Alan Turing is well-known as the "father of computing". With his contribution to mathematics, code-breaking, computer science and logic, he has long been a subject of great fascination. Following the centenary of his birth in 2012 he has become even more widely recognised for his remarkable contribution to our understanding of the world around us through his work on the computational mathematics that underlies life and evolution, which some compare to the insights of Einstein and Newton.
This document provides a history of the development of computers from the 1800s to present day. It discusses early mechanical computers designed by Charles Babbage in the mid-1800s. The first electronic computers were developed during World War II to decrypt codes. The first commercial computer, UNIVAC, was delivered to the U.S. Census Bureau in the 1950s. Integrated circuits and microprocessors in the 1960s-1970s led to smaller personal computers like the Apple II. Laptops emerged in the 1980s and mobile computing took off in the 2000s with smartphones that had greater power than early PCs.
The document summarizes the history and development of computers from the 1930s to the 1980s. It describes some of the key early computers like the Z1 in 1936, the ABC computer in 1942, and the ENIAC in 1946. Important developments included the transistor in the late 1940s, the first commercial computer UNIVAC in 1951, and the first IBM computer in 1953. Programming languages like FORTRAN emerged in 1954, and the integrated circuit replaced vacuum tubes allowing for smaller computers. The first internet ARPAnet was developed in 1969, RAM chips in 1970 led to the first microprocessor in 1971, and the first home computers appeared in 1974-1975. The DOS operating system was released in 1981 followed by early GU
This document provides a brief history of major computers and developments in computing technology from the 1930s to the 1990s. It describes some of the earliest computers like the Z1, ABC, MARK 1, and ENIAC. It then covers the development of stored-program computers, the transistor computer, UNIVAC, IBM 701, and FORTRAN programming language. Later sections discuss personal computers like the Altair, Apple, TRS-80, Commodore Pet, Osborne, Amiga 1000, and use of the Amiga for video editing with the Video Toaster. The document traces the evolution of computing from early mechanical calculators and vacuum tube machines to transistor-based computers and the rise of personal computing.
The document provides a history of computers from the 1940s to the 1980s. It describes the progression in hardware from vacuum tubes to integrated circuits and silicon chips, allowing bits of data to decrease dramatically in size. It also notes the progression from computers being almost impossible for anyone but geniuses to use in the 1950s to being useable by almost anyone by the 1980s. Key early computers discussed include ENIAC, the first general-purpose electronic computer; the Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC), considered one of the first digital electronic computing devices; and the transition from mainframes to personal computers like the Apple II and IBM PC in the 1970s-1980s.
This document provides an overview of algorithms, program design, and problem solving techniques such as pseudocode, structure diagrams, and flowcharts. It also introduces common programming concepts like variables, functions, loops, and conditions. The goal is to explain the process of designing and developing algorithms and programs from defining the problem to implementing and testing the solution.
Developers who contributed hugely to and had a lasting influence on the software development profession, and who also have an extraordinary personal history.
Alan Turing was a pioneering mathematician and computer scientist. He made seminal contributions in areas such as computability, artificial intelligence, cryptography and more. Some of his most influential works included developing the concept of a universal machine, breaking German codes at Bletchley Park during WWII, and laying the foundations for artificial intelligence with the Turing Test. Turing sadly committed suicide at the young age of 41 after being criminally prosecuted for his homosexuality. He is now widely recognized as one of the most important scientists of the 20th century.
Alan Turing is well-known as the "father of computing". With his contribution to mathematics, code-breaking, computer science and logic, he has long been a subject of great fascination. Following the centenary of his birth in 2012 he has become even more widely recognised for his remarkable contribution to our understanding of the world around us through his work on the computational mathematics that underlies life and evolution, which some compare to the insights of Einstein and Newton.
This document provides a history of the development of computers from the 1800s to present day. It discusses early mechanical computers designed by Charles Babbage in the mid-1800s. The first electronic computers were developed during World War II to decrypt codes. The first commercial computer, UNIVAC, was delivered to the U.S. Census Bureau in the 1950s. Integrated circuits and microprocessors in the 1960s-1970s led to smaller personal computers like the Apple II. Laptops emerged in the 1980s and mobile computing took off in the 2000s with smartphones that had greater power than early PCs.
The document summarizes the history and development of computers from the 1930s to the 1980s. It describes some of the key early computers like the Z1 in 1936, the ABC computer in 1942, and the ENIAC in 1946. Important developments included the transistor in the late 1940s, the first commercial computer UNIVAC in 1951, and the first IBM computer in 1953. Programming languages like FORTRAN emerged in 1954, and the integrated circuit replaced vacuum tubes allowing for smaller computers. The first internet ARPAnet was developed in 1969, RAM chips in 1970 led to the first microprocessor in 1971, and the first home computers appeared in 1974-1975. The DOS operating system was released in 1981 followed by early GU
This document provides a brief history of major computers and developments in computing technology from the 1930s to the 1990s. It describes some of the earliest computers like the Z1, ABC, MARK 1, and ENIAC. It then covers the development of stored-program computers, the transistor computer, UNIVAC, IBM 701, and FORTRAN programming language. Later sections discuss personal computers like the Altair, Apple, TRS-80, Commodore Pet, Osborne, Amiga 1000, and use of the Amiga for video editing with the Video Toaster. The document traces the evolution of computing from early mechanical calculators and vacuum tube machines to transistor-based computers and the rise of personal computing.
The document provides a history of computers from the 1940s to the 1980s. It describes the progression in hardware from vacuum tubes to integrated circuits and silicon chips, allowing bits of data to decrease dramatically in size. It also notes the progression from computers being almost impossible for anyone but geniuses to use in the 1950s to being useable by almost anyone by the 1980s. Key early computers discussed include ENIAC, the first general-purpose electronic computer; the Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC), considered one of the first digital electronic computing devices; and the transition from mainframes to personal computers like the Apple II and IBM PC in the 1970s-1980s.
This document provides an overview of algorithms, program design, and problem solving techniques such as pseudocode, structure diagrams, and flowcharts. It also introduces common programming concepts like variables, functions, loops, and conditions. The goal is to explain the process of designing and developing algorithms and programs from defining the problem to implementing and testing the solution.
Developers who contributed hugely to and had a lasting influence on the software development profession, and who also have an extraordinary personal history.
Alan Turing was a pioneering mathematician and computer scientist. He made seminal contributions in areas such as computability, artificial intelligence, cryptography and more. Some of his most influential works included developing the concept of a universal machine, breaking German codes at Bletchley Park during WWII, and laying the foundations for artificial intelligence with the Turing Test. Turing sadly committed suicide at the young age of 41 after being criminally prosecuted for his homosexuality. He is now widely recognized as one of the most important scientists of the 20th century.
Visibility and visualisation of scholarly publications online: Erdős and beyondJonathan Bowen
Developing and monitoring communities has become increasingly easy on the web as the number of interactive facilities and amount of data available about communities increases. It is possible to view connections on social and professional networks in the form of mathematical graphs. It is also possible to visualise connections between authors of academic papers. For example, Google Scholar, Microsoft Academic Search, and Academia.edu, now have large corpuses of freely available information on publications, together with author and citation details, that can be accessed and presented in a number of ways. In mathematical circles, the concept of the Erdős number has been introduced in honour of the Hungarian mathematician Paul Erdős, measuring the "collaborative distance" of a person away from Erdős through links by co-author. Similar metrics have been proposed in other fields. The possibility of exploring and improving the presentation of such links online in computer science and other fields will be presented as a means of improving the outreach and impact of publications by academics across different disciplines. Some practical guidance on what is worthwhile in presenting publication information online will be given.
Note: The talk will be accessible for academics across different disciplines.
Roger Malina on A Historical Perspective on the Art-Sci-Tech fieldroger malina
Presentation given by Roger Malina on July 26 2014 at Kettle's Yard, Cambridge UK at
White Heat: art, science and
social responsibility in 1960s Britain
talk title is
The Leonardo Journal at 50_ networking the arts,sciences and technology now. The talk takes the person of Frank Malina, founder of Leonardo Journal as the springboard for a historical perspective
Did Alan Turing OBE FRS (23 June 1912 – 7 June 1954), the celebrated mathematician, codebreaker, and pioneer computer scientist, ever visit Oxford? He is well-known for his connections with the University of Cambridge, Bletchley Park, the National Physical Laboratory, and the University of Manchester, but there is no known written archival record of him ever visiting Oxford, despite it being the location of the University of Oxford, traditionally a rival of Cambridge. However, surely he must have done so.
The Leonardo organization has promoted art-science collaboration for 40 years. It established journals, conferences and prizes to document over 6000 collaborations between artists and scientists. New areas of collaboration include intimate science involving new scales and senses, citizen science using mobile phones, and crowd-sourcing scientific problems. Artists residencies in labs are exposing both artists and scientists to new ways of thinking and working. The goal is to make science more culturally relevant and intimate through these collaborations.
Making scholarly publications accessible onlineJonathan Bowen
Developing and monitoring communities has become increasingly easy on the web as the number of interactive facilities and amount of data available about communities increases. It is possible to view connections on social and professional networks in the form of mathematical graphs. It is also possible to visualise connections between authors of academic papers. For example, Google Scholar, Microsoft Academic Search, and Academia.edu, now have large corpuses of freely available information on publications, together with author and citation
details, that can be accessed and presented in a number of ways. In mathematical circles, the concept of the Erdős number has been introduced in honour of the Hungarian mathematician Paul Erdős, measuring the collaborative distance" of a person away from Erdős through links by co-author. Similar metrics have been proposed in other fields. The possibility of exploring and
improving the presentation of such links online in the sciences and other fields will be presented as a means of improving the outreach and impact of publications by academics across
different disciplines. Some practical guidance on what is worthwhile in presenting publication information online are given.
The document provides a history of how Silicon Valley emerged as a center for technological innovation, tracing key events and factors that contributed to its development. It notes how Stanford University and Fred Terman laid early foundations in the 1930s. Meanwhile, the region also saw artistic and countercultural movements in the mid-20th century that fostered an open and collaborative spirit unlike other tech hubs. This unique culture supported groundbreaking work at places like Fairchild, Xerox PARC, and Homebrew Computer Club that helped drive innovation in integrated circuits, personal computing, and the Internet in a grassroots way. The document suggests this unlikely pairing of tech progress and countercultural values is what allowed Silicon Valley to thrive where other regions
This document discusses a scientist working in a School of Arts and Humanities. It provides context for the burgeoning field of art-science and why disciplines need to work together. A key organization mentioned is IMERA, an Institute for Advanced Studies that brings together scientists, engineers, artists and humanities scholars through international residency programs. Examples are given of past resident projects that combined fields like astronomy and ecology, nano science and art, and modeling physics and human mobility patterns through collaborative work between artists and scientists.
Art/Science Interaction - Case study: Silicon Valleypiero scaruffi
Presentation for the Alpbach Technology Forum of August 2014 on Art/Science and Silicon Valley. I keep updating my presentations on Silicon Valley at www.scaruffi.com/svhistory
Communities and Ancestors Associated with Egon Börger and ASMJonathan Bowen
In this presentation, I discuss the community associated with Abstract State Machines (ASM), especially in the context of a Community of Practice (CoP), a social science concept, considering the development of ASM by its community of researchers and practitioners over time. I also consider the long-term historical context of the advisor tree of Egon Börger, the main promulgator of the ASM approach, which can be
considered as multiple interrelated CoPs, distributed over several centuries. This includes notable mathematicians and philosophers among its number with some interesting links between the people involved. Despite most being active well before the inception of computer science, a number have been influential on the field.
This document discusses the intersection of art, science, and information technology. It begins by providing background on the author and their perspective as an astronomer and director of observatories. It then discusses the evolution of the Leonardo knowledge network over 40 years and maps based on citation indexes. Next, it asks why art-science interactions are being promoted now, citing reasons like critical mass, societal urgency, and networking the humanities. It outlines different "types" of art-science practice and provides examples. It discusses developing an ethics of curiosity and challenges like overcoming disciplinary differences. Finally, it describes the Institut Mediterraneen de Recherches Avancees and its artist and scientist residency program.
The document summarizes the origins and history of the Institute of Mathematics and its Applications (IMA) and the Department of Mathematics and Statistics at the University of Strathclyde. It discusses how the IMA was formed in the 1960s based on proposals from Prof. M. J. Lighthill and a committee. It also describes how the Department of Mathematics and Statistics at Strathclyde evolved from its origins in the late 18th century through mergers and renaming, with Prof. Donald Pack playing a key role in expanding it after joining in 1953. Pictures show the changing composition of the Department over time from the 1980s to 2011.
This talk, Experimental Humanities: the case study of Lovelace and Babbage, was presented at the Digital Practices in the Humanities Software Sustainability Institute workshop (https://www.software.ac.uk/dphw), organized by the Oxford e-Research Centre and the Bodleian Libraries' Centre for Digital Scholarship at the University of Oxford, UK, 21 June 2018. The workshop's agenda: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GeJyQW4wuX88v8LyEAQObjp4-4HEcHpgjRkZV-0aczk/edit.
The talk was based on collaborative work with David De Roure as part of:
—Fusing Audio and Semantic Technologies for Intelligent Music Production and Consumption, funded by the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/L019981/1)
—Transforming Musicology, funded by the UK Arts and Humanities Research Council (AH/L006820/1)
LeReV/ LiSaC
Lumières en Rues et en Villes
Lights in Streets and Cities
Présentation pour l'IDL 2018
Curation de contenus scientifiques, techniques et sociétaux
Lighting, Innovation Design
Lighting in Art
Lighting in History
Artificial intelligence and the Singularity - History, Trends and Reality Checkpiero scaruffi
A lecture given at the second LAST festival (www.lastfestival.org) by Piero Scaruffi on Artificial intelligence and the Singularity - History, Trends and Reality Check. This is a very old presentation. See the updated one at www.scaruffi.com/singular
The document provides a brief history of computing from ancient times to modern computers. It discusses early calculating devices like the abacus and Babbage's analytical engine. The development of programmable, electronic digital computers is covered, including ENIAC, the stored program concept, and early mainframes from UNIVAC, IBM, and others. The emergence of minicomputers, microprocessors, and personal computers is also summarized.
A microprocessor is an electronic component that is used by a computer to do its work. It is a central processing unit on a single integrated circuit chip containing millions of very small components including transistors, resistors, and diodes that work together. Some microprocessors in the 20th century required several chips. Microprocessors help to do everything from controlling elevators to searching the Web. Everything a computer does is described by instructions of computer programs, and microprocessors carry out these instructions many millions of times a second. [1]
Microprocessors were invented in the 1970s for use in embedded systems. The majority are still used that way, in such things as mobile phones, cars, military weapons, and home appliances. Some microprocessors are microcontrollers, so small and inexpensive that they are used to control very simple products like flashlights and greeting cards that play music when you open them. A few especially powerful microprocessors are used in personal computers.
The document provides information about various topics related to library and information science, including important dates, organizations, publications, and concepts. It contains multiple choice questions and answers about the year the FID headquarters shifted, the origin of the term "library on wheels," and other factual details such as when the first library school was started and the theory X and theory Y was conceived. The questions cover topics such as library classification schemes, cataloguing, reference sources, library associations, and periodicals within the field of library and information science.
Roger Malina Bogota the dark universe, making science intimateroger malina
roger malina presents arguments for our transition to a data culture which is data rich but meaning poor-presented at the Bogota Planetarium May 14 2016
Patterns in scholarly publications online: Erdős and beyondJonathan Bowen
Developing and monitoring communities has become increasingly easy on the web as the number of interactive facilities and amount of data available about communities increases. It is possible to view connections and patterns on social and professional networks in the form of mathematical graphs. It is also possible to visualise connections between authors of academic papers. For example, Google Scholar, Microsoft Academic Search, and Academia.edu, etc., now have large corpuses of freely available information on publications, together with author and citation details, that can be accessed and presented in a number of ways. In mathematical circles, the concept of the Erdős number has been introduced in honour of the Hungarian mathematician Paul Erdős, measuring the "collaborative distance" of a person away from Erdős through links by co-author. Similar metrics have been proposed in other fields. The possibility of exploring and improving the presentation of such links online in computer science and other fields will be presented as a means of improving the outreach and impact of academic publications. Some practical guidance on what is worthwhile in presenting publication information online will be given.
The National Library of Israel is using international standards like IIIF and LD to provide open access to digital reproductions and metadata through graph databases and discovery of entities. They are developing apps using MediaWiki and cooperating with Wikimedia Israel to enrich Wikidata with NLI data. The NLI is also working with The Public Workshop NGO, generating sitemaps to improve search engine discovery of its data repository, launching a developers website, and analyzing data access and usage to improve its internet presence.
G12 susan hazan_roundtableopenaccesjewishevaminerva
Susan Hazan, The Israel Museum, Jerusalem, Harvard
2016 EVA/Minerva Jerusalem International Conference on Digitisation of Cultural Heritage
http://2016.minervaisrael.org.il
http://www.digital-heritage.org.il
Visibility and visualisation of scholarly publications online: Erdős and beyondJonathan Bowen
Developing and monitoring communities has become increasingly easy on the web as the number of interactive facilities and amount of data available about communities increases. It is possible to view connections on social and professional networks in the form of mathematical graphs. It is also possible to visualise connections between authors of academic papers. For example, Google Scholar, Microsoft Academic Search, and Academia.edu, now have large corpuses of freely available information on publications, together with author and citation details, that can be accessed and presented in a number of ways. In mathematical circles, the concept of the Erdős number has been introduced in honour of the Hungarian mathematician Paul Erdős, measuring the "collaborative distance" of a person away from Erdős through links by co-author. Similar metrics have been proposed in other fields. The possibility of exploring and improving the presentation of such links online in computer science and other fields will be presented as a means of improving the outreach and impact of publications by academics across different disciplines. Some practical guidance on what is worthwhile in presenting publication information online will be given.
Note: The talk will be accessible for academics across different disciplines.
Roger Malina on A Historical Perspective on the Art-Sci-Tech fieldroger malina
Presentation given by Roger Malina on July 26 2014 at Kettle's Yard, Cambridge UK at
White Heat: art, science and
social responsibility in 1960s Britain
talk title is
The Leonardo Journal at 50_ networking the arts,sciences and technology now. The talk takes the person of Frank Malina, founder of Leonardo Journal as the springboard for a historical perspective
Did Alan Turing OBE FRS (23 June 1912 – 7 June 1954), the celebrated mathematician, codebreaker, and pioneer computer scientist, ever visit Oxford? He is well-known for his connections with the University of Cambridge, Bletchley Park, the National Physical Laboratory, and the University of Manchester, but there is no known written archival record of him ever visiting Oxford, despite it being the location of the University of Oxford, traditionally a rival of Cambridge. However, surely he must have done so.
The Leonardo organization has promoted art-science collaboration for 40 years. It established journals, conferences and prizes to document over 6000 collaborations between artists and scientists. New areas of collaboration include intimate science involving new scales and senses, citizen science using mobile phones, and crowd-sourcing scientific problems. Artists residencies in labs are exposing both artists and scientists to new ways of thinking and working. The goal is to make science more culturally relevant and intimate through these collaborations.
Making scholarly publications accessible onlineJonathan Bowen
Developing and monitoring communities has become increasingly easy on the web as the number of interactive facilities and amount of data available about communities increases. It is possible to view connections on social and professional networks in the form of mathematical graphs. It is also possible to visualise connections between authors of academic papers. For example, Google Scholar, Microsoft Academic Search, and Academia.edu, now have large corpuses of freely available information on publications, together with author and citation
details, that can be accessed and presented in a number of ways. In mathematical circles, the concept of the Erdős number has been introduced in honour of the Hungarian mathematician Paul Erdős, measuring the collaborative distance" of a person away from Erdős through links by co-author. Similar metrics have been proposed in other fields. The possibility of exploring and
improving the presentation of such links online in the sciences and other fields will be presented as a means of improving the outreach and impact of publications by academics across
different disciplines. Some practical guidance on what is worthwhile in presenting publication information online are given.
The document provides a history of how Silicon Valley emerged as a center for technological innovation, tracing key events and factors that contributed to its development. It notes how Stanford University and Fred Terman laid early foundations in the 1930s. Meanwhile, the region also saw artistic and countercultural movements in the mid-20th century that fostered an open and collaborative spirit unlike other tech hubs. This unique culture supported groundbreaking work at places like Fairchild, Xerox PARC, and Homebrew Computer Club that helped drive innovation in integrated circuits, personal computing, and the Internet in a grassroots way. The document suggests this unlikely pairing of tech progress and countercultural values is what allowed Silicon Valley to thrive where other regions
This document discusses a scientist working in a School of Arts and Humanities. It provides context for the burgeoning field of art-science and why disciplines need to work together. A key organization mentioned is IMERA, an Institute for Advanced Studies that brings together scientists, engineers, artists and humanities scholars through international residency programs. Examples are given of past resident projects that combined fields like astronomy and ecology, nano science and art, and modeling physics and human mobility patterns through collaborative work between artists and scientists.
Art/Science Interaction - Case study: Silicon Valleypiero scaruffi
Presentation for the Alpbach Technology Forum of August 2014 on Art/Science and Silicon Valley. I keep updating my presentations on Silicon Valley at www.scaruffi.com/svhistory
Communities and Ancestors Associated with Egon Börger and ASMJonathan Bowen
In this presentation, I discuss the community associated with Abstract State Machines (ASM), especially in the context of a Community of Practice (CoP), a social science concept, considering the development of ASM by its community of researchers and practitioners over time. I also consider the long-term historical context of the advisor tree of Egon Börger, the main promulgator of the ASM approach, which can be
considered as multiple interrelated CoPs, distributed over several centuries. This includes notable mathematicians and philosophers among its number with some interesting links between the people involved. Despite most being active well before the inception of computer science, a number have been influential on the field.
This document discusses the intersection of art, science, and information technology. It begins by providing background on the author and their perspective as an astronomer and director of observatories. It then discusses the evolution of the Leonardo knowledge network over 40 years and maps based on citation indexes. Next, it asks why art-science interactions are being promoted now, citing reasons like critical mass, societal urgency, and networking the humanities. It outlines different "types" of art-science practice and provides examples. It discusses developing an ethics of curiosity and challenges like overcoming disciplinary differences. Finally, it describes the Institut Mediterraneen de Recherches Avancees and its artist and scientist residency program.
The document summarizes the origins and history of the Institute of Mathematics and its Applications (IMA) and the Department of Mathematics and Statistics at the University of Strathclyde. It discusses how the IMA was formed in the 1960s based on proposals from Prof. M. J. Lighthill and a committee. It also describes how the Department of Mathematics and Statistics at Strathclyde evolved from its origins in the late 18th century through mergers and renaming, with Prof. Donald Pack playing a key role in expanding it after joining in 1953. Pictures show the changing composition of the Department over time from the 1980s to 2011.
This talk, Experimental Humanities: the case study of Lovelace and Babbage, was presented at the Digital Practices in the Humanities Software Sustainability Institute workshop (https://www.software.ac.uk/dphw), organized by the Oxford e-Research Centre and the Bodleian Libraries' Centre for Digital Scholarship at the University of Oxford, UK, 21 June 2018. The workshop's agenda: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GeJyQW4wuX88v8LyEAQObjp4-4HEcHpgjRkZV-0aczk/edit.
The talk was based on collaborative work with David De Roure as part of:
—Fusing Audio and Semantic Technologies for Intelligent Music Production and Consumption, funded by the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/L019981/1)
—Transforming Musicology, funded by the UK Arts and Humanities Research Council (AH/L006820/1)
LeReV/ LiSaC
Lumières en Rues et en Villes
Lights in Streets and Cities
Présentation pour l'IDL 2018
Curation de contenus scientifiques, techniques et sociétaux
Lighting, Innovation Design
Lighting in Art
Lighting in History
Artificial intelligence and the Singularity - History, Trends and Reality Checkpiero scaruffi
A lecture given at the second LAST festival (www.lastfestival.org) by Piero Scaruffi on Artificial intelligence and the Singularity - History, Trends and Reality Check. This is a very old presentation. See the updated one at www.scaruffi.com/singular
The document provides a brief history of computing from ancient times to modern computers. It discusses early calculating devices like the abacus and Babbage's analytical engine. The development of programmable, electronic digital computers is covered, including ENIAC, the stored program concept, and early mainframes from UNIVAC, IBM, and others. The emergence of minicomputers, microprocessors, and personal computers is also summarized.
A microprocessor is an electronic component that is used by a computer to do its work. It is a central processing unit on a single integrated circuit chip containing millions of very small components including transistors, resistors, and diodes that work together. Some microprocessors in the 20th century required several chips. Microprocessors help to do everything from controlling elevators to searching the Web. Everything a computer does is described by instructions of computer programs, and microprocessors carry out these instructions many millions of times a second. [1]
Microprocessors were invented in the 1970s for use in embedded systems. The majority are still used that way, in such things as mobile phones, cars, military weapons, and home appliances. Some microprocessors are microcontrollers, so small and inexpensive that they are used to control very simple products like flashlights and greeting cards that play music when you open them. A few especially powerful microprocessors are used in personal computers.
The document provides information about various topics related to library and information science, including important dates, organizations, publications, and concepts. It contains multiple choice questions and answers about the year the FID headquarters shifted, the origin of the term "library on wheels," and other factual details such as when the first library school was started and the theory X and theory Y was conceived. The questions cover topics such as library classification schemes, cataloguing, reference sources, library associations, and periodicals within the field of library and information science.
Roger Malina Bogota the dark universe, making science intimateroger malina
roger malina presents arguments for our transition to a data culture which is data rich but meaning poor-presented at the Bogota Planetarium May 14 2016
Patterns in scholarly publications online: Erdős and beyondJonathan Bowen
Developing and monitoring communities has become increasingly easy on the web as the number of interactive facilities and amount of data available about communities increases. It is possible to view connections and patterns on social and professional networks in the form of mathematical graphs. It is also possible to visualise connections between authors of academic papers. For example, Google Scholar, Microsoft Academic Search, and Academia.edu, etc., now have large corpuses of freely available information on publications, together with author and citation details, that can be accessed and presented in a number of ways. In mathematical circles, the concept of the Erdős number has been introduced in honour of the Hungarian mathematician Paul Erdős, measuring the "collaborative distance" of a person away from Erdős through links by co-author. Similar metrics have been proposed in other fields. The possibility of exploring and improving the presentation of such links online in computer science and other fields will be presented as a means of improving the outreach and impact of academic publications. Some practical guidance on what is worthwhile in presenting publication information online will be given.
The National Library of Israel is using international standards like IIIF and LD to provide open access to digital reproductions and metadata through graph databases and discovery of entities. They are developing apps using MediaWiki and cooperating with Wikimedia Israel to enrich Wikidata with NLI data. The NLI is also working with The Public Workshop NGO, generating sitemaps to improve search engine discovery of its data repository, launching a developers website, and analyzing data access and usage to improve its internet presence.
G12 susan hazan_roundtableopenaccesjewishevaminerva
Susan Hazan, The Israel Museum, Jerusalem, Harvard
2016 EVA/Minerva Jerusalem International Conference on Digitisation of Cultural Heritage
http://2016.minervaisrael.org.il
http://www.digital-heritage.org.il
G12 susan hazan_roundtableopenaccesjewishevaminerva
Susan Hazan, The Israel Museum, Jerusalem, Harvard
2016 EVA/Minerva Jerusalem International Conference on Digitisation of Cultural Heritage
http://2016.minervaisrael.org.il
http://www.digital-heritage.org.il
Alex Valdman, The Central Archives for the History of the Jewish People and the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
Jewish Documentary Heritage Online: The Yerusha Project at the Central Archives for the History of the Jewish People
2016 EVA/Minerva Jerusalem International Conference on Digitisation of Cultural Heritage
http://2016.minervaisrael.org.il
http://www.digital-heritage.org.il
Alex Valdman, The Central Archives for the History of the Jewish People and the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
Jewish Documentary Heritage Online: The Yerusha Project at the Central Archives for the History of the Jewish People
2016 EVA/Minerva Jerusalem International Conference on Digitisation of Cultural Heritage
http://2016.minervaisrael.org.il
http://www.digital-heritage.org.il
Ronit Gadish and Alexander Vainer, The Academy of the Hebrew Language
Hebrew Terminology: Presentation of Data and Technological Challenges
2016 EVA/Minerva Jerusalem International Conference on Digitisation of Cultural Heritage
http://2016.minervaisrael.org.il
http://www.digital-heritage.org.il
Ronit Gadish and Alexander Vainer, The Academy of the Hebrew Language
Hebrew Terminology: Presentation of Data and Technological Challenges
2016 EVA/Minerva Jerusalem International Conference on Digitisation of Cultural Heritage
http://2016.minervaisrael.org.il
http://www.digital-heritage.org.il
Edwin Seroussi and Josef Sprinzak, Da'at Hamakom Center for the Study of Cultures of Place in Jewish Modernity, The Hebrew University
Mapping Jewish Culture in Time and Place: The Interactive Map of Da'at Hamakom
2016 EVA/Minerva Jerusalem International Conference on Digitisation of Cultural Heritage
http://2016.minervaisrael.org.il
http://www.digital-heritage.org.il
Edwin Seroussi and Josef Sprinzak, Da'at Hamakom Center for the Study of Cultures of Place in Jewish Modernity, The Hebrew University
Mapping Jewish Culture in Time and Place: The Interactive Map of Da'at Hamakom
2016 EVA/Minerva Jerusalem International Conference on Digitisation of Cultural Heritage
http://2016.minervaisrael.org.il
http://www.digital-heritage.org.il
Menachem Katz, The Open University of Israel, The Friedberg Jewish Manuscript Society
Hillel Gershuni, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Friedberg Jewish Manuscript Society
Categorization of Textual Variants in Digital Synopses and its Research Potential
2016 EVA/Minerva Jerusalem International Conference on Digitisation of Cultural Heritage
http://2016.minervaisrael.org.il
http://www.digital-heritage.org.il
Menachem Katz, The Open University of Israel, The Friedberg Jewish Manuscript Society
Hillel Gershuni, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Friedberg Jewish Manuscript Society
Categorization of Textual Variants in Digital Synopses and its Research Potential
2016 EVA/Minerva Jerusalem International Conference on Digitisation of Cultural Heritage
http://2016.minervaisrael.org.il
http://www.digital-heritage.org.il
Jonathan Ben-Dov, University of Haifa
Scripta Qumranica Electronica: Dead Sea Scrolls Aggregated Database and Virtual Research Environment
2016 EVA/Minerva Jerusalem International Conference on Digitisation of Cultural Heritage
http://2016.minervaisrael.org.il
http://www.digital-heritage.org.il
Oren Ableman and Orit Rosengarten, Israel Antiquities Authority
The Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library: Digitizing and Cataloging the Dead Sea Scrolls
2016 EVA/Minerva Jerusalem International Conference on Digitisation of Cultural Heritage
http://2016.minervaisrael.org.il
http://www.digital-heritage.org.il
Oren Ableman and Orit Rosengarten, Israel Antiquities Authority
The Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library: Digitizing and Cataloging the Dead Sea Scrolls
2016 EVA/Minerva Jerusalem International Conference on Digitisation of Cultural Heritage
http://2016.minervaisrael.org.il
http://www.digital-heritage.org.il
Daniel Stoeckl ben Ezra, EPHE, Sorbonne, France
Hayim Lapin, University of Maryland, US
Building the Next Generation of Resources for Cultural Heritage Digital Texts: Mishna and Tosefta
2016 EVA/Minerva Jerusalem International Conference on Digitisation of Cultural Heritage
http://2016.minervaisrael.org.il
http://www.digital-heritage.org.il
Daniel Stoeckl ben Ezra, EPHE, Sorbonne, France
Hayim Lapin, University of Maryland, US
Building the Next Generation of Resources for Cultural Heritage Digital Texts: Mishna and Tosefta
2016 EVA/Minerva Jerusalem International Conference on Digitisation of Cultural Heritage
http://2016.minervaisrael.org.il
http://www.digital-heritage.org.il
Michael Satlow, Brown University
Inscriptions of Israel/Palestine: A Digital Project
2016 EVA/Minerva Jerusalem International Conference on Digitisation of Cultural Heritage
http://2016.minervaisrael.org.il
http://www.digital-heritage.org.il
Michael Satlow, Brown University
Inscriptions of Israel/Palestine: A Digital Project
2016 EVA/Minerva Jerusalem International Conference on Digitisation of Cultural Heritage
http://2016.minervaisrael.org.il
http://www.digital-heritage.org.il
Sigal Arie-Erez, Director, Cataloguing Department, Archives Division, Yad Vashem
Reconnecting the Past: How to Link Archival Descriptions – the EHRI Portal Model
2016 EVA/Minerva Jerusalem International Conference on Digitisation of Cultural Heritage
http://2016.minervaisrael.org.il
http://www.digital-heritage.org.il
Sigal Arie-Erez, Director, Cataloguing Department, Archives Division, Yad Vashem
Reconnecting the Past: How to Link Archival Descriptions – the EHRI Portal Model
2016 EVA/Minerva Jerusalem International Conference on Digitisation of Cultural Heritage
http://2016.minervaisrael.org.il
http://www.digital-heritage.org.il
HijackLoader Evolution: Interactive Process HollowingDonato Onofri
CrowdStrike researchers have identified a HijackLoader (aka IDAT Loader) sample that employs sophisticated evasion techniques to enhance the complexity of the threat. HijackLoader, an increasingly popular tool among adversaries for deploying additional payloads and tooling, continues to evolve as its developers experiment and enhance its capabilities.
In their analysis of a recent HijackLoader sample, CrowdStrike researchers discovered new techniques designed to increase the defense evasion capabilities of the loader. The malware developer used a standard process hollowing technique coupled with an additional trigger that was activated by the parent process writing to a pipe. This new approach, called "Interactive Process Hollowing", has the potential to make defense evasion stealthier.
Securing BGP: Operational Strategies and Best Practices for Network Defenders...APNIC
Md. Zobair Khan,
Network Analyst and Technical Trainer at APNIC, presented 'Securing BGP: Operational Strategies and Best Practices for Network Defenders' at the Phoenix Summit held in Dhaka, Bangladesh from 23 to 24 May 2024.
Honeypots Unveiled: Proactive Defense Tactics for Cyber Security, Phoenix Sum...APNIC
Adli Wahid, Senior Internet Security Specialist at APNIC, delivered a presentation titled 'Honeypots Unveiled: Proactive Defense Tactics for Cyber Security' at the Phoenix Summit held in Dhaka, Bangladesh from 23 to 24 May 2024.
1. Alan Turing
Prof. Jonathan P. Bowen
Emeritus Professor of Computing
London South Bank University (LSBU)
Currently Visiting Scholar at the
Institute for Advanced Studies (IIAS)
Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Chairman, Museophile Limited
www.jpbowen.com
Virtuoso Visionary
2. Introduction
• Subjects: Mathematics, engineering, art,
computer science, software engineering,
museum informatics, history of computing
• Collaboration: Archivists, historians, library scientists,
mathematicians, museologists, philosophers, sociologists
• Academia: Imperial College (London), Oxford, Reading,
Birmingham City, London South Bank University
• Visitor: UNU-IIST (Macau), King’s College London, Brunel,
Westminster, Waikato (New Zealand), Pratt Institute (New
York, USA), Institute for Advanced Studies (Jerusalem)
• Industry: Marconi, Logica, Silicon Graphics, Altran Praxis
• EVA London Conference on
Electronic Visualisation & the Arts
(co-chair) www.eva-london.org
3. Overview
• Alan Mathison Turing, OBE, FRS
(23 June 1912 – 7 June 1954)
• Mathematician, philosopher, codebreaker
• “Founder/father of computer science”
• Increasingly in the public consciousness
• Centenary meetings at Bletchley Park,
Cambridge, Manchester, Oxford,
etc., in 2012
• Mathematics can be visualised
• Digital archives of Turing material
4. Contributions to knowledge
• The Universal Machine (1936)
• Code-breaking (WW II)
• Computers and computing (1946)
• Artificial Intelligence (1950)
• Morphogenesis (1952)
6. The Scientists:
An epic of discovery
• Andrew Robinson (ed.),
Thames & Hudson, 2012
• 43 scientists through history
• Includes Alan Turing
• And Einstein of course!
• How do they compare?
7. Einstein (a diversion!)
Institute for Advanced Studies,
Hebrew University
Einstein Archive
Albert Einstein Square
Garden of the Israel Academy of
Sciences and Humanities
9. Einstein’s Blackboard, Oxford
“If we knew what it was we
were doing, it would not be
called research, would it?”
– Albert Einstein (1879–1955)
Bust in
Birmingham
Museum and
Art Gallery
Blackboard in the
Museum of the History
of Science, Oxford
(lecture in Oxford on
16 May 1931)
Turing is not known to
have visited Oxford!
10. Turing’s Worlds (23–24 June 2012)
Dept. of Continuing Education, Oxford University
Authors in The Turing Guide
11. • Cake at Oxford centenary meeting.
Happy Birthday Alan Turing! (2012)
12. The Turing Guide
A collected set of 42 chapters on
Alan Turing. Co-editors:
• Jonathan Bowen (London South Bank University,
England) – computer scientist (at IIAS)
• Jack Copeland (University of Canterbury,
New Zealand) – philosopher (at IIAS)
• Mark Sprevak (University of Edinburgh, Scotland)
– philosopher
• Robin Wilson (Open University /
Oxford University, England) – mathematician
13. Table of Contents
• Foreword by Andrew Hodges
• Preface by the editors
• Eight parts
• Notes and references
• Notes on contributors
• Index
14. Table of Contents – parts
I. Biography
II. The Universal Machine and Beyond
III. Codebreaker
IV. Computers after the War
V. Artificial Intelligence and the Mind
VI. Biological Growth
VII. Mathematics
VIII. Finale
15. 1. Life and work
• Jonathan P. Bowen, Jack Copeland,
Mark Sprevak, and Robin J. Wilson
• Biography
Born at Colonnade Hotel
Maida Vale, London, 1912
Died at home in Wilmslow,
Cheshire, 1954
16. Southampton to Sherborne
Arrival at new school: Bicycle ride during
the General Strike, 1926 (aged 14)
Stayed at the Crown Hotel, Blandford Forum
Inspired by school
friend Christopher
Morcom (died
February 1930)
when Turing was 17
Turing read and
understood
Einstein aged 16
17. Turing at Princeton
• Enrolled
29 September 1936
• Dissertation accepted
18 May 1938
18. Turing at Princeton Turing’s
record
of study
Studied the
Theory of
Relativity
under
Howard P.
Robertson
(1903–1961)
Robertson met
Einstein, Hilbert,
etc., in Göttingen,
Germany
19. 2. The man with the terrible trousers
• Sir John Dermot Turing
– nephew of Alan Turing
• A person view
• Author of Prof: Alan Turing Decoded
(September 2015) At an exhibition on Alan Turing
at Bletchley Park, 2012
20. 5. A century of Turing
• Stephen Wolfram
• Wolfram Research
• Mathematica
– “birthday” (23 June 1988)
• Based on a blog
• Personal view
Turing Machine
visualisation
Mathematica program:
ArrayPlot [Function
[u, MapAt [Red &,
u[[2]], u[[1, 2]]]] /
@TuringMachine
[2506,{1, {{}, 0}, 50]]
21. 6. Turing’s great invention:
The computing machine
• Jack Copeland – the “Turing machine”
An implementation of a Turing machine
22. 9. At
Bletchley Park
• Jack Copeland
• Enigma, etc.
Cottages in the
stable yard where
Turing did early
work on Enigma
Hut 8
used
by
Turing
23. 10. The Enigma machine
• Joel Greenberg
• Guide at Bletchey Park
• Author of Gordon Welchman:
Bletchley Park's Architect of
Ultra Intelligence biography
(2014)
24. 12. Bombes
• Jack Copeland, with Jean Valentine and
Catherine Caughey
• Electromechanical deciphering device
• Design by Turing et al. (1939)
• Bombe reconstruction at Bletchley Park
Jean Valentine, Bombe operator, latterly a guide at Bletchley Park
25. Banburismus and Turingery
• Banburismus: a cryptographic method
developed by Turing for Enigma (Bombe
pre-processing)
• Turingery (aka Turing's Method and
Turingismus) for breaking the Lorenz
cipher
Cf.
BlackBerry
today
26. 20. Saving Bletchley Park
• Simon Greenish and Jonathan Bowen
• Former Director
• Recent history of Bletchley Park
• Now safe (National Lottery funding)
27. 21. Turing, Lovelace, and
Babbage: congruent worlds
• Doron Swade, formerly computing
curator at the Science Museum, London
• Comparing Turing’s achievement with
Charles Babbage and Ada Lovelace
• Analytical Engine
28. Ada Lovelace (1815–1852)
• First “programmer” – 200th anniversary of
Ada Lovelace’s birth, 10 December 2015
• Died aged 36 (cf. Turing at 41)
• Symposium in Oxford, 10–11 December 2015
• Exhibitions at Weston Library, Oxford
& Science Museum, London
• Letters in Bodleian Library, Oxford
Digitisation project
in progress at the
Bodleian
29. The ACE computer
• Turing at National Physical Laboratory, 1945–47
• Automatic Computing Engine (ACE),
originally designed by Turing, 1946
• Smaller Pilot ACE finally implemented, 1950
• Now in the Science
Museum, London
30. 23. The Manchester Baby
• Jack Copeland
• Manchester Mark I
computer, June 1948
• Turing appointed Reader
– worked on software
Alan Turing on
the right standing
at the console of
the Manchester
Ferranti
computer.
31. 24. Computer music
• Jack Copeland and Jason Long
• Foreseen by Ada Lovelace
• First recorded computer music
(God Save the King, Baa Baa Black Sheep, &
In the Mood, 1951!)
• Ferranti Mark 1 computer at Manchester
Programmed by Christopher Strachey (1916–1975),
later first head of the Programming Research Group,
Oxford, and colleague of Turing
Alan Turing (right) at the
console of the Ferranti Mark 1
32. 31. Child machines
• Diane Proudfoot (at IIAS)
• The Turing Test
• Educable machines
• Social intelligence
“On the Internet, nobody knows
you’re a dog.” – New Yorker
33. Thought
“... at the end of the [20th] century,
... one will be able to speak of
machines thinking without
expecting to be contradicted.”
– Alan Turing
Awarded Fellowship of the Royal Society
(FRS), 1951.
34. Morphogenesis
• The "beginning of the shape” –
biological process, patterns
• Turing not completely correct,
but close enough
• Cf. chaos theory
Turing,A.M. (1952). “The Chemical
Basis of Morphogenesis”. Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society B:
Biological Sciences, 237(641):37–64.
doi:10.1098/rstb.1952.0012
A diagram from
Turing's notes on
morphogenesis
35. 35. Turing’s theory of
morphogenisis
• Thomas E. Woolley, Ruth
Baker, and Philip Maini
Centre for Mathematical Biology
Mathematical Institute
University of Oxford
• Earlier title: “All models are
wrong, but some are useful”
• Turing was not completely
correct, but close enough
36. 36. Radiolaria: Validating
the Turing theory
• Bernard Richards, University of Manchester
• Last masters student under Turing in 1953
• Protozoa with complex mineral skeletons
On Alan Turing: “The
day he died felt like
driving through a
tunnel and the lights
being switched off.”
42. 41. Is the whole universe
computable?
• Jack Copeland, Oron Shagrir (at IIAS),
Mark Sprevak
Chapter still being written!
43. 42. Turing’s legacy
• Jonathan Bowen
• Scientific legacy
• Turing and modern society
• Turing papers – auction
• Government pardon
• Public consciousness
• Google donation to
Bletchly Park
44. Epitaph
“A sort of scientific Shelley.”
– Sir Geoffrey Jefferson FRS (1886–1961)
Professor of Neurosurgery at Manchester
Shelley Memorial,
University College,
Oxford
45. Epilogue
• ACM Turing Award, first
awarded 1966
• Increasing public consciousness
• Government apology/pardon
• Turing papers: auctions
• Google donation to
Bletchley Park
46. Bletchley Park – now
• Heritage site
• Bombe and Colossus reconstructions
• National Museum of Computing
• Now safe, although needs further funding
47. Memorials
• E.g., slate statue
at Bletchley Park
by Stephen Kettle
• Also statue in
Manchester
48. Alan Turing
exhibition at the
Science Museum
(2012)
Even Alan Turing Monopoly!
(2012 special edition)
49. Alan Turing – online archives
• Centenary year in 2012
– www.turingcentenary.eu
• Andrew Hodges (Turing biographer)
– www.turing.org.uk
• Jack Copeland’s Turing Archive (facsimiles)
– www.alanturing.net
• The Turing Digital Archive (3,000 images)
– King’s College, Cambridge
– www.turingarchive.org
• Wikimedia Commons (freely available)
– commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing
53. Pet Shop Boys – Proms
• Royal Albert Hall, London, 23 July 2014
• World premiere of “A Man from the Future”
• Tribute to Alan Turing
54. The Imitation Game
(2014 film)
Historical drama film on the life of Alan
Turing, starring Benedict Cumberbatch and
Keira Knightley (based on the biography Alan
Turing: The Enigma by Andrew Hodges).
Filming at
King’s Cross
Station, London
October 2013
55. Stephen Fry
“Turing was a genius who helped
shorten the war though his extraordinary
solutions to the Enigma and Tunny code
machines that the Germans were using
... We owe him a huge debt.”
56. Alan Turing (1912–1954)
• “Father of computer science”
• Universal Turing machine
• Cryptography (decryption at Bletchley Park)
• Artificial intelligence and morphogenesis
57. Alan Turing and Albert Einstein
• Southwest University, Chongqing, China
• Are Turing and Einstein on a par?
Arguably yes,
but Einstein has
a head start!
Chongqing means
“double celebration”
(aptly) in Chinese
Both generally
accepted as
geniuses
58. Einstein in Oxford – again!
Free talk at Christ Church,
3 December 2015
Einstein book published by
Princeton University Press
Honorary degree, 1930s
59. The Turing Guide
• Book due in 2016
• To be published by Oxford University Press
• Hard cover, paperback, and e-book
• Edited by Jack Copeland, Jonathan Bowen, Mark
Sprevak, and Robin Wilson
• 42 chapters by contributors largely from Oxford,
Cambridge, Bletchley Park meetings
• Sabbatical at the Institute for Advanced Studies in
Jerusalem to complete the book!
• See also Gresham College, London, talk:
www.gresham.ac.uk/lectures-and-events/alan-turing-the-founder-of-computer-science
61. Thank you
Alan Turing
founder/father of
computer science
Prof. Jonathan Bowen
FBCS, FRSA
jonathan.bowen@lsbu.ac.uk
www.jpbowen.com
The Turing Guide (OUP, 2016)