This document provides an overview of backplane technologies for AdvancedTCA systems. It introduces AdvancedTCA and describes its chassis and board specifications. Five interconnect protocols - Ethernet, InfiniBand, StarFabric, PCI Express, and RapidIO - are then summarized in terms of their features, topologies, packet formats, and support for quality of service. The document concludes with a comparison of these protocols on various characteristics.
This video presents an educational overview of the RapidIO architecture and ecosystem. The RapidIO architecture is a high-performance packet-switched, interconnect technology for interconnecting chips on a circuit board, and circuit boards to each other using a backplane. This technology is designed specifically for embedded systems, primarily for the networking, communications, and signal processing markets.
Serial RapidIO solutions from IDT include switching and bridging products that are ideal for building peer-to-peer multi-processor systems with 100ns latency, low power consumption, reliable packet termination — all with industry-standard based support at up to 20 Gbps per port. IDT's Serial RapidIO solutions are ideal for wireless base station infrastructure, video, server, imaging, military and industrial control applications.
Video presented by Barry Wood, Expert Applications Engineer at IDT. To learn more about IDT's rich portfolio of RapidIO switches and bridges, visit http://www.idt.com/go/SRIO.
This document describes the Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture (AMBA) Advanced High-performance Bus (AHB) 2.0 specification. It details features of AHB such as burst transfers, split transactions, and single-cycle bus master handover. It also explains typical components in an AMBA AHB system including masters, slaves, arbitration, and bus operation with different transfer types.
Serial ATA (SATA) is a computer bus interface that connects host bus adapters to mass storage devices such as hard disk drives and optical drives. Serial ATA replaces the older AT Attachment standard (later referred to as Parallel ATA or PATA), offering several advantages over the older interface: reduced cable size and cost (seven conductors instead of 40 or 80), native hot swapping, faster data transfer through higher signalling rates, and more efficient transfer through an (optional) I/O queuing protocol.
This document describes the implementation of an Advanced High Performance Bus (AHB) protocol using Verilog. It discusses the key components and signals of the AHB, including masters, slaves, arbiters, decoders, request/grant protocols, and pipelined transactions. It also provides RTL diagrams and simulation results for the arbiter, decoder, and multiplexer modules. The goal is to develop a synthesizable Verilog model of the AHB to allow easy addition of new blocks and improve bus efficiency through pipelined transactions.
Dual-ported RAM allows reads and writes from multiple sources simultaneously, unlike single-ported RAM which allows only one access at a time. It increases bandwidth and reduces design complexity compared to alternatives. Dual-ported RAM is commonly used to enable independent communication between two processors, such as in set-top boxes to transmit and store digital television programs between a CPU and peripheral components.
Beyond eduroam: Combining eduroam, (5G) SIM authentication and OpenRoamingKarri Huhtanen
A presentation at FUNET Technical Days 2021 about research projects combining (5G) SIM authentication to eduroam Finland and ongoing work and benefits with OpenRoaming global Wi-Fi roaming in roam.fi or eduroam Finland networks.
This document discusses address resolution protocol (ARP) which is used to map IP addresses to MAC addresses on local area networks (LANs). It explains that ARP resolves destination IP addresses to MAC addresses in order to direct transmissions to specific devices on the LAN. It provides examples of how ARP is used to resolve addresses across multiple networks. It describes the basic ARP message format and exchange process used for address resolution.
This video presents an educational overview of the RapidIO architecture and ecosystem. The RapidIO architecture is a high-performance packet-switched, interconnect technology for interconnecting chips on a circuit board, and circuit boards to each other using a backplane. This technology is designed specifically for embedded systems, primarily for the networking, communications, and signal processing markets.
Serial RapidIO solutions from IDT include switching and bridging products that are ideal for building peer-to-peer multi-processor systems with 100ns latency, low power consumption, reliable packet termination — all with industry-standard based support at up to 20 Gbps per port. IDT's Serial RapidIO solutions are ideal for wireless base station infrastructure, video, server, imaging, military and industrial control applications.
Video presented by Barry Wood, Expert Applications Engineer at IDT. To learn more about IDT's rich portfolio of RapidIO switches and bridges, visit http://www.idt.com/go/SRIO.
This document describes the Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture (AMBA) Advanced High-performance Bus (AHB) 2.0 specification. It details features of AHB such as burst transfers, split transactions, and single-cycle bus master handover. It also explains typical components in an AMBA AHB system including masters, slaves, arbitration, and bus operation with different transfer types.
Serial ATA (SATA) is a computer bus interface that connects host bus adapters to mass storage devices such as hard disk drives and optical drives. Serial ATA replaces the older AT Attachment standard (later referred to as Parallel ATA or PATA), offering several advantages over the older interface: reduced cable size and cost (seven conductors instead of 40 or 80), native hot swapping, faster data transfer through higher signalling rates, and more efficient transfer through an (optional) I/O queuing protocol.
This document describes the implementation of an Advanced High Performance Bus (AHB) protocol using Verilog. It discusses the key components and signals of the AHB, including masters, slaves, arbiters, decoders, request/grant protocols, and pipelined transactions. It also provides RTL diagrams and simulation results for the arbiter, decoder, and multiplexer modules. The goal is to develop a synthesizable Verilog model of the AHB to allow easy addition of new blocks and improve bus efficiency through pipelined transactions.
Dual-ported RAM allows reads and writes from multiple sources simultaneously, unlike single-ported RAM which allows only one access at a time. It increases bandwidth and reduces design complexity compared to alternatives. Dual-ported RAM is commonly used to enable independent communication between two processors, such as in set-top boxes to transmit and store digital television programs between a CPU and peripheral components.
Beyond eduroam: Combining eduroam, (5G) SIM authentication and OpenRoamingKarri Huhtanen
A presentation at FUNET Technical Days 2021 about research projects combining (5G) SIM authentication to eduroam Finland and ongoing work and benefits with OpenRoaming global Wi-Fi roaming in roam.fi or eduroam Finland networks.
This document discusses address resolution protocol (ARP) which is used to map IP addresses to MAC addresses on local area networks (LANs). It explains that ARP resolves destination IP addresses to MAC addresses in order to direct transmissions to specific devices on the LAN. It provides examples of how ARP is used to resolve addresses across multiple networks. It describes the basic ARP message format and exchange process used for address resolution.
An Overview of Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)Jasim Alam
BGP is the exterior gateway protocol that connects autonomous systems on the internet. It uses distance vector routing and TCP to establish connections between routers in different autonomous systems to exchange routing and reachability information. BGP messages advertise routing prefixes, paths, and policies between autonomous systems. Routers maintain BGP routing tables containing routes and their attributes to determine the best paths for traffic. As the number of autonomous systems and routing entries has increased, challenges around scaling the routing system remain an area of ongoing work.
MIPI DevCon 2021: MIPI D-PHY and MIPI CSI-2 for IoT: AI Edge DevicesMIPI Alliance
Presented by Ashraf Takla, Mixel Inc.
This presentation covers the deployment of MIPI D-PHY℠ and MIPI CSI-2® in IoT and edge devices. While many mobile-influenced applications benefit from the low-power, small-form factor of MIPI specifications, AI edge processors in particular are seeing a surge in the use of MIPI specifications for their sensors as market trends shift from processing in the cloud or central location, to processing at the edge.
This presentation includes a high-level system overview of a specific use case, Perceive Ergo edge inference processor, and how Mixel was able to meet Perceive’s stringent requirements with its MIPI D-PHY CSI-2 TX and D-PHY CSI-2 RX IPs.
PCI Express is a high-speed serial computer expansion bus standard that was created to replace older standards like PCI, PCI-X, and AGP. It provides dedicated bandwidth to devices through the use of lanes and is commonly used as the interface for graphics cards, hard drives, and other peripherals. PCIe has gone through several generations that have increased its maximum bandwidth. It uses a layered protocol architecture and is designed for compatibility while providing scalable bandwidth and other advantages over older standards.
The document discusses several common computer bus interfaces, including ISA, EISA, VESA, PCI, USB, and AGP. ISA is the oldest standard and operates at 8 MHz. PCI is now the most common due to its plug-and-play capabilities and support for 64-bit transfers. USB allows up to 127 devices to connect via a serial bus. AGP provides significantly faster communication between the CPU and video card compared to PCI.
Creating Your Own PCI Express System Using FPGAs: Embedded World 2010Altera Corporation
This document discusses creating PCI Express systems using FPGA devices. It provides an overview of PCI Express, describing its key functional elements like the root complex and endpoints. It also outlines PCI Express support in Altera FPGAs, including both hard IP blocks and soft IP cores that enable PCI Express connectivity. The hard IP blocks perform the various PCI Express layers and reduce resource usage compared to soft cores.
VLSI DESIGN OF AMBA BASED AHB2APB BRIDGEVLSICS Design
The Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture (AMBA) is an open System-on-Chip bus protocol for highperformance
buses to communicate with low-power devices. In the AMBA Advanced High Performance bus (AHB) a system bus is used to connect a processor, a DSP, and high-performance memory controllers where as the AMBA Advanced Peripheral Bus (APB) is used to connect (Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter) UART. It also contains a Bridge, which connects the AHB and APB buses. Bridges are standard bus-to-bus interfaces that allow IPs connected to different buses to communicate with each other in a standardized way. So AHB2APB bridge is designed, implemented using VERILOG tool and tested using Verilog testbench and is reported in this paper. A synthesizable RTL code of a complex interface
bridge between AHB and APB is developed and known as AHB2APB Bridge. The simulated AHB2APB Bridge results are promising and can be further tested for its verstality by writing a verification program using UVM in future.
PCI Express is a serial computer expansion bus standard designed to replace older standards like PCI and AGP. It uses point-to-point connections between two devices using serial communication over one or more lanes. PCIe protocol has three layers - the transaction layer which interacts with software, the data link layer which provides reliable packet exchange, and the physical layer which isolates the other layers from signaling technology.
PCI Express (Peripheral Component Interconnect Express) abbreviated as PCIe or PCI-E, is designed to replace the older PCI, PCI-X, AGP standards. We present a data communication developed system for use the transfer data between the host and the peripheral devices via PCIe. The performance and the available area on the board are effective by using the PCIe. PCIe is a serial expansion bus interconnection method which is use for high speed communication. PCI Express represents the currently fastest and most expensive solution to connect the peripheral devices with general purpose CPU. It provides a highest bandwidth connection in the PC platform. In this paper, we highlight the different types of bus architecture. Here the PCIe architecture is described how data transfer between the CPU to the destination.
This document discusses the Advanced Peripheral Bus (APB) which is part of the Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture (AMBA). It provides three key points:
1. The APB is optimized for low power consumption and reduced complexity by interfacing with low bandwidth peripherals. It uses a single clock edge to simplify timing analysis.
2. The APB bridge acts as the bus master, latching the address and controlling data transfer direction. It generates control signals to select the peripheral and indicate the transfer type (read/write).
3. APB peripherals use a simple interface, latching write data on the clock edge or enable signal. Reads return data when the peripheral is selected and transfer is
This document provides an overview of Linux PCI Express drivers, including PCIe topology, configuration space, driver initialization, and common port service drivers. It describes the PCIe standard for replacing older PCI standards and how PCIe preserves backward compatibility at the software level. It also outlines the device enumeration process, driver access methods, and reference resources for PCIe specifications and Linux PCIe documentation.
This document discusses the history and technical details of Serial ATA (SATA) storage interfaces. It covers:
- The evolution of parallel ATA standards over time and their limitations that led to SATA.
- The key benefits of SATA including smaller connectors, higher speeds, and support for multiple devices via point-to-point connections.
- An overview of the SATA architecture and protocol stack, including the physical, link, and transport layers.
- Details of the physical layer such as connectors, cabling, and out-of-band signaling.
- How the link layer implements 8b/10b encoding, scrambling, frame structure, and flow control primitives.
This document discusses the processor and memory components of a computer system. It covers the internal structure of the processor including the central processing unit (CPU) which contains the control unit and arithmetic logic unit. It describes the functions of commonly used registers and factors that determine processor speed. Different types of processors and memory are outlined, including RAM, ROM, and their uses. Memory capacity, organization, and evaluation criteria are also summarized.
The document discusses various Ethernet protocols and standards including:
- IEEE 802.3u and 802.3z which define Fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet transmission rates.
- IEEE 802.1D, 802.1s, and 802.1w which relate to Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) and its variants for avoiding loops.
- IEEE 802.1Q for VLAN tagging to logically separate traffic on a physical LAN infrastructure.
- IEEE 802.3ad for Link Aggregation to combine multiple network links into a single logical trunk to increase bandwidth and redundancy.
Firewall and NAT Fundamentals - pfSense Hangout January 2014Netgate
The document summarizes updates from a January 2014 pfSense Hang Out. It discusses the launch of an online store for pfSense merchandise, a new website, and an updated pfSense book. An upcoming 2.1.1 release was outlined which will contain bug and security fixes. Development of the 2.2 release was also mentioned, including using FreeBSD 10.0 as the base and new features like improved wireless support and NAT ordering options. The hang out included tutorials on firewall and NAT fundamentals and basic network setups. Future tutorial topics and questions were solicited by email.
MIPI DevCon Taipei 2019: Study on the Influence of Random Jitter to the MIPI ...MIPI Alliance
HeeSoo Lee, SerDes/DDR product owner, and Jingshen Liu, R&D engineer, at Keysight Technologies Inc., focus on the influence of random jitters to the MIPI C-PHY℠ high speed timing, providing a reference for MIPI C-PHY designers and informing the future development of MIPI C-PHY.
The document discusses the key aspects of the PCIe transaction layer including:
- It defines the packet format and different transaction types for memory, I/O, configuration and messages.
- Rules are specified for TLPs with data payloads, digest rules, address-based and ID-based routing.
- Transaction descriptors contain the transaction ID, attributes and traffic class fields.
- Memory, I/O and configuration request rules and completion rules are also outlined.
Cloud PBX is a hosted or virtual PBX system that provides phone system capabilities without expensive equipment. It allows businesses to run efficiently through flexible and cost-effective communications that keep employees and clients connected. Some benefits of switching to cloud PBX include lower costs as there are no maintenance fees or expensive setups and businesses only pay for what they use. It is also perfect for small businesses as it provides features normally only available to large companies at affordable prices and scales easily from a few to hundreds of extensions across multiple sites. Cloud PBX also improves productivity by allowing employees to stay connected wherever they are and creates an office-like environment even for remote or virtual businesses.
Redistribution is necessary when routing protocols connect and must pass routes between the two.
Route Redistribution involves placing the routes learned from one routing domain, such as RIP, into
another routing domain, such as EIGRP.
While running a single routing protocol throughout your entire IP internetwork is desirable, multiprotocol routing is common for a number of reasons, such as company mergers, multiple departments
managed by multiple network administrators, and multi-vendor environments. Running different
routing protocols is often part of a network design.
This document discusses how carrier-grade Ethernet can ensure reliable communications for utility networks transitioning to support smart grid applications. It covers Ethernet mechanisms that provide carrier-grade performance such as quality of service, resiliency, monitoring and timing synchronization. Choosing between IP, MPLS and Ethernet options is discussed. The document also addresses network security considerations and introduces RAD's carrier-grade Ethernet product portfolio for power utilities.
An Overview of Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)Jasim Alam
BGP is the exterior gateway protocol that connects autonomous systems on the internet. It uses distance vector routing and TCP to establish connections between routers in different autonomous systems to exchange routing and reachability information. BGP messages advertise routing prefixes, paths, and policies between autonomous systems. Routers maintain BGP routing tables containing routes and their attributes to determine the best paths for traffic. As the number of autonomous systems and routing entries has increased, challenges around scaling the routing system remain an area of ongoing work.
MIPI DevCon 2021: MIPI D-PHY and MIPI CSI-2 for IoT: AI Edge DevicesMIPI Alliance
Presented by Ashraf Takla, Mixel Inc.
This presentation covers the deployment of MIPI D-PHY℠ and MIPI CSI-2® in IoT and edge devices. While many mobile-influenced applications benefit from the low-power, small-form factor of MIPI specifications, AI edge processors in particular are seeing a surge in the use of MIPI specifications for their sensors as market trends shift from processing in the cloud or central location, to processing at the edge.
This presentation includes a high-level system overview of a specific use case, Perceive Ergo edge inference processor, and how Mixel was able to meet Perceive’s stringent requirements with its MIPI D-PHY CSI-2 TX and D-PHY CSI-2 RX IPs.
PCI Express is a high-speed serial computer expansion bus standard that was created to replace older standards like PCI, PCI-X, and AGP. It provides dedicated bandwidth to devices through the use of lanes and is commonly used as the interface for graphics cards, hard drives, and other peripherals. PCIe has gone through several generations that have increased its maximum bandwidth. It uses a layered protocol architecture and is designed for compatibility while providing scalable bandwidth and other advantages over older standards.
The document discusses several common computer bus interfaces, including ISA, EISA, VESA, PCI, USB, and AGP. ISA is the oldest standard and operates at 8 MHz. PCI is now the most common due to its plug-and-play capabilities and support for 64-bit transfers. USB allows up to 127 devices to connect via a serial bus. AGP provides significantly faster communication between the CPU and video card compared to PCI.
Creating Your Own PCI Express System Using FPGAs: Embedded World 2010Altera Corporation
This document discusses creating PCI Express systems using FPGA devices. It provides an overview of PCI Express, describing its key functional elements like the root complex and endpoints. It also outlines PCI Express support in Altera FPGAs, including both hard IP blocks and soft IP cores that enable PCI Express connectivity. The hard IP blocks perform the various PCI Express layers and reduce resource usage compared to soft cores.
VLSI DESIGN OF AMBA BASED AHB2APB BRIDGEVLSICS Design
The Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture (AMBA) is an open System-on-Chip bus protocol for highperformance
buses to communicate with low-power devices. In the AMBA Advanced High Performance bus (AHB) a system bus is used to connect a processor, a DSP, and high-performance memory controllers where as the AMBA Advanced Peripheral Bus (APB) is used to connect (Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter) UART. It also contains a Bridge, which connects the AHB and APB buses. Bridges are standard bus-to-bus interfaces that allow IPs connected to different buses to communicate with each other in a standardized way. So AHB2APB bridge is designed, implemented using VERILOG tool and tested using Verilog testbench and is reported in this paper. A synthesizable RTL code of a complex interface
bridge between AHB and APB is developed and known as AHB2APB Bridge. The simulated AHB2APB Bridge results are promising and can be further tested for its verstality by writing a verification program using UVM in future.
PCI Express is a serial computer expansion bus standard designed to replace older standards like PCI and AGP. It uses point-to-point connections between two devices using serial communication over one or more lanes. PCIe protocol has three layers - the transaction layer which interacts with software, the data link layer which provides reliable packet exchange, and the physical layer which isolates the other layers from signaling technology.
PCI Express (Peripheral Component Interconnect Express) abbreviated as PCIe or PCI-E, is designed to replace the older PCI, PCI-X, AGP standards. We present a data communication developed system for use the transfer data between the host and the peripheral devices via PCIe. The performance and the available area on the board are effective by using the PCIe. PCIe is a serial expansion bus interconnection method which is use for high speed communication. PCI Express represents the currently fastest and most expensive solution to connect the peripheral devices with general purpose CPU. It provides a highest bandwidth connection in the PC platform. In this paper, we highlight the different types of bus architecture. Here the PCIe architecture is described how data transfer between the CPU to the destination.
This document discusses the Advanced Peripheral Bus (APB) which is part of the Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture (AMBA). It provides three key points:
1. The APB is optimized for low power consumption and reduced complexity by interfacing with low bandwidth peripherals. It uses a single clock edge to simplify timing analysis.
2. The APB bridge acts as the bus master, latching the address and controlling data transfer direction. It generates control signals to select the peripheral and indicate the transfer type (read/write).
3. APB peripherals use a simple interface, latching write data on the clock edge or enable signal. Reads return data when the peripheral is selected and transfer is
This document provides an overview of Linux PCI Express drivers, including PCIe topology, configuration space, driver initialization, and common port service drivers. It describes the PCIe standard for replacing older PCI standards and how PCIe preserves backward compatibility at the software level. It also outlines the device enumeration process, driver access methods, and reference resources for PCIe specifications and Linux PCIe documentation.
This document discusses the history and technical details of Serial ATA (SATA) storage interfaces. It covers:
- The evolution of parallel ATA standards over time and their limitations that led to SATA.
- The key benefits of SATA including smaller connectors, higher speeds, and support for multiple devices via point-to-point connections.
- An overview of the SATA architecture and protocol stack, including the physical, link, and transport layers.
- Details of the physical layer such as connectors, cabling, and out-of-band signaling.
- How the link layer implements 8b/10b encoding, scrambling, frame structure, and flow control primitives.
This document discusses the processor and memory components of a computer system. It covers the internal structure of the processor including the central processing unit (CPU) which contains the control unit and arithmetic logic unit. It describes the functions of commonly used registers and factors that determine processor speed. Different types of processors and memory are outlined, including RAM, ROM, and their uses. Memory capacity, organization, and evaluation criteria are also summarized.
The document discusses various Ethernet protocols and standards including:
- IEEE 802.3u and 802.3z which define Fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet transmission rates.
- IEEE 802.1D, 802.1s, and 802.1w which relate to Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) and its variants for avoiding loops.
- IEEE 802.1Q for VLAN tagging to logically separate traffic on a physical LAN infrastructure.
- IEEE 802.3ad for Link Aggregation to combine multiple network links into a single logical trunk to increase bandwidth and redundancy.
Firewall and NAT Fundamentals - pfSense Hangout January 2014Netgate
The document summarizes updates from a January 2014 pfSense Hang Out. It discusses the launch of an online store for pfSense merchandise, a new website, and an updated pfSense book. An upcoming 2.1.1 release was outlined which will contain bug and security fixes. Development of the 2.2 release was also mentioned, including using FreeBSD 10.0 as the base and new features like improved wireless support and NAT ordering options. The hang out included tutorials on firewall and NAT fundamentals and basic network setups. Future tutorial topics and questions were solicited by email.
MIPI DevCon Taipei 2019: Study on the Influence of Random Jitter to the MIPI ...MIPI Alliance
HeeSoo Lee, SerDes/DDR product owner, and Jingshen Liu, R&D engineer, at Keysight Technologies Inc., focus on the influence of random jitters to the MIPI C-PHY℠ high speed timing, providing a reference for MIPI C-PHY designers and informing the future development of MIPI C-PHY.
The document discusses the key aspects of the PCIe transaction layer including:
- It defines the packet format and different transaction types for memory, I/O, configuration and messages.
- Rules are specified for TLPs with data payloads, digest rules, address-based and ID-based routing.
- Transaction descriptors contain the transaction ID, attributes and traffic class fields.
- Memory, I/O and configuration request rules and completion rules are also outlined.
Cloud PBX is a hosted or virtual PBX system that provides phone system capabilities without expensive equipment. It allows businesses to run efficiently through flexible and cost-effective communications that keep employees and clients connected. Some benefits of switching to cloud PBX include lower costs as there are no maintenance fees or expensive setups and businesses only pay for what they use. It is also perfect for small businesses as it provides features normally only available to large companies at affordable prices and scales easily from a few to hundreds of extensions across multiple sites. Cloud PBX also improves productivity by allowing employees to stay connected wherever they are and creates an office-like environment even for remote or virtual businesses.
Redistribution is necessary when routing protocols connect and must pass routes between the two.
Route Redistribution involves placing the routes learned from one routing domain, such as RIP, into
another routing domain, such as EIGRP.
While running a single routing protocol throughout your entire IP internetwork is desirable, multiprotocol routing is common for a number of reasons, such as company mergers, multiple departments
managed by multiple network administrators, and multi-vendor environments. Running different
routing protocols is often part of a network design.
This document discusses how carrier-grade Ethernet can ensure reliable communications for utility networks transitioning to support smart grid applications. It covers Ethernet mechanisms that provide carrier-grade performance such as quality of service, resiliency, monitoring and timing synchronization. Choosing between IP, MPLS and Ethernet options is discussed. The document also addresses network security considerations and introduces RAD's carrier-grade Ethernet product portfolio for power utilities.
The document discusses the OSI reference model and TCP/IP reference model.
The OSI model has 7 layers - physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application layer. Each layer performs a well-defined function with minimal information flow across layer boundaries.
The TCP/IP model has 4 layers - link, internet, transport and application. The internet layer uses IP to allow packets to independently travel across networks. Transport layer uses TCP for reliable connections and UDP for fast delivery. Application layer contains protocols like HTTP, FTP, SMTP.
A dynamic performance-based_flow_controlingenioustech
Dear Students
Ingenious techno Solution offers an expertise guidance on you Final Year IEEE & Non- IEEE Projects on the following domain
JAVA
.NET
EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
ROBOTICS
MECHANICAL
MATLAB etc
For further details contact us:
enquiry@ingenioustech.in
044-42046028 or 8428302179.
Ingenious Techno Solution
#241/85, 4th floor
Rangarajapuram main road,
Kodambakkam (Power House)
http://www.ingenioustech.in/
The document provides information about Cisco certifications including the CCNA exam requirements and benefits, describes common networking devices like hubs, switches, routers and their functions, and explains basic networking concepts such as topologies, protocols, and the layered OSI model which is important for understanding network communication. It covers a wide range of foundational networking topics in preparation for Cisco certification exams.
This document provides an overview of IP and how it enables Voice over IP (VoIP). It discusses the OSI model and how IP fits as the network layer. It describes IP packet fields and how transport protocols like UDP and TCP work with IP. UDP is often used for real-time audio in VoIP instead of TCP due to its lower latency. RTP adds sequencing and timing information on top of UDP for VoIP.
The document discusses communications and network security basics including telecommunications, protocols, network architectures, and the OSI model. It provides an overview of each layer of the OSI model and how data is encapsulated as it moves through the layers. Key concepts covered include TCP/IP, IPv4 and IPv6 addressing, tunneling methods, wired transmission types, cable types, and plenum cable requirements.
The document provides information about networking certifications and the CCNA exam. It discusses the CCNA exam number, total marks, duration, passing score, number of questions, question types, and benefits of obtaining the certification. It also covers networking topics like data networks, networking devices, network interface cards, hubs, switches, routers, network topologies, LANs, WANs, virtual private networks, bandwidth, internetworking devices, network structure and hierarchy, IEEE 802 standards, and the OSI model.
Mellanox provides high-performance interconnect solutions for HPC systems. According to benchmarks, Mellanox InfiniBand delivers higher performance than other interconnects using half the number of cores. Mellanox InfiniBand also provides the highest system efficiency and is used to connect half of the world's petascale systems. Mellanox offers end-to-end solutions including adapters, switches, software, and management tools to optimize performance and efficiency for HPC workloads.
The document discusses various network topologies including mesh, star, bus, ring, tree, and hybrid topologies. It provides details on how each topology connects devices, its advantages and disadvantages, and examples of applications. It also covers Ethernet, collision domains, CSMA/CD protocol, token ring networks, FDDI, and considerations for choosing a topology.
This chapter discusses wide area network (WAN) architectures and technologies. It covers circuit-switched networks, dedicated-circuit networks, packet-switched networks, and virtual private networks. The key WAN technologies discussed include T-carrier services, SONET, Frame Relay, ATM, Ethernet services, MPLS, and various VPN types. The chapter also addresses best practices for WAN design and improving WAN performance.
The document describes the Genexis fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) network architecture, which uses a point-to-point topology to connect each user to the central office via a dedicated fiber. The network supports both Ethernet/IP connectivity and CATV broadcast services. Key elements include routers and switches to transport IP traffic, and optical transmitters, amplifiers, and splitters to distribute CATV signals. The architecture is based on open standards and provides high bandwidth to users in a scalable and cost-effective manner.
This document summarizes Cambium Point-to-Point 810 wireless solutions for providing reliable, high-capacity connectivity and backhaul over licensed microwave frequencies between 6-38 GHz. The modular system supports Ethernet and TDM applications at speeds up to 700 Mbps full duplex. Key features include native Ethernet and TDM support, scalable channel widths, cross polarization interference cancellation, and split-mount architecture. Configurations include non-protected, 1+1 protected, ring, and protected TDM options. The future-proof platform allows migrating from TDM to IP-based networks.
Hyper Transport technology is a very fast, low latency, point-to-point link used for inter-connecting integrated circuits on board. Hyper Transport, previously codenamed as Lightning Data Transport (LDT), provides the bandwidth and flexibility critical for today's networking and computing platforms while retaining the fundamental programming model of PCI. Hyper Transport was invented by AMD and perfected with the help of several partners throughout the industry.
The document summarizes the key features and capabilities of the OptiXtrans E6600 platform:
- It is Huawei's next-generation optical transport platform for enterprises, supporting multiple services including SDH, packet, and OTN.
- It converges 4 services in 1 device and supports interfaces from 2M to 100G.
- It features high integration, huge capacity of over 20T per fiber, intelligent O&M, and simplified network architecture.
1) The document discusses the usage of Erlang formulas in simulating and analyzing video flow transfer in IP networks.
2) The Erlang B formula was used to calculate data loss probability under different network loads and bandwidths. The Erlang C formula was used to calculate the probability of insertion into waiting queues.
3) The formulas were simulated in MATLAB and also tested in a real network environment using designed video sources. The results from the simulations were compared to the real measurements.
EtherNet/IP is an industrial Ethernet network solution that implements the Common Industrial Protocol (CIP) using Ethernet technology. It provides a unified communication architecture for manufacturing automation applications like control, safety, and information collection. EtherNet/IP leverages the widespread adoption of Ethernet and TCP/IP protocols to provide a cost-effective networking solution for industrial devices while enabling connectivity to enterprise networks. It supports real-time I/O messaging and explicit device messaging over Ethernet using CIP.
EtherNet/IP is an industrial Ethernet network solution that implements the Common Industrial Protocol (CIP) using Ethernet technology. It provides a unified communication architecture for manufacturing automation applications like control, safety, and information collection. EtherNet/IP leverages the widespread adoption of Ethernet and TCP/IP protocols to provide a cost-effective, scalable networking solution while enabling connectivity to enterprise systems. As a CIP network, it supports producer-consumer messaging and flexible device configurations.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.