AV2.pdf

KAMINENI INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES
COLLEGE OF NURSING, NARKETPALLY,
NALGONDA.
MSC NURSING
AV-AIDS FILE

NURSING EDUCATION
NAME:
CLASS:
SUBJECT:
TOPIC:
REG.NO:
SUBMITTED TO:
SIGNATUTE OF THE SIGNATURE OF THE
COORDINATOR: PRINCIPAL
SIGNATURE OF THE SIGNATURE OF THE
INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNALEXAMINER

S.NO CONTENT PAGE NO
1 INTRODUCTION
2 PURPOSES & PRINCIPLES OF AV AIDS
3 COMMUNICATION
4 CONE OF LEARNING EXPERIENCES
5 LETTERING TECHNIQUE AND SPACING
6 SPACING
7 COLOURING
8 FACIAL EXPRESSIONS AND SYMBOLS
9 CLASSIFICATION OF AV AIDS
PROJECTED AV AIDS
• SLIDES
• OVER HEAD PROJECTOR
• VCDVCR
• LCD
• FILM
• TV
• CAMERA
• MICROSCOPE
10 NON-PROJECTED AV AIDS
• CHALK BOARD
• CHARTS
• GRAPHS
• POSTERS
• FLASH CARDS
• FLANNEL GRAPH
• BULLETIN BOARD
• CARTOONS
20 3-D AIDS
21 PRINTED AIDS

AUDIO VISUAL AIDS
INTRODUCTION
Audio visual material must be seen in their relationship to teaching as a
whole and to the learning process as a whole, until the teacher understands the
relationship between audio visual material and teaching learning process.
Audio visual materials are produced, distributed and used as planned
components of educational programs. It helps the process of learning that is
motivation, classification and stimulation. A.V. aids are multi-sensory materials
which motivate and stimulate the individual. It makes dynamic learning
experience more concrete realistic and clarity. It provides significant gains in
thinking and reasoning.
Audio visual aids are sensitive tools used in teaching and as avenues for
learning. These are planned educational materials that appeal to the senses of the
people and quicken learning facilities for clear understanding.

DEFINITIONS
1. Kinder S. James: Audio visual aids are any device which can be used to
make the learning experience more concrete, more realistic and more
dynamic.
2. According to Burton: Audio visual aids are those sensory objects or
images which initiate or stimulate and reinforce learning.
3. According to Carter V. Good: Audio visual aids are those aids which
help in completing the triangular process of learning that is motivation,
classification and stimulation.
4. According to Good’s dictionary of education: Audio visual aids are
anything by means of which learning process may be encouraged or carried
on through the sense of hearing or sense of sight.
5. According to Edger Dale: Audio visual aids are those devices by the use
of which communication of ideas between persons and groups in various
teaching and training situations is helped. These are also as multi-sensory
materials.
6. According to McKown and Roberts: Audio visual aids are
supplementary devices which can the teacher, through the utilization of
more than one sensory channel is able to clarify, establish and correlate
concepts, interpretations and appreciations.
7. According to KP. Neeraja: An audio-visual aid is an instructional device
in which the message can be heard as well as seen.

PURPOSES
 To supplement and enrich teachers own teaching to make teaching-
learning more concrete
 To serve an instructional role in itself.
 To create interest among the group
 To make teaching as an effective process
ADVANTAGES
 A.V. aids help in effective perceptual and conceptual learning
 A.V. aids helpful in capturing and sustaining attention of students
 A.V. aids arouse interests and motivate students to learn
 A.V. aids are helpful in new learning
 A.V. aids help in saving energy and time of both the teacher’s and student’s
A.V. aids provide near realistic experience
 A.V. aids can meet individual demands
 A.V. aids are useful in for education of masses

CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD TEACHING AIDS
Teaching aids should be
 Meaningful
 Purposeful
 Accurate in every aspect
 Simple and cheap
 Improvised
 Large in size
 Up to date
 Easily portable
 Motivates the learners
ACCORDING TO INTELLECTUAL LEVEL OF STUDENT SOURCES OF
A.V. AIDS
 Government
 Educational institutions
 Professional organizations
 Non-governmental organizations
 Voluntary organizations (National and international)
 Commercial producers of educational material
 Commercial advertisement
 In nursing organizations like TNAI, INC. etc.
 A.V. material should be carefully located to eliminate duplication, easy
accessibility and convenient use
 A.V. material should be available whenever and wherever they needed for
effective utilization as an integral part of curriculum
 Budget appropriations should be made regularly for A.V. education
programs

DEFINITION
COMMUNICATION
Communication is transfer of information from the sender to the receiver. So that
it is understand in its right context.
OR
Communication is the process of initiating, transmitting and receiving
information.
OR
Communication is the process of exchange of ideas or feelings from one person
to another person or interchange of information.
PURPOSE
 To share ideas, values, thoughts of the person with others
 For social life
 It should be expressed in terms of human behaviour
 To establish inter personal relationship
 It helps to change of attitude of persons, groups
 It helps to achieve desired results
ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
 Sender
 Message
 Receiver
 Feed back
 Noise

TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
a) One way communication
b) Two-way communication
c) Inter personal communication
d) Serial communication
e) Mechanical communication
f) Physiological communication
g) Psychic communication
h) Verbal communication
i) Non-verbal communication
j) Formal communication
k) Informal communication
COMMUNICATION PROCESS

A. ONE WAY COMMUNICATION
One-way communication is most often used to give factual information or to
persuade or manipulate the receiver to act a certain way. One-way
communication has several advantages. It allows the sender to control the
message without interference, and it's fast and cost effective.
B. TWO WAY COMMUNICATION
Two-way communication is a form of transmission in which both parties involved
transmit information. Two-way communication has also been referred to as
interpersonal communication. Common forms of two-way communication are:
Amateur radio, CB or FRS radio contacts

C.INTER PERSONAL COMMUNICATION
It is process in which the communication engages in face-to-face interaction
E.g.: Interview, group discussions
D.SERIAL COMMUNICATION
Person to person the message will be passed like a chain; sender pass the message
to one person then the receiver passes the information to other.

E. MECHAINICAL COMMUNICATION
By using the mechanical devices, the communication will be sent.
E.g.: Internet and websites
F. PHYSIOLOGICAL COMMUNICATION
If a stimulus received by the body, immediately the brain receives the information
and transmits to the receptive organ through the neurons where it has to be passed.

G. PSYCHIC COMMUNICATION
The person perceives and predicts the information in advance is called a psychic
communication.
H. VERBAL COMMUNICATION
Interact with the other and exchange of ideas will take place and information can
be passed through language.

I.NON VERBAL COMMUNICATION
Through gestures, body movements, postures and facial expressions etc. the ideas
of the processes will be communicated.
J. FORMAL COMMUNICATON
Formal communication is also known as official communication and informal
communication is also known as grapevine communication.

K. INFORMAL COMMUNICATION
Informal communication is casual communication between co-workers in the
workplace. It is unofficial in nature and is based in the informal, social
relationships that are formed in a workplace outside of the normal hierarchy of
business structure.

KINDS OF COMMUNICATION
There is main four kinds of communications all illustrated
1. Speaking-Listening
The sender speaks and the receiver listens
Eg: Listening to a lecture
Listening to talk
Listening to a tape
2. Visualizing-Picture observing
The sender uses visual symbols and receiver observes
Eg: Diagrams
3. Speaking-Listening, Visualizing-Observing
The sender combines speaking and visual symbols while the receiver
listens
Eg: An educational T.V. programme
4. Writing-Reading
The sender uses written words and symbols while the receiver reads and
feels those.
Eg: Hand out on a given topic,
Silent reading from text book.

CONE OF LEARNING
Edgar Dale's “Cone of Experience”, alternatively known as the “Cone of
Learning” or the “Learning Pyramid”. Devised in the 1940s, this model illustrates
the premise that how much understanding a person retains depends on which
senses are involved in the learning process.

LETTERING TECHNIQUE
There are over hundred lettering techniques and aids in the markets today. Each
is designed to assist the producer to make chart, graphs, maps and posters,
transparencies etc. But only few of them are most effective. One can do with little
practice to produce professional lettering. While lettering, the following points
are to be observed.
 Legible- So that the letter can be read easily
 Visible- So that the letter can be seen and perceived easily
 Simple- Should be plain, straight forward and ordinary
 Spacing- To be appropriate
SPACING: It should appear to have equal or uniform distance letters. Spacing
should be eye measurement, not mechanical? Badly spaced letters make words
difficult to read. Good spacing is the result of diligent practice.
LAYOUT: The arrangement and form given to letters, contribute a great deal to
preparation of visual materials
 Timing
 Running commentary
 Emphasizing main points
 Directions
 Discussion
 Prompt practice
DESIGN: It should be brief, simple, and meaningful and attract the minds of
readers.
COLOUR: Limit the number of colours and make sure that you’re lettering
standout well from the back ground. Black and yellow are the combination with
most contracts.

TECHNIQUE OF LETTERING
1. Rule of 8’ for formulating principle of legibility
Distance Size
64’ 2’
32’ 1’
16’ ½’
8’ ¼’
2. Contrast
High contrast-Black and white
Medium contrast-Blue and red
3. Spacing
Mechanical spacing
Optical spacing
4. Style
Formal style
Informal style
Decorative style
Principles
1. Follow the rule of 8’ lettering
2. Letter end in order
3. Too much order gives monotony
4. Headings are better with bold letters
5. Space letters evenly
6. Colour should be pleasing for contract and determination

S P A C I N G
RULES HAVE 8’ IN LETTERING
View distance Size of the letter
8 feet ¼ inch
16 feet ½ inch
32 feet 1 inch
64 feet 2 inch
A B C D E F G
ABCDEFG
ABCD
ABCD

COLOURS
USE OF COLOURS
COLOUR is an important element in preparing the instructional materials.
Synonyms of colour are chrome, glue, shape lint and tinge. It has universal appeal
and irritable charm.
LIST OF COLOURS:
 To contrast parts, differentiate, discriminate
 To emphasize points
 To show relationships
 To get realistic effect
 To attract attention
 To create interest
 To achieve harmony
 To increasing carrier power of message
TYPES OF COLOURS:
Warm colours: Stand out, attract attention and appear to advance.
Eg: Red, Orange, and Yellow
Cool colours: Appear to recede and make better back ground.
Eg: pale blue, Green, Violet
COLOUR AND MOODS
Colour can produce certain feelings and moods

The following chart shows the association usually credited to certain colours.
RED Exciting, arousing, stimulating
ORANGE Healing, adds warmth, lively
YELLOW Joy, gaiety, bright and cheerful
GREEN Restful, neutral, relaxing, soothing
PURPLE Richness, royalty, and elegance
BLUE Cooling, serene, refreshing
WHITE Purity, spirituality, immaculateness
BLACK Darkness, gloom, death

COLOUR AND VISIBILITY
COLOUR contrast will have an effect on visibility using black as back ground.
Visibility is reported as follows.
PURPLE is least visible
YELLOW has 12 times visibility of purple
ORANGE has 9 times visibility of purple
GREEN has 7 times visibility of purple
RED has 5 times visibility of purple
BLUE has 3times visibility of purple

COLOUR HARMONY
Good way to see colour relationships is to look at the colour wheel. The
placement of the colours around the wheel are not random. They are arranged in
spectral order (like the rainbow) bend into a complete circle. Each colour’s
placement on the wheel can help you to identify harmonious colour combinations.
MONOCHROMATIC HARMONY
Monochromatic colour schemes are derived from a single base hue and extended
using its shades, tones and tints. Tints are achieved by adding white and shades
and tones are achieved by adding a darker colour, grey or black.

COMPLEMENTORY HARMONY
Two colours on opposite sides of the hue wheel are called a complementary
colour harmony. Three colours adjacent to each other are defined as analogous
colour harmony.
ANALOGOUS HARMONY
Three colours that are next to each other on the colour wheel define an analogous
harmony. We can combine 5B (Blue), 5BG (Blue Green), and 5G (Green) to
produce an adjacent colour scheme on the Munsell colour wheel.

HINT OF USING COLOURS
 Keep colour scheme simple
 Achieve harmony in colour scheme
 Use minimum number of colours
 Use colour to emphasize the instructional message
 Consider colour and back ground together to increase the carrying power
of message
 Use colour for grouping or categorizing information visually
 Use colour to enhance the quality of material used for teaching

COLOUR WHEEL
The colour wheel was invented in 1666 by Isaac Newton, who mapped the colour
spectrum onto a circle. The colour wheel is the basis of colour theory, because it
shows the relationship between colours.
Colours that look good together are called a colour harmony. Artists and
designers use these to create a particular look or feel. You can use a colour wheel
to find colour harmonies by using the rules of colour combinations. Colour
combinations determine the relative positions of different colours in order to find
colours that create a pleasing effect.
There are two types of colour wheel. The RYB or red, yellow, blue colour wheel
is typically used by artists, as it helps with combining paint colours. Then there
is the RGB, or red, green and blue colour wheel, which is designed for online use,
as it refers to mixing light – like on a computer or TV screen.

COLOUR COMBINATIONS
A colour scheme consists of a combination of colours used in a range of design
disciplines, from fine art to interior design to graphic design. Each colour scheme
consists of one or more of the twelve colours present on the colour wheel. By pairing
different colours with each other, you can create endless colour palettes to use in
any composition. Different colour combinations evoke different moods or tones by
using colour theory and colour psychology.

SYMBOLS
A study conducted in the 1980s by Giacomo Pizzolatto on macaque
monkeys discovered a class of neurons later known as the mirror neurons which are
activated in response to different actions whether the actions are carried out by
ourselves or others. It is one of the neural bases to of connecting to others. These
mirror neurons are also known to be activated when “symbolic” representations of
actions such as mime, speech and reading are experienced. This allowed our
ancestral primates to learn and transmit basic forms of symbolic representations to
communicate.
Written communication first emerged through the use of pictograms which slowly
developed standardized and simplified forms. Shared writing systems were then
developed leading to adaptable alphabets.

FACIAL EXPRESSIONS
Facial expressions can display personal emotions and indicate an individual's
intentions within a social situation. They are extremely important to the social
interaction of individuals. Background scenes in which faces are perceived provide
important contextual information for facial expression processing.
Facial expressions are one of the more important aspects of human communication.
The face is responsible for communicating not only thoughts or ideas, but also
emotions.

A.V. AIDS
According to the Webster dictionary, audio-visual aids is defined as "training or
educational materials directed at both the senses of hearing and the sense of sight,
films, recordings, photographs, etc. used in classroom instructions, library
collections or the likes".
The concept of audio-visual aids is not new and can be traced back to seventeenth
century when John Amos Comenius (1592–1670), a Bohemian educator,
introduced pictures as teaching aids in his book Orbis Sensualism Pictus ("picture
of the Sensual World") that was illustrated with 150 drawings of everyday life.
Similarly, Jean Rousseau (1712–1778) and JH Pestalozzi (1746–1827) advocated
the use of visual and play materials in teaching. More recently, audio-visual aids
were also widely used during and after World War II by the armed service. The
successful use of pictures and other visual aids in U.S armed forces during World
War II proved the effectiveness of instructional tools. There are various types of
audio-visual materials ranging from filmstrips, microforms, slides, projected
opaque materials, tape recording and flashcards. In the current digital world,
audio-visual aids have grown exponentially with several multimedia such as
educational DVDs, PowerPoint, television educational series, YouTube, and
other online materials. The goal of audio-visual aids is to enhance teacher's ability
to present the lesson in simple, effective and easy to understand for the students.
Audio-visual materials make learning more permanent since students use more
than one sense. It is important to create awareness for the state and federal
ministry of education as policy makers in secondary schools of the need to
inculcate audio-visual resource as main teaching pedagogy in curricula.

Activity aids
CLASSIFICATION OF A.V. AIDS
i. Audio aids: Audio materials are those which can be heard
Eg: Radio, tape recorder, Walkman, I-pod
ii. Visual aids: Those are helpful to visualize the things
Eg: Graphic aids, 3D aids, display boards and print material
iii. Audio visual aids: These aids can be heard and seen simultaneously
Eg: Projected aids, T.V, films
A.V. aids
Audio visual
aids
Non projected
A.V. Aids
Projected A.V.
aids
Graphic aids 3D aids
Display
boards
Print material

TYPES OF A.V. AIDS
I. Simple A.V. aids: It includes graphic aids, display boards, 3D aids, print
material etc.
II. Sophisticated A.V. aids: Includes audio-visual aids
Principle to be followed for the effective use of A.V. aids:
 Audio-visual material should function as an integral part of the educational
program
 A.V. aids should be centralized under specialized direction and leadership
in educational programs
 An advisory committee consisting of representative from all areas of
curriculum should be appointed to assist in selection and coordination of
A.V. aids.
 An educational program should be flexible.

PROJECTED A.V. AIDS
OVER HEAD PROJECTOR
The Overhead projector is most used in all A.V. aids. It projects transparencies
with brilliant screen images suitable to use in a lighted room. The teacher can
write or draw diagrams on the transparency while teaches; these are projected
simultaneously on the screen by the OHP.
DURING THE PRESENTATION
 Keep the screen above the heads of the participants
 Keep the screen in full view of participants
 Make sure you are not blocking any one’s view when presenting
 Darken the room appropriately by blocking out sunshine and dimming
near by
 Turn the screen off between slides if you are going to talk for more than
two
 Talk to the audience, not to the screen
PURPOSES
 To develop concepts and sequences in a subject matter area
 To make marginal notes on the transparencies for the use of the teacher
that can carry without exposing them to class
 To test students’ performances while other classmates observe
 To show relationships by means of transparent overlays in contrasting
colour
 To give the illustration of motion in the transparency.

ADVANTAGES:
It permits to teacher to stand in front of the class while using the projector, thus
enabling her to point out features appearing on the screen by pointing to the
materials at the projector itself and at the same time, to observe the students’
reactions to her discussion.

OVER HEAD TRANSPERENCIES
Transparencies are popular instructional medium. They are simple to prepare and
easy to prepare and easy to operate with the Overhead projector which is light
weight. A 10 x10 inches sheet with printed, written or drawn material is placed
on the platform of the projector and a large image is projected on a screen behind
you. The projector is used from near to the front of the room with the teacher
standing or sitting besides, facing the student.
GUIDELINES FOR MAKING EFFECTIVE TRANSPARENCIES:
 Have one main idea each transparency
 Include only related figures and diagrams
 Use simple lettering style in writing
 Use diagrams in proposition to its lettering
 Keep the message clear and simple
 Emphasize the key messages
 Use colour and lettering with discretion
ADVANTAGES:
1. Permits face to face interaction with the students.
2. Can be used in daylight conditions.
3. Can present information in systematic developmental sequences.
4. Easily available

THE OPAQUE PROJECTOR
Opaque projector is the only projector on which you can project a variety of
materials
Ex: Book pages, objects, coins, post cards or any other similar flat material that
is non transparent
The opaque projector will project and simultaneously enlarge, directly from the
originals, printed matter, all kinds of written or pictorial matter in any sequence
derived by the teacher. It requires a dark room as projector is large and not reality
moveable.
ADVANTAGES:
1. Stimulates attention and arouses interest
2. Can project a wide range of materials like stamps, coins, specimen, when
one copy is available
3. Can be used for enlarging drawings, pictures and maps
4. Does not require any written or typed material, hand written material can
be used
5. Helps students to retain knowledge for longer period
6. Review instructional problems
7. Test knowledge and ability
8. Simple operation

SLIDE PROJECTOR
A Slide is a small piece of transparent material on which a single pictorial image
or scene or graphic image has been photographed or reproduced otherwise. Slides
are a form of projected media that are easy to prepare. They are still pictures on
positive film which you can process and mount individually yourself or send to a
film laboratory. The standard size of the slides is 2x2 any 35mm camera will
make satisfactory slides.
TYPES OF SLIDES
1. Photogenic slides: 2” x 2”
3” x 4”
Black and white coloured
2. Handmade slides: can be made with
a) Acetated sheet
b) Cellophane
c) Etched glass
d) Plain glass
e) Lumarith
Slides can be made from photographs and pictures by teachers and pupils taking
photographs and snapshot when they go on field trips for historical, geographical,
literacy or scientific excursions.
The arrangement of slides in proper sequence, according to the topic discussed,
is an important aspect of teaching with them.

ADVANTAGES:
1. Requires only filming, processing and mounting by self or laboratory
2. Results in colourful, realistic, reproduction original subject
3. Preparation with any 35mm camera for most uses
4. Easy to revise and up date
5. Easily handled, stored and re arranged for various uses
6. Can be combined with tape narration or can control time for discussion
7. May be adopted to group or individual use.

FILM STRIPS
Film strips are sequence of transparent still pictures with individual frames on
35mm film. A tap recorded narration can be synchronized with film strip.
Each strip contains from 12-18 or more pictures. It is a fixed sequence of related
stills on a roll of 35mm film or 8mm film.
PRINCIPLES
1. Preview film strips before using them and selected carefully to meet the
needs of the topic to be taught.
2. Show again any part of the film strip needing more specific study
3. Use film strip to stimulate emotions, build attitudes and to point up
problems
4. It should be introduced appropriately and its relationship to the topic of the
study brought out
5. Use a pointer to direct attention, to specific details on the screen
TYPES OF FILM STRIP
Discussion filmstrip: It is continuing strip of film consisting of individual frames
arranged in sequence usually with explanatory titles.
Sound slide film: It is similar to films strip but instead of explanatory titles or
spoken discussion recorded explanation is audible, which is synchronized with
the pictures.

ADVANTAGES:
1. Compact, easily handled and always in proper sequence
2. Can be supplemented with recordings
3. Inexpensive when quantity reproduction is required
4. Useful for group or individual study at projection rate are controlled by
instructor or user
5. Projected with simple light weight equipment

RADIO
In purely auditory aids, sound recording and reproduction and transmission and
reception equipment’s some, which include radio receivers and recording
equipment’s like disc, tape and cassette players. These pieces of equipment be
extremely useful for languages and social studies lessons.
The most common form of public education and entertainment is radio receiver.
These days transistorized radio receivers are cheaply available, which can be run
with dry batteries and these are easily portable.
Using radio programs for classroom instruction
 The teaching procedure of a radio lesson should be in the following steps
 Procure and study in advance the nature and content of the radio lesson
 Prepare students for the radio lesson by informing them about the back
ground of the lesson
 Allow the students to listen to the radio lesson and you as a teacher note
down the important points covered by it
 Make use of the noted down points to be discuss the radio lesson with the
students.
 Clarify and amplify the main points of the radio lesson using other a.v.
aids

KINDS OF RADIOS
Kind of program Description
Talk
A talk is a sequential narration about a topic by a single
speaker. A good radio talk is characterised by
naturalness of voice, pleasant tone punctuated by
humorous incidents, human interest stories and word
pictures.
Discussion
In a discussion a group of participants share their views
in the form of panels, interviews and debates. A
numbers of voices make a discussion followed by a
summery to review the major points which emerge out
of the discussion or debate.
Dramatisation
It has various interesting sound effects to amplify
emotions and give the mental pictures the characters in
a plot. Lessons on stories or dance would make use of
special sound effects.
ADVANTAGES:
1. Radio programs are good for mass education
2. There are effective for distance education
3. The dramatic effects can arouse positive emotions and reinforce positive
attitudes
4. Through the radio programs, the effective and expert teachers can be
made to reach out to a large majority of students
5. It can be used for introducing a lesson as well as for reviewing a previous
lesson
6. A good radio lesson can be recorded for use at an appropriate time.
DISADVANTAGES
1. It will have only auditory perception
2. Visual perception is not possible
3. It requires an instrument to be purchased.

VCR (VIDEO CASETTE RECORDER)
 These are useful for teaching wide range of motor, intellectual cognitive
and interpersonal skills as well as affective aspects
 Which helps not only in viewing also in recording
 Useful where distance educational programmes, useful in teaching training
programmes where teaching rehearsal can be recorded and evaluated by
student herself
 All VCR made now record events in colour played back using colour
monitors,
 It is easy to operate and portable
LIMITATIONS
 Cost
 It is different from entertainment programmes

VCD (VIDEO COMPACT DISC)
 it is Standard digital format for storing video on compact disc, can be
playable in VCD player, modern DVD players, personal computers,
 VCD audio incompatible with DVD video standard due to difference in
frequency, DVD require 48 KHZ and VCD use 44.1 KHZ

LCD (LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY)
 A liquid crystal display is thin, flat panel used for electronically displaying
information such as text, images, and moving pictures
 Used in computer monitors, TV, gaming devices
 Polarization of lights is used here to display objects
 LCD is based on the principle of blocking the light rather than emitting
 It is passive device means it does not produce any light to display characters,
images, video, animations.
 It simply alters the light travelling through it
TYPES
1) polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLCs)
a) Scattering PDLCs
b) HolograpPolymer stabilized LCDs
c) Polymer stabilized LCDs
d) absorptive dye doped PDLCs
2) Bi stable LCDs
a) Ferroelectric LCs
b) B instable ferroelectric LCs
c) Cholesteric LCs
d) Bi stable cholesteric phase – change LCD
e) Nematic LCs

f) Bi stable nematic displays
g) Hic PDLCs
ADVANTAGES
 LCD monitors are valuable teaching aids for lecture, schedule information
 Consume little electricity and produce little heat
 LCDs have excellent longevity
DISADVANTAGES
 Resolution: if fine text and graphics at more than one resolution are needed,
they do not get an LCD display
 Interference: for certain display and video boards, digital noise not entirely
eliminated
 Black level: contrast and colour saturation LCDs have difficulty in
producing black dark rays, not suitable for dark environment
 Cost: more expansible

CAMERA
 “Camera is a device that record images, either as a still photograph or as
moving image known as videos or movies”
 Camera Obscura Latin word means dark chamber, A majority of camera
have lens position in front of cameras opening to gathering the incoming
light and focus all or part of the image on the recording surface
 A typical camera takes one photo each time the user press the shutter
button, a typical movie camera continuously takes 24 film frames per
second as long as the user holds down shutter button
The camera designs are:
 Plate camera
 Large format camera
 Medium format camera
 Folding camera
 Box camera
 Single lens reflex
 Twin-lens reflex

TELEVISION
 Television is the electronic means by which sound and light energy are
transmitted from one place to another
 television was launched in new Delhi in 1959,
 One of the most accepted, effected enjoyable means of communication in
the modern era.
 In the field of education, it is turned as “educational television”, it
facilitates the learning through programmes, telecast through television on
various subject topics for various target group
FUNCTIONAL CHARECTERISTICS
 Image multiplication
 Image magnification
 Image association
 Image transportation

TEACHER & SCHOOL TV
Tv cannot be complete substitute for teacher, in television programme teacher is
needed at every step
 Planning stage
 Production stage
 Presentation stage
 Effectiveness of utility
 Evaluation
EDUCATIONAL VALUE OF INSTRUCTIONAL MEDIA
 Educational tv combines sight and sound together and thus makes the
experience real, concrete
 It offers the uniformity of communication
 It is versatile educational vehicle
 It stimulate reinforce, ideas, beliefs
 It can teach large number of students at one time
 Tv can bring immediate events with great realism
 It provides excellent learning opportunities for both pre service and in
service education of teacher
ADVANTAGES
 Provide education at the door step of people
 Increase quality of instruction because programmes were designed by experts
 Change in curriculum and instruction may be possible

 Tv educational programmes make good teaching available to all without any
discrimination in children’s
 Help in service training of teachers also
DISADVANTAGES
 Only one way communication programme there is no opportunity to asthe
question
 All students not learned as per the speed & broadcast
 All people may not buy television & require power supply

NON-PROJECTED A.V. AIDS
Non-projected pictures are those which require no projection material or any
electric power & mostly composed of study prints, charts, posters, maps, flash
cards, photographs, textbook illustrations, and illustrations found in magazines
and newspapers.
The non-projected media can be presented in the classroom or used as part of
classroom activity. No need to use equipment for observation so non-projected
visual are easy to use. Projected visual are detained as media design in which still
images are enlarged and displayed on a screen.
CHALK BOARDS
It is one of the oldest AV aids, it is simple, cheapest, universally used AV aid
The black board is the life of the class room. These days a large variety of chalk
boards are available like:
 Ground glass chalk boards
 Vitreous coated iron chalk boards
 Traditional wooden chalk boards
The recommended size of chalk board is 5mx6m. For an effective use of the chalk
board, the following characteristics of a board should be kept in mind:
 The surface of the chalkboard should be rough enough to hold the writing
on the black board
 The surface of the chalk board should be dull enough to eliminate glare
which hampers visibility of the writing on the board
 The writing should be easily removable with cloth or foam duster
 The chalk board should be mounted on an appropriate height within the
reach of the teacher and visibility of the students

USING THE BLACK BOARD
The following points should be kept in mind while using the black board
effectively
 Write clearly in cursive hand writing the important points of the topic on
the chalk board. Avoid overcrowding of the information on the chalk
board
 The size of the lettering should be large enough to be seen properly by the
students at the rear of the class. The recommended height of the letters on
the chalk board is between 6cms x 8cms
 Plan the chalk board work in advance in simple brief phrases and
keywords
 The class room should be lighted properly and chalk board should be
glare free
 Rub off the information already discussed in the class and noted by the
students
 Use shading and underling for stressing the keywords and statements
 Use other supplementary teaching aids to emphasize and clarify the main
concepts
 For rubbing of the writing on the chalk board while explaining a point to
students. Use a pointer to draw attention to the written material on the
chalk board.
ADVANTAGES:
1. The chalk board is the convenient visual aid for the group teaching
2. Economical teaching as it can be used over and again
3. Accompanied by appropriate actions by the teacher and illustrations
drawn on the chalk board, it can capture student’s attention
4. It can work as a good visual aid for drill and revision
5. It can be used for drawing enlarged illustrations from the text books
6. The chalk board can be easily used for giving lesson notes to students

LIMITATIONS
 It makes students heavily depends on the teacher
 It makes the lesson teacher paced
 It does not care for the individual needs of the students
 It makes the lesson a dull routine
 It makes the chalk powder to inhale by the teacher and students
TYPES
• Fixed black board: fixed in the wall facing the class normally made of wood or
concrete cement

⚫ Black board on easel:
A portable and adjustable black board put on a wooden easel can be taken out of
the classroom while taking classes in the outdoor
 Roller black board:
Made of thick canvas wrapped on a roller mostly used for teaching higher classes.

⚫ Graphic Boards
It has graphic lines, used for teaching mathematics, science, statistics
 Magna Boards
It enables the teacher to make 3D demonstrations with objects on vertical
surface, small magnets are used to hold suitable objects whether they are put on
this vertical surface.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF SURFACES
 paint coated pressure wood
 Dull finished plastic surface
 Vitreous coated steel surfaces
 Ground glass boards
DIFFERENT COLOURS
 Green chalk boards: white and yellow chalk may use,
 Grey board: yellow chalk may used
 Red chalk board: green, yellow chalk may used
 Orange chalk board: blue or light green chalk may used
 Yellow chalk board: blue chalk may be used
 Black chalk board: any color may used
PRINCIPLES OF USING BLACK BOARD
 Writing on the black board should be legible & clear
 Only important points of the subject matters should be written on black
board
 Teacher should develop the ability to draw freely on the black board
 Letters & drawing should be large enough to seen from all parts of the
classroom
 Writing should be started from the top left corner and writing should be
in strait rows
 Extreme lower corners should not be made use of,
 Teacher should not explain to the group while facing the black board
 The black board should be cleaned by duster and not with hand
 While cleaning the black board, cleaned from top to bottom
 The paint coated wooden black board should be painted once in every
year.

GRAPHIC AIDS
It is a combination of graphic and pictorial material designed for the orderly and
logical visualizing of relationship between key facts and ideas.
Eg: Comparisons, relative amounts developments, processes, classification or
organization. It includes charts.
CHARTS
Introduction: These visual symbols used for summarizing, comparing,
contrasting or performing other services in explaining subject matter. A chart is
a combination of pictorial, graphic, numerical or vertical material which presents
a clear summery.
Definition: Chart is defined as a visual aid which depicts pictorial and written
key information in systematic way to summarize, compare.
Eg: Anatomical charts and figure, diagrams etc.
PRINCIPLES OF USING CHARTS
 Chart should be so large that every detail depicted should be visible to
every people in class wherever he is sitting
 Charts should display information only about one specific area in a
subject
 On light coloured charts darks sketch pens may use
 Chart should not contain too much written material
 Chart should give a neat appearance
 Chart has to be fixed on board (or) hanged out a point where the entire
group can view it
 The teacher should make use pointer to point out specific factors in the
chart

PURPOSES
 To visualize an item, it is otherwise difficult to explain only in words
 To highlight important points
 To provide outline for materials covered in presentation
 To show continuity in process
 For creating problems and stimulating thinking
 For showing development of structure
TYPES OF CHARTS
Narrative chart: Arrangement of facts and ideas for expressing the events in the
process or development of a significant issue to its point of resolution or we can
show an improvement over a period of years.

 Cause and effective chart: Arrangement of facts and ideas for expressing the
relationship between rights and responsibilities or between a complex of
conditions and change or conflict
 Chain chart: Arrangement of facts and ideas for expressing transitions or
cycles.

 The evolution chart: Facts and ideas for expressing changes in specific items
from beginning data and its projections in to future.
 Strip chart: It enables speaker to present the information step by step.
It increases the interest and imagination of the audience. The information on
the chart is covered with thin paper strips to which it has been applied either
by wax, tape or sticky substance or pins. As the speaker wishes to visually
reinforce a point with words or symbols, he removes the appropriate strip or
paper. It produces interest. It increases learning and aids recall.

 Pull chart: It consists of written messages which are hidden by strips of thick
paper. The message can be shown to the viewer, one after another by pulling out
the concealing strips.
 Flow chart: Diagrams used to show organizational elements or administrative or
functional relationship. In this chart lines, rectangles, circles are connected by
lines showing the directional flow.

 Tabulation chart: It shows the schedule of an activity or of an individual.
Ex: Time table of a class. These are very valuable aid in the teaching situation
where breakdown of a fact or a statement is to be listed. Also, it is a useful
aid for showing points of comparison, distinction and contrasts between two
or more things. While making the table charts the following points must be
kept in the mind.
 The chart should be 50 x 75cms or more in size
 The chart should be captioned in bold letters
 The vertical columns should be filled in short phases rather than complete
sentences
 Write different contrasting features with different color pens or marker
pens

 Flip chart: A set of charts related of specific topic have been tagged together
and hang on a supporting stand. The individual charts will carry a series of
related materials or messages in sequence. The silent points of specific topic
will be presented.
 Pie chart: A circle will be drawn and divisions will be made in to different
sections, each section will be coded differently and code key will be given at
right corner of the chart as legend. The circumference is divided in to suitable
sections. It is relevant for showing the component parts of the total.

FLASH CARDS
DEFINITION: Flash cards are set of pictured paper cards of varying sizes that
are flashed one by one in a logical sequence.
Flash cards can be self-made or commercially prepared and are made up of chart
of drawing paper, plain paper using colours or ink on them for drawing.
PURPOSES
 To teach students
 To give health education
 Useful for small group
 Used in group discussions
PRINCIPLES
 The message can be brief, simple line drawing or photographs, cartoons
and the content will be written in few lines at the back of the each card.
 10” x 12” or 22” x 28” is commonly used size
 10-12 cards for one talk can be used. It should not be less than 3 and more
than 20
 Prepare a picture for each idea which will give visual impact to the idea.
 Adapted to local condition, use plenty of colour
 The height of writing on the flash card is to approximately 5cms for better
visualization
USING THE FLASH CARDS
For class room instruction, the flash card is to be properly used. The following
steps are used while displaying flash cards.
 Give brief introduction about the lesson to students
 Give instructions to students about their actions while you flash cards
 Flash the card in front of the class by holding it high with your hands so
that all the students can see it.

 Let the student respond as per instructions already given
 Review the lesson by selectively using flash cards.
Advantages
1. Flash cards can be used to introduce and present topics.
2. It can be used to apply information already gained by students to new
situations
3. It can be used to review a topic
4. Can be used for drill and practice in elementary classes
5. To develop the cognitive abilities of recognition and recall of students
6. It can work as a useful supplementary aid and can be effectively used with
other material.
Disadvantages
1. Cannot be used for large group
2. Prone to get spoiled soon
3. Preparation is time consuming

POSTERS
DEFINITION: Posters are the graphic aids with short quick and typical
messages with attention capturing paintings
PURPOSES
 To provide general motivation
 To create an aesthetic or atmospheric effect
 To communicate a more general idea
 To thrust the message for leading to action
 For the class room and community
PREPARATION AND RULES
 To do a special job
 To promote on point
 To promote local demonstration
 Planned for specified people
 Tell the message at single glance
 Use bold letters
 Use pleasing colours
 It should place, where people pass or gather
FEATURES OF A GOOD POSTER
 Brevity: Message should concise
 Simplicity: Message should be easily understandable
 Idea: Should base on single idea and it should be relevant
 Colour: Suitable colour and combination should be used to make poster
attractive and eye catching

 Display: While displaying one should be sure to find a place where there
is adequate light and where the larger population will see it.
ADVANTAGES:
1. It attracts attention
2. It conveys the message very quickly
3. It does not require a detailed study
4. Good poster leads to action with good motivation
5. It can stand alone and is self-explanatory
DISADVANTAGES:
1. Poster does not always give enough information
2. When a poster is seen for longer time, it may not attractive. So, it should
be dynamic.

GRAPHS
DEFINITION: Graphs are the visual teaching aids for presenting statistical data
and contrasting the trends or changes of certain attributes
METHOD OF PRESENTATION
 Before making the bar chart makes a rough sketch of it in a note book
 For drawing the bar graph use the chart paper of 50 x 72 cms size
 Use two different colour shades for the two contrasting groups
 The bars should be equal spaced
 Write the key to the bar graph in a box on the right-hand side corner of the
chart paper
 Numbers specifying the magnitude of the bars should be on the top on the
bars
TYPES
Pie graph: Is called as circle diagram. The data are presented through the
sections of portions of circle.

 In determining the circumstance of a circle, we have to take in to
consideration a quantity known as pie.
 The surface area of a circle is to cover 360 degrees
 The total frequencies of value us equated to 360 degrees and then the angles
corresponding to component parts are calculated
Bar graph: A graphic presentation, which extends to the scale horizontally along
the length of bars. Each bar must be of the same width, height of the bar over a
period represents the corresponding time of the variable. Graphs are available in
two forms that is vertical and horizontal.

Line graphs: To show the trends and relationships. Eg: Single line shows the
relation and the variation in the quantity. Quantitative data are plotted or when
the data is continuous. The concepts are represented with the help of lines drawn
horizontally or vertically. The plotted points are connected to one another, instead
of the base thus producing the curve.
Pictorial graph: It is an outstanding method of graphic representation. Pictures
are used for the expression of ideal; they are more attractive and easily
understood. Vivid pictures will be used to create rapid association with the
graphic message; each visual symbol may be used to indicate quantity.

MAPS
DEFINITION: A map is graphic and representing the proportionately as a
diagram, the surface of the earth, world or parts thereof. It conveys the message
by lines, symbols, words and colours.
TYPES OF MAPS
Political map: These maps show political divisions of the world, a continent, a
nation.
Physical maps: Shows the physical contour of a place, area and region

Relief maps: It shows the actual elevations and depression in a place, area and
region.
Weather maps: Shows the number of rains, temperature extremes, humidity in
an area.

Population maps: Shows the distribution of population in various parts of
region, country.
Picture or Tourist maps: Shows historical spots, monumental sites etc.

Railway maps: Shows the railway links between various points.
Air maps: Shows air routes between various points of airports.

Sea root maps: Shows the sea routes between various sea ports.

FLANNEL BOARD
The use of piece of picture items or cut outs with sand paper or sticking materials
adhering to a flannel board is called flannel graph”
ADVANTAGES
 It is easy to make and use
 It may be used repeatedly
 Can be prepared from locally available material
 Can be adopted for group participation
 It is stimulating for teacher and audience
 Colourful and attract attention
 Low cast and easily available

DISADVANTAGES
 Can be used for small group only
 Skilful handling is necessary
MATERIAL NEED TO MAKE FLANNEL BOARD
 The flannel board can be made from any kind of flat card board or
wooden board or thermocol may be used,
 peed up visualization when time is united
 Any colour flannel cloth may be used
 Sand paper or cotton to adhere to cut outs
 Nails, hammer, thumb pin to prepare the flannel board
PLANNING FOR FLANNEL PRESENTATION
 write script & choose the cut outs and plan it
 One or more than cut outs can be used
 Draw or prepare cut outs or collect newspaper cutting
 Paste the cotton or sand paper on back of the cut outs
SIZES
 Average size is 36 x 27
 For large group it is 4 x 3
 For small group 6 x 8 or 12 x 9 may used

RULES TO USE FLANNEL GROUP
 Locate the board in a suitable and common place and well lighted for
effective visualization
 Students are arranged in semi-circle to the board
 Place the board at the eye level of students
 Tilt the board slightly backward to prevent falling of cut outs
 Press (down word) each time while placing the cut outs on the flannel
board
 Do not use too many cut outs & should not block view
 Arrange and display in sequence
PRESENTATION
 Put the numbered cut outs in a envelop
 Label the envelop mentioning top and the number of cut outs than can be
used for years

BULLETIN BOARDS
“Bulletin board is a display device used for displaying bulletins i.e., News items
The bulletin board can be used for great variety of types of material because the
detail of any subject direct or indirectly
PURPOSE
 To motivate the learner by sharing learning experience by displaying on
the bulletin board
 To give correct initial impression to the students about the course and
institution
 To save time in spreading the information
 To display various subject teaching plans, assignments
 Student should made responsible for updating the information

PLACEMENT
 To display notice for faculty place that near administrator office (i.e.
exam dates, vacation, fee)
 Near library or study room for material in relation to study
 Clinical area, in hostel near dining hall
VISIBILITY
 Place should have adequate light, fixed at eye level
ORGANIZATION
 Organize the material around central theme of the content
 Material should date to avoid too long
APPEARANCE
 Neat, attractive, in order.
MATERIAL REQUIRED FOR BULLETIN BOARD
 Wooden board, colour paper, flannel cloth, pairs of scissors, gum,
coloured pins, coloured ribbon, letters, pictures.
PREPARING BULLETIN BOARD
 Prepare one central theme for any notice
 Selection of photograph, design, drawing to be mounted
 Mount on a coloured paper
 Arrange them in a rough sketch
 Make final sketch for arrangement
 Complete the bulletin board by using coloured pins

TYPES
Fixed - fixed at one place
Portable-movable & used for seminars, symposia
ADVANTAGES
 Can be used for educational purpose (WHO theme)
 Can be used for teaching & learning situation
 Can motivate, supplement, enrich learning
DISADVANTAGES
 More than one page information can be mounted
 Cleaning of the old notices is not done thus bulletin board looks over
stuffed
PEG BOARD
 It can be used for combining flat and three-dimensional materials. The
latter being supported by especially made hooks and cups. Displays can be
also positioned at directed points by pegs.
 Peg boards are made of thermocol or wooden having 1/8” holes pouched
in a regular pattern of a part once the entire surface. Peg boards must be
mounted 1/2” out from the mounting surface.

CARTOONS
DEFINITION: A cartoon is humorous caricature which gives a subtle message.
In a cartoon the features of objects and people are exaggerated along with
generally recognized symbols
PRINCIPLES
The quality of the drawing should be high primarily for visual effectives
The symbols used should be familiar and represent a concept or idea to which
students can react intellectually
ADVANTAGES
1. A cartoon can be effectively used to initiate certain lesson
2. It can be used for making a lesson lively and interesting
3. Fantasy
4. Satire
5. Exaggeration

NEWS PAPERS
It can furnish health messages in local languages which can
reach to the public early. The information will be available in low cost, easy to
read and understand simple language. The people may learn to read and interpret
the contents along with pictures to enhance easy grasping.
COMIC STRIPS
DEFINITION: A comic strip is the graphic depiction in a series of pictures or
sketches of some character and events full of action.
USES
 Comic strips fire the imagination of children
 It boosts the courage of children and builds up the spirit of adventure
 It communicates detailed and vivid
 It stimulates reality and involvement

LIMITATIONS
 Comic strips misguide children by depicting characters with supernatural
powers divorced from the hard realities of life
 Comic strips hamper the development of language of children
 Classics brought out in the form of comics develop the tendency in children
to ignore or by pass the original work
 Comic can soon become an obsession with young children and they tend
to avoid serious studies.

3 DIMENSIONAL AIDS
MODELS
DEFINITION: A model is recognizable representation of a real thing three
dimensionally that is height, width and depth is felt as reality.
TYPES OF MODELS
1. Solid models: It is the replica of an original thing made with some suitable
material like clay, plaster of paris, wood, iron and etc. to show the external
parts of the things.
Eg: Globe, clay models of human and animals
2. Cutaway and X-ray models: Are the replicas of the original things to
show internal parts of a thing. Cross sectional models are difficult to make
in the class room or institutions as they require expertise to construct them.
Eg: Cross sectional model of human body

3. Working models: These models are either actual working or their
miniature replicas for illustrating an operation.
Eg: A motor, a generator
4. Sand models: Made by using sand, clay, saw dust.
Eg: A tribal village, a forest area

ADVANTAGES:
1. Models heighten reality of things and make learning direct and
meaningful as they are three dimensional
2. Models illustrate the application side of certain principles and laws
3. Models explain the complex and intricate operations in a simplified way
and thus make comprehension easier
4. Models are lasting and ultimately work out to be cheaper teaching aids
5. Still models are easy to make with the help of discarded materials like
empty boxes, pins, clips, nails and clay
6. Models are to reasonable size and convenient to handle
7. Models involve the use of all the five senses and thus make learning
effective.
LIMITATIONS
1. It requires expertise to make
2. Time consuming
3. Some of the models may be very expensive

OBJECTS AND SPECIMENS
DEFINITION: A collection of real things for instructional use refers to objects
A specimen is a sample of the real object or a material
USING OBJECTS AND SPECIMENS
 While using the specimen and objects as teaching aids, a teacher must keep
the following points in mind
 Plan your teaching with certain simple and direct observations of the object
or specimen being referred to
 Ask questions from the students to elicit more details of the features of the
object or specimen under observation
 Provide review and practice to make learning permanent
SOURCES OF OBJECTS AND SPECIMENS
 Local markets.
 Manufacturers and factories.
 Discarded material from the houses.
 Specimen found in the nature can be collected by student from field trips
and nature hunt.
 Plasters casts can be purchased.
 Wild flowers, leave shells, stones, butterflies’ moths, insects can also
procure.

Mounting the objects and specimens: Objects and specimens should be
mounted in shallow boxes in an artistic way and the boxes should cover with
cellophane paper. Also label each other or specimen using self-adhesive paper
Advantages of objects and specimens:
1. Collection of objects and specimens by students requires interaction with
others leading to development of social skills and values
2. Students when collect and display the objects and specimens derive
satisfaction of contributing the school and teacher something worthwhile.
3. Student’s power of observation and first-hand experiences are enhanced by
collection of objects and specimens
4. Student’s personal collection of objects and specimens can be good source
of doing investigatory projects
5. Collection of objects and specimens become an interesting educational
pursuit of the teacher and student alike
6. It arouses some interest among students in learning
7. Objects and specimens involve all the five senses in the process of learning.
8. It heightens the reality in the class room
9. It makes teaching lively

EXHIBITIONS
Many times, in the school, a department of the school or a class put up their work
for showing it the people outside the school and such a show called exhibitions.
The pieces of work done by the students for an exhibition are exhibits.
REQUISITES OF EXHIBITION
 The exhibition should have a central theme with a few sub themes to focus
attention to a particular concept
 The exhibits should be clean and labelled properly
 The concepts of contrast in colour and size should be used for lying out the
exhibitions
 The place and exhibits should be well lighted
 The exhibits should be so placed so the most visitors can see them
 To capture attention and interest to visitors, both motion and sound should
be utilized
 The exhibition should have some exhibits with operative mechanism such
as switches, handles to be operated by the visitors to observe some
happenings.
 The exhibition should include lot of demonstrations as they involve deeply
the students and the visitors
 The exhibition should be able to relate various subjects’ areas to provide
integrated learning.
ADVANTAGES:
1. Exhibitions inspire the student to learn by doing things themselves and they
get a sense of involvement
2. Exhibitions give students a sense of accomplishment and achievement
3. Exhibitions develop social skills of communication, cooperation and
coordination
4. Exhibitions foster better school community relations and make community
5. Exhibitions couple information with pleasure
6. Exhibitions foster creativity among students

DISADVANTAGES:
1. Requires thorough preparation
2. Time consuming
3. Require funds or budget

MUSEUMS
DEFINITION: A museum is a building displaying a collection of historical
relics, antiques, curiosities, works of arts, works of science, literature and other
artifacts of general interest.
Museums can be useful both public education and specific class room instructions
SETTING UP SCHOOL MUSEUM
 School should have enough space
 Take the help of students, collect old and objects and articles
 Accept donations from various organizations who donates the articles
 Students can be guided to prepare the exhibits
 All the collected and prepared articles should be displayed and labelled.
 A detailed report should be maintained giving a brief description of each
museum pieces
 The museum rooms should be well lighted
 It should be cleaned and maintained timely

DIORAMAS
DEFINITION: A diorama is a three-dimensional arrangement of related objects,
models and cut outs to illustrate a central theme or concept
The objects and models are generally placed in a box or show case with a glass
covering and background printed with a shade or a scene.
Eg: A harvest scene, a planting scene etc.
MAKING A DIORAMA
Scene portions Segments Helpful hints
Ground work
Irregular surface
Earth effect
Snow effect
Water effect
Plaster of Paris, card board
pieces can be used
Sand and sifted soil on glue
Plaster of Paris or cotton wool
Paraffin wax coloured with oil
paint
Dwelling
Exterior
Frame work
Absorbent color paper or
handmade paper to work as
thatch for huts
Gravel on glue to work as rocks
Accessories
Grass shrubs
Trees, leaves
Green coloured saw dust, small
dried plants, coloured wood
shavings
Twigs with suitable branches,
crepe paper cut like leaves and
use
Figures
Armature
Mould
Clothing
Use four twisted aluminium
wires
Use plastic clay or water clay
Use leftover bits of cloth or old
rags

ADVANTAGES:
1. Provide a good opportunity to learn
2. It gives the appearance of actual things which cannot be brought to the
class room
3. Interesting and enhance creativity
4. Live things also can show in diorama
5. Ex: Aquarium
6. Provides students to do project works
DISADVANTAGES:
1. Needs expatriation for the preparation
2. Require budget
3. Sometimes it may misguide the student if is not the replica of actual thing

MOCKUP
It emphasizes the functional relationship between the device reality and its
workability. Certain element of the original reality is emphasized to make it more
meaningful for the purpose of instruction.
Eg: An article kidney to demonstrate dialysis
MOULAGE
Mould can be made up of plastic material to stimulate some life in objects.
Eg: Body which shows evidence of trauma, infection, disease, surgical
intervention

PUPPETS
One of the old and popular arts in the Indian villages is puppetry. Puppetry is an
education cum entertaining aid in which puppets manipulated by the performer is
a person is termed as a character in a story to be depicted.
DEFINITION: A puppet is a manipulative doll dressed as a character and the
performer is a person termed as a puppeteer. A good puppeteer has to blend his
art with dramatization to produce the desired effect. It is used as an effective
teaching aid for languages and social sciences
TYPES OF PUPPETS
TYPE DESCRIPTION
String or marionettes puppets
It consists of puppets with hinged body. Parts are
controlled by nine strings produce required
movements in the puppet. These are mainly done
by the qualified puppeteers
Stick puppets
Stick puppets are the painted card board cut outs
attached by sticks. The action these puppets are
maintained by the teacher and students by hiding
behind a screen so that only puppets are visible to
the audience.
Shadow puppets
These are silhouettes of card board which produce
shadows on a white screen. The motion of these
silhouettes is manipulated by the teacher and
student
Finger or hand puppets
Hand puppets are round balls painted as heads with
overflowing colourful costumes. These are worn
on fingers which operate their movements. These
are operated from below the stages.

SELECTION
In writing or selecting a puppet play, the age, background and the tastes of the
students should be taken in to consideration. A short puppet play is always
preferable.
ADVANTAGES:
1. Creates interest
2. Gives the knowledge in a brief period
3. Effective method in teaching
4. Motivates students
5. Easy to carry and operate
DISADVANTAGES:
1. Needs group cooperation, coordination.
2. Required skills in preparation and supply
3. Skills needed in presentation

PRINTED AIDS
PAMPHLETS
A pamphlet is an unbound booklet, it consist of single sheet of paper that is
printed on both sides and folded in half in thirds (or) forth
AREAS OF USE
 Political protest and political complaining
 May contain information on kitchen appliances, medical information
HISTORY
 Pamphlet came into middle English 1387
 Word derived from Greek (Pamphilus) means “loved by all”
UNIQUE CHARECTERISTICS
 Inexpensive and proliferative in today society, they cover the broad range
of subjects
SELECTION CRIERIA
 Pamphlets material should be based on fact
 Choose a variety of viewpoints on controversial topics
 Consider whether the pamphlet is necessary
 Avoid anonymous pamphlets
 Choose a pamphlet on current topic of interest

ADVANTAGES
 Pamphlet provide source of information
 They can supplement area not covered by tool collection
 It give concise information on topic
 Easy to gather at meetings & institutions, accessible
DISADVANTAGES
 Difficult to shelve because they are unbound,
 There are few centralized sources for pamphlet acquisition
 information on the organization of pamphlets has largely been ignored
 Another problem with pamphlet is that they are easily stolen

LEAFLETS
 Leaflet is an un fold sheet, it is also called a hand bill which may contain
some brief content with or without few pictures on it
 These are useful for quick & brief review, they can be mounted on a
bulletin board or given to hands as hand bill
HANDOUTS
Handouts are printed material that are distributed to students before the
presentation

USES
 Directly related to the lesson content
 As a reading list
 As a permanent source of reference
 As an information sheet/proforma.
PREPERATION
 Handouts should be never repetitious of the material provided in the
textbook
 Necessary information should be typed neatly and concisely
INSTRUCTIONS
 Decide on the type of handouts
 Record only those items which are directly relevant to the subject of the
lesson
 Recognize the key words and emphasize them in the handouts by
underlying them,
 Use simple and clear language
 Draw graphs, write point wise, wherever possible
 Give title and subtitle
 Use colours appropriately

ADMINISTRATION OF AV AIDS
GUIDELINES FOR EFFECTIVE USE OF AUDIOVISUAL AIDS
The key to using graphics and visual aids effectively requires using
them so that they make the maximum impact. The principles of using
audio-visual aids are as follows
 Begin the presentation with no aids, as presenters want their
audience to be listening to them, not looking at props, specimens
or other visual aids.
 Present the aid at the appropriate point in the presentation and
then remove it immediately.
 Present the aid, give audience a few seconds to comprehend it and
then comment on the aid.
 Use a pointer, such as a laser pointer, to focus the audience on the
part of the graphic that is being discussed by the presenter.
 Be sure to speak slowly and deliberately as the presenter; explain
or use a graphic to avoid confusing the audience.
 In addition, remember to talk to the audience maintaining eye
contact with them, not only to the visual aid.
 When using slides, tell the audience what they will see, show
them the slide, give them time to digest what they are seeing, then
comment on the slide.
 Turn off the projector lamp between slides.

 Do not begin talking about another topic while a slide, depicting
a past topic, is still showing.
 Remember people cannot see and listen at the same time.
 Text size: Projected text should be large enough to be read by all
Viewers (even the people
 The end of the room). Ideally, the following text size must be
followed:
 Headline text: 36-44 points
 Subtext: 34-36 points
 Second-level text: 24-28 points
 28-24 points is a minimum for most situations.
Font style
 Regarding the font style, the following guidelines must be
followed:
 Use simple bold running styles of written text content.
 Use only standardized font styles, such as Arial font, which are
easily readable.
 Do not use only capital text, they are difficult to read; use both
upper- and lower-case text.

Images
 Use images to supplement text content, which improves
understanding.
 Use images for emphasizing the specific points of the
presentation.
 Do not use an image or illustration to fill the space.
 Do not use irrelevant pictures or images with text. Those will
rather distract the learner.
 Animation:
 It is good to use animation in presentations but keep the
animations simple and effective.
 Other miscellaneous principles
 The instructional programme should be organized and
administered such that the audio-visual
 Material functions as an integral part of the educational
programme.
 The audio-visual education programme should be organized and
administered in such a way
 that the programme is centralized with a specialized direction and
leadership.
 The audio-visual education programme should be flexible. In
addition to those education communication media which are

available through purchase, rental or loan, opportunities should
be provided which encourage the teacher to personalize their
instruction through the preparation of their own instructional
materials where feasible.
 An advisory committee should be appointed to assist in the
selection and coordination of audio-visual materials.
 Audio-visual materials should be available as and when they are
needed if they are to be utilized effectively as an integral part of
the curriculum.
 They eliminate frequent duplication of materials.
 Pooling of equipment makes for more frequent and better use of
equipment.
 They are readily available and accessible to the entire
instructional staff.
 They provide for space for adequate preparation or production of
audio-visual materials.
 Provision should be made for helping the instructors to acquire
skills in the use of audio-visual materials.
 Budget appropriation should be made regularly for the audio-
visual education programme.
 Evaluation of the audio-visual education programme should be
made at regular intervals.

 Evaluation of the function and the use of each audio-visual aid
should be done continuously.
 Legal aspects should be considered in the production and the
utilization of educational communication media.
 Additional presenter tips: A presenter may follow the following
tips to make presentation more successful:
 Arrive early for the presentation so that the presenter can feel
psychologically comfortable and ready.
 Check out the equipment, lights and set-up so that the
presentation may proceed smoothly later.
 Get oriented to rooms, lighting and audio-visual aid for effective
operation during needs.
 Brush up on giving your presentation to feel comfortable
 Give yourself time to feel prepared and confident before the
presentation.

AV2.pdf

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to AV2.pdf

Similar to AV2.pdf (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

AV2.pdf