantly more effective at reducing E. coli O168 in vitro than single phages, with a 7.4 log reduction after 12 hours. This confirms phage cocktails as a promising approach for controlling multidrug-resistant E. coli infections in ducklings.
A total number of 74 coagulase negative Staphylococci were isolated from orthopaedic patients in Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria. They were further characterized into various Staphylococci species using API STAPH identification kit: Staph xylosus (31.1%), Staph lentus (10.8%), Staph hominis (10.8%), Staph cohnii cohnii (5.4%), Staph epidermidis (4.1%) others were Staph cohnii ureal., Staph hyicus, Staph lugdunensis (2.7% each) Staph caprae , Staph capitis, Staph haemolyticus, Staph scuiri, Staph chromogenes and Staph warneri (1.4% each). Microcossus spp was 8.2% while 13.5% isolates were undetermined. Kirby Baurer disk method was used for the antibiotics susceptibility test, the result showed gentamicin and ciprofloxacin to be most active (96.6%), followed by vancomycin (93.1) and pefloxacin (87.9). The isolates were resistant to ampicillin (96.6), amoxicillin clavulanic acid (65.5%), clindamycin 41.4%). The aim of this study is to classify the coagulase negative Staphylococci isolates into species and to determine their antibiotic susceptibility
A comparative study of various diagnostic techniques for CryptosporidiosisIOSR Journals
This study compared various diagnostic techniques for detecting Cryptosporidiosis in stool samples, including microscopy, Auramine 'O' fluorescent staining, and ELISA antigen detection. Microscopy using Kinyoun Cold Acid Fast staining detected Cryptosporidium in 20% of HIV-positive patients with diarrhea and was considered the gold standard. Auramine 'O' staining had lower sensitivity at 36.67% but high specificity of 99.31% compared to microscopy. ELISA antigen detection had the highest sensitivity of 83.88% and specificity of 96.55%, detecting more positive samples than other methods. The study concluded that ELISA is a practical alternative to microscopy for Cryptosporidiosis diagnosis due to its ability to detect even degraded
PREVALENCE AND ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY OF ESBL IN SOKOTO PDFNuhu Tanko
This study examined the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing gram-negative uropathogens in Sokoto, Nigeria. 365 urine samples were collected and analyzed between November 2014 and February 2015. Gram-negative uropathogens made up 60.9% of positive cultures. The most common isolates were E. coli (29.7%) and Salmonella arizonae (23.4%). 15 isolates (23.3%) were confirmed as ESBL producers, with E. coli and Enterobacter gergoviae being the most common. The isolates showed high resistance to cotrimoxazole but high susceptibility to nitrofurantoin. This study demonstrates
1. A study investigated the anti-cancer properties of camel urine in vitro. Camel urine was found to inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis in various human cancer cell lines through the intrinsic apoptosis pathway.
2. Camel urine downregulated several cancer-promoting proteins and upregulated a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor. It also had no cytotoxic effects on immune cells and stimulated immune responses by inducing an anti-tumor cytokine and inhibiting pro-tumor cytokines.
3. The results suggest that components in camel urine have specific and efficient anti-cancer effects in vitro as well as immune-modulating properties, providing a potential basis for the ethnopharmacological use of camel urine to treat cancer.
Isolation, identification and characterization of urinary tract infectious ba...Alexander Decker
This document discusses a study on urinary tract infections (UTIs) which isolated and characterized urinary pathogens and tested their antibiotic susceptibility. The main findings were:
1. Escherichia coli was the most common urinary pathogen isolated, followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis, and Enterococcus faecalis.
2. The antibiotics chloramphenicol and ciprofloxacin were the most effective against the urinary pathogens, with 100% susceptibility. Tetracycline, gentamicin and kanamycin were also highly effective at 83% susceptibility.
3. Some isolates showed resistance to commonly prescribed
This study investigated the presence of the FimH adhesin gene and biofilm formation among 24 Enterobacter isolates recovered from urine samples of cystitis patients. PCR results revealed that 18 of the 24 isolates (75%) were positive for the FimH gene. Phenotypic assays showed that 17 of the 24 isolates (70.8%) were biofilm formers. There was a significant positive correlation between biofilm formation and the presence of the FimH gene, with the gene present in 16 of the 17 biofilm-forming isolates (94.1%). The results indicate the importance of the FimH adhesin in biofilm establishment and pathogenesis of cystitis infections.
This study investigated the phylogenetic groups of 24 Enterobacter spp. isolates recovered from urine samples of cystitis patients in Iraq. Most isolates (70.84%) belonged to phylogenetic group B2, with subgroup B23 being the most common (12 isolates). The second most common group was A (16.66%). PCR was used to detect genetic markers (chuA, yjaA, TspE4.C2) to assign isolates to phylogenetic groups. Group B2, especially subgroup B23, predominated among the Enterobacter isolates from cystitis patients. This was the first study to determine the phylogenetic groups of Enterobacter isolates in Iraq.
This document summarizes a study that isolated and characterized Porphyromonas gingivalis bacteria from patients with periodontitis. The study found P. gingivalis in 23.3% of samples using biochemical tests and microscopy. Immunological testing of patients positive for P. gingivalis found higher levels of immunoglobulins, complement proteins, and total proteins compared to healthy controls, indicating the bacteria induces an immune response. This response includes increased antibody production targeting P. gingivalis antigens as well as activation of the complement system. The presence of P. gingivalis appears to play an important role in the pathogenesis of periodontitis by stimulating humoral immunity.
1) A study investigated Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from 65 burn victims admitted to a hospital in Iraq over 2 months.
2) PCR and phenotypic assays found that the majority of P. aeruginosa isolates were able to form alginate biofilm and had high antibiotic multi-drug resistance.
3) Specifically, 82% of isolates were found to be positive for alginate biofilm formation by PCR and 91% by a phenotypic assay, and the isolates showed resistance to many antibiotics with a multiple antibiotic resistance index of 0.4.
This study analyzed 103 stool samples from infants under 12 months old with diarrhea in Iraq. Rapid immunochromatography tests found that 52 samples (50.5%) were positive for rotavirus, 30 (29.1%) for norovirus, and 21 (20.4%) for adenovirus. The most affected age group was 1-4 months. Rural infants had higher rates of viral diarrhea than urban infants. Mixed feeding was associated with more cases than breastfeeding alone. Common symptoms included watery stool, fever, weakness, abdominal pain, and vomiting. The major causes of infantile diarrhea in the study area were identified as rotavirus, followed by norovirus and adenovirus.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the phenotypic and genotypic properties of silver nanoparticles produced by Morganella morganii bacteria isolated from patients with catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI) in Iraq. Nine M. morganii isolates were recovered from urine samples of male CAUTI patients. The isolates were able to extracellularly synthesize silver nanoparticles when exposed to silver nitrate, as indicated by a color change of the solution and UV-Vis spectroscopy showing surface plasmon resonance between 400-500nm. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the production of silver nanoparticles. The ability of M. morganii to produce silver nanoparticles with potential antimicrobial properties was demonstrated genotypically and phenotypically
This study investigated genotypic and phenotypic characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus isolates responsible for recurrent skin infections in Hilla City, Iraq. Of 150 clinical samples, 32 (21.3%) tested positive for S. aureus. Antibiotic susceptibility testing found high resistance to oxacillin (25%), cefoxitin, cefipime (100%), erythromycin (50%), tetracycline (56%), and doxycycline (53%). All isolates were susceptible to imipenem, meropenem, and vancomycin. Phenotypic detection found 23 of 32 isolates (71.9%) were biofilm producers. PCR detected the icaA and icaD genes in 23 isolates,
This document summarizes the synthesis and characterization of new pyrimidine derivatives. Specifically, it details:
1) The synthesis of 5-azoaryl-4-thioalkyl- and 4-benzylhydrazinyl-pyrimidines (compounds 3-5) via nucleophilic substitution reactions of compound 2.
2) The synthesis of 5-azo-biaryl-4-benzylhydrazinyl-pyrimidines (compounds 7 and 9) using Suzuki cross-coupling reactions of compound 5 with arylboronic acids.
3) The synthesis of 5-azobiaryl-4-arylpyrimidines (
1) The study examined levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-8 and IL-17 in 34 women who experienced repeated spontaneous abortions, comparing those with and without toxoplasmosis.
2) 13 (38.2%) of the women tested positive for toxoplasmosis antibodies. Levels of both IL-8 and IL-17 were significantly higher in women with toxoplasmosis who experienced repeated abortions compared to women without toxoplasmosis and the control group.
3) While toxoplasmosis appeared to be a causative factor in some abortion cases, elevated cytokine levels were also seen in women who experienced repeated abortions without toxoplasmosis antibodies. This suggests other infectious factors beyond
This document summarizes a study on the occurrence of different beta-lactamase types among diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) isolated from infant diarrhea samples in Iraq. Fifty-eight stool samples were collected from infants with diarrhea. The study found high DEC isolation from formula-fed infants compared to breastfed infants. Antibiotic susceptibility testing showed high resistance of DEC isolates to several antibiotics but high sensitivity to netilmicin and norfloxacin. Phenotypic tests detected ESBLs in 48.7-56.4% of isolates, AmpC beta-lactamases in 7.7% of isolates, metallo-beta-lactamases in 10.3% of
This study investigated the anti-pseudomonal effect of Argan oil on Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates recovered from burn patients. The isolates showed high resistance to several antibiotics. Argan oil alone and hydrogen peroxide alone had no effect, but their combination did show activity against P. aeruginosa. Mixing Argan oil and hydrogen peroxide in ratios of 1:1, 2:1, and 1:2 resulted in inhibition zones of 23.8 mm, 24.6 mm, and 23.1 mm respectively, demonstrating the anti-pseudomonal potential of the combined compound. The study suggests Argan oil could be developed as an alternative treatment when combined with hydrogen peroxide.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the antibacterial effects of argan oil against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). 20 MRSA isolates obtained from a hospital were tested against argan oil alone, hydrogen peroxide alone, and mixtures of argan oil and hydrogen peroxide using well diffusion methods. The results showed that mixtures of argan oil and hydrogen peroxide, specifically a 2:1 ratio, were able to inhibit the growth of 80% of MRSA isolates, with inhibition zones similar to the antibiotic teicoplanin. This suggests that argan oil may be an effective natural treatment for MRSA infections.
This document summarizes a study on extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) among extraintestinal Enterobacter cloacae isolates recovered from patients with catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) in Hilla, Iraq. The study found that 7 out of 53 urine culture samples were identified as E. cloacae, with 5 isolates able to form biofilms. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 5 isolates belonged to extraintestinal groups B2 and D. Phenotypic and genotypic testing found that 5 isolates were ESBL-positive, with 3 carrying blaTEM, blaSHV, and blaCTX-M genes. The study concludes that although E. cloac
The study examined levels of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and anti-insulin antibodies (AIA) in diabetes patients compared to healthy controls. GM-CSF levels were significantly higher in controls than patients, while AIA levels were significantly higher in patients. The highest percentage of patients were ages 45-54, with decreasing AIA and GM-CSF levels at older ages. Lower glucose levels correlated with lower AIA and higher GM-CSF, suggesting an indirect relationship between the markers and that GM-CSF may be useful as a co-therapy with insulin.
This study investigated hematological changes, serum TNF-α and IFN-γ levels in 42 people inadvertently exposed to radium-226 in Hilla City, Iraq. The study found significantly higher levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IFN-γ in exposed individuals compared to unexposed controls. There was a negative correlation between cytokine levels and complete blood count results. The results suggest that tiny doses of radium could induce TNF-α and IFN-γ, and that these cytokines may serve as biomarkers for radium exposure. Radium exposure was found to cause changes in pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and hematological parameters.
The document summarizes a study that investigated the effect of mixtures of argan oil and hydrogen peroxide on Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro. Seventeen M. tuberculosis isolates from patients in Iraq were cultured on media containing different ratios of argan oil to hydrogen peroxide. The highest concentrations of argan oil (mixtures 2.5:7.5 and 3:7 argan oil to hydrogen peroxide) showed excellent inhibitory effects, preventing growth of 64.7-82.4% of the M. tuberculosis isolates over the incubation periods. The results suggest argan oil has anti-mycobacterial properties and could be a safe alternative treatment for tuberculosis.
1) The document analyzes β-lactamase production among multi-drug resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from patients with cystitis in Hilla City, Iraq.
2) Testing found high rates of resistance to β-lactam antibiotics like ampicillin, ceftazidime, and cefotaxime. Extended spectrum β-lactamase production was detected in 43.5-52.2% of isolates by two different tests.
3) Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase was found in 13-17.4% of isolates based on two tests, indicating the emergence of resistance to carbapenem antibiotics.
This study isolated 10 bacterial isolates from oil-contaminated soil in Hilla City, Iraq that were able to degrade crude oil. 9 isolates were identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 1 as Bacillus spp. All isolates were screened for biosurfactant production using hemolytic activity, emulsification index, lipolytic activity, and oil displacement assays. Most isolates showed biosurfactant activity. PCR was used to detect genes for phenol monooxygenase and xylene monooxygenase. 2 P. aeruginosa isolates tested positive for the phenol monooxygenase gene. This study concluded the isolates have potential to degrade crude oil and produce biosurfactants.
The document discusses markers for predicting liver damage in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. It found that levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were significantly higher in patients with chronic HBV compared to healthy controls, indicating liver inflammation, though all results remained within normal ranges. Levels of gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin, and transferrin did not differ significantly between the two groups. Immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgM and IgA levels were significantly higher in chronic HBV patients, while complement C3 and C4 levels did not differ, suggesting normal liver function.
This document summarizes a study characterizing multidrug resistant carbapenemase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from patients with urinary tract infections. Thirty-four isolates (20 E. coli and 14 K. pneumoniae) were tested for carbapenemase production phenotypically and genotypically. The blaOXA-48 gene was detected in 5 E. coli isolates and 3 K. pneumoniae isolates. Additionally, 5 K. pneumoniae isolates were positive for the blaIMP gene. The detection of carbapenemase genes in these clinical isolates provides important information for clinicians when selecting appropriate antimicrobial treatment for urinary tract infections.
1. International Research Journal of Medical Sciences ____________________________________ ISSN 2320 –7353
Vol. 1(3), 1-11, April (2013) Int. Res. J. Medical Sci.
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Study of Some Bacterial Isolates Associated with Leukocytospermia in
Asthenospermic Patients in Hilla City, Iraq
Hussein O.M. Al-Dahmoshi1
, Habeeb S. Naher2
and Ala׳a H. Al-Charrakh2
1
Medical Microbiol.-Bacteriology, Babylon University-College of Science, IRAQ
2
Medical Microbiol.-Bacteriology, Babylon University-College of Medicine, IRAQ
Available online at: www.isca.in
Received 16th
July 2012, revised 30th
December 2012, accepted 19th
February 2013
Abstract
One hundred asthenospermic seminal fluid specimens were collected from 100 infertile males who referred to Babylon
maternity and children hospital-infertility center. It was found that 70 seminal fluid specimens had asthenospermia with
leukocytospermia (First group). The rest 30 seminal fluid specimens had asthenospermia without leukocytospermia (Second
group). Regarding semen cultures the results showed that 61(87.1%) of specimens of First group revealed positive bacterial
culture, whereas 9(12.9%) specimens of First group showed no bacterial growth even after incubation of 48 hours. All semen
specimens of Second group revealed negative bacterial culture. Gram positive bacteria constituted 44(62.9%) while gram
negative bacteria constituted 26(37.1%) of isolates. Coagulase negative staphylococci (CoNS) represented by
Staphylococcus epidermides and Staphylococcus saprophyticus) were the common type of bacterial isolates 25(35.7%)
followed by Staphylococcus aureus 19(27.2%), Escherichia coli 12(17.1%), Enterobacter aerogenes 8(11.4%),
Acinetobacter spp 4(5.7%) and Moraxella spp 2(2.9%). The virulence factors of bacterial isolates were investigated. The
results showed that all S. aureus isolates, 18(72%) isolates of CoNS and 5(41.7%) of E. coli isolates and 4(50%) of E.
aerogenes isolates produce hemolysin. Colonization factor antigens (CFA/Ш) were detected in all isolates of S. aureus,
CoNS, E. coli, E. aerogenes, Acinetobacter spp. and Moraxella spp. (CFA/Ι) were expressed in 10(52.6%) isolates of S.
aureus, 8(32%) isolates of CoNS, 8(66.7%) isolates of E. coli, 6(75%) isolates of E. aerogenes, 2(50%) isolates of
Acinetobacter spp. and 1(50%) isolate of Moraxella spp. Lipase produced by 15(78.9%) and 7(28%) isolates of S. aureus
and CoNS isolates respectively, while 9(75%) isolates of E. coli , 7(87.5%) isolates of E. aerogenes and 1(50%) isolate of
Moraxella spp. produce lipase. Only 7(36.8%) isolates of S. aureus and 5(41.7%) isolates of E. coli were found to be
protease producers. The effects of some antibiotics on bacterial isolates were investigated. The results showed that, the
bacterial isolates were highly susceptible to imipenem, meropenem and ciprofloxacin whereas exhibited moderate resistance
to amikacin, gentamycin and norfloxacin. On the other hand bacterial isolates revealed high rate of resistance to
amoxicillin, ceftizoxime, ceftazidime, cefamandole, cefepime, amoxicillin–clavulanic acid and tobramycin.
Keywords: Bacteriospermia, Asthenospermia, leukocytospermia, CoNS, colonization factor antigens.
Introduction
Male urogenital tract infection is one of the most important
causes of male infertility, worldwide since genital tract
infection and inflammation have been associated with 8-35%
of male infertility cases1
. Bacteriospermia is defined as the
presence of bacteria in seminal fluid samples2
.
Bacteriospermia may play a major role in infertility3,4
. Male
accessory sex glands infection is a major risk factor in
infertility5
. The significance of pathophysiology of
bacteriospermia has been seriously discussed in recent years.
Some possible pathomechanisms of the development of
infertility linked with infection are considered: direct effect on
sperm function (motility, morphology), deterioration of
spermatogenesis, autoimmune processes induced by
inflammation and dysfunction of accessory sex glands4
.
Hence, microbiological investigation of male partners in
infertile couple can be useful to detect the male urogenital
tract infection, especially asymptomatic infections.
The isolation of microorganisms from seminal fluid especially of
infertile men had been widely reported6,7
. It is always
recommended that microbiological study of semen can be
performed in asymptomatic infertile men with leukocytospermia.
Aerobic and anaerobic culture of semen can detect a wide range
of urogenital pathogens8
. The most widely studied genital
microorganism in relation to male infertility is Escherichia coli,
which is also the principal microorganism that causes prostatitis
and epididymitis. Infections in the reproductive tract of infertile
men have been acknowledged for decades. Until recently, the
condition of leukocytospermia was used as an indicator of genital
tract infection9
. However, a relatively large number of men who
attend fertilityclinics exhibit leukocytospermia without symptoms
of genital infections, indicating that there is not a necessary
relationship between infections in the genital tract and the amount
of leukocytes or antisperm antibodies in semen10
. This study was
suggested and designated to Investigate the relationship between
bacteriospermia and leukocytospermia in infertile male with
2. International Research Journal of Medical Sciences ________________________________________________ ISSN 2320 –7353
Vol. 1(3), 1-11, April (2013) Int. Res. J. Medical Sci.
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Asthenospermia and Studying some of the virulence factors and
antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of the isolated bacteria.
Material and Methods
Patients: Asthenospermic seminal fluid specimens were collected
from (100) infertile males. The asthenospermic specimens were
divided into two group according to the presence of leukocytes in
their specimens (leukocytospermia):
First group: this group included 70 asthenospermic specimens
with leukocytospermia (>1×106
pus cell/ml of seminal fluid).
Second group: this group included 30 asthenospermic specimens
without leukocytospermia (<1×106
pus cell/ml of seminal fluid).
Infertile male age rang from (25-44) years with mean age of
(32.11) years. Abstinence time range from (72-120 hrs.). The
specimens of patients who treated with antibiotic were excluded.
Methods: Seminal fluid specimens were collected from infertile
patients by masturbation, under aseptically conditions. They were
also asked to pass urine first and then wash and rinse hands and
penis before the specimens were collected11
. The specimens were
collected into clean wide-mouthed 15ml sterile plastic vials and
incubated at 37ºC for 30 minutes for liquefaction and then
seminal fluid analysis (SFA) was done to diagnose
asthenospermia and leukocytospermia. Swabs were inserted into
the specimens and then directly inoculated on blood agar,
chocolate agar and MacConkey agar. All plates were incubated
aerobically at 37ºC for 24-48 hrs.
Seminal fluid analysis (SFA): In this experiment SFA method
was used to investigate leukocytospermia and asthenospermia .
According to World Health Organization criteria asthenospermia
defined as less than 50% of spermatozoa with forward
progression or less than 25% of spermatozoa with rapid
progression within 60 min after semen collection.
Leukocytospermia was defined as more than 1×106 pus cell/ml of
seminal fluid11
.
According to the diagnostic procedures recommended by Collee
and his colleagues (1996)12
; MacFaddin (2000)13
and Forbes and
his colleagues (2007)14
, the isolation and identification of G+ve
and G-ve bacteria associated with bacteriospermia in
asthenospermic patients were done.
Virulence factors tests: Blood agar medium was streaked with a
pure culture of bacterial isolate to be tested and incubated at 37ºC
for 24-48 hrs. The appearance of a clear zone surrounding the
colony is an indicator of β- hemolysin while the greenish zone is
an indicator of α- hemolysin14
. Haemagglutination test (HA) was
performed to show the ability of bacterial isolates to produce
colonization factors antigen (CFA). Lipase test was carried out in
egg-yolk agar medium to determine the ability of microorganisms
to produce lipase enzyme. After inoculation of the medium agar,
plates were incubated for overnight at 37ºC. The appearance of
opaque pearly layer around the colonies indicated for a positive
result12
. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed
according to CLSI (2010)15
.
Statistical analysis: The χ2
(Chi-square) test was used for
statistical analysis. P<0.01 was considered to be statistically
significant.
Results and Discussion
Asthenospermia and leukocytospermia: One hundred
asthenospermic seminal fluid specimens were diagnosed using
seminal fluid analysis (SFA). Motile spermatozoa in all
specimens were ranged 10-40% with mean motile spermatozoa
(25%) and this result revealed asthenospermia according to world
health organization criteria. Asthenospermic seminal fluid
specimens were divided into two groups according to
leukocytospermia, 70 specimens, first group, who had
leukocytospermia and 30 specimens, second group, who had no
leukocytospermia. White blood cells (WBCs) in seminal fluid
specimens were counted and the results showed that, all
specimens of first group had more than 1×106
pus cell/ml of
seminal fluid revealed to leukocytospermia which indicates an
infection11
, while all specimens of second group had no
leukocytospermia as shown in table.1.
Bacterial isolates from asthenospermic specimens: The results
of this experiment showed that 61(87.1%) specimens of first
group revealed positive bacterial culture as shown in table.1
whereas 9(12.9%) specimens of first group showed no bacterial
growth even after 48 hours, which may be due to the presence of
another type of causative agents that might need special technique
for their detection such as viruses, Chlamydia or Mycoplasma.
These results were corresponding to those results being reported
by Shefi and Turek16
. However the results were higher than those
reported by Jiao and his colleagues17
, who found that (5-15%) of
samples, gave positive culture. All specimens of second group
gave negative bacterial culture. The results in table.1 were
statistically analyzed by using χ2
test showed that there was a
strong relationship between the bacteriospermia and
asthenospermia (P<0.01). This result agreed with that result being
reported by Golshani and his colleagues18
who declared that
semen specimens of infertile men, especially those contain high
number of E. coli and Enterococci isolates, had high rate of non-
motile and morphologically abnormal sperms. Philip and
Folstad19
confirmed that there was a significant positive effect of
antibiotic treatment for the following sperm parameters: sperm
volume, sperm concentration, sperm motility, and sperm
morphology. Antibiotic treatment also significantly reduced the
number of leukocytes in ejaculates of male infertility patients.
Thus, in general, males treated with antibiotics wererelieved from
leukocytospermia and produced ejaculates of high quality. Also
there was a strong relationship between bacteriospermia and
leukocytospermia (P<0.01).
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Table-1
Illustration of asthenospermia, leukocytospermia and bacteriospermia
Cases
Specimens
First group n(%) n=70 Second group n(%) n=30
Asthenospermia 70(100%) 30(100%)
Leukocytospermia
Positive 70(100%) 0.0
Negative 0.0 30(100%)
Bacteriospermia
Positive 61(87.1%) 0.0
Negative 9(12.9%) 30(100%)
Table-2
Distribution of bacterial isolates from patients with asthenospermia according to the isolates
Bacterial species Single isolates n Mixed isolates n Total isolates n (%) Total n (%)
CoNS
S. saprophyticus 14 *4
25 (35.7)
44(62.9)S. epidermides 7 0
S. aureus 14 5 19(27.2)
Escherichia coli 9 **3 12(17.1)
26(37.1)
Enterobacter aerogenes 6 2 8(11.4)
Acinetobacter spp. 4 0 4(5.7)
Moraxella spp. 2 0 2(2.9)
Total 56 14 70 (100) 100%
*Four isolates of S. saprophyticus were mixed with Four isolated of S. aureus. **Three isolates of E. coli were mixed with one
isolate of S. aureus and two isolates of E. aerogenes
A total of (70) bacterial isolates were obtained from the (61)
seminal fluid specimens in which gram positive bacteria
constituted 44(62.9%) of the total isolates and were considered
as the largest etiological agent of bacteriospermia compared
with gram negative bacteria which constituted 26(37.1%) as
indicated in table-2 and this might be due to the fact that grams
positive bacteria are commensals of mucosal surfaces of
urogenital tract and these results were similar to those results
being reported by Chimura and Saito20
who found that G+ve
bacterial strains constituted (78.4%), while G-ve bacterial
strains constituted (21.6%).
Pathogenicity of bacteria in asthenospermic patients: The
present study showed that asthenospermia were caused by 70
bacterial isolates Table-2. Coagulase negative staphylococci
(CoNS) represented by S. epidermides and S. saprophyticus
which constituted 25(35.7%), S. aureus constituted 19(27.2%)
were predominant in causative microorganism of
bacteriospermia followed by E. coli 12(17.1%). However, each
of the following bacteria E. aerogenes, Acinetobacter spp. and
Moraxella spp. constituted 8(11.4); 4(5.7) and 2(2.9)
respectively.
CoNS organisms were the most common bacterial group
isolated from seminal fluid infections (35.7%); CoNS infections
in the present study were less than those reported by other
researchers21
who found that these infections constituted (50-
89%), but they were more than those reported by Virecoulon F.
et al22
, who reported that seminal fluid infections caused by
CoNS were constituted (15.7%).
The high percentage of CoNS infections may be due to that they
are common contaminant of skin and urethral meatus, and also
their ability to resist antibiotics commonly used in medical
therapy. These commensals bacteria may have a role as
opportunistic pathogens in the presence of weakened local tissue
defense when immunosuppressive agents were used, and the
antibiotics had been associated with emergence of opportunistic
infection by microorganisms not previously regarded as
pathogenic bacteria23
.
S. aureus was the second in occurrence in seminal fluid
specimens, which constituted 19(27.2%). This was in line with
reports from other studies24,25
. S. aureus had detrimental effect
of spermatozoa resulted from damage of sperm membrane
lipids26
. The pathogenesis of S. aureus was attributed to the
combined effects of extracellular factors and toxins, together
with invasive properties such as adherence, biofilm formation,
and resistance to phagocytosis27
. S. aureus may inherent nature
of developing resistant strains for antibiotics. S. aureus also
contains teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid, capsular material
which facilitated the adherence of these bacteria to epithelium
of urogenital tract28
. The detection of staphylococci from
seminal fluid specimens was documented. It was found that
staphylococci involved in the pathogenesis of chronic pelvic
pain syndrome (CPPS)29
. They were identified in focal colonies
adherent to the prostatic duct walls30
.
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Table-3
Virulence factor of bacterial isolate
Bacteria Virulence factor
Hemolysin production Lipase production *CFA Ι **CFA Ш
S. aureus 19 (100%) 15 (78.9%) 10 (52.6%) 19 (100%)
CoNS 18 (72%) 7 (28%) 8 (32%) 25 (100%)
E. coli 5 (41.7) 9 (75) 8 (66.7) 12 (100)
Enterobacter aerogenes 4 (50) 7 (87.5) 6 (75) 8 (100)
Acinetobacter spp. 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 2 (50) 4 (100)
Moraxella spp. 0 (0.0) 1 (50 ) 1 (50) 2 (100)
Results of this study also found that (37.1%) of bacteriospermia
were caused by gram negative bacteria. E. coli represented the
common gram negative bacteria isolated from seminal fluid
specimens. They accounted for (17.1%) of total bacterial
isolates of asthenospermic patients. This result was close to the
finding by other researchers24,31
. In other studies E. coli isolates
were found to be less than 10%21,25
. Immobilizing effect of
certain bacteria, particularly E. coli on spermatozoa had been
demonstrated, and this was the mechanism responsible for the
asthenospermia resulted from bacteriospermia. Also, E. coli has
the ability to cause sperm membrane lipid damage26
.
The other group of gram negative bacteria isolated from seminal
fluid specimens were E. aerogenes (11.4%), Acinetobacter spp.
(5.7) and Moraxella spp. (2.9%). This result was the highest of
those reported by other studies as in Alwash (2006)32
. E.
aerogenes posses many factor that facilitate their pathogenicity
as endotoxin, which have deleterious effect on seminal fluid;
capsules and adhesion proteins that support their attachment to
mucosal surfaces of urogenital and also have the ability of
resistance to multiple antimicrobial agents14
.
Virulence factors of the bacterial isolates: The factors that
determine the initiation, development, and outcome of an
infection involve a series of complex and shifting interaction
between the host and the parasite, which can vary with different
infecting microorganisms. Virulence factors of the bacterial
isolates demonstrated in this work included coagulase,
hemolysin, capsule, siderophore, bacteriocin, lipase and
extracellular protease production as well as colonization factor
antigens (CFA/I, and CFA/III).
Microorganisms evolve a number of mechanisms for the
acquisition of iron from their environments. One of them is the
production of hemolysins, which acts to release iron complexed
to intracellular heme and hemoglobin. Another mechanism for
iron acquisition is to produce siderophores which chelate iron
with a very high affinity and which compete effectively with
transferrin and lactoferrin to mobilize iron for microbial
use33
.The results of this study revealed that all isolates of S.
aureus were able to expressed β-hemolytic mode on blood agar.
Among CoNS isolates only 18(72%) exhibited α-hemolytic
pattern, while the rest CoNS isolates were γ-hemolytic (non
hemolytic) pattern, which no color change around the bacterial
colonies Table-3. This agreed with the result mentioned by
Dinges and his colleagues (2000)34
. The production of
hemolysin by S. aureus is well known and considered as a main
virulence factor for these bacteria and it associated with
increased severity of infections35
. In G-ve, bacterial isolates five
isolates of E. coli and four isolates of E. aerogenes displayed β-
hemolytic pattern. The other G-ve isolates demonstrated γ-
hemolytic pattern (table 3-6). Iron can increase disease risk by
functioning as a readily available essential nutrient for invading
microbial and neoplastic cell. To survive and replicate in hosts,
microbial pathogens must acquire host iron. Highly virulent
strains possess exceptionally powerful mechanisms for
obtaining host iron from health hosts35
.
Production of lipase were detected among bacterial isolates and
the results showed that 15(78.9%) of S. aureus and 7(28%) of
CoNS isolates were capable of lipase production (table 3-5).
Results of lipase production test in G-ve bacterial isolates
revealed that 9(75%) of E. coli, 7(87.5%) of E. aerogenes and
1(50%) isolate of Moraxella spp. were lipase producer (table 3-
6). Host cell membranes contain lipids in their components;
lipase enzyme will destroy these elements and aids the pathogen
to penetrate the host tissue to develop the infections36
.
All isolates were tested for their ability to produce colonization
factor antigens type (CFA/I) and (CFA/III). The results revealed
that all G+ve isolates were able to produce (CFA/III) and
10(52.6%) of S. aureus, 8(32%) of CoNS isolates were capable
to produce (CFA/I) as shown in table (3-5). These factors are
considered primary factors, which cause adhesion of bacteria to
the target host cell, and their presence indicates that the bacteria
contain cell surface fimbrial antigens. Detection of CFA in G-ve
bacterial isolates were done and the results indicated presence of
(CFA/III) in all G-ve isolates, while (CFA/I) were found in
8(66.7%) of E. coli, 6(75%) of E. aerogenes, 2(50%) of
Acinetobacter spp. and 1(50%) of Moraxella spp. isolates (table
3-6). The (CFA/I) contributed and aided the bacteria to adhere
and multiply within eukaryotic cells. Bacterial adherence to host
tissues is a complex process that, in many cases, involves the
participation of several distinct adhesions, all of which may act
at the same time or at different stages during infection. Many
pathogenic bacteria displayed polymeric adhesive fibers termed
"pili" or "fimbriae" that facilitated the initial attachment to
epithelial cells and subsequent successful colonization of the
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host37
. Pili are virulence factors that mediate interbacterial
aggregation and biofilm formation, or mediate specific
recognition of host-cell receptors (Jonson et al., 2005). It is clear
that pili play similar biological roles for commensals bacteria
because they also have to colonize specific niches and overcome
the host's natural clearing mechanisms. It is thought that
commensal and some pathogenic Escherichia coli strains use
type I pili or curli to colonize human and animal tissues38
.
Effect of some antibiotics on bacterial isolates: figure (3-1)
displays the resistance of all G+ve and G-ve bacterial isolates to
amoxicillin and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid .The results
revealed that all bacterial isolates showed high resistance (75% -
100%) to amoxicillin, but less resistance to amoxicillin-
clavulanic acid (47.4% - 75%). Among G+ve bacterial isolates
the resistance of S. aureus and CoNS isolates to amoxicillin
were (100%) for both. These results are agreeable with results
obtained by Dan39
who confirmed that the resistance of CoNS
isolates to β-lactams was mediated by β-lactamase enzymes
production under chromosomal control. Both S. aureus and
CoNS isolates exhibited low level of resistance toward
amoxicillin-clavulanic acid 9(47.4%), 13(52%) respectively.
Addition of clavulanic acid can inhibit the action of β-
lactamases enzyme40
. These results matched those obtained by
Romolo and his colleagues41
who pointed out that the
uropathogens resistance to amoxicillin was as high as to
amoxicillin-clavulanic acid. The use of clavulanic acid
decreased the resistance of bacteria to β-lactame antibiotics .The
mechanism of this resistance is mostly due to either production
of β-lactamases that hydrolyze β-lactame ring which was
controlled by plasmid or chromosomal regulation, or lack of
penicillin receptors on cell wall and/or alteration in their
permeability to β-lactam antibiotics and preventing the uptaking
of antibiotics42
. Among G-ve bacterial isolates the resistance of
E. coli to amoxicillin was 12(100%) which was higher than to
amoxicillin-clavulanic acid 8(66.7%). This result was in line
with other results reported by Dulawa and his group43
who
observed an upward trend in the resistance of E. coli to
amoxillin/ampcillin and this resistance is predominantly caused
by plasmid-encoded β-lactamase TEM-1; these enzymes
preferentially hydrolyze penicillin, which was sensitive to β-
lactamase inhibitors such as clavulanic acid. So, addition of
clavulanic acid can inhibit the action of these enzymes and only
70% were resistant to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid40
. Generally,
resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics in G-ve bacteria can be due
to four mechanisms: Decreased permeability of the drug into the
cell, hydrolysis of the drug by ß-lactamase, decreased affinity of
the target penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), or by pump-
mediated resistance14
.
The resistance of Acinetobacter to amoxicillin was (100%) and
this result was higher than those reported by Alwash B.H.32
and
Al-Shukri M.S.44
who clarified that the resistance rate of
uropathogenic Acinetobacter to amoxicillin was (63.6%) and
(80%) respectively .Enzyme resistance was resulted from the
ability of Acinetobacter to produce β-lactamase14, 44
. Only three
isolates of E. aerogenes were resisted to amoxicillin and this
results in agreement with those results being reported by other
researcher45
. Also Dumarche and his colleagues46
reported that
all E. aerogenes isolates which produce (ESBL) had one or
more of plasmids which carry multiresistance genes. Two
isolates of Moraxella spp. were resistant to amoxicillin and
amoxicillin-clavulanic acid. Mechanism of resistance exhibited
by Moraxella was similar to those of Acinetobacter. Varon and
his researchers (2000)47
found that M. catarrhalis were fully
sensitive to amoxillin.
Figure-1
Resistance of bacterial isolates to amoxicillin and amoxicillin clavulanic acid.
AM: amoxillin, AMC: amoxicillin–clavulanic acid
AMC
47.4
AM
100
AMC
52
AM
100
AMC
66.7
AM
100
AMC
75
AM
100
AMC
50
AM
75
AMC
50
AM
100
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Percentage(%)ofresistant
isolates
S. aureus CoNS E. coli Acinetobacter
spp
E. aerogenes M oraxella spp
Antibiotics
AMC AM
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Vol. 1(3), 1-11, April (2013) Int. Res. J. Medical Sci.
International Science Congress Association 6
Resistance of bacterial isolates to the cephalosporins was
studied. Figure (3-2) reveals variable levels of resistance to
different generations of cephalosporins. S. aureus resistance to
cefamandole (2nd
generation), ceftizoxime, ceftazidime (3rd
generation) and cefepime (4th
generation) were 73.7% , 84.2% ,
100% and 68.4% respectively .This result revealed that S.
aureus exhibited low level of resistance to 4th
generation
cephalosporin than other cephalosporins. This result agreed with
Brooks and his colleagues48
. CoNS isolates displayed low level
of resistance to cephalosporins (56%-80%) than those exhibited
by S. aureus. Resistance to cephalosporins mediated by
cephalosporinase production14
. All G-ve bacterial isolates were
fully (100%) resistance to cefamandole (second-generation
cephalosporin) except E. coli and E. aerogenes (91.7%, 75%)
respectively. S. aureus and CoNS isolates exhibited less level of
resistance to cefamandole than G-ve isolates. All isolates of G-
ve bacteria exhibited nearly similar levels of resistance to
cephalosporins. Acinetobacter spp. isolates were fully resistance
to cephalosporins, also six isolates of E. aerogenes were
resistant to all cephalosporins. This resistance may be resulted
from combination of unusually restricted outer membrane
permeability and chromosomally encoded β-lactamase. This
agreed with results mentioned by Bisiklis and his workers49
.
Figure (3-3) showed that all bacterial isolates exhibited high
sensitivity to imipenem and meropenem (carbapenems) except
in Moraxella spp. which displayed resistance to both of these
antibiotics which might be due to the low number of Moraxella
isolates in the present study. However, the result was in
accordance with those reported by Watanabe and his colleagues
(2000)50
and Nomura and Nagayama51
. Imipenem and
meropenem are broad-spectrum carbapenems antibiotics. Beta-
lactam rings of these antibiotics are resistant to hydrolysis by
most beta-lactamases and the activity of meropenem against
most clinical isolates was comparable with imipenem. These
antibiotics pass through the outer membrane of G-ve bacteria
via the water filled porin channels to reach their targets,
penicillin binding proteins14
. Deletion or diminished production
of these outer membrane proteins (porins) decreases outer
membrane permeability of some G-ve bacteria for diffusion of
these antibiotics and decreases susceptibility to imipenem and
meropenem48
. Generally a distinct difference was present
between β-lactamase production by G+ve and G-ve bacterial
isolates, for example β-lactamase produced by staphylococci
were excreted into the surrounding environment where the
hydrolysis of β-lactams takes place before the drug can bind to
PBPs in the cell membrane. In contrast, β-lactamase produced
by G-ve bacteria remained intracellular in the periplasmic space
where they were strategically positioned to hydrolyze β-lactams
as they transverse the outer membrane through water filled,
protein lined porin channels14
.
Figure-2
Resistance of bacterial isolates (gram positive and gram negative) to cephalosporins.
MA: cefamandole, ZOX: Ceftizoxime, FEP: Cefepime, CAZ: ceftazidime
73.7
84.2
68.4
100
56
80
72
80
91.7
83.3
66.7
83.3
100100100100
75757575
100100
50
100
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Percentage(%)ofresistant
isolates
S.aureus CoNS E.coli Acinetobacter spp E.aerogenes Moraxella spp
AntibioticsMA ZOX FEP CAZ
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Vol. 1(3), 1-11, April (2013) Int. Res. J. Medical Sci.
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Figure-3
Resistance of bacterial isolates to carbapenems.
MEM: meropenem, IPM: imipenem
Figure-4
Resistance of bacterial isolates to aminoglycosides.
TOB: tobramycin, AK: amikacin, CN: gentamycin.
Resistance of the bacterial isolates to aminoglycosides were
established in figure -4. The results revealed that S. aureus and
CoNS isolates showed similar status of resistance to gentamycin
(84.2%, 88%) respectively. The mechanism of aminoglycosides
resistance by staphylococcal isolates is enzymatic modification,
in which modifying enzymes alter various sites on the
aminoglycosides molecule so that the ability of drug to bind the
ribosome and halt protein synthesis was greatly diminished or
lost. This result was agreed with Alwash B.H.32
, who found that
(80%) of Staphylococcus spp. isolates were exhibited resistance
to gentamycin. However, Khorshed (2005)52
reported that
Staphylococcus spp. isolated from UTI were very sensitive to
gentamycin (low level of resistance 15%). S. aureus and CoNS
gave low level of resistance to amikacin, (36.3%, and 32%
respectively) and also to tobramycin (57.9%, 36% respectively)
when compared with their resistance to gentamycin.
Resistance to gentamycin had been identified in CoNS isolates.
Moreover, CoNS may function as a reservoir for antibiotic
resistant genes to S. aureus. Among G-ve bacterial isolates,
10.5
5.3 8
4
8.3
0 00 00
100
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
Percentage(%)ofresistant
isolates
S. aureus CoNS E. coli Acinetobacter
spp
E. aerogenes Moraxella spp
Antibiotics
MEM IPM
84.2
36.8
57.9
88
32
36
91.7
7575
0
25
50
37.5
87.6
75
50
000
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Percentage(%)ofresistant
isolates
S. aureus CoNS E. coli Acinetobacter
spp
E. aerogenes Moraxella spp
AntibioticsTOB AK CN
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International Science Congress Association 8
91.7% of E. coli isolates were resistant to tobramycin. Only
(75%) of E. coli isolates were resistant to amikacin and
gentamycin. These results agreed with those reported with Al-
Muhanna53
and Al-Nuaimi54
, who found that E. coli was fully
resistant to amikacin. However, this result disagreed with other
local studies as given by Alwash B.H.32
who found that E. coli
isolated from patients with urinary tract infections (UTI) and from
those with prostatitis exhibited low level of resistance to amikacin
(7.7%-25%). This resistance could be interpreted depending on
the fact that many strains of E. coli have acquired plasmids
conferring resistance to one or more than one type of antibiotics,
therefore antimicrobial therapy should be guided by laboratory
result test of sensitivity55
. Acinetobacter spp. isolates were fully
sensitive to tobramycin, but they showed low resistance to
amikacin (1/4) and (2/2) of them were resist gentamycin. This
result was in line with those documented by Al-Shukri M.S.44
and Al-Hamawandi J.A.55
who observed that Acinetobacter was
resistant to gentamycin and this resistance was produced through
alteration of the ribosomal target site, and production of
aminoglyside-modifying enzyme. Moreover, Hpa established that
resistance of uropathogenic Acinetobacter to gentamycin and
amikacin were 43% and 5% respectively. Concerning E.
aerogenes resistance of aminoglycosides, the results revealed that
(6/8) of E. aerogenes isolates were resistant to gentamycin (7/8)
were resistant to amikacin and (3/8) of them were resisted
tobramycin.
Enterobacter spp. resistance to gentamycin was (75%). Park and
his colleagues had stated that the resistance rate of Enterobacter
spp. to gentamycin was (33.3%) while it was (54%) for
amikacin and that differ from the results in the present study.
The mechanism of E. aerogenes resistance to aminoglycosides
was mediated by the production of more than one type of
aminoglycosidases located on the R plasmid.Other mechanism
was post transcriptional modification of 16S rRNA which can
confer high level resistance to all aminoglycosides except
streptomycin in G-ve human pathogens including E.
aerogenes56
. Moraxella spp. isolates were fully sensitive to
gentamycin and amikacin. Only (1/2) of Moraxella spp. isolates
were resist to tobramycin.
In the present study the results of fluoroquinolones
(ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin) resistance are displayed in
figure (3-5). G+ve isolates exhibited low resistance to both
ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin, (42.1%) of S. aureus and (12%)
of CoNS isolates were resist to ciprofloxacin, while resistance to
norfloxacin was (36.8%, 32%) respectively.
This result agreed with other local studies as given by Khorshed
P.A.52
who found that only (20%) of staphylococcus spp.
isolated from patients with UTI were resistant to ciprofloxacin.
Also, Alwash32
found that (33.3%) of S. aureus and (11.1%) of
CoNS isolates were resisted ciprofloxacin. Similarly, Rachid
and his group (2000)57
observed that there were an increased
number of strains resistant to ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin. Kurt
and Naber (2001)58
document that the ciprofloxacin was the first
choice for seminal fluid tract infection. Moroever, Donnell and
Gelone, (2000)59
reported that the resistance to flouroquinolones
was through chromosomal mutations or alterations affecting the
ability of fluoroquinolones to permeate the bacterial cell wall.
Fortunately, separate isomerases were required to produce this
form of resistance41
. Forbes and his colleagues14
stated that
staphylococci had two mechanisms to resist flouroquinolones;
the first one was efflux mechanism in which an activation of
efflux pump that removes flouroquinolones before intracellular
concentration sufficient for inhibiting DNA metabolism can be
achieved. The other mechanism (target alteration) included
changes in DNA gyrase subunits decrease ability of
flouroquinolones to bind this enzyme and interfere with DNA
processes.
Figure-5
Resistance of bacterial isolates to Fluoroquinolones. CIP: Ciprofloxacin, NOR: norfloxacin
42.1
36.8
12
32 2525
50
100
75
12.5
0
100
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
percentage(%)ofresistant
isolates
S. aureus CoNS E. coli Acinetobacter
spp
E. aerogenes Moraxella spp
AntibioticsCIP NOR
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International Science Congress Association 9
Flouroquinolones resistance among G-ve bacterial isolates were
also studied. (25%) of E. coli isolates were resistant to both
ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin. This result was in line with
results obtained by (32,52) who found that, the resistance rate of
E. coli to ciprofloxacin was (36.4%), and differed from Klligore
and his colleagues60
who demonstrated that the resistance rate of
uropathogenic E. coli to ciprofloxacin was (0.4%, 13%)
respectively. (4/4) and (2/4) of Acinetobacter spp. isolates were
resistant to norfloxacin respectively. Resistance of G-ve isolates
to flouroquinolones occurred by one of the two strategies, either
by alteration in the outer membrane led to diminishes uptake of
drug, or by changes in DNA gyrase subunits which decreases
ability of flouroquinolones to bind this enzyme and interfere
with DNA processes14
. In addition to that, Jacoby and his
collageus (2006)61
stated that Enterobacter had plasmid-
mediated quinolones resistance gene which confer their
resistance to the flouroquinolones.
From the data gathered above we can conclude that, There is a
significant relationship between asthenospermia and
bacteriospermia. Staphylococcus aureus (CoNS) represented by
Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus saprophyticus,
Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Acinetobacter spp.
and Moraxella spp. seem to be the most common bacteria
associated with bacteriospermia. There is a significant
relationship between leukocytospermia and bacteriospermia and
leukocytospermia can be used as predictor of
bacteriospermia.The bacterial isolates associated with
bacteriospermia showed resistance to many antibiotics but they
were highly susceptible to imipenem, meropenem and
ciprofloxacin.All bacterial isolates in this study have the ability
to possess more than one virulence factors such as coagulase,
capsule, siderophore, hemolysin, extracellular protease, lipase
and adherence factors to produce asthenospermia.
Conclusion
In conclusion, there is a significant relationship between
asthenospermia and bacteriospermia. The most common
bacteria closely associated with bacteriospermia are
Staphylococcus spp., Acinetobacter spp., Moraxella spp., E.
coli, and Enterobacter aerogenes. Most of these bacterial types
are resistant to antibiotics but in general, they are highly
susceptible to Imipenem, Meropenem, and Ciprofloxacin
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