This document summarizes key aspects of the U.S. Constitution as it relates to business regulation and taxation. It outlines the three branches of government established in Articles I-III and how they check each other's powers. It then discusses the Commerce Clause and how the Supreme Court has interpreted Congress's ability to regulate interstate and foreign commerce over time. The document also examines state powers to regulate and tax businesses operating across state lines and the requirements for valid state economic regulations and taxes.
The West Wing is the nerve center of the Executive Branch, with the president's office at its center. Other offices' importance is determined by their proximity to the Oval Office. The Situation Room, where the president receives national security briefings, is located below ground. The president has many responsibilities including chief of the Executive Branch administration, head of the 15 executive departments and hundreds of independent agencies, commander-in-chief of the military, chief diplomat shaping foreign policy, and a legislative and economic role.
The document discusses the presidential appointment process and the president's cabinet. It notes that there are 15 cabinet departments today and that cabinet secretaries are appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate. The document outlines the 4 step confirmation process: 1) the president appoints a nominee, 2) the Senate holds confirmation hearings, 3) the full Senate votes, and 4) if confirmed, the nominee is sworn in. Key factors that influence appointments include party affiliation, policy agenda, background/experience of the nominee, and interest group input.
The West Wing is the nerve center of the Executive Branch, with the president's office being the most important. Offices closer to the Oval Office have more influence. The Situation Room is located below ground for security purposes. The president has many roles and responsibilities, including being the head of the executive branch and administration, commander-in-chief, chief diplomat, and playing a legislative and economic role. The president is aided by Cabinet departments and hundreds of independent agencies that carry out the daily operations of the federal government.
The document discusses the federal bureaucracy in the United States. It defines bureaucracy as a system of government divided into departments run by nonelected officials. It then describes the key characteristics of the federal bureaucracy, including its large size with over 4 million employees across cabinet departments, independent agencies, and regulatory commissions. The roles of the bureaucracy are to implement laws, administer programs, and regulate various industries. The document also outlines how the bureaucracy is organized and the roles of the President, Congress, and courts in providing oversight of federal administrative agencies and departments.
This document discusses the legislative veto, which allows Congress to veto actions by agencies. It provides details on types of legislative resolutions (committee, single chamber, concurrent, joint) and examples of agencies subject to legislative vetoes. It summarizes the Supreme Court case INS v. Chadha, which ruled legislative vetoes unconstitutional for violating separation of powers and requirements for legislation in the Constitution. Congress still attempts to exert control over agencies through other means like the Congressional Review Act.
The document discusses the history and powers of the US presidency. It covers the roots of the office in the Constitution, the qualifications and terms for president, and the powers granted like commander-in-chief. It also examines how the power of the presidency has grown over time, with the expansion of the White House staff and use of media. Modern presidents play an active role in both domestic and foreign policymaking while also acting as a symbol for the nation.
Sections 4 and 5 of the Executive Branch Unitadutcher
The document discusses the evolution of the presidency from its early years to modern times. It describes the debates around how the president should be elected and the compromise of the electoral college. It also outlines different structures of the White House office that presidents have adopted and the various councils and offices that comprise the Executive Office of the Presidency, such as the National Security Council and Office of Management and Budget.
This document outlines the presidency, including the constitutional foundations and roles of the president, controversies surrounding executive power, functions of the White House staff and executive branch offices, roles of the president, sources of conflict with Congress, and factors that influence judgments of presidents. It discusses the separation of powers, evolution of presidential power, and managing the modern presidency within the executive branch. The main roles of the president discussed are as chief executive, commander-in-chief, chief diplomat, administrator, and agenda setter through public persuasion.
The West Wing is the nerve center of the Executive Branch, with the president's office at its center. Other offices' importance is determined by their proximity to the Oval Office. The Situation Room, where the president receives national security briefings, is located below ground. The president has many responsibilities including chief of the Executive Branch administration, head of the 15 executive departments and hundreds of independent agencies, commander-in-chief of the military, chief diplomat shaping foreign policy, and a legislative and economic role.
The document discusses the presidential appointment process and the president's cabinet. It notes that there are 15 cabinet departments today and that cabinet secretaries are appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate. The document outlines the 4 step confirmation process: 1) the president appoints a nominee, 2) the Senate holds confirmation hearings, 3) the full Senate votes, and 4) if confirmed, the nominee is sworn in. Key factors that influence appointments include party affiliation, policy agenda, background/experience of the nominee, and interest group input.
The West Wing is the nerve center of the Executive Branch, with the president's office being the most important. Offices closer to the Oval Office have more influence. The Situation Room is located below ground for security purposes. The president has many roles and responsibilities, including being the head of the executive branch and administration, commander-in-chief, chief diplomat, and playing a legislative and economic role. The president is aided by Cabinet departments and hundreds of independent agencies that carry out the daily operations of the federal government.
The document discusses the federal bureaucracy in the United States. It defines bureaucracy as a system of government divided into departments run by nonelected officials. It then describes the key characteristics of the federal bureaucracy, including its large size with over 4 million employees across cabinet departments, independent agencies, and regulatory commissions. The roles of the bureaucracy are to implement laws, administer programs, and regulate various industries. The document also outlines how the bureaucracy is organized and the roles of the President, Congress, and courts in providing oversight of federal administrative agencies and departments.
This document discusses the legislative veto, which allows Congress to veto actions by agencies. It provides details on types of legislative resolutions (committee, single chamber, concurrent, joint) and examples of agencies subject to legislative vetoes. It summarizes the Supreme Court case INS v. Chadha, which ruled legislative vetoes unconstitutional for violating separation of powers and requirements for legislation in the Constitution. Congress still attempts to exert control over agencies through other means like the Congressional Review Act.
The document discusses the history and powers of the US presidency. It covers the roots of the office in the Constitution, the qualifications and terms for president, and the powers granted like commander-in-chief. It also examines how the power of the presidency has grown over time, with the expansion of the White House staff and use of media. Modern presidents play an active role in both domestic and foreign policymaking while also acting as a symbol for the nation.
Sections 4 and 5 of the Executive Branch Unitadutcher
The document discusses the evolution of the presidency from its early years to modern times. It describes the debates around how the president should be elected and the compromise of the electoral college. It also outlines different structures of the White House office that presidents have adopted and the various councils and offices that comprise the Executive Office of the Presidency, such as the National Security Council and Office of Management and Budget.
This document outlines the presidency, including the constitutional foundations and roles of the president, controversies surrounding executive power, functions of the White House staff and executive branch offices, roles of the president, sources of conflict with Congress, and factors that influence judgments of presidents. It discusses the separation of powers, evolution of presidential power, and managing the modern presidency within the executive branch. The main roles of the president discussed are as chief executive, commander-in-chief, chief diplomat, administrator, and agenda setter through public persuasion.
This document discusses presidential control over the bureaucracy. It begins by introducing principal-agent theory, where Congress and the president are principals that delegate authority to bureaucratic agents. It then examines the tools available to the president to influence agencies, including personnel controls like appointments; reorganization; and centralization through the Office of Management and Budget and executive orders. While presidents have significant formal powers, bureaucratic resistance and congressional oversight also limit executive control of agencies.
Chapter 1 laws & their ethical foundation improvedJonah Howard
This document provides an overview of different types of laws and the ethical foundations of laws. It discusses how laws have evolved from individuals taking revenge to developing a court system. The four main sources of law are constitutions, statutes, case law, and administrative law. Criminal law addresses wrongs against society while civil law involves private disputes between individuals or organizations. Procedural law establishes how legal rights must be exercised while substantive law defines legal duties and rights. Business law covers rules that apply to business transactions. Ethics involve determining what is right or wrong based on consequences or established rules and authorities.
Congress uses several tools to exert control over federal bureaucracies and ensure they are accountable, with the goal of making sure bureaucracies adhere to Congressional preferences. These include budgetary allocations, legislative audits by the Government Accountability Office, statutory requirements like the Freedom of Information Act, and Congressional hearings. While the President proposes budgets and makes appointments, Congress has final say through the power of the purse and ability to pass new laws, allowing it to dominate over the President in controlling bureaucracies. Congress prefers a "fire alarm" approach to oversight, allowing interest groups to identify issues rather than an active "police patrol".
The document provides an overview of the West Wing and presidency. It discusses that the West Wing is the nerve center of the executive branch and houses the Oval Office and Situation Room. It then covers the constitutional qualifications to be president, the four-year term limit and two-term restriction. The president acts as head of the executive branch and oversees 15 cabinet departments and numerous other offices and agencies. The president has many roles including chief diplomat, commander-in-chief, and head of state.
The document traces the evolution of the American presidency from the Constitutional Convention to the present day. It discusses how the presidency has expanded in power and influence over time through both constitutional and non-constitutional means. Presidential power has grown due to factors like crises that require strong leadership, the increasing complexity of government, and the rise of mass media. However, checks and balances remain through Congress, the courts, and other oversight mechanisms.
This chapter discusses Congress, beginning with an overview of its basic facts and demographics. It describes how congressional districts are drawn and the electoral advantages incumbents enjoy. The chapter outlines the legislative process and how bills are introduced, referred to committees, amended, debated, and potentially passed and signed into law. It also reviews the leadership structure and types of committees in the House and Senate.
This document discusses different types of government executive systems including parliamentary, presidential, and semi-presidential systems. It provides details on the nature of the executive office, relationships between the executive and legislative branches, heads of state versus heads of government, and methods of selection and terms for executives. Key aspects like confidence votes, separation of powers, checks and balances, and powers of the executive are examined. Case studies of different countries are presented to illustrate concepts.
The Brown Act represents the legislature's determination of balancing public access to meetings of government bodies with the need for confidential discussions. Its purpose is to facilitate public participation in local government and curb secret legislation. The Act applies to state and local legislative bodies, including city councils and boards. It requires meeting notices, agendas, and that meetings be open except for limited closed sessions. Violations can result in actions being voided or criminal penalties. The Act aims to ensure transparency in government.
This document discusses how laws are made in Congress. It explains that there are different types of laws and resolutions, and outlines the basic six-step process for how a bill becomes a law. It also discusses the roles of committees in reviewing and amending bills, and ways that bills can be stalled or die in committee. Additionally, it covers how Congress approves annual budgets through taxing and spending bills, and ways that constituents, political parties, special interests groups and lobbyists can influence members of Congress.
The document provides information about the executive branch of the US government. It discusses the president's constitutional powers, notable past presidents, the increasing role of the president over time, and the president's ability to persuade rather than command. It also outlines the vice president's role and increasing responsibilities. Additionally, it examines the cabinet, federal bureaucracy, and Executive Office of the President, including key offices like the White House Office and roles like the Chief of Staff. Iron triangles and tensions between the cabinet and EOP are also mentioned.
The document discusses the process of lawmaking in Congress. It outlines the steps a bill must go through, including being introduced in Congress, debated and revised in committee, debated and voted on in each house of Congress, and then either signed by the president or overridden by Congress if vetoed. The process is complex with many opportunities for a bill to be altered or not pass, demonstrating how a law is made in the United States government.
This document provides an agenda for a class reviewing key concepts and vocabulary from Unit 2 of the curriculum. The agenda includes warm-up questions, a review of the unit's material through instruction and a game, time for students to work on a review packet, and assigning of homework. The unit covered the foundations of the US government including political theory, the Declaration of Independence, weaknesses in the Articles of Confederation, principles of the Constitution, and amendments.
This document provides an overview of a chapter that discusses how Congress works. It covers four main sections: how a bill becomes a law, taxing and spending bills, influencing Congress, and helping constituents. For each section, it lists key terms, learning objectives, and subsections that describe important concepts and processes within Congress.
The document provides an overview of the executive branch of the US government. It discusses the constitutionally established role and powers of the President, as well as the evolution of the presidency over time. Key points covered include the President's role as head of state, commander-in-chief, and chief legislator. It also examines the Vice President, Cabinet, Executive Office of the President including the White House Office and key positions like the Chief of Staff, and the extensive federal bureaucracy. Historical examples of influential presidents and crises that expanded presidential power are provided.
This document provides an overview and review of topics covered in a civics unit on the federal system in the United States. It includes summaries of five topics: federalism, the legislative branch and congressional powers, the lawmaking process, an overview of the executive branch, and ways the executive branch influences policymaking. For each topic, it outlines what was covered in class, activities, and key things for students to know, and provides an example multiple choice question.
This chapter discusses labor relations and collective bargaining. It covers the historical and legal context of unions in the United States. It describes the union organizing process and how unions are formed through authorization card campaigns and secret ballot elections overseen by the NLRB. The chapter also discusses collective bargaining between unions and management, including bargaining structures, items, and contract clauses. Procedures for resolving disputes like strikes and the grievance process are also outlined.
The document discusses key aspects of labor relations and collective bargaining. It covers topics like union organizing drives, NLRB elections, collective bargaining processes, grievance procedures, and different types of strikes and bargaining items. Specifically, it provides details on the aims of unions in improving wages and working conditions, the types of union security arrangements, employer responses to organizing activities, and the roles and duties of supervisors and NLRB hearing officers during union elections.
This document discusses different forms of business ownership including sole proprietorships, partnerships, corporations, and limited liability companies. It provides information on the key characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of each form. Specific topics covered include net income by ownership form, corporate profit and revenue trends, partnership structures, choosing a business name, the role of corporate boards of directors, and stock ownership. The purpose is to help readers understand the different options for structuring their business entity.
This document discusses presidential control over the bureaucracy. It begins by introducing principal-agent theory, where Congress and the president are principals that delegate authority to bureaucratic agents. It then examines the tools available to the president to influence agencies, including personnel controls like appointments; reorganization; and centralization through the Office of Management and Budget and executive orders. While presidents have significant formal powers, bureaucratic resistance and congressional oversight also limit executive control of agencies.
Chapter 1 laws & their ethical foundation improvedJonah Howard
This document provides an overview of different types of laws and the ethical foundations of laws. It discusses how laws have evolved from individuals taking revenge to developing a court system. The four main sources of law are constitutions, statutes, case law, and administrative law. Criminal law addresses wrongs against society while civil law involves private disputes between individuals or organizations. Procedural law establishes how legal rights must be exercised while substantive law defines legal duties and rights. Business law covers rules that apply to business transactions. Ethics involve determining what is right or wrong based on consequences or established rules and authorities.
Congress uses several tools to exert control over federal bureaucracies and ensure they are accountable, with the goal of making sure bureaucracies adhere to Congressional preferences. These include budgetary allocations, legislative audits by the Government Accountability Office, statutory requirements like the Freedom of Information Act, and Congressional hearings. While the President proposes budgets and makes appointments, Congress has final say through the power of the purse and ability to pass new laws, allowing it to dominate over the President in controlling bureaucracies. Congress prefers a "fire alarm" approach to oversight, allowing interest groups to identify issues rather than an active "police patrol".
The document provides an overview of the West Wing and presidency. It discusses that the West Wing is the nerve center of the executive branch and houses the Oval Office and Situation Room. It then covers the constitutional qualifications to be president, the four-year term limit and two-term restriction. The president acts as head of the executive branch and oversees 15 cabinet departments and numerous other offices and agencies. The president has many roles including chief diplomat, commander-in-chief, and head of state.
The document traces the evolution of the American presidency from the Constitutional Convention to the present day. It discusses how the presidency has expanded in power and influence over time through both constitutional and non-constitutional means. Presidential power has grown due to factors like crises that require strong leadership, the increasing complexity of government, and the rise of mass media. However, checks and balances remain through Congress, the courts, and other oversight mechanisms.
This chapter discusses Congress, beginning with an overview of its basic facts and demographics. It describes how congressional districts are drawn and the electoral advantages incumbents enjoy. The chapter outlines the legislative process and how bills are introduced, referred to committees, amended, debated, and potentially passed and signed into law. It also reviews the leadership structure and types of committees in the House and Senate.
This document discusses different types of government executive systems including parliamentary, presidential, and semi-presidential systems. It provides details on the nature of the executive office, relationships between the executive and legislative branches, heads of state versus heads of government, and methods of selection and terms for executives. Key aspects like confidence votes, separation of powers, checks and balances, and powers of the executive are examined. Case studies of different countries are presented to illustrate concepts.
The Brown Act represents the legislature's determination of balancing public access to meetings of government bodies with the need for confidential discussions. Its purpose is to facilitate public participation in local government and curb secret legislation. The Act applies to state and local legislative bodies, including city councils and boards. It requires meeting notices, agendas, and that meetings be open except for limited closed sessions. Violations can result in actions being voided or criminal penalties. The Act aims to ensure transparency in government.
This document discusses how laws are made in Congress. It explains that there are different types of laws and resolutions, and outlines the basic six-step process for how a bill becomes a law. It also discusses the roles of committees in reviewing and amending bills, and ways that bills can be stalled or die in committee. Additionally, it covers how Congress approves annual budgets through taxing and spending bills, and ways that constituents, political parties, special interests groups and lobbyists can influence members of Congress.
The document provides information about the executive branch of the US government. It discusses the president's constitutional powers, notable past presidents, the increasing role of the president over time, and the president's ability to persuade rather than command. It also outlines the vice president's role and increasing responsibilities. Additionally, it examines the cabinet, federal bureaucracy, and Executive Office of the President, including key offices like the White House Office and roles like the Chief of Staff. Iron triangles and tensions between the cabinet and EOP are also mentioned.
The document discusses the process of lawmaking in Congress. It outlines the steps a bill must go through, including being introduced in Congress, debated and revised in committee, debated and voted on in each house of Congress, and then either signed by the president or overridden by Congress if vetoed. The process is complex with many opportunities for a bill to be altered or not pass, demonstrating how a law is made in the United States government.
This document provides an agenda for a class reviewing key concepts and vocabulary from Unit 2 of the curriculum. The agenda includes warm-up questions, a review of the unit's material through instruction and a game, time for students to work on a review packet, and assigning of homework. The unit covered the foundations of the US government including political theory, the Declaration of Independence, weaknesses in the Articles of Confederation, principles of the Constitution, and amendments.
This document provides an overview of a chapter that discusses how Congress works. It covers four main sections: how a bill becomes a law, taxing and spending bills, influencing Congress, and helping constituents. For each section, it lists key terms, learning objectives, and subsections that describe important concepts and processes within Congress.
The document provides an overview of the executive branch of the US government. It discusses the constitutionally established role and powers of the President, as well as the evolution of the presidency over time. Key points covered include the President's role as head of state, commander-in-chief, and chief legislator. It also examines the Vice President, Cabinet, Executive Office of the President including the White House Office and key positions like the Chief of Staff, and the extensive federal bureaucracy. Historical examples of influential presidents and crises that expanded presidential power are provided.
This document provides an overview and review of topics covered in a civics unit on the federal system in the United States. It includes summaries of five topics: federalism, the legislative branch and congressional powers, the lawmaking process, an overview of the executive branch, and ways the executive branch influences policymaking. For each topic, it outlines what was covered in class, activities, and key things for students to know, and provides an example multiple choice question.
This chapter discusses labor relations and collective bargaining. It covers the historical and legal context of unions in the United States. It describes the union organizing process and how unions are formed through authorization card campaigns and secret ballot elections overseen by the NLRB. The chapter also discusses collective bargaining between unions and management, including bargaining structures, items, and contract clauses. Procedures for resolving disputes like strikes and the grievance process are also outlined.
The document discusses key aspects of labor relations and collective bargaining. It covers topics like union organizing drives, NLRB elections, collective bargaining processes, grievance procedures, and different types of strikes and bargaining items. Specifically, it provides details on the aims of unions in improving wages and working conditions, the types of union security arrangements, employer responses to organizing activities, and the roles and duties of supervisors and NLRB hearing officers during union elections.
This document discusses different forms of business ownership including sole proprietorships, partnerships, corporations, and limited liability companies. It provides information on the key characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of each form. Specific topics covered include net income by ownership form, corporate profit and revenue trends, partnership structures, choosing a business name, the role of corporate boards of directors, and stock ownership. The purpose is to help readers understand the different options for structuring their business entity.
This document provides an overview of labor relations and collective bargaining. It begins with the objectives of the chapter and a brief history of the American labor movement. It then discusses major labor legislation, the union organizing process, collective bargaining, and grievance procedures. Key topics covered include the aims of unions, union security types, the structure of AFL-CIO, employer responses to organizing, union and NLRB roles in elections, mandatory and voluntary bargaining items, resolving impasses, and types of strikes and grievances. The chapter concludes with key terms.
Nonprofit Law 101 for Black-led NPOs.pptx.pdfTechSoup
The document summarizes a webinar on nonprofit law for Black-led nonprofits. It provides an overview of U.S. nonprofit law, discusses primary filing and reporting requirements for nonprofits such as annual IRS Form 990 and state registration filings. It also reviews key topics about nonprofit boards and bylaws including fiduciary duties, officer roles, and conflict of interest policies. The webinar concludes with tips to avoid common legal issues and resources for pro bono legal assistance.
This document is from an introduction to law textbook. It defines law according to various scholars like Aristotle and Blackstone. It also classifies different types of law such as public and private law, criminal and civil law, common law and statutory law. The document outlines the purposes of law in keeping order, influencing conduct, and promoting equality. It also discusses characteristics of law like flexibility and consistency. The sources of law discussed include constitutional law, statutes, regulations, court decisions, contracts and international law.
This document summarizes key concepts around power and political behavior from Chapter 11. It defines power as the ability to influence others through influence or authority. It discusses forms of power like control over resources or information. It also outlines tactics for using power ethically and effectively, as well as conditions that encourage political behavior in organizations. Managing political behavior involves open communication, clear expectations, and an empowering organizational climate.
The document describes the structure and processes of the US judicial system. It discusses trial courts where cases begin, appellate courts that review trial court actions, and the types of decisions appellate courts can make. It also explains the process of judicial review used by appellate courts, including reviewing evidence, briefs, oral arguments, and potential ruling outcomes. Additionally, it outlines the roles of key parties in the judicial system including plaintiffs, defendants, lawyers, and judges. Finally, it provides details on the federal court system structure from federal district courts up to the US Supreme Court.
Dessler ch 15-labor relations and collective bargainingShamsil Arefin
This PowerPoint presentation covers key topics in labor relations and collective bargaining, including:
1. It discusses the history of the American labor movement and major pieces of labor legislation.
2. It explains the union organizing process, including employer responses, union activities during organizing drives, and the NLRB election process.
3. It describes the collective bargaining process, including good faith bargaining, categories of bargaining items, resolving impasses through mediation or strikes, and grievance procedures.
4. Key terms related to labor relations and collective bargaining are defined.
This document provides an overview of key topics related to labor relations and collective bargaining. It begins with a brief history of the American labor movement and then discusses major pieces of labor legislation, the union organizing process, unfair labor practices, collective bargaining, and what constitutes good or bad faith bargaining. Examples and definitions are provided throughout to illustrate these labor relations concepts.
This document discusses key topics in Chapter 1 of a business law textbook, including:
- The origins and differences between common law and positive law legal systems.
- The four main sources of law: constitutions, statutes, ordinances, and case law. Higher sources take precedence when laws conflict.
- The differences between criminal and civil law, and substantive and procedural law.
- How ethics are reflected in laws through both consequences-based and rule-based reasoning, and how laws aim to uphold ethical standards in democracy.
This document outlines key laws and regulations pertaining to human resource management, including those prohibiting discrimination and ensuring equal employment opportunities. It discusses topics like disparate treatment, disparate impact, sexual harassment, compensation legislation, labor relations laws, and the importance of organizations evaluating their legal compliance. The overall purpose is to describe the legal context of human resource management and various areas of legal regulation within the field.
This document discusses key economic concepts and terms. It begins by defining economics and discussing the global economic crisis that began in the late 2000s. It then examines how fiscal and monetary policy impact the economy. The document also explains and evaluates the free market system and the concept of supply and demand. Finally, it explores planned market systems, mixed market systems, and tools for evaluating economic performance such as GDP, unemployment, inflation, and productivity.
The document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 4 of the textbook "Essentials of the Legal Environment Today". It outlines the basic structure of the US government, the constitutional powers given to the federal government to regulate interstate commerce and establish federal law supremacy. It also discusses the Bill of Rights and individual freedoms protected, such as freedom of speech, religion, due process, and privacy rights.
This document outlines the key concepts and processes related to labor relations and labor unions. It discusses the role of unions in organizations, the trends in unionization, the unionization and collective bargaining processes, how labor agreements are negotiated and disputes are resolved, and emerging issues for labor unions. The document provides learning outcomes for each major topic and explanations of core topics such as the legal context of unions, union structures, collective bargaining, and challenges currently facing unions.
The document discusses business ethics and social responsibility. It defines ethics and explains universal ethical standards. It describes business ethics and ethical dilemmas that companies may face. The document also defines social responsibility and examines how companies should consider their various stakeholder groups, including employees, customers, investors, and the community. It explains how companies can evaluate their social responsibility efforts through assessments and audits.
The document discusses the drivers and pressures for organizational change. It identifies that change comes from both external environmental pressures such as competition, regulations and technological changes as well as internal pressures like growth, leadership changes, and politics. Some of the key external pressures mentioned are globalization, hypercompetition, and reputation concerns. The document also examines why organizations may not change in response to environmental pressures or after crises, citing factors such as organizational learning difficulties and defensive priorities over innovation.
This document discusses evolutionary developmental biology and how changes in development can lead to evolutionary changes. It provides examples of modularity and molecular parsimony which help explain this. Modularity means parts of the body and DNA can develop differently. Molecular parsimony means organisms share developmental toolkit genes. The document then discusses specific examples like stickleback fish pelvic spines being due to different Pitx1 expression, and Darwin's finches having beak shape variations due to differing Bmp4 and Calmodulin expression levels. Mechanisms of evolutionary change include changes in location, timing, amount, or kind of gene expression.
Developmental plasticity allows an organism's phenotype to change in response to environmental conditions during development. There are two main types of phenotypic plasticity: reaction norms, where the environment determines the phenotype from a continuum of genetic possibilities, and polyphenisms, where discrete alternative phenotypes are produced. Examples include caterpillars changing appearance to match plant growth stages, frogs hatching early in response to vibrations, and temperature determining sex in crocodiles. Stressors like water levels can also influence development, as seen in spadefoot toads. Symbiotic relationships between organisms, like nitrogen-fixing bacteria in plant roots, are important to development and often involve vertical transmission from parents. Gut bacteria are also necessary for
This document discusses several genetic and environmental factors that can influence human development. Genetic factors like pleiotropy and mosaicism can result in syndromes with multiple abnormalities. The same genetic mutation can also produce different phenotypes depending on gene interactions. Environmental teratogens during critical periods of embryonic development can irreversibly damage organ formation, with alcohol, retinoic acid, and endocrine disruptors like bisphenol A and atrazine posing particular risks like fetal alcohol syndrome, cleft palate, lower sperm counts, and cancer. Both genetic and environmental heterogeneity contribute to the complexity of human development.
The endoderm forms the epithelial lining of the digestive and respiratory systems. It gives rise to tissues like the notochord, heart, blood vessels, and parts of the mesoderm. The endoderm comes from two sources - the definitive endoderm and the visceral endoderm. The transcription factor Sox17 marks and regulates the formation of the endoderm. The endoderm lines tubes in the body and gives rise to organs like the liver, pancreas, lungs and digestive system through the formation of buds and pouches along the foregut.
The document summarizes the development of the intermediate mesoderm and lateral plate mesoderm. The intermediate mesoderm forms the urogenital system including the kidneys, ureters, ovaries, fallopian tubes, testes and vas deferens. Kidney development occurs through the pronephros, mesonephros and metanephros stages. The lateral plate mesoderm splits into somatic and splanchnic layers and forms the heart through the merging of cardiac progenitor cells from both sides of the embryo. The heart tube loops to the right to begin resembling the four-chambered adult heart.
The paraxial mesoderm lies just lateral to the notochord and gives rise to vertebrae, skeletal muscles, and skin connective tissue. It is divided into somites which then form dermomyotomes and sclerotomes. Dermomyotomes develop into dermatomes that make dermis and myotomes that form back, rib, and body wall muscles. Sclerotomes form the vertebrae and rib cage. Somitogenesis occurs through a clock-wavefront model where somites sequentially segment from cranial to caudal regions under the influence of signaling molecules like retinoic acid and FGF.
The document summarizes ectodermal placodes and the epidermis. It discusses how placodes give rise to sensory structures like the eye lens, inner ear, and nose. It describes the different cranial placodes that form sensory tissues and nerves, including the anterior placodes that form the pituitary gland and eye lens. The intermediate placodes form nerves involved in sensation of the face and hearing/balance. The epidermis derives from surface ectoderm under the influence of BMPs and forms the protective outer layer of skin and its appendages like hair, sweat glands, and teeth.
- The neural plate transforms into a neural tube through a process called neurulation regulated by proteins like BMP and transcription factors like Sox1, 2, and 3.
- Primary neurulation involves the elongation, bending, and convergence of the neural folds before their closure at the midline to form the neural tube. Key regulation events involve hinge points at the midline and dorsolateral edges.
- Neural tube defects can occur if closure fails, as in spina bifida where the posterior neuropore remains open, preventing proper spinal cord development.
Mammalian development begins with fertilization and cleavage of the egg. The egg develops membranes that allow development outside of water. In mammals, the placenta exchanges gases and nutrients between the embryo and mother. Cleavage is rotational, with zygotic genes activating later than other animals. Cells compact and the morula forms an inner cell mass and trophoblast cells. The trophoblast secretes fluid to form a blastocyst cavity. The inner cell mass forms the epiblast and hypoblast, which generate the embryo and extraembryonic tissues through gastrulation. Axis formation is guided by gradients of genes like HOX and left/right asymmetries are regulated by proteins including Nodal.
- Drosophila melanogaster is a useful model organism for studying development due to its short life cycle, fully sequenced genome, and ease of breeding.
- Early Drosophila development involves syncytial cleavage where nuclei divide without cell division, specifying the dorsal/ventral and anterior/posterior axes.
- Fertilization occurs when sperm enters an egg that has already begun specifying axes; maternal and paternal chromosomes remain separate during early divisions.
This document summarizes key patterns in animal development. It describes that animals undergo gastrulation where cells migrate to form germ layers and axes. Animals are categorized into 35 phyla based on features like germ layers, organ formation, and cleavage patterns. It describes that diploblastic animals have two germ layers while most are triploblastic with three germ layers. Triploblastic animals are further divided into protostomes and deuterostomes based on mouth formation. The document also provides examples of cleavage patterns in snails which are spirally arranged in either a dextral or sinistral pattern determined by maternal factors.
1) Sex determination in mammals is primarily determined by the XY sex determination system, with females having XX and males having XY. The SRY gene on the Y chromosome causes the development of testes.
2) The gonads are initially bipotential but develop into either ovaries or testes based on the sex chromosomes. Testes secrete AMH and testosterone to direct male development while ovaries secrete estrogens for female development.
3) Gametogenesis includes the process of meiosis which produces haploid gametes from diploid germ cells in the gonads. In females, oogenesis begins in the embryo but arrests until puberty while spermatogenesis only occurs at puberty in males.
Stem cells are unspecialized cells that can divide and differentiate into specialized cell types. There are several types of stem cells defined by their potency, including totipotent stem cells found in early embryos, pluripotent stem cells in the embryo, and multipotent adult stem cells. Stem cell regulation is controlled through extracellular signals from the stem cell niche and intracellular factors that influence gene expression and cell fate. Researchers have also induced pluripotency in adult cells by introducing genes that code for key transcription factors.
This document discusses cell-to-cell communication and how it allows for the development of specialized tissues and organs through three main mechanisms: cell adhering, cell shape changing, and cell signaling. It describes how cells interact at the cell membrane through various receptor and ligand proteins. These interactions can be homophilic or heterophilic, and occur through direct contact between neighboring cells (juxtacrine signaling) or over short distances (paracrine signaling). Differential adhesion and cadherins allow cells to sort themselves into tissues based on adhesion strengths. The extracellular matrix and integrins also influence cell communication and development.
Differential gene expression refers to the process where different genes are activated in different cell types, leading to cellular specialization. While all cells contain the full genome, only a small percentage of genes are expressed in each cell. Gene expression is regulated at multiple levels, including differential transcription, selective pre-mRNA processing, selective mRNA translation, and posttranslational protein modification. The most common mechanisms involve regulating transcription through epigenetic modifications of chromatin and the use of transcription factors.
The document summarizes key stages in animal development from fertilization through organogenesis. It begins with fertilization and cleavage, followed by gastrulation where the three germ layers (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm) are formed. During organogenesis, organs develop from the germ layers. Metamorphosis may also occur to transition organisms like frogs from immature to sexually mature forms. Examples are provided of developmental processes in frogs and other model organisms like fruit flies and plants. Cell behavior and patterning during these stages are also discussed.
The document discusses considerations for small businesses when hiring employees. It covers deciding when to hire an employee, defining job roles, writing job descriptions, attracting and evaluating candidates, selecting the right hire, training employees, rewarding and compensating employees, and managing ownership and dividends when there are family business partners involved. The key aspects of setting up an employee program for a small business are planning job roles, writing thorough job descriptions, developing fair hiring and review processes, providing training, and establishing clear compensation and ownership structures.
This document discusses various legal issues that small business owners should be aware of, including:
- Understanding the different types of laws (federal, state, local) that may apply to a small business.
- Hiring an experienced small business attorney to provide legal advice and represent the business as needed.
- Choosing an appropriate legal structure for the business, such as a sole proprietorship, partnership, corporation, or LLC.
- Protecting the business name as intellectual property and complying with regulations regarding contracts, liability, taxation and other legal matters.
This document discusses risk management and insurance for small businesses. It begins by defining risk for business owners and identifying common sources of risk such as financial investments, theft, nonpayment of debts, and natural disasters. It then examines risks related to a business's property, personnel, customers, and intangible property. The document provides strategies for managing these risks, such as developing policies and procedures, securing valuable assets, and obtaining different types of insurance. It concludes by discussing ways for businesses to share risk through joint ventures, industry groups, and government funding programs.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
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إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
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تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
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