here is some information about autophagy, how it happend, when it happend and it's mechanism.
and some information about it's effect on cancer and some disorders.
here is some information about autophagy, how it happend, when it happend and it's mechanism.
and some information about it's effect on cancer and some disorders.
This presentation impart a knowledge about Histamine,receptor,and antagonist.
Recent advances also mentioned like H3 & H4 receptors role in cognitive impairment etc.
ZNF or Zinc Finger proteins
A zinc finger is a small protein structural motif that is characterized by the coordination of one or more zinc ions (Zn2+) in order to stabilize the fold.
MAPK Signaling pathway (Mitogen-activated protein kinase), how the pathway helps in regulation of mitosis, It's activation and inactivation inside the cell, roles of MAPK pathway in cancerous cell, different classes of MAP kinase in human
Quantitative estimation of protein Likhith KLIKHITHK1
Proteins are polypeptide structures consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues. They carry out a wide variety of organism functions, including DNA replication, transporting molecules, catalyzing metabolic reactions, and providing structural support to cells. A protein can be identified based on each level of its structure. Every protein at least contains a primary, secondary, and tertiary structure. Only some proteins have a quaternary structure as well. The primary structure is comprised of a linear chain of amino acids. The secondary structure contains regions of amino acid chains that are stabilized by hydrogen bonds from the polypeptide backbone. These hydrogen bonds create alpha-helix and beta-pleated sheets of the secondary structure. The three-dimensional shape of a protein, its tertiary structure, is determined by the interactions of side chains from the polypeptide backbone. The quaternary structure also influences the three-dimensional shape of the protein and is formed through the side-chain interactions between two or more polypeptides. Each protein at least contains a primary, secondary, and tertiary structure. Only some proteins have a quaternary structure as well.
Accurate protein quantitation is essential to protein studies in a multitude of research topics. A wide array of different methods have been developed to quantitate both complex mixtures of proteins as well as a single type of protein.
Total protein quantitation methods comprise traditional methods such as the measurement of UV absorbance at 280 nm, Bicinchoninic acid (BCA) and Bradford assays, as well as alternative methods like Lowry or novel assays developed by commercial suppliers, which often provide a well-designed, convenient kit for each type of the assay. Individual protein quantitation methods include enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), western blot analysis, and more recently, mass spectrometry, among others. Accurate protein quantitation is essential to all experiments related to proteins studies in a multitude of research topics. Different wide array of different methods have been developed to quantitate both complex mixtures of proteins in a given assay for total protein content and as well as for a single type of protein.
This presentation impart a knowledge about Histamine,receptor,and antagonist.
Recent advances also mentioned like H3 & H4 receptors role in cognitive impairment etc.
ZNF or Zinc Finger proteins
A zinc finger is a small protein structural motif that is characterized by the coordination of one or more zinc ions (Zn2+) in order to stabilize the fold.
MAPK Signaling pathway (Mitogen-activated protein kinase), how the pathway helps in regulation of mitosis, It's activation and inactivation inside the cell, roles of MAPK pathway in cancerous cell, different classes of MAP kinase in human
Quantitative estimation of protein Likhith KLIKHITHK1
Proteins are polypeptide structures consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues. They carry out a wide variety of organism functions, including DNA replication, transporting molecules, catalyzing metabolic reactions, and providing structural support to cells. A protein can be identified based on each level of its structure. Every protein at least contains a primary, secondary, and tertiary structure. Only some proteins have a quaternary structure as well. The primary structure is comprised of a linear chain of amino acids. The secondary structure contains regions of amino acid chains that are stabilized by hydrogen bonds from the polypeptide backbone. These hydrogen bonds create alpha-helix and beta-pleated sheets of the secondary structure. The three-dimensional shape of a protein, its tertiary structure, is determined by the interactions of side chains from the polypeptide backbone. The quaternary structure also influences the three-dimensional shape of the protein and is formed through the side-chain interactions between two or more polypeptides. Each protein at least contains a primary, secondary, and tertiary structure. Only some proteins have a quaternary structure as well.
Accurate protein quantitation is essential to protein studies in a multitude of research topics. A wide array of different methods have been developed to quantitate both complex mixtures of proteins as well as a single type of protein.
Total protein quantitation methods comprise traditional methods such as the measurement of UV absorbance at 280 nm, Bicinchoninic acid (BCA) and Bradford assays, as well as alternative methods like Lowry or novel assays developed by commercial suppliers, which often provide a well-designed, convenient kit for each type of the assay. Individual protein quantitation methods include enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), western blot analysis, and more recently, mass spectrometry, among others. Accurate protein quantitation is essential to all experiments related to proteins studies in a multitude of research topics. Different wide array of different methods have been developed to quantitate both complex mixtures of proteins in a given assay for total protein content and as well as for a single type of protein.
Autophagy Lecture from HNO Skill Development Centrerandzee7
Autophagy is the natural, conserved degradation of the cell that removes unnecessary or dysfunctional components through a lysosome-dependent regulated mechanism. It allows the orderly degradation and recycling of cellular components. Although initially characterized as a primordial degradation pathway induced to protect against starvation, it has become increasingly clear that autophagy also plays a major role in the homeostasis of non-starved cells. Defects in autophagy have been linked to various human diseases, including neurodegeneration and cancer, and interest in modulating autophagy as a potential treatment for these diseases has grown rapidly.
Membrane proteins are proteins that interact with, or are part of, biological membranes. They include integral membrane proteins that are permanently anchored to the membrane and peripheral membrane proteins which are only temporarily attached to the lipid bilayer or to integral proteins.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
3. Introduction
Definition:
Auto means self, phage means eating
Autophagy is a normal physiological process in the body that deals
with the destruction of cell in the body. It maintains homeostasis or normal
functioning by protein degradation turnover of the destroyed cell organelles
for new cell formation
During cellular stress the process of autophagy is upscaled and increased
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4. Introduction
Autophagy is a self-degradative process that is important for balancing sources
of energy at critical times in development and in response to nutrient stress.
The liver is rich in lysosomes and possesses high levels of metabolic-stress-
induced autophagy.
Autophagy regulated by concentrations of hormones and amino acids.
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5. History
First time observed by Keith R. Porter and his student Thomas Ashford at the
Rockefeller Institute in 1962 soon after the discovery of lysosomes in rat liver.
They called this autolysis after Christian de Duve and Alex B. Novikoff.
A new era of autophagy research began in 1990s when several groups of
scientists independently discovered autophagy-related genes using the budding
yeast.
6426 article were published about it from 2007 until 2012
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6. Mechanism
Different stages of autophagic process
1) Induction of autophagy and phagophore formation
2) Autophagophore elongation and formation
3) Fusion, degradation and recycling
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8. PAVAN R 8
Induction and phagophore formation
The molecular mechanism of autophagy involves several conserved Atg
(autophagy-related) proteins. Various stimuli, such as nutrient starvation, lead
to the formation of the phagophore, a step that involves two protein
complexes:
• A complex that contains the class III PI3K/Vps34, Atg6/Beclin1, Atg14 and
Vps15/p150.73.
• A complex that includes the serine/threonine kinase Atg1/ULK1, an
essential positive regulator of autophagosome formation
9. PAVAN R 9
Autophagosome elongation and formation
The elongation of the phagophore results in the formation of an
autophagosome, which is typically a double-membraned organelle.
This step is a simple sequestration, and no degradation occurs.
LC3B-II is found on both the inner and the outer surfaces of the
autophagosome.
During autophagy, the synthesis and processing of LC3 is increased and it is
used as a marker to monitor levels of autophagy in cells.
10. PAVAN R 10
Fusion, degradation and recycling
Completely formed autophagosome are fused with the lysosomes in the cell.
Autophagosome-lysosome fusion is mediated by the same machinery that is
involved in homotypic vacuole membrane fusion.
The degradation of the vesicular cargo is dependent on a series of
lysosomal/vacuolar acid hydrolases.
The resulting small molecules from the degradation, particularly amino acids,
are transported back to the cytosol for protein synthesis and maintenance of
cellular functions
13. MicroAutophagy
Microautophagy involves the direct engulfment of cytoplasmic cargo into the
lysosome through invagination of the lysosomal membrane.
Microautophagy is important in the maintenance of organellar size
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14. Microautophagy
1)Non-selective microautophagy
a)Membrane invagination and autophagic tubes formation
b)Vesicle formation
c)Vesicle expansion and scission
d)Vesicle degradation and recycling
2)Selective microautophagy
a) micropexophagy,
b)piecemeal microautophagy
c)micromitophagy
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15. Macroautophagy
Macroautophagy is a process in which cells form double-membrane vesicles,
called autophagosomes, around a portion of cytoplasm.
These autophagosomes ultimately fuse with lysosomes, resulting in degradation
of their contents.
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17. Chaperone-mediated autophagy
Chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) refers to the chaperone-dependent
selection of soluble cytosolic proteins that are then targeted to lysosomes and
directly translocated across the lysosome membrane for degradation.
The unique features of this type of autophagy are the selectivity on the proteins
that are degraded by this pathway and the direct shuttling of these proteins
across the lysosomal membrane without the requirement for the formation of
additional vesicles
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19. Some regulators
Bcl2
Reactive oxygen species (ROS)
Calcium
AMP-activated protein kinase
BNIP3
DRAM
Calpain
FADD
IP3
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20. Reference
Glick D, Barth S, Macleod KF (2010). Autophagy: cellular and molecular mechanisms. J. Pathol.
221(1), 3-12
He C, Baba M, Cao Y, Klionsky DJ (2008). Self-interaction is critical for Atg9 transport and
function at the phagophore assembly site duting autophagy. Mol. Biol. Cell., 19(12), 5506-5516
He C & Klionsky DJ (2010). Analyzing autophagy in zebrafish. Autophagy, 6(5), 642-644
Kaur J & Debnath J (2015). Autophagy at the crossroads of catabolism and anabolism. Nat. Rev.
Mol. Cell Biol., 16(8), 461-472
Levine B & Kroemer G (2008). Autophagy in the pathogenesis of disease. Cell, 11(132), 27-42
Mizushima N (2007). Autophagy: process and function. Genes Dev., 21(22), 2861-2873.
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