This document provides biographical information on artist Richard Serra and mentions several other artists and events:
- It summarizes Richard Serra's early life, education, career highlights producing large-scale steel sculptures around the world, and controversies over some of his site-specific works.
- It also briefly mentions Saudi Arabian artist Zahra Al-Ghamdi, whose work reflects memories of traditional architecture in southwest Saudi Arabia.
- The document lists other topics covered including a competition, Farhad Moshiri, muqarnas, and the Norooz Festival.
This document discusses indigeneity and intellectual property from indigenous perspectives. It covers key concepts like ways of knowing, being and doing from an indigenous worldview. These perspectives emphasize socially and culturally embedded knowledge, custodianship over ownership, and knowledge defined by relationships and contexts rather than facts. The document also provides references on related topics like indigenous research methodology.
1) Abstract Expressionism began in New York in the late 1940s but also had significant contributions from artists in Colorado and California.
2) Key Abstract Expressionist artists in New York included Jackson Pollock, Clyfford Still, Mark Rothko, Willem de Kooning, and others who developed styles using techniques like drip painting and vivid color fields.
3) Artists in Colorado and California also made important contributions to the movement, with groups in places like Colorado Springs, Denver, and San Francisco developing their own variations of Abstract Expressionist techniques and philosophies.
Minimalism was an art movement that emphasized simplicity and industrial materials. It opposed the emotional expression of abstract expressionism and focused on basic geometric forms and repetition. Key artists included Frank Stella, Sol LeWitt, Dan Flavin, Donald Judd, and Carl Andre. Their work used materials like steel, concrete, and light to create simple sculptures and installations. Minimalist music also featured repetition and long durations. The movement sparked criticism for being too simple but influenced later art and design.
Minimalism emerged in the 1960s as a reaction against abstract expressionism. Minimalist artists aimed to eliminate composition from their work and create purely visual, non-representational pieces. Key minimalist artists included Frank Stella, Sol LeWitt, Donald Judd, and Dan Flavin. They used industrial materials and geometric forms to create ordered and simplistic sculptures and installations. Their goal was for the works to be seen as literal objects rather than symbolic representations.
Minimalism emerged in the 1960s as an reaction against Abstract Expressionism. It emphasized geometric forms, industrial materials, hard edges, and a reduced palette of solid colors. Key influences included the Bauhaus, De Stijl, and Russian Constructivism movements. Notable minimalist artists included Carl Andre, Robert Morris, Sol LeWitt, Frank Stella, Dan Flavin, and Donald Judd, who created sculptures and installations focusing on the essence of materials and forms.
This document provides an overview of minimalism in art from the late 1950s to the early 1970s. It discusses the main artistic influences on minimalism including abstract expressionism, constructivism, and Marcel Duchamp. The leading minimalist artists of the movement are identified as Frank Stella, Carl Andre, Dan Flavin, Donald Judd, Robert Morris, and Sol LeWitt. Their key characteristics and works are described, focusing on reduction, industrial materials, and viewer interaction. Minimalism aimed to strip down art to its basic forms and reject metaphorical interpretations.
Minimalism emerged in the 1960s as a reaction to Abstract Expressionism. Minimalist artists aimed to eliminate emotion, allusion, and meaning from their work by creating simple geometric objects and structures. Key minimalist artists included Frank Stella, Donald Judd, Carl Andre, Sol LeWitt, Robert Morris, and Dan Flavin. Their work used basic forms and industrial materials to focus attention on the objects themselves rather than on symbolism or expression.
This document discusses indigeneity and intellectual property from indigenous perspectives. It covers key concepts like ways of knowing, being and doing from an indigenous worldview. These perspectives emphasize socially and culturally embedded knowledge, custodianship over ownership, and knowledge defined by relationships and contexts rather than facts. The document also provides references on related topics like indigenous research methodology.
1) Abstract Expressionism began in New York in the late 1940s but also had significant contributions from artists in Colorado and California.
2) Key Abstract Expressionist artists in New York included Jackson Pollock, Clyfford Still, Mark Rothko, Willem de Kooning, and others who developed styles using techniques like drip painting and vivid color fields.
3) Artists in Colorado and California also made important contributions to the movement, with groups in places like Colorado Springs, Denver, and San Francisco developing their own variations of Abstract Expressionist techniques and philosophies.
Minimalism was an art movement that emphasized simplicity and industrial materials. It opposed the emotional expression of abstract expressionism and focused on basic geometric forms and repetition. Key artists included Frank Stella, Sol LeWitt, Dan Flavin, Donald Judd, and Carl Andre. Their work used materials like steel, concrete, and light to create simple sculptures and installations. Minimalist music also featured repetition and long durations. The movement sparked criticism for being too simple but influenced later art and design.
Minimalism emerged in the 1960s as a reaction against abstract expressionism. Minimalist artists aimed to eliminate composition from their work and create purely visual, non-representational pieces. Key minimalist artists included Frank Stella, Sol LeWitt, Donald Judd, and Dan Flavin. They used industrial materials and geometric forms to create ordered and simplistic sculptures and installations. Their goal was for the works to be seen as literal objects rather than symbolic representations.
Minimalism emerged in the 1960s as an reaction against Abstract Expressionism. It emphasized geometric forms, industrial materials, hard edges, and a reduced palette of solid colors. Key influences included the Bauhaus, De Stijl, and Russian Constructivism movements. Notable minimalist artists included Carl Andre, Robert Morris, Sol LeWitt, Frank Stella, Dan Flavin, and Donald Judd, who created sculptures and installations focusing on the essence of materials and forms.
This document provides an overview of minimalism in art from the late 1950s to the early 1970s. It discusses the main artistic influences on minimalism including abstract expressionism, constructivism, and Marcel Duchamp. The leading minimalist artists of the movement are identified as Frank Stella, Carl Andre, Dan Flavin, Donald Judd, Robert Morris, and Sol LeWitt. Their key characteristics and works are described, focusing on reduction, industrial materials, and viewer interaction. Minimalism aimed to strip down art to its basic forms and reject metaphorical interpretations.
Minimalism emerged in the 1960s as a reaction to Abstract Expressionism. Minimalist artists aimed to eliminate emotion, allusion, and meaning from their work by creating simple geometric objects and structures. Key minimalist artists included Frank Stella, Donald Judd, Carl Andre, Sol LeWitt, Robert Morris, and Dan Flavin. Their work used basic forms and industrial materials to focus attention on the objects themselves rather than on symbolism or expression.
A list of all famous minimalist artists, architects and designerscharpentieredme
The document provides a comprehensive list of famous minimalist artists, architects, designers, and photographers from the 1960s to present day. It includes over 50 minimalist artists such as Carl Andre, Donald Judd, Sol LeWitt, as well as architects like Tadao Ando, Alberto Campo Baeza, and Peter Zumthor. The list also names influential minimalist designers like Naoto Fukasawa, Jonathan Ive, and Tokujin Yoshioka, as well as photographers Andreas Gursky, Michael Kenna, and Hiroshi Sugimoto. The document aims to serve as a quick reference for those interested in minimalism or looking to hire a minimalist professional.
The document summarizes the origins and history of contemporary street art. It began in the late 1970s in New York City as political propaganda and an expression of rebellion through vandalism. Key early artists included Keith Haring and Jean-Michel Basquiat in the 1980s who brought more than just graffiti to the streets. Modern street artists mentioned include Invader, JR, Blu, Banksy, Shepard Fairey and his Obey movement, who have continued using street art to make political statements and connect with the public.
1. This document provides biographical information about the Persian poet Saadi Shiraz.
2. Saadi Shiraz lived in the 13th century in Persia (modern day Iran) and experienced hardship as a child after his father died. He left his hometown of Shiraz to pursue an education, studying at Nizamiyya University.
3. Due to the Mongol invasions of the region, Saadi was forced to wander abroad for 30 years, traveling through Anatolia, Syria, Egypt, Iraq and visiting places like Jerusalem and Mecca. He spent 7 years as a slave in Acre after being captured by Crusaders. Through his travels he met and learned from many
Ml&a minimalism presentation (slide show version)kylelinford
Minimalism emerged in the 1960s as an reaction against Abstract Expressionism. It emphasized geometric forms, industrial materials, hard edges, and a reduced palette of solid colors. Key influences included the Bauhaus, De Stijl, and Russian Constructivism movements. Notable minimalist artists included Carl Andre, Robert Morris, Sol LeWitt, Frank Stella, Dan Flavin, and Donald Judd, who created sculptures and installations focusing on the essence of materials and forms.
Minimalism refers to a style of art from the 1950s to 1970s characterized by simplicity in form and content. Minimalist artists like Frank Stella, Carl Andre, Dan Flavin, Ellsworth Kelly, and Donald Judd reacted against Abstract Expressionism by creating stark canvases and sculptures with removed personal expression, aiming for objects of interest and beauty. Examples of works mentioned include Stella's Sunset Beach, Andre's Steel Aluminum Plain, Flavin's Untitled, Kelly's Grape Leaves III, and Judd's Untitled.
Various artists showcased their talents at the 5th annual Chalk Art Festival in Palm Springs, where local artist Omar C won awards for his masterpiece created in the Palm Springs High School parking lot. Other notable pieces included a tribute to Leonard Nemoy by William Zin and a Native American girl gazing east by Dali. There were also many murals seen around the community, capturing landscapes, sea life, and telling stories. Strolling through Palm Canyon, one could see pieces like "The Mountain Charmers" at Bar Was Taken and a creation dedicated to Matthew who loved art. The document expresses that street art can be found in many unexpected places and that art is capable of many interpretations.
Sadegh Tabrizi was an Iranian artist born in 1939 who helped pioneer the 'Saqqakhaneh School' of art, which explored Persian heritage. He studied miniature painting and ceramics in Iran. Tabrizi held numerous solo and group exhibitions internationally from the 1960s onward and is known for his calligraphic compositions inspired by traditional Persian art.
Tony Cragg is a British sculptor born in 1950. He is known for assemblages made of found objects and his experimentation with a variety of materials. Cragg's early works included site-specific installations and representational wall reliefs made of fragments. Notable works include "Britain Seen from the North" (1981). C
Postmodernism emerged in the late 1960s as a reaction against modernism's rigidity and lack of context. It manifested in new art forms like conceptual art, minimalism, and performance art. Postmodernist architecture moved away from modernism's formal rules by incorporating symbolic references and classical elements. Major postmodern architects included Venturi, Moore, Piano, and Johnson, whose works emphasized eclecticism and challenged notions of universal truths. Postmodern practices in the visual arts involved appropriating and questioning existing works through the works of artists like Kruger, Sherman, and Levine.
"MINIMALISM" is an art movement started in 1960's and early 70's post world war-2.
the art form derived from reductive aspects of "post modernism" and is subjected to reduce to necessary elements only.
shows the trend in design, architecture and art during the movement and work of the various artist related to the movement.
- The document discusses the development of modern architecture in Britain and Japan from the mid-20th century onward. It focuses on the figures of Ove Arup, Richard Rogers, Norman Foster, and the Japanese Metabolist movement.
- The Metabolists in Japan proposed radical ideas for cities that could grow and change organically over time through plug-in architectural units. Major figures included Kisho Kurokawa, Fumihiko Maki, Kiyonori Kikutake, and Kenzo Tange.
- Rogers and Foster were influenced by Arup and the ideas of high-tech architecture. Their landmark projects like the Pompidou Center and Hong Kong Bank pioneered the
Minimalism describes art movements that strip works down to their most fundamental forms. Minimalist art from the 1960s-1970s uses simple geometric shapes, industrial materials, and is purged of metaphor. Key minimalist artists include Donald Judd, Agnes Martin, Frank Stella, Carl Andre, and Robert Morris, who were influenced by composers John Cage and LaMonte Young. Donald Judd's sculptures used simple cubes and planes to explore space, while Agnes Martin's grid paintings combined spirituality and minimalism.
Graffiti used to have a negative connotation to it, but it actually is art. From Banksy to Sever to Lady Pink, there are world-renowned street artists who have left their stamp on the world.
Cities such as New York, Melbourne and Moscow boast some of the most extravagant street art murals. It has become a cultural phenomenon and here are our favorites.
Minimalism arose in the 1960s as a reaction against Abstract Expressionism. It is characterized by simple geometric forms, industrial materials, repetition, and an emphasis on the basic elements of art. Key artists of the movement included Frank Stella, Donald Judd, Sol LeWitt, and Dan Flavin. They created reductive sculptures and installations using materials like steel, Plexiglas, and fluorescent lights to draw attention to form and the viewer's experience. Though criticized as too simplistic, Minimalism had a significant influence on later movements like Post-Minimalism and remains influential today in design and architecture.
This document provides an overview of the Minimalist art movement, including its key characteristics, social context, and notable artists such as Donald Judd, Robert Morris, Carl Andre, Sol Lewitt, and Dan Flavin. Minimalist art featured geometric forms made from industrial materials and lacked color, with the goal of having the artwork and viewer be part of the same experience. It emerged in the 1960s as a reaction to Abstract Expressionism and was influenced by mass production and media at the time.
Minimalism began in 1960s New York and was influenced by traditional Japanese design and a reaction to abstract expressionism. It is defined by simplicity, no meaning, unity, realism, and geometric shapes/patterns. Frank Stella, Donald Judd, and Sol Lewitt were influential minimalist artists known for using industrial materials and repetitive geometric forms to focus on shape, line, color, and texture. Their work included paintings, sculptures, boxes, and wall drawings made of materials like wood and metal. Minimalism also influenced music, architecture, design, and lifestyles that emphasized simplicity and owning only necessary possessions. The movement was controversial as it challenged definitions of art.
Adi Granov works as an artist and designer for Marvel, notably on the Iron Man series. He has done comic covers and interior stories under an exclusive Marvel contract.
Jörg Zenker is a figurative artist based in Belgium who studied oil painting techniques and drawing. He finds inspiration from his work giving tours across Europe.
Richard Stergulz is a painter from Illinois who works in oils. He is influenced by Russian impressionism and teaches art classes.
The document discusses different aspects of minimalism across various artistic disciplines such as visual arts, music, literature, movies, fashion, and design. It begins by defining minimalism as reducing work to the essential elements and using less to do more. It then provides examples of prominent minimalist artists from the 1960s and their emphasis on simplicity and stripping away non-essential elements. It explores the origins and key characteristics of minimalism in visual arts, music, literature, movies, and fashion. Overall, the document offers a broad overview of minimalism as an artistic philosophy and movement that emerged in the post-World War II era across multiple creative fields.
This document provides an overview of the early history of photography and graphic design. It discusses the first known photograph taken in 1825 by Nicephore Niepce using heliography. As photography developed, other processes like daguerreotypes, calotypes, tintypes, and ambrotypes became popular. Pioneering photographers discussed include Louis Daguerre, Henry Fox Talbot, Julia Margaret Cameron, Dorothea Lange, Ansel Adams, and others. The document also covers the origins and evolution of graphic design, typography, symbols, posters/advertisements, and book/magazine layout and illustration. Key graphic designers mentioned are Toulouse-Lautrec, the Stenberg brothers, and Milton
The document provides information about the artist Glenn Ligon and his works featured at the Whitney Museum of American Art. It discusses Ligon's neon piece "Rückenfigur" which is permanently on view, as well as his paintings from the "Coloring" series depicting Malcolm X. Ligon's work explores issues of identity, race, and American history through conceptual pieces that require background knowledge to fully understand. The document examines how Ligon references other artists and historical figures to create thought-provoking work that conveys challenging messages.
The document discusses the career of Japanese artist Kazuo Shiraga and argues he was overlooked by the New York art community for decades. Though Shiraga pioneered a unique painting technique using ropes and his feet in the 1960s, his work received poor reviews in his first New York show and was not collected or exhibited by major museums and galleries. However, in recent years Shiraga has gained recognition, with prominent exhibitions and inclusion in top auction sales. The document suggests other Asian artists like Yayoi Kusama and the Dansaekhwa movement from Korea also experienced underappreciation but have since risen in prominence, indicating the New York art scene may have overlooked important Asian contemporary artists from the 1980s to
This document provides biographical information on three artists: Monir Farmanfarmaian, Mohammed Kazem, and David Hockney. It discusses Farmanfarmaian's background, education, artistic journey focusing on mirror mosaics, exile during the Iranian Revolution, and current work in Tehran. For Mohammed Kazem, it outlines his background as a conceptual Emirati artist working in Dubai and his incorporation of new media. David Hockney is also mentioned but no details are provided.
This document provides information about purchasing a 3Com 3C0VG60005-06 redundant power supply module from Launch 3 Telecom. It includes the product details, payment and shipping options, warranty information, and an overview of additional services provided by Launch 3 Telecom such as repairs, maintenance contracts, and equipment de-installation. Customers can purchase the product by phone, email, or by clicking a link to send a request for quote.
A list of all famous minimalist artists, architects and designerscharpentieredme
The document provides a comprehensive list of famous minimalist artists, architects, designers, and photographers from the 1960s to present day. It includes over 50 minimalist artists such as Carl Andre, Donald Judd, Sol LeWitt, as well as architects like Tadao Ando, Alberto Campo Baeza, and Peter Zumthor. The list also names influential minimalist designers like Naoto Fukasawa, Jonathan Ive, and Tokujin Yoshioka, as well as photographers Andreas Gursky, Michael Kenna, and Hiroshi Sugimoto. The document aims to serve as a quick reference for those interested in minimalism or looking to hire a minimalist professional.
The document summarizes the origins and history of contemporary street art. It began in the late 1970s in New York City as political propaganda and an expression of rebellion through vandalism. Key early artists included Keith Haring and Jean-Michel Basquiat in the 1980s who brought more than just graffiti to the streets. Modern street artists mentioned include Invader, JR, Blu, Banksy, Shepard Fairey and his Obey movement, who have continued using street art to make political statements and connect with the public.
1. This document provides biographical information about the Persian poet Saadi Shiraz.
2. Saadi Shiraz lived in the 13th century in Persia (modern day Iran) and experienced hardship as a child after his father died. He left his hometown of Shiraz to pursue an education, studying at Nizamiyya University.
3. Due to the Mongol invasions of the region, Saadi was forced to wander abroad for 30 years, traveling through Anatolia, Syria, Egypt, Iraq and visiting places like Jerusalem and Mecca. He spent 7 years as a slave in Acre after being captured by Crusaders. Through his travels he met and learned from many
Ml&a minimalism presentation (slide show version)kylelinford
Minimalism emerged in the 1960s as an reaction against Abstract Expressionism. It emphasized geometric forms, industrial materials, hard edges, and a reduced palette of solid colors. Key influences included the Bauhaus, De Stijl, and Russian Constructivism movements. Notable minimalist artists included Carl Andre, Robert Morris, Sol LeWitt, Frank Stella, Dan Flavin, and Donald Judd, who created sculptures and installations focusing on the essence of materials and forms.
Minimalism refers to a style of art from the 1950s to 1970s characterized by simplicity in form and content. Minimalist artists like Frank Stella, Carl Andre, Dan Flavin, Ellsworth Kelly, and Donald Judd reacted against Abstract Expressionism by creating stark canvases and sculptures with removed personal expression, aiming for objects of interest and beauty. Examples of works mentioned include Stella's Sunset Beach, Andre's Steel Aluminum Plain, Flavin's Untitled, Kelly's Grape Leaves III, and Judd's Untitled.
Various artists showcased their talents at the 5th annual Chalk Art Festival in Palm Springs, where local artist Omar C won awards for his masterpiece created in the Palm Springs High School parking lot. Other notable pieces included a tribute to Leonard Nemoy by William Zin and a Native American girl gazing east by Dali. There were also many murals seen around the community, capturing landscapes, sea life, and telling stories. Strolling through Palm Canyon, one could see pieces like "The Mountain Charmers" at Bar Was Taken and a creation dedicated to Matthew who loved art. The document expresses that street art can be found in many unexpected places and that art is capable of many interpretations.
Sadegh Tabrizi was an Iranian artist born in 1939 who helped pioneer the 'Saqqakhaneh School' of art, which explored Persian heritage. He studied miniature painting and ceramics in Iran. Tabrizi held numerous solo and group exhibitions internationally from the 1960s onward and is known for his calligraphic compositions inspired by traditional Persian art.
Tony Cragg is a British sculptor born in 1950. He is known for assemblages made of found objects and his experimentation with a variety of materials. Cragg's early works included site-specific installations and representational wall reliefs made of fragments. Notable works include "Britain Seen from the North" (1981). C
Postmodernism emerged in the late 1960s as a reaction against modernism's rigidity and lack of context. It manifested in new art forms like conceptual art, minimalism, and performance art. Postmodernist architecture moved away from modernism's formal rules by incorporating symbolic references and classical elements. Major postmodern architects included Venturi, Moore, Piano, and Johnson, whose works emphasized eclecticism and challenged notions of universal truths. Postmodern practices in the visual arts involved appropriating and questioning existing works through the works of artists like Kruger, Sherman, and Levine.
"MINIMALISM" is an art movement started in 1960's and early 70's post world war-2.
the art form derived from reductive aspects of "post modernism" and is subjected to reduce to necessary elements only.
shows the trend in design, architecture and art during the movement and work of the various artist related to the movement.
- The document discusses the development of modern architecture in Britain and Japan from the mid-20th century onward. It focuses on the figures of Ove Arup, Richard Rogers, Norman Foster, and the Japanese Metabolist movement.
- The Metabolists in Japan proposed radical ideas for cities that could grow and change organically over time through plug-in architectural units. Major figures included Kisho Kurokawa, Fumihiko Maki, Kiyonori Kikutake, and Kenzo Tange.
- Rogers and Foster were influenced by Arup and the ideas of high-tech architecture. Their landmark projects like the Pompidou Center and Hong Kong Bank pioneered the
Minimalism describes art movements that strip works down to their most fundamental forms. Minimalist art from the 1960s-1970s uses simple geometric shapes, industrial materials, and is purged of metaphor. Key minimalist artists include Donald Judd, Agnes Martin, Frank Stella, Carl Andre, and Robert Morris, who were influenced by composers John Cage and LaMonte Young. Donald Judd's sculptures used simple cubes and planes to explore space, while Agnes Martin's grid paintings combined spirituality and minimalism.
Graffiti used to have a negative connotation to it, but it actually is art. From Banksy to Sever to Lady Pink, there are world-renowned street artists who have left their stamp on the world.
Cities such as New York, Melbourne and Moscow boast some of the most extravagant street art murals. It has become a cultural phenomenon and here are our favorites.
Minimalism arose in the 1960s as a reaction against Abstract Expressionism. It is characterized by simple geometric forms, industrial materials, repetition, and an emphasis on the basic elements of art. Key artists of the movement included Frank Stella, Donald Judd, Sol LeWitt, and Dan Flavin. They created reductive sculptures and installations using materials like steel, Plexiglas, and fluorescent lights to draw attention to form and the viewer's experience. Though criticized as too simplistic, Minimalism had a significant influence on later movements like Post-Minimalism and remains influential today in design and architecture.
This document provides an overview of the Minimalist art movement, including its key characteristics, social context, and notable artists such as Donald Judd, Robert Morris, Carl Andre, Sol Lewitt, and Dan Flavin. Minimalist art featured geometric forms made from industrial materials and lacked color, with the goal of having the artwork and viewer be part of the same experience. It emerged in the 1960s as a reaction to Abstract Expressionism and was influenced by mass production and media at the time.
Minimalism began in 1960s New York and was influenced by traditional Japanese design and a reaction to abstract expressionism. It is defined by simplicity, no meaning, unity, realism, and geometric shapes/patterns. Frank Stella, Donald Judd, and Sol Lewitt were influential minimalist artists known for using industrial materials and repetitive geometric forms to focus on shape, line, color, and texture. Their work included paintings, sculptures, boxes, and wall drawings made of materials like wood and metal. Minimalism also influenced music, architecture, design, and lifestyles that emphasized simplicity and owning only necessary possessions. The movement was controversial as it challenged definitions of art.
Adi Granov works as an artist and designer for Marvel, notably on the Iron Man series. He has done comic covers and interior stories under an exclusive Marvel contract.
Jörg Zenker is a figurative artist based in Belgium who studied oil painting techniques and drawing. He finds inspiration from his work giving tours across Europe.
Richard Stergulz is a painter from Illinois who works in oils. He is influenced by Russian impressionism and teaches art classes.
The document discusses different aspects of minimalism across various artistic disciplines such as visual arts, music, literature, movies, fashion, and design. It begins by defining minimalism as reducing work to the essential elements and using less to do more. It then provides examples of prominent minimalist artists from the 1960s and their emphasis on simplicity and stripping away non-essential elements. It explores the origins and key characteristics of minimalism in visual arts, music, literature, movies, and fashion. Overall, the document offers a broad overview of minimalism as an artistic philosophy and movement that emerged in the post-World War II era across multiple creative fields.
This document provides an overview of the early history of photography and graphic design. It discusses the first known photograph taken in 1825 by Nicephore Niepce using heliography. As photography developed, other processes like daguerreotypes, calotypes, tintypes, and ambrotypes became popular. Pioneering photographers discussed include Louis Daguerre, Henry Fox Talbot, Julia Margaret Cameron, Dorothea Lange, Ansel Adams, and others. The document also covers the origins and evolution of graphic design, typography, symbols, posters/advertisements, and book/magazine layout and illustration. Key graphic designers mentioned are Toulouse-Lautrec, the Stenberg brothers, and Milton
The document provides information about the artist Glenn Ligon and his works featured at the Whitney Museum of American Art. It discusses Ligon's neon piece "Rückenfigur" which is permanently on view, as well as his paintings from the "Coloring" series depicting Malcolm X. Ligon's work explores issues of identity, race, and American history through conceptual pieces that require background knowledge to fully understand. The document examines how Ligon references other artists and historical figures to create thought-provoking work that conveys challenging messages.
The document discusses the career of Japanese artist Kazuo Shiraga and argues he was overlooked by the New York art community for decades. Though Shiraga pioneered a unique painting technique using ropes and his feet in the 1960s, his work received poor reviews in his first New York show and was not collected or exhibited by major museums and galleries. However, in recent years Shiraga has gained recognition, with prominent exhibitions and inclusion in top auction sales. The document suggests other Asian artists like Yayoi Kusama and the Dansaekhwa movement from Korea also experienced underappreciation but have since risen in prominence, indicating the New York art scene may have overlooked important Asian contemporary artists from the 1980s to
This document provides biographical information on three artists: Monir Farmanfarmaian, Mohammed Kazem, and David Hockney. It discusses Farmanfarmaian's background, education, artistic journey focusing on mirror mosaics, exile during the Iranian Revolution, and current work in Tehran. For Mohammed Kazem, it outlines his background as a conceptual Emirati artist working in Dubai and his incorporation of new media. David Hockney is also mentioned but no details are provided.
This document provides information about purchasing a 3Com 3C0VG60005-06 redundant power supply module from Launch 3 Telecom. It includes the product details, payment and shipping options, warranty information, and an overview of additional services provided by Launch 3 Telecom such as repairs, maintenance contracts, and equipment de-installation. Customers can purchase the product by phone, email, or by clicking a link to send a request for quote.
This document provides information about purchasing a 3Com 3CCFE575BT-1 10/100 LAN CardBus PC card from Launch 3 Telecom. It details payment and shipping options, and notes that the product comes with a warranty. It also describes additional services provided by Launch 3 Telecom such as repairs, maintenance contracts, de-installation, and telecom equipment recycling.
This document provides information about purchasing a 3Com 3CPCCOMBO-CB1 product from Launch 3 Telecom. It includes details about payment options, same day shipping and tracking, warranty, and additional services offered like repair, maintenance contracts, and equipment de-installation. Contact and purchasing information is provided at the top for calling, emailing, or sending a request for quote to buy the 3Com 3CPCCOMBO-CB1 product.
This document provides information about the 3Com 3AEK1565 PCB, Ethernet component. It describes Launch 3 Telecom as a supplier of this part and other telecom equipment. It outlines how to purchase the 3AEK1565, including payment options and same-day shipping. A warranty and customer service information is also included. Additional services from Launch 3 Telecom like repairs, de-installation and asset recovery are listed.
Este documento presenta el programa de una jornada conjunta organizada por la Sociedad Valenciana de Pediatría y la Asociación de Pediatría Extrahospitalaria de Alicante que tendrá lugar el 1 de abril de 2017 en el Colegio Oficial de Médicos de Alicante. La jornada incluirá presentaciones sobre el seguimiento del recién nacido prematuro, casos clínicos, nociones de dismorfología y genética clínica, y nuevas herramientas de diagnóstico con ejemplos prácticos. Los ponentes ser
This document provides information about purchasing a 3Com 10505-04 Advanced RMON Management Module from Launch 3 Telecom. It describes how to purchase the product via phone, email, or by sending a request for quote online. It also details Launch 3 Telecom's payment options, same-day shipping policy, warranty, and additional services offered like repairs, maintenance contracts, and equipment deinstallation.
O documento descreve uma oficina de Design Thinking sobre como melhorar a experiência do usuário de transporte público nas grandes cidades. Os participantes teriam 43 minutos para entender o problema, 10 minutos para gerar ideias, e 18 minutos para prototipar as ideias antes de apresentá-las. A oficina visava explorar novas soluções de forma criativa e centrada no ser humano.
History of art(west and middle east)- contemporary art ,art ,contemporary art ,art-history of art ,iranian art ,iranian contemporary art ,famous iranian artist ,middle east art ,european art
Chapter 23 post-minimalism earth art and new imagists xPetrutaLipan
This document provides an overview of several post-minimalist artists from the 1960s-1970s, including Robert Morris, Eva Hesse, Linda Benglis, Sam Gilliam, Jackie Winsor, Magdalena Abakanowicz, and artists associated with the Arte Povera movement. It also discusses land artists and earthworks like Walter de Maria, Robert Smithson, Nancy Holt, Mary Miss, Richard Long, and Claes Oldenburg, known for his large-scale soft sculptures placed in public spaces.
Chapter 26 - New Perspectives on Art and AudiencePetrutaLipan
This document provides information on several contemporary artists including Jeff Koons, Heim Steinbach, Damien Hirst, Colab, Ilya Kabakov, Christian Boltanski, Bill Viola, Tony Cragg, Richard Deacon, Martin Puryear, Judy Pfaff, Nancy Graves, Donald Lipski, Yasumasa Morimura, Matthew Barney, Raymond Pettibon, and Charles LeDray. For each artist, it discusses their background, artistic style and themes, and provides examples of their work. The document examines these artists in the context of postmodernism and conceptual art from the late 20th century.
Alberto Giacometti was a Swiss sculptor, painter and printmaker born in 1901 in Switzerland. He came from an artistic family and had an interest in art from a young age. One of his most famous and expensive sculptures was L’Homme qui marche I, of which there were two versions, with the second sculpture selling for a record price. He is known for his elongated, thin figures.
This document provides information on recent acquisitions by the Museum of Modern Art in New York. It includes the title, date, medium, dimensions and information about each artwork and its artist. Artists featured include Eugene Berman, Jose Bermudez, Gandy Brodie, James Brooks, Pierre Clerk, Stuart Davis, Max Ernst, Helen Frankenthaler, Fritz Glarner, Joseph Glasco, Roberto Gonzalez Goyri, Arshile Gorky, Paoul Hague, Hans Hofmann, Richard Hunt, Joan Junyer, Robert Kabak and Wolf Kahn.
This document provides information about a documentary film about jazz guitar. It summarizes that the film is produced by Touchstone Pictures and 347Films, and features musicians like Wynton Marsalis, Ray Barbee, and Esperanza Spalding. The film will be shown in theaters starting November 7th, 2014.
Robert Smithson was an American artist famous for his land art works. His most famous work was Spiral Jetty, a 1,500 foot long spiral shaped jetty extending into Utah's Great Salt Lake constructed from rocks, earth, salt and algae. Smithson developed the concepts of "sites" and "non-sites" where a site was an outdoor artwork and a non-site could be displayed indoors, such as photographs from the outdoor site alongside materials from that location. He was interested in entropy, maps and aerial photos as ways to document sites.
Barbara Hepworth was a pioneering English sculptor and artist. She helped establish the St. Ives art colony in Cornwall during World War II alongside other modernist artists such as Ben Nicholson. Hepworth is renowned for her abstract pierced stone and bronze sculptures. She had a prolific career exhibiting widely and receiving many honors, including being made a Dame. Hepworth died in a studio fire in 1975 at the age of 72.
Decorative arts from Arts & Crafts through Modern are an important part of the Kirkland Museum collection. This guide, by founding director and curator Hugh Grant, give a short introduction to the periods and list some of the important desighers
The document provides an overview of major art movements from the late 20th century into the 21st century. It discusses Post-Modern architecture in the 1970s that embraced eclectic styles and references to the past. It also summarizes key works like the Pompidou Center and the Louvre Pyramid. Contemporary art is described as pluralistic with a variety of styles from past and present. Conceptual art emphasized ideas over finished objects. Land art and environmental art incorporated nature. Post-Modern, Neo-Expressionist, and Post-Pop art referenced previous movements. Technology and performance art expanded artistic mediums. Artists addressed social and political issues through their work.
Slide presentation by Dr Michael Paraskos of Imperial College London on how artists after the second world war used art to challenge society, including perceptions as to what art was, social injustice, the Vietnam war and the oppression of women.
William Morris (1834-1896) was an influential English artist, designer, craftsman and socialist. He helped establish the Arts and Crafts Movement in Britain which focused on handcraftsmanship and traditional design applied to everyday objects. Morris founded a company in 1861 called Morris, Marshall, Faulkner & Co. which produced furniture, textiles and other decorative arts. In 1875 he established Morris & Co. which became highly influential. Morris also founded the Kelmscott Press in 1891 to produce beautifully crafted books which helped preserve traditional printing arts. Throughout his life he advocated for socialist policies and workers' rights through his writings, lectures and political activism.
This document profiles over 30 British artists from the 20th century, providing brief biographical information on each. It notes where they studied, lived, and exhibited, as well as influences on their work and collections where their art can be found. Many of the artists had connections to Cornwall and were part of the St Ives art movement, finding inspiration in the local landscapes and seascapes. London also features prominently as many studied and showed their work there.
During the 1940s, many artists were influenced by World War II and used surrealism in their paintings to process the turmoil and tragedy of war. Some key surrealist artists of this time included Salvador Dali, who left Europe for the US in 1940 and had highly successful exhibitions. Pablo Picasso's work from this decade depicted darker subjects influenced by death and war. Norman Rockwell also created politically charged paintings in the 1940s in response to Roosevelt's speeches, with themes of freedom, to promote war bonds.
Chapter 10 picturing the waste land - western europe during world war iPetrutaLipan
The Cabaret Voltaire opened in Zurich in 1916, launching the art movement known as Dada. Founded by Hugo Ball and Emmy Hennings, it attracted diverse artists and hosted performances of works rejecting logic and rationality in response to World War I. Dada soon spread to other cities and focused on nonsensical happenings and works incorporating chance to subvert artistic norms. Figures like Marcel Duchamp, Hans Arp, and Francis Picabia created readymades and works embracing happenstance that challenged definitions of art. Dada marked a revolutionary beginning of conceptual art and influence on subsequent avant-garde movements.
Marcel Duchamp was a highly influential French artist born in 1887 who worked in Dadaism and conceptual art. He helped define revolutionary developments in painting and sculpture in the early 20th century. Duchamp rejected "retinal art" meant solely for visual pleasure and sought to put art back in service of the mind. His works like Fountain and L.H.O.O.Q. challenged definitions of art by taking everyday objects and placing them in galleries. Duchamp created miniatures of his works in the Box in a Valise and influenced generations of artists through his experimentation and questioning of art.
Eero Saarinen designed the Gateway Arch in St. Louis, Missouri as the centerpiece of the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial. The 630-foot stainless steel arch was constructed between 1963-1965 and has since become an internationally recognized symbol of St. Louis. Visitors can reach the top of the arch via an elevator or tram to observe views up to 30 miles away. The arch sits above a visitor center and is illuminated at night, drawing over 3 million visitors annually.
This document provides an overview of post-modern architecture. It discusses how post-modernism emerged in the 1960s as a rejection of modernism's puritanical rules. Key figures like Robert Venturi argued for complexity and contradiction over simplicity. The document profiles several prominent post-modern architects like Venturi, Philip Johnson, Charles Moore, Michael Graves, and Frank Gehry. It examines some of their notable works and how they incorporated historical references, ornamentation, and contextual designs.
Art deco style of architecture, origins of art deco from Frank loyd wright. Art deco posters, movies, furniture, art and architecture.
http://www.greenarchworld.com/
History of art(west and middle east)- contemporary art ,art ,contemporary art ,art-history of art ,Iranian art ,Iranian contemporary art ,famous Iranian artist ,Middle east art ,European art
This document provides a biography of the artist Andy Warhol. It discusses his background and upbringing in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It describes his early career in commercial illustration and how he later became a prominent figure in the pop art movement of the 1960s. Some of his most famous works and artistic innovations are mentioned, such as his silkscreen paintings, studio known as The Factory, and founding of Interview Magazine. It also provides details about his death in 1987 and funeral in Pittsburgh. The document then provides short biographies of the artists Baqer Al-Shaikh and Michelangelo, discussing their backgrounds, styles of work, and important works.
Edward Hopper was an American realist painter known for his oil paintings and prints depicting urban and rural scenes. Some of his most famous works include Nighthawks and Chop Suey. He was born in 1882 in New York and studied art in New York City. While he struggled early in his career with illustration work, his paintings began receiving recognition in the 1920s. He married fellow artist Josephine Nivison in 1924. Hopper lived and worked in New York City and summered in Truro, Massachusetts, where he found inspiration for his spare and contemplative scenes of American life. He died in 1967, leaving behind a significant body of work that reflects his personal vision.
History of art(west and middle east)- contemporary art ,art ,contemporary art ,art-history of art ,iranian art ,iranian contemporary art ,middle east art ,european art
History of art(west and middle east)- contemporary art ,art ,contemporary art ,art-history of art ,iranian art ,iranian contemporary art ,middle east art ,european art
History of art(west and middle east)- contemporary art ,art ,contemporary art ,art-history of art ,iranian art ,iranian contemporary art ,middle east art ,european art
History of art(west and middle east)- contemporary art ,art ,contemporary art ,art-history of art ,iranian art ,iranian contemporary art ,famous iranian artist ,middle east art ,european art
Louise Bourgeois was a French-American artist known for her large-scale sculptures and installation art that explored themes of domesticity, sexuality, and the subconscious. Her work was highly autobiographical, dealing with trauma from her childhood including witnessing her father's affair with her English governess. Throughout her long career, she transitioned between different mediums but is best known for sculptures that incorporated symbolic objects. Some of her most famous works include Femme Maison, Destruction of the Father, and the giant spider sculpture Maman. Bourgeois continued creating art into her late 90s, receiving her first retrospective at the Museum of Modern Art in 1982, and is now considered one of the most influential artists
History of art(west and middle east)- contemporary art ,art ,contemporary art ,art-history of art ,iranian art ,iranian contemporary art ,famous iranian artist ,middle east art ,european art
History of art(west and middle east)- contemporary art ,art ,contemporary art ,art-history of art ,iranian art ,iranian contemporary art ,famous iranian artist ,middle east art ,european art ,tony cragg ,massoud arabshahi
This document provides biographical information on four artists:
1) František Kupka, a Czech painter who was a pioneer of abstract art and co-founder of Orphism. He developed interest in color theory and abstraction around 1910.
2) Guy Laramée, a Canadian interdisciplinary artist known for theater, music, sculpture and more. His work often explores anthropological themes.
3) Felice Varini, a Swiss artist known for site-specific geometric paintings only visible from certain angles.
4) Dia Azzawi, an Iraqi-born painter who incorporates Arabic script into his work and helped establish modern Arab art in London.
History of art(west and middle east)- contemporary art ,art ,contemporary art ,art-history of art ,iranian art ,iranian contemporary art ,famous iranian artist ,middle east art ,european art
Giorgio de Chirico was an Italian artist who founded the Metaphysical Art movement before World War 1. He painted enigmatic scenes of empty city squares and arcades that profoundly influenced the Surrealists. In the 1920s he adopted a neoclassical style but continued revisiting metaphysical themes. The document provides details on de Chirico's life, training in Germany and Italy, exhibitions in Paris, involvement with the Surrealists, changing styles over his career, major works, and his significant influence on later artists.
This document provides biographies of 5 artists: Henri Laurens, Abbas Attar, Adi Nes, Shirazeh Houshiary, and Shakir Hassan Al Said. It includes information on each artist's life, education, career, works, exhibitions, and writings. Key details include: Henri Laurens was a French sculptor who worked in the Cubist style and created monumental sculptures. Abbas Attar was an Iranian photographer known for his photojournalism on wars/revolutions and books exploring religions. Adi Nes is an Israeli artist known for homoerotic depictions of Israeli soldiers.
History of art(west and Iranian)-contemporary art-Reza Khodadadi-Alfred Basbous-Marcos Grigorian-Middle East art -surrealism painting -Iranian art auction -Famous Iranian art -middle east artist-Famous iranian artist-humanity-Iranian#Iranian contemporary art -middle east -surrealism painting -visual art -gallery-contemporary art -Qajar art - art auction -exhibition -modern art -London -USA - UK -Aziz Anzabi-Famous Persian artist-painting-art-life-man-woman
Rembrandt was a highly influential Dutch artist born in 1606 who worked as a painter, printmaker, and draughtsman. He is considered one of the greatest artists in history and had a unique style that incorporated a wide range of subjects and techniques. Rembrandt experienced both critical and financial success early in his career in Amsterdam, though he later faced personal tragedies and financial difficulties. His portraits, self-portraits, and biblical scenes are among his most famous works, and he transformed the etching process into a true art form. Rembrandt died in 1669 in Amsterdam.
Leonardo da Vinci was an Italian polymath during the Renaissance period whose expertise spanned various areas including painting, sculpting, science, engineering and more. He apprenticed under the artist Verrocchio and worked for Ludovico Sforza in Milan. Some of his most famous works include the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper. He is renowned for his technological ideas and inventions ahead of his time, though many were not constructed during his lifetime.
This document provides biographical information about two artists - Hossein Zenderoudi and Frank Stella. It discusses Zenderoudi's background and influences, and highlights how he pioneered a new style of art in Iran that incorporated calligraphy. It also analyzes Zenderoudi's artistic evolution and focus on global communication. The document then briefly outlines Frank Stella's background, influences, and career progression from minimalist paintings in the 1960s to relief sculptures in later decades.
This document provides biographical information on several artists:
- Sonia Delaunay was a Ukrainian-born French artist who co-founded the Orphism art movement with her husband Robert Delaunay. Her work spanned painting, textile design, and stage design.
- Mohammad Bozorgi is an Iranian calligraphic artist based in Tehran. He uses geometric abstraction and experimental formalism to advance the art of calligraphy.
- Abdulnasser Gharem is an Emirati artist whose work explores cultural identity and heritage through mixed media techniques like printmaking and sculpture.
This document provides biographical information about several artists:
1) Alberto Giacometti (1901-1966) - A Swiss sculptor, painter and printmaker born in Switzerland who experimented with cubism and surrealism in Paris. His sculptures were known for their elongated, thin figures.
2) RIDIKKULUZ - A Jordanian-American artist based in New York who promotes Middle Eastern subcultures through surrealistic works infused with urban influences. He aims to bridge Arab and Western cultures through his art.
3) The document also briefly mentions several other artists - Kenneth Armitage, Reza Aramesh, Ahmed Morsi - and provides information about an
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4. Richard Serra
(born November 2, 1938) is an
American minimalist sculptor and
video artist known for working with
large-scale assemblies of sheet
metal.Serra was involved in the
Process Art Movement. He lives
and works in Tribeca, New York,
and on Cape Breton Island in Nova
Scotia
Early life and education
Serra was born on November 2,
1938, in San Francisco as the
second of three sons. His father,
Tony, was a Spanish native of
Mallorca who worked as candy
factory foreman. His mother,
Gladys Feinberg, was a
Los Angeles-born Russian Jewish
immigrant from Odessa (she
committed suicide in 1979). He
went on to study English literature
at the University of California,
Berkeley in 1957 before
transferring to the University of
California, Santa Barbara,
graduating with a B.A. in
1961.[9][10] While at Santa
Barbara, he studied art with
Howard Warshaw and Rico Lebrun.
On the West Coast, he helped
support himself by working in steel
mills, which was to have a strong
influence on his later work. Serra
discussed his early life and
influences in an interview in 1993.
He described the San Francisco
shipyard where his father worked
as a pipe-fitter as another
important influence to his work,
saying of his early memory: “All the
raw material that I needed is
contained in the reserve of this
memory which has become a
reoccurring dream.”
Serra studied painting in the M.F.A.
program at the Yale University
School of Art and Architecture
between 1961 and 1964. Fellow
Yale Art and Architecture alumni of
the 1960s include the painters,
photographers, and sculptors Brice
Marden, Chuck Close, Nancy
Graves, Gary Hudson and Robert
Mangold. He claims to have taken
most of his inspiration from the
artists who taught there, most
notably Philip Guston and the
experimental composer Morton
Feldman, as well as designer Josef
Albers. With Albers, he worked on
his book Interaction of Color
(1963).He continued his training
abroad, spending a year each in
Florence and Paris. In 1964,
5. he was awarded a Fulbright
Scholarship for Rome,where he
lived and worked with his first
wife, sculptor Nancy Graves. Since
then, he has lived in New York,
where he first used rubber
in 1966 and began applying his
characteristic work material lead in
1968. In New York, his circle of
friends included Carl Andre,
Walter De Maria, Eva Hesse, Sol
LeWitt, and Robert Smithson. At
one point, to fund his art, Serra
started a furniture-removals
business, Low-Rate Movers,and
employed Chuck Close,
Philip Glass, Spalding Gray, and
others.
Personal life
Serra's older brother is the famed
San Francisco trial attorney Tony
Serra.They have been estranged
for almost 40 years, since their
mother committed suicide by
walking into the Pacific Ocean.
Serra was married to
Nancy Graves from 1965 to
1970.He then married art historian
Clara Weyergraf in 1981. Since
1977, Serra and Weyergraf have
resided on several floors of a
former manufacturing building at
173 Duane Street in Tribeca. In
2011, the couple purchased the
third floor of 173 Duane Street.
Since the late 1970s, they have
spent part of the year in an 18th-
century farmhouse on a hill above
the Northumberland Strait in
Inverness County, Nova Scotia.
According to the Federal Election
Commission (FEC), Serra donated
$28,000 to the presidential
campaign of Hillary Clinton in
September 2016.
Collections
Serra's work can be found in many
international public and private
collections, including the Museum
of Modern Art and the Solomon R.
Guggenheim Museum in New York,
the Los Angeles County Museum of
Art,and the San Francisco Museum
of Modern Art. Since the early
1970s, Serra has completed many
private commissions, most of them
funded by European patrons
6. Private commissions in the United
States include sculptures for Eli
Broad (No Problem, 1995),Jeffrey
Brotman, Peggy and Ralph Burnet
(To Whom It May Concern, 1995),
Gil Freisen, Alan Gibbs
(Te Tuhirangi Contour, 1999-2001),
Ivan Reitman, Steven H. Oliver
(Snake Eyes and Boxcar, 1990–
93),Leonard Riggio, Agnes Gund
(Iron Mountain Run, 2002) and
Mitchell Rales.
In 2006, Colby College acquired
150 works on paper by Serra,
making it the second largest
collection of Serra's work
outside of the Museum of
Modern Art in New York.
Large steel sculptures
Around 1970, Serra shifted his
activities outdoors and became a
pioneer of large-scale site-specific
sculpture. Serra often constructs
site-specific installations,
frequently on a scale that dwarfs
the observer. His site-specific
works challenge viewers’
perception of their bodies in
relation to interior spaces and
landscapes, and his work often
encourages movement in and
around his sculptures.
Most famous is the "Torqued
Ellipse" series, which began in 1996
as single elliptical forms inspired by
the soaring space of the early 17th
century Baroque church San Carlo
alle Quattro Fontane in Rome.
Made of huge steel plates bent into
circular sculptures with open tops,
they rotate upward as they lean in
or out
Serra usually begins a sculpture by
making a small maquette (or
model) from flat plates at an inch-
to-foot ratio: a 40-foot piece will
start as a 40-inch model.He often
makes these models in lead as it is
"very malleable and easy to rework
continuously"; Torqued Ellipses,
however, began as wooden models.
He then consults a structural
engineer, who specifies how the
piece should be made to retain its
balance and stability.The steel
pieces are fabricated in Germany
and installed by Long Island rigging
company Budco Enterprises, with
whom he has worked with for most
of his career.The weathering steel
he uses takes about 8-10 years to
develop its characteristic dark, even
patina of rust. Once the surface is
fully oxidized, the color will remain
relatively stable over the piece's
life.
7. Serra's first larger commissions
were mostly realized outside the
United States. Shift (1970–72)
consists of six walls of concrete
zigzag across a grassy hillside in
King City, Ontario. Spin Out (1972–
73), a trio of steel plates facing one
another, is situated on the grounds
of the Kröller-Müller Museum in
Otterlo, the
Netherlands.(Schunnemunk Fork
(1991), a work similar to that of
his in the Netherlands can be
found in Storm King Art Center in
Upstate New York.) Part of a series
works involving round steelplates,
Elevation Circles: In and Out
(1972–77) was installed at
Schlosspark Haus Weitmar in
Bochum, Germany.
For documenta VI (1977), Serra
designed Terminal,
four 41-foot-tall trapezoids that
form a tower, situated in front of
the main exhibition venue. After
long negotiations, accompanied by
violent protests, Terminal was
purchased by the city of Bochum
and finally installed at the city's
train station in 1979.Carnegie
(1984–85), a 39-foot-high vertical
shaft outside the Carnegie
Museum of Art in Pittsburgh,
received high praise. Similar
sculptures, like Fulcrum (1987), Axis
(1989), and Torque (1992), were
later installed in London's
Broadgate, at Kunsthalle Bielefeld,
and at Saarland University,
respectively. Initially located in the
French town of Puteaux, Slat (1985)
consists of five steel plates - four
trapezoidal and one rectangular -
each one roughly 12 feet wide and
40 feet tall, that lean on one
another to form a tall, angular
tepee. Already in 1989 vandalism
and graffiti prompted that town’s
mayor to remove it, and only in
December 2008, after almost 20
years in storage, Slat was re-
anchored in La Défense. Because of
its weight, officials chose to ground
it in a traffic island behind the
Grande Arche.
In 1981, Serra installed Tilted Arc, a
gently curved, 3.5 meter high arc of
rusting mild steel in the Federal
Plaza in New York City. There was
controversy over the installation
from day one, largely from workers
in the buildings surrounding the
plaza who complained that the
steel wall obstructed passage
through the plaza.
8.
9. A public hearing in 1985 voted
that the work should be moved,
but Serra argued the sculpture
was site specific and could not be
placed anywhere else.
Serra famously issued an often-
quoted statement regarding the
nature of site-specific art when he
said, "To remove the work is to
destroy it.
" Eventually on March 15, 1989,
the sculpture was dismantled by
federal workers and taken for scrap.
In May 1989 the work was cut
into three parts and consigned to a
New York warehouse, and in 1999
they were moved to a storage
space in Maryland.William Gaddis
satirized these events in his 1994
novel A Frolic of His Own.
Serra continues to produce large-
scale steel structures for sites
throughout the world, and has
become particularly renowned for
his monumental arcs, spirals, and
ellipses, which engage the viewer
in an altered experience of space.
In particular, he has explored the
effects of torqued forms in a series
of single and double-torqued
ellipses. He was invited to create a
number of artworks in France:
Philibert et Marguerite in the
cloister of the Musée de Brou at
Bourg-en-Bresse (1985); Threats of
Hell (1990) at the CAPC (Centre
d'arts plastiques contemporains de
Bordeaux) in Bordeaux; Octagon for
Saint Eloi (1991) in the village of
Chagny in Burgundy; and Elevations
for L'Allée de la Mormaire in
Grosrouvre (1993). Alongside those
works, Serra designed a series of
forged pieces including Two Forged
Rounds for Buster Keaton (1991);
Snake Eyes and Boxcars (1990-
1993), six pairs of forged hyper-
dense Cor-Ten steel blocks;, Ali-
Frazier (2001), two forged blocks of
weatherproof steel; and Santa Fe
Depot (2006).
In 2000 he installed Charlie Brown,
a 60-foot-tall sculpture in atrium of
the new Gap Inc. headquarters in
San Francisco. To encourage
oxidation, or rust, sprinklers were
initially directed toward the four
German-made slabs of steel that
make up the work . Working with
spheroid and toroid sections for the
first time, Betwixt the Torus and the
Sphere (2001) and Union of the
Torus and the Sphere (2001)
introduced entirely new shapes
into Serra's sculptural
10. vocabulary.Wake (2003) was
installed at the Olympic Sculpture
Park in Seattle, with its five pairs of
locked toroid forms measuring 14
feet high, 48 feet long and six feet
wide apiece.Each of these five
closed volumes is composed of two
toruses, with the profile of a solid,
vertically flattened S.
Named for the late Joseph Pulitzer,
Jr. (1913-1993), the rolled-steel
elliptical sculpture Joe (2000) is the
first in Serra's series of "Torqued
Spirals".It is, The 42.5-ton piece
T.E.U.C.L.A., another part of the
"Torqued Ellipse" series and Serra's
first public sculpture in Southern
California, was installed in 2006 in
the plaza of UCLA's Eli and Edythe
Broad Art Center.That same year,
the Segerstrom Center for the Arts
in Costa Mesa installed Serra's
Connector, a 66-foot-tall towering
sculpture on a pentagonal base, on
its plaza.
Another famous work of Serra's is
the mammoth sculpture Snake, a
trio of sinuous steel sheets
creating a curving path,
permanently located in the largest
gallery of the Guggenheim Museum
Bilbao. In 2005, the museum
mounted an exhibition of more
of Serra's work, incorporating
Snake into a collection entitled The
Matter of Time. The whole work
consists of eight sculptures
measuring between 12 and 14 feet
in height and weighing from 44 to
276 tons. Already in 1982-84, he
had installed the permanent work
La palmera in the Plaça de la
Palmera in Barcelona. He has not
always fared so well in Spain,
however; also in 2005, the Centro
de Arte Reina Sofía in Madrid
announced that the 38-tonne
sculpture Equal-Parallel/Guernica-
Bengasi (1986) had been
"mislaid".In 2008, a duplicate copy
was made by the artist and
displayed in Madrid.
In spring 2005, Serra returned to
San Francisco to install his first
public work, Ballast (2004), in that
city (previous negotiations for a
commission fell through) – two 50-
foot steel blades in the main open
space of the new University of
California, San Francisco (UCSF)
campus. Weighing 160 tons, placing
the work in its Mission Bay location
posed serious challenges, since it is,
like many parts of San Francisco,
built on landfill.
In 2008,,
11. Serra showed his installation
Promenade, a series of five
colossal steel sheets placed at
100-foot intervals through in the
Grand Palais as part of the
Monumenta exhibition; each
sheet weighed 75 tonnes and was
17 meters in height. Serra was the
second artistafter Anselm Kiefer,
to be invited to fill the 13,500 m²
nave of the Grand Palais with
works created specially for the
event.
Birmingham City Council is
currently considering a proposal
for an outdoor installation by
Serra in front of their new Library
of Birmingham to replace the
destroyed Forward sculpture by
Raymond Mason in Centenary
Square.
In December 2011, Serra unveiled
his sculpture 7 in Doha, Qatar.
The sculpture, located at an
artificial plaza in Doha harbour, is
composed of seven steel sheets
and is 80-foot high. The sculpture
was commissioned by the Qatar
Museums Authority and took one
year to be built.[43] In March 2014,
Serra’s East-West/West-East, a site-
specific sculpture located at a
remote desert location stretching
more than a half-mile through
Qatar's Ras Brouq nature reserve,
was unveiled. In 2015, the
sculptor's monumental work Equal,
composed of eight blocks of steel
and exhibited that year at David
Zwirner in New York, was acquired
by The Museum of Modern Art.
In the past Serra has dedicated
work to Charlie Chaplin, Greta
Garbo, Marilyn Monroe, Buster
Keaton, the German filmmaker
Rainer Werner Fassbinder and the
art critic David Sylvester.
13. Saudi Arabian artist Zahra Al-
Ghamdi
A visual artist in which her art
works reflect the memory of past
traditional architecture from
south Western KSA to explore the
memory with emphasis on the
poetics"
ZAHRA The entire idea behind her
work is a fascination with the
earth as a concept. Dr. Zahra grew
up in the South-western region of
Saudi Arabia surrounded by
traditional domestic architecture.
The culturally-rich background of
her childhood played a key role in
developing her artistic and
conceptual direction. By creating an
echo of the past, she brings the
past into contact with the present,
to demonstrate changes of style
and architecture: from traditional
techniques and materials to
necessary resources. She uses her
memories of places that are related
to her childhood; drawing on an
idea of ‘embodied memory’
through particular gestures which
allows the viewer to be a part of
her past and the present.
11
14. Assistant professor at the Faculty of Art and Design - King Abdulaziz
university.
Education:
Bachelor of Islamic Arts with an educational
preparation Course at King Abdulaziz University,
with first class honors, 1422 - (2003).
Masters degree (Contemporary Craft) from
Coventry University in the UK with honors in 2009.
PhD. in Design and Visual Arts at Coventry
University in Britain.
Major Contributions:
New Designer Gallery - London, January,2009.
Herbert Gallery - Coventry, UK, 2010.
Meter Room Gallery – Coventry, UK, 2011.
Exhibition at the University of Warwick (Conference) - UK, 2011.
Lanchester Gallery at Coventry University - UK, 2011.
Tasami Gallery – Jeddah at Serafi Mall on January 29, 2015.
Ather Gallary Gallery – Jeddah at Serafi Mall on January 25, 2016.
The Gold Moor Gallery – Jeddah on February 18, 2016.
Alserkal Avenue – Dubai on March 6, 2016.
Dubai Art Gallary -Dubai on March 19, 2016.
Ather Gallary – Jeddah at Serafi Mall on October 12, 2016.
Certificates of Appreciation:
A certificate of thanks and appreciation for giving a gift (artwork) to the
Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques King Fahd bin Abdul Aziz in a
graduation ceremony (1420) at King Abdulaziz University.
A certificate of thanks and appreciation fgiving an artwork as a gift to
Her Highness the wife of Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques campus
(1421) at King Abdulaziz University.
A certificate of thanks and appreciation for giving an artwork to
princess Hissa AlShaalan ,
wife of the Crown Prince at King Abdulaziz University, 1421 H.
15. A certificate of thanks and appreciation for giving an artwork as a gift to
the Rector Prof. Dr. Ghazi Obaid Madani – Rector of Abdulaziz
University - 1422 H.
scholarship to the University of Coventry worth 5,000 pounds.
Symposiums and Conferences:
Art in a cold climate ‘A Turning Point West Midlands event in
partnership with Birmingham City University and the University of
Warwick’ (conference 9 November 2011).
Coventry University School of Art and Design
(research student symposium11 May 2011).
Second Academic Forum for Saudi Female Students in the UK and
Ireland in University of
Warwick (conference 21 May 2011).
Research Symposium in Coventry University on June 30th , 2011 .
Birmingham Institute of Art and Design:
Collaborative Symposium on November 30th , 2010.
Cutting Edge Symposium on November 9th ,2010: Lasers and creativity.
Loughborough University School of Art and Design.
FACETS ( the first Facets talk of the season on
Thursday November10th with artist John Stezaker in GS22 (Graham
Sutherland Lecture Theatre
17. Farhad Moshiri
born 1963 in Shiraz is an Iranian artist currently based in Tehran. His art
work is rooted in Pop art dialect with a subtle, subversion socio-political
commentary.
Biography
Moshiri studied fine arts at California Institute of the Arts in Valencia,
California, in the 1980s, where he first started experimenting with
installations, video art and painting. He received his MFA from
California Institute of the Arts in 1984, before moving back to Tehran in
1991. He subsequently became well known for his ironic interpretations
of hybrids between traditional Iranian forms and those of the
consumerist and globalized popular culture widespread in his country.
15
18. His painted jars, which form a trademark of his production, look like
three-dimensional objects, bursting with popular foods, drinks and
desserts, with popular scripts elegantly written on their body.Other
significant works include Stereo Surround Sofa (2004), Silver Portrait on
Red (2004), Diamond Brain (2004-5) and A Dream in Tehran (2007).
His work is held in several public collections, including the Virginia
Museum of Fine Arts, Richmond, the Farjam Collection, Dubai, and the
British Museum, London.
He is represented by The Third Line gallery in Dubai, Galerie Emmanuel
Perrotin,Rodolphe Janssen in Brussels, and Thaddeus Ropac in Salzburg.
1984
MFA, California Institute of the Arts, Valencia, California, USA
SOLO EXHIBITIONS:
2017
The Andy Warhol Museum, Pittsburgh, USA ( October 2017)
2014
"Float", Galerie Perrotin, New York, USA
2013
Galerie Perrotin, Hong Kong
Galerie Rodolphe Janssen, Brussels, Belgium
2012
The Fire of Joy, Galerie Perrotin, Paris
2011
Shukran, The Third Line, Dubai
Louis Vuitton commissioned works, Louis Vuitton UAE Stores, Dubai,
UAE
2010
Galerie Thaddaeus Ropac, Salzburg
2009
Galerie Perrotin, Paris
19. 2008
Galerie Rodolphe Janssen, Brussels
Galerie Rodolphe Janssen, Brussels, Belgium
Galerie Perrotin, Art Basel Miami, USA
2007
Daneyal Mahmood Gallery, Chelsea NY
CANDY STORE, The Third Line Gallery, Dubai
2006
Threshold of Hap, e x t r a s p a z i o, Rome
Albareh Gallery, Bahrain
Operation Supermarket, with Shirin Aliabadi, The Counter Gallery,
London Operation Supermarket, with Shirin Aliabadi, Kolding Design
School, Copenhagen
The Third Line Gallery, Dubai
2004
e x t r a s p a z i o, Rome
Art Space Gallery, curated by Isabelle Van Den Eynde De Rivieren, Dubai
Kashya Hildebrand Gallery, New York
2003
Kashya Hildebrand Gallery, Geneva
Leighton House Museum, curated by Rose Issa, London
2002
13 Vanak Street Gallery, Tehran
2001
Heaven,13 Vanak Street Gallery, Tehran
2000
13 Vanak Street Gallery, Tehran
1992 Seyhoun Gallery, Tehran, Iran
21. Muqarnas
is a form of architectural
ornamented vaulting, the
"geometric subdivision of a
squinch, or cupola, or corbel,
into a large number of miniature
squinches, producing a sort of
cellular structure", sometimes also
called a "honeycomb" vault. It is
used for domes, and especially
half-domes in entrances, iwans
and apses, mostly in traditional
Islamic and Persian architecture.
Where some elements project
downwards, the style may be
called mocárabe;these are
reminiscent of stalactites, and are
sometimes called "stalactite
vaults".
Muqarnas developed around the
middle of the 10th century in
northeastern Iran and almost
simultaneously — but apparently
independently — in North Africa.
Examples can be found across
Morocco and by extension, the
Alhambra in Granada, Spain, the
Abbasid Palace in Baghdad, Iraq,
and the mausoleum of Sultan
Qaitbay, Cairo, Egypt. Large
rectangular roofs in wood with
muqarnas-style decoration adorn
the 12th century Cappella Palatina
in Palermo, Sicily,
and other important buildings in
Norman Sicily. Muqarnas is also
found in Armenian architecture.
Structure
Muqarnas is typically applied to the
undersides of domes, pendentives,
cornices, squinches, arches and
vaults. Muqarnas is a downward-
facing shape; that is, a vertical line
can be traced from the floor to any
point on a muqarnas surface. It is
also arranged in horizontal courses,
as in a corbelled vault, with the
horizontal joint surface having a
different shape at each level. The
edges of these surfaces can all be
traced on a single plan view;
architects can thus plan out
muqarnas geometrically, as the
image illustrates.
Muqarnas does not have a
significant structural role.
Muqarnas need not be carved into
the structural blocks of a corbelled
vault; it can be hung from a
structural roof as a purely
decorative surface. Muqarnas may
be made of brick, stone, stucco, or
wood, and clad with tiles or plaster.
The individual cells may be called
alveoles.
.
22. Some modern muqarnas elements have been designed, if not built,
with upwards-facing cells;see also the Indian capitals above.
25. Nowruz
( "New Day") is the name of the
Iranian New Year,
also known as the Persian and
Kurdish New Year, is celebrated by
Iranian peoples worldwide as the
beginning of the new year. It has
been celebrated for over 3,000
years in the Balkans, the Black Sea
Basin, the Caucasus, Central Asia,
and the Middle East.It marks the
first day of the month of Farvardin
in the Iranian calendar.
Nowruz is the day of the
astronomical vernal equinox (or
northward equinox), which marks
the beginning of the spring in the
northern hemisphere and usually
occurs on March 21 or the
previous/following day depending
on where it is observed. The
moment the sun crosses the
celestial equator and equalizes
night and day is calculated exactly
every year and families gather
together to observe the rituals.
Although having Persian and
religious Zoroastrian origins,
Nowruz has been celebrated by
people from diverse ethnic
communities and religious
backgrounds for thousands of
years. It is a secular holiday for
most celebrants that is enjoyed by
people of several different faiths,
but remains a holy day for
Zoroastrians.
Origin
Nowruz is partly rooted in the
religious tradition of Iranian
religions such as Zoroastrianism or
even older in tradition of Mitraism
because in Mitraism festivals had a
deep linkage with the sun light. The
Persian festivals of Yalda (longest
night) and Mehregan (autumnal
equinox) and Tiregān (longest day)
also had an origin in the Sun god
(Surya). Among other ideas,
Zoroastrianism is the first
monotheistic religion that
emphasizes broad concepts such as
the corresponding work of good
and evil in the world, and the
connection of humans to nature.
Zoroastrian practices were
dominant for much of the history of
ancient Persia (modern day Iran &
Western Afghanistan).
26. Nowruz is believed to have been
invented by Zoroaster himself in
Balkh (modern-day Afghanistan),
although there is no clear date of
origin. Since the Achaemenid era
the official year has begun with the
New Day when the Sun leaves the
zodiac of Pisces and enters the
zodiacal sign of Aries, signifying the
Spring Equinox. Nowruz is also a
holy day for Sufi Muslims,
Bektashis, Ismailis, Alawites,Alevis,
Babis and adherents of the Bahá'í
Faith.
The term Nowruz in writing first
appeared in historical Persian
records in the 2nd century CE, but
it was also an important day during
the time of the Achaemenids (c.
550–330 BCE), where kings from
different nations under the Persian
Empire used to bring gifts to the
Emperor, also called King of Kings
(Shahanshah), of Persia on Nowruz.
The significance of Nowruz in the
Achaemenid Empire was such that
the great Persian king
Cambyses II's appointment as the
king of Babylon was legitimized
only after his participation in the
New Year festival
History and tradition
The celebration has its roots in
Ancient Iran. Due to its antiquity,
there exist various foundation
myths for Nowruz in Iranian
mythology. In the Zoroastrian
tradition, the seven most important
Zoroastrian festivals are the
Gahambars and Nowruz, which
occurs at the spring equinox.
According to Mary Boyce,
“It seems a reasonable surmise that
Nowruz, the holiest of them all,
with deep doctrinal significance,
was founded by Zoroaster
himself.Between sunset on the day
of the 6th Gahanbar and sunrise of
Nowruz, Hamaspathmaedaya (later
known, in its extended form, as
Frawardinegan) was celebrated.
This and the Gahanbar are the only
festivals named in the surviving text
of the Avesta.
The Shahnameh dates Nowruz as
far back to the reign of Jamshid,
who in Zoroastrian texts saved
mankind from a killer winter that
was destined to kill every living
creature. The mythical Persian King
Jamshid (Yima or Yama of the Indo-
Iranian lore) perhaps symbolizes
the transition of the Indo-Iranians
from animal hunting to animal
husbandry and a more settled life
in human history
27. In the Shahnameh and Iranian
mythology, he is credited with the
foundation of Nowruz. In the
Shahnama, Jamshid constructed a
throne studded with gems. He had
demons raise him above the earth
into the heavens; there he sat on
his throne like the sun shining in
the sky. The world's creatures
gathered in wonder about him
and scattered jewels around him,
and called this day the New Day or
No/Now-Ruz. This was the first day
of the month of Farvardin (the first
month of the Persian calendar).
The Persian scholar Abu Rayhan
Biruni of the 10th century CE, in his
Persian work "Kitab al-Tafhim li
Awa'il Sina'at al-Tanjim" provides a
description of the calendar of
various nations. Besides
the Persian calendar, various
festivals of Arabs, Jews, Sabians,
Greeks and other nations are
mentioned in this book. In the
section on the Persian calendar ,
he mentions Nowruz, Sadeh,
Tiregan, Mehregan, the six
Gahanbar, Parvardegaan,
Bahmanja, Isfandarmazh and
several other festivals.
According to him: It is the belief of
the Persians that Nowruz marks the
first day when the universe started
its motion.The Persian historian
Abu Saʿīd Gardēzī in his work titled
Zayn al-Akhbār under the section of
the Zoroastrians festivals mentions
Nowruz (among other festivals) and
specifically points out that
Zoroaster highly emphasized the
celebration of Nowruz and
Mehregan.
History
Nowruz in Persia
Persepolis all nations staircase.
Notice the people from across the
Achaemenid Persian Empire
bringing gifts. Some scholars have
associated the occasion to be
either Mehregan or Nowruz.
Shah Tahmasp I and Humayun
celebrating Nowvruz festival, 16th
century, Isfahan, Persia
Although it is not clear whether
proto-Indo-Iranians celebrated a
feast as the first day of the
calendar, there are indications that
both Iranians and Indians may have
observed the beginning of both
autumn and spring, related to the
harvest and the sowing of seeds,
respectively, for the celebration of
new year.
28. Boyce and Grenet explain the
traditions for seasonal festivals
and comment: "It is possible that
the splendor of the Babylonian
festivities at this season led the
Persians to develop their own
spring festival into an established
new year feast, with the name
Navasarda 'New Year' (a name
which, though first attested
through Middle Persian
derivatives, is attributed to the
Achaemenian period). Since the
communal observations of the
ancient Iranians appear in general
to have been a seasonal ones, and
related to agriculture, it is
probable, that they traditionally
held festivals in both autumn and
spring, to mark the major turning
points of the natural year".
We have reasons to believe that
the celebration is much older than
that date and was surely
celebrated by the people and
royalty during the Achaemenid
times (555–330 BC). It was,
therefore, a highly auspicious
occasion for the ancient Iranian
peoples. It has been suggested
that the famous Persepolis
complex, or at least the palace of
Apadana and the Hundred Columns
Hall,
were built for the specific purpose
of celebrating Nowruz. Although
there may be no mention of
Nowruz in recorded Achaemenid
inscriptions (see picture),there is a
detailed account by Xenophon of a
Nowruz celebration taking place in
Persepolis and the continuity of this
festival in the Achaemenid
tradition.in 539 BC the Jews came
under Persian rule thus exposing
both groups to each other's
customs. According to
Encyclopædia Britannica, the story
of Purim as told in the Book of
Esther is adapted from a Persian
novella about the shrewdness of
harem queens suggesting that
Purim may be a transformation of
the Persian New Year. A specific
novella is not identified and
Encyclopædia Britannica itself
notes that "no Jewish texts of this
genre from the Persian period are
extant, so these new elements can
be recognized only inferentially".
The Encyclopaedia of Religion and
Ethics notes that the Purim holiday
is based on a lunar calendar while
Nowruz occurs at the spring
equinox (solar calendar).
29. The two holidays are therefore
celebrated on different dates but
within a few weeks of each other,
depending on the year. Both
holidays are joyous celebrations.
Given their temporal associations,
it is possible that the Jews and
Persians of the time may have
shared or adopted similar customs
for these holidays. The story of
Purim as told in the Book of Esther
has been dated anywhere from
625–465 BC (although the story
takes place with the Jews under
the rule of the Achaemenid
Empire and the Jews had come
under Persian rule in 539 BC),
while Nowruz is thought to have
first been celebrated between
555–330 BC. It remains unclear
which holiday was established
first.
Nowruz was the holiday of
Arsacid/Parthian dynastic Empires
who ruled Iran (248 BC-224 CE)
and the other areas ruled by the
Arsacid dynasties outside Parthia
(such as the Arsacid dynasty of
Armenia and Iberia). There are
specific references to the
celebration of Nowruz during the
reign of Vologases I (51–78 CE), but
these include no details.Before
Sassanids established their power
in West Asia around 300 CE,
Parthians celebrated Nowruz in
Autumn and 1st of Farvardin began
at the Autumn Equinox. During
Parthian dynasty the Spring Festival
was Mehragan, a Zoroastrian and
Iranian festival celebrated in honor
of Mithra.
Extensive records on the
celebration of Nowruz appear
following the accession of Ardashir
I of Persia, the founder of the
Sassanid dynasty (224–651 CE).
Under the Sassanid Emperors,
Nowruz was celebrated as the most
important day of the year. Most
royal traditions of Nowruz such as
royal audiences with the public,
cash gifts, and the pardoning of
prisoners, were established during
the Sassanian era and persisted
unchanged until modern times.
Nowruz, along with Sadeh
(celebrated in mid-winter), survived
in society following the
introduction of Islam in 650 CE.
Other celebrations such Gahanbar
and Mehragan were eventually
side-lined or were only followed by
the Zoroastrians, who carried them.
It was adopted as the main royal
holiday during the Abbasid period.
30. In the book Nowruznama
("Book of the New Year", which is
attributed to Omar Khayyam,
a well known Persian poet and
mathematician),
a vivid description of the
celebration in the courts of the
Kings of Persia is provided:
“From the era of Kai Khusraw till
the days of Yazdegard, last of the
pre-Islamic kings of Persia, the
royal custom was thus: on the
first day of the New Year,
Now Ruz, the King's first visitor
was the High Mobad of the
Zoroastrians, who brought with
him as gifts a golden goblet full of
wine, a ring, some gold coins, a
fistful of green sprigs of wheat, a
sword, and a bow. In the language
of Persia he would then glorify God
and praise the monarch. This was
the address of the High Mobad to
the king : "O Majesty, on this feast
of the Equinox, first day of the first
month of the year, seeing that thou
hast freely chosen God and the
Faith of the Ancient ones; may
Surush, the Angel-messenger,
grant thee wisdom and insight
and sagacity in thy affairs.
Live long in praise, be happy and
fortunate upon thy golden throne,
drink immortality from the Cup of
Jamshid; and keep in solemn trust
the customs of our ancestors, their
noble aspirations, fair gestures and
the exercise of justice and
righteousness. May thy soul
flourish; may thy youth be as the
new-grown grain; may thy horse be
puissant, victorious; thy sword
bright and deadly against foes; thy
hawk swift against its prey; thy
every act straight as the arrow's
shaft. Go forth from thy rich
throne, conquer new lands. Honor
the craftsman and the sage in equal
degree; disdain the acquisition of
wealth. May thy house prosper and
thy life be long!"
Following the demise of the
Caliphate and the subsequent re-
emergence of Persian dynasties
such as the Samanids and Buyids,
Nowruz was elevated to an even
more important event. The Buyids
revived the ancient traditions of
Sassanian times and restored many
smaller celebrations that had been
eliminated by the Caliphate.
According to the Syrian historian
Yaqut al-Hamawi, the Iranian Buyid
ruler ʿAżod-od-Dawla (r. 949-83)
customarily welcomed Nowruz in a
majestic hall,
31. wherein servants had placed gold and silver plates and vases full of fruit
and colorful flowers.The King would sit on the royal throne (masnad),
and the court astronomer came forward, kissed the ground, and
congratulated him on the arrival of the New Year. The king would then
summon
musicians and singers, and invited his boon companions. They would
gather in their assigned places and enjoy a great festive occasion.
Even the Turkic and Mongol invaders did not attempt to abolish Nowruz
in favor of any other celebration. Thus, Nowruz remained as the main
celebration in the Persian lands by both the officials and the people.