This paper aimed to design and fabricate an automated drilling
machine based on PLC to produce holes (8mm depth) in the
center of a cubic work pieces (3 cm ×2 cm × 3cm). The drilling
machining process proposed for a cycle of drilling. The cycle
process is start when the start switch is pressed; the linear motor
is put in place the drilling head in home position, and rotate the
rotary disk to bring the first work pieces to desired position.
Meanwhile, the drilling process is running after the inductive
sensor in the (desired position) sense the object. Then the process
will stop automatically when made the hole and went back to the
home position, after that the rotary disk start to rotate quarter
cycle to carry the drilled object out the table during the lower
rotary disk. The PLC used to perform these operations, by
reading data from sensors and actuate the DC motors. At the end
of this project, the result shows that the designed system was
able to run the drilling process autonomously for three object per
minute based on the desired sequence
This paper presents final year project prototype with the use of programmable logic controller in automation industry for packaging process. The main idea of the project is to design and fabricate a small and simple conveyor belt system, and automate the process for packaging small cubic pieces (2 × 1.4 × 1) cm3 of wood into small paper box (3 × 2 × 3) cm3. Inductive sensor and photoelectric sensor were used to provide the information to the controller. Electrical DC motors used as output actuators for the system to move the conveyor belts after get the orders from the control system. Programmable logic controller Mitsubishi FX2n-32MT was used to control and automate the system by ladder logic diagram software. The experimental result of the prototype was able to fully automate the packaging system. This results show that the machine were done to package 21 boxes in one minute. In addition, the results obtained show that the system able to decreases product time, and increase product rate as compared with traditional manual system
Automatic convey or System with In–Process Sorting Mechanism using PLC and HM...IJERA Editor
Programmable logic controllers are widely used in many manufacturing process like machinery packaging
material handling automatic assembly. These are special type of microprocessor based controller used for any
application that needs any kind of electrical controller including lighting controller and HVAC control system.
Automatic conveyor system is a computerized control method of controlling and managing the sorting
mechanism at the same time maintaining the efficiency of the industry & quality of the products.HMI for
automatic conveyor system is considered the primary way of controlling each operation. Text displays are
available as well as graphical touch screens. It is used in touch panels and local monitoring of machines. This
paper deals with the efficient use of PLC in automatic conveyor system and also building the accuracy in it.
To impart knowledge about the elements, techniques and sensors involved in mechatronics systems which are very much essential to understand the emerging field of automation.
This paper presents final year project prototype with the use of programmable logic controller in automation industry for packaging process. The main idea of the project is to design and fabricate a small and simple conveyor belt system, and automate the process for packaging small cubic pieces (2 × 1.4 × 1) cm3 of wood into small paper box (3 × 2 × 3) cm3. Inductive sensor and photoelectric sensor were used to provide the information to the controller. Electrical DC motors used as output actuators for the system to move the conveyor belts after get the orders from the control system. Programmable logic controller Mitsubishi FX2n-32MT was used to control and automate the system by ladder logic diagram software. The experimental result of the prototype was able to fully automate the packaging system. This results show that the machine were done to package 21 boxes in one minute. In addition, the results obtained show that the system able to decreases product time, and increase product rate as compared with traditional manual system
Automatic convey or System with In–Process Sorting Mechanism using PLC and HM...IJERA Editor
Programmable logic controllers are widely used in many manufacturing process like machinery packaging
material handling automatic assembly. These are special type of microprocessor based controller used for any
application that needs any kind of electrical controller including lighting controller and HVAC control system.
Automatic conveyor system is a computerized control method of controlling and managing the sorting
mechanism at the same time maintaining the efficiency of the industry & quality of the products.HMI for
automatic conveyor system is considered the primary way of controlling each operation. Text displays are
available as well as graphical touch screens. It is used in touch panels and local monitoring of machines. This
paper deals with the efficient use of PLC in automatic conveyor system and also building the accuracy in it.
To impart knowledge about the elements, techniques and sensors involved in mechatronics systems which are very much essential to understand the emerging field of automation.
Introduction to Mechatronics, Sensors and Transducerstaruian
Introduction: Definition, Multidisciplinary Scenario, Evolution of Mechatronics, Design of Mechatronics system, Objectives, advantages and disadvantages of Mechatronics
Transducers and sensors: Definition and classification of transducers, Difference between transducer and sensor, Definition and classification of sensors, Principle of working and applications of light sensors, proximity switches and Hall Effect sensors.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Presentation for unit V in Mechatronics excluding case study. Stepper motor, servo motor, design procedure, Traditional and Mechatronic design approach
Parameter controlling of boiler in power plants using fuzzy logic controllereSAT Journals
Abstract Boilers are used industrially both for electric power generation and for supplying process stream in thermal power plants and its control is very important in many field applications. In some situation conventional PID control technique is being used for control purpose. These conventional controllers are not well suitable for some unusual conditions like load disturbances. Fuzzy logic control technique is being used to overcome these problems. A closed loop control system incorporating fuzzy logic has been developed for a class of industrial control systems. A unique fuzzy logic controller (FLC) structured with an efficient realization and a small rule base that can be easily implemented in existing industrial controllers. Fuzzy logic control system is much closer to human thinking and natural language than traditional control systems. This paper describes a fuzzy control technique and its implementation in boiler controls. Here a PIC microcontroller is being used where fuzzy control algorithm is implemented. Keywords: Fuzzy logic control, fuzzy logic controller, boiler controls, PIC microcontroller
This paper presents final year project prototype with the use of programmable logic controller in automation industry for packaging process. The main idea of the project is to design and fabricate a small and simple conveyor belt system, and automate the process for packaging small cubic pieces (2 × 1.4 × 1) cm3 of wood into small paper box (3 × 2 × 3) cm3. Inductive sensor and photoelectric sensor were used to provide the information to the controller. Electrical DC motors used as output actuators for the system to move the conveyor belts after get the orders from the control system. Programmable logic controller Mitsubishi FX2n-32MT was used to control and automate the system by ladder logic diagram software. The experimental result of the prototype was able to fully automate the packaging system. This results show that the machine were done to package 21 boxes in one minute. In addition, the results obtained show that the system able to decreases product time, and increase product rate as compared with traditional manual system.
PLC based Segregation of Scrap MaterialIJERA Editor
This paper describe segregation of scrap materials using automation system. With the growing population rate, the amount of waste being produced is also increasing at a very faster rate. It is also posing a very serious problem at the industrial and domestic level to manage the wastes being dumped everywhere as landfill waste. So, it is very crucial to have some system to manage waste automatically which is currently not there. Prime Minister Modi’s mission of Swaccha Bharat Abhiyan can also be successfully implemented by the proposed system. The paper proposes a novel method where the provision is given to separate out metal and nonmetal waste into respective bins by the sensing of different sensors incorporated along the conveyor belt. Pieces of glass, paper, wood and metallic materials are separated out from proposed work. Using the segregation, most of the metal and nonmetal components like paper, glass, plastic increases the economic value of the waste to its best. For every scrap separation system, a higher level of automation demands more and more accurate programming device. So, we are using programmable logic controller (PLC) as main component
Introduction to Mechatronics, Sensors and Transducerstaruian
Introduction: Definition, Multidisciplinary Scenario, Evolution of Mechatronics, Design of Mechatronics system, Objectives, advantages and disadvantages of Mechatronics
Transducers and sensors: Definition and classification of transducers, Difference between transducer and sensor, Definition and classification of sensors, Principle of working and applications of light sensors, proximity switches and Hall Effect sensors.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Presentation for unit V in Mechatronics excluding case study. Stepper motor, servo motor, design procedure, Traditional and Mechatronic design approach
Parameter controlling of boiler in power plants using fuzzy logic controllereSAT Journals
Abstract Boilers are used industrially both for electric power generation and for supplying process stream in thermal power plants and its control is very important in many field applications. In some situation conventional PID control technique is being used for control purpose. These conventional controllers are not well suitable for some unusual conditions like load disturbances. Fuzzy logic control technique is being used to overcome these problems. A closed loop control system incorporating fuzzy logic has been developed for a class of industrial control systems. A unique fuzzy logic controller (FLC) structured with an efficient realization and a small rule base that can be easily implemented in existing industrial controllers. Fuzzy logic control system is much closer to human thinking and natural language than traditional control systems. This paper describes a fuzzy control technique and its implementation in boiler controls. Here a PIC microcontroller is being used where fuzzy control algorithm is implemented. Keywords: Fuzzy logic control, fuzzy logic controller, boiler controls, PIC microcontroller
This paper presents final year project prototype with the use of programmable logic controller in automation industry for packaging process. The main idea of the project is to design and fabricate a small and simple conveyor belt system, and automate the process for packaging small cubic pieces (2 × 1.4 × 1) cm3 of wood into small paper box (3 × 2 × 3) cm3. Inductive sensor and photoelectric sensor were used to provide the information to the controller. Electrical DC motors used as output actuators for the system to move the conveyor belts after get the orders from the control system. Programmable logic controller Mitsubishi FX2n-32MT was used to control and automate the system by ladder logic diagram software. The experimental result of the prototype was able to fully automate the packaging system. This results show that the machine were done to package 21 boxes in one minute. In addition, the results obtained show that the system able to decreases product time, and increase product rate as compared with traditional manual system.
PLC based Segregation of Scrap MaterialIJERA Editor
This paper describe segregation of scrap materials using automation system. With the growing population rate, the amount of waste being produced is also increasing at a very faster rate. It is also posing a very serious problem at the industrial and domestic level to manage the wastes being dumped everywhere as landfill waste. So, it is very crucial to have some system to manage waste automatically which is currently not there. Prime Minister Modi’s mission of Swaccha Bharat Abhiyan can also be successfully implemented by the proposed system. The paper proposes a novel method where the provision is given to separate out metal and nonmetal waste into respective bins by the sensing of different sensors incorporated along the conveyor belt. Pieces of glass, paper, wood and metallic materials are separated out from proposed work. Using the segregation, most of the metal and nonmetal components like paper, glass, plastic increases the economic value of the waste to its best. For every scrap separation system, a higher level of automation demands more and more accurate programming device. So, we are using programmable logic controller (PLC) as main component
Design and operation of synchronized robotic armeSAT Journals
Abstract The paper manuscript deals with the designing and implementation of Synchronized Robotic Arm, which is used to perform all the basic activities like picking up objects and placing them. In this paper, a robotic arm is designed, synchronized with the working arm and would perform the task as the working arm does. The work done by the robotic arm would be highly precise, as a digital servo motor is used. A servo motor of 230 oz-inch is used in the project, but motors with more capacity can also be used as according to the desired work. This robotic arm can also be used for precision works. For instance some work has to be done very precisely but the conditions do not suit human beings. In such conditions, this robotic arm can be used remotely and the task can be accomplished. The programming is done on ATMEGA-8 Microcontroller using Arduino programming. The potentiometers are also used to detect the angle of rotation and the signals are then sent to the microcontroller. In today’s world, this Robotic arm has turned out very benevolent. Besides Robotics and Automation, these kinds of arms have applications in other fields also. Keywords –Arduino, ATMEGA-8, IC, Potentiometers, Servo Motors
Design and implementation of robot control system for multistory buildingsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The advancement of technology, make robots have more attention from researchers to make life of mankind comfortable. This paper deals with the design of an itemized control system prepared for window cleaning/maintenance of towers and multistory buildings which can be aided to simulating human activities. These activities (washing, coating, wiping, climbing, and maintenance events) normally achieved by specialized personal. The designed control system was prepared to guide the units of the required job to move freely along the outside surface of a window with a fairly enough area and mediate time for achieving the desired goal. The system design is implemented using Arduino kit, due to facilities in program and control of cleaning windows through infer the stepper motor movement and rotation. The controller has been achieved as real time system (30 msec.), it is done throw control of three stepper motor by taken in consideration the speed of the motors (π/3000 rad/sec) and the time can be adjustable within the cleaning area that the device covering it.
Design and development of touch screen controlled stairs climbing roboteSAT Journals
Abstract This paper presents a method of developing a stairs climbing robot with self balancing chair mounted on the top of the robot. It is one of the major task in the field of Mechatronics require a mechanical arrangement and electronics based control of the actuators using wireless technology. In most of the mechanism it is hard to maintain the slope position of the seat while carrying some goods on it, so taking in action all these condition the robot is to design and develop [1] which will climb on the stairs and adjust themselves as per environmental condition. Keywords:- Accelerometer, CC2500, Touch Screen, Microcontroller, Relays
A Novel Design of Phone Curvet Protection MechanismIRJESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:- Smartphones are habitually used by common people for performing various tasks needed for their livelihood. These phones are so fragile that care has to be taken while handling them. Handling these phones can be tricky and occasionally they may fall damaging the phone. This paper aims to suggest a feasible method of freefall protection system for existing smartphones. The various sensors and components required for the design and development of the system are enlisted and elucidated. The interfacing of the microprocessor with other sensors is well briefed. The functioning of the system is explicated with the aid of block diagrams.
Developing an Auto Sizing System for Vertical Honing Machinepaperpublications3
Abstract:Honing is an internal cutting technique that uses abrasives on a rotating tool to produce extremely accurate holes that require a very smooth finish. Similar to lapping where abrasive sticks are mounted in a rotating tool. Auto sizing means inspecting the dimension of work piece while machining itself. It avoids unnecessary time and manpower used in inspection process. It helps in getting high productivity.In this project work, an attempt has been made to build an autosizing system using pressure cell and microcontroller. An experiment has been conducted by using two stage air compressor, air gauge, ADC, microcontroller, honing head etc., to study the variations of pressure, voltage verses clearance of work piece and depth micrometer.
Keywords:Honing head, Pressure cell, 8051 Microcontroller.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Developing an Auto Sizing System for Vertical Honing Machinepaperpublications3
Abstract:Honing is an internal cutting technique that uses abrasives on a rotating tool to produce extremely accurate holes that require a very smooth finish. Similar to lapping where abrasive sticks are mounted in a rotating tool. Auto sizing means inspecting the dimension of work piece while machining itself. It avoids unnecessary time and manpower used in inspection process. It helps in getting high productivity.In this project work, an attempt has been made to build an autosizing system using pressure cell and microcontroller. An experiment has been conducted by using two stage air compressor, air gauge, ADC, microcontroller, honing head etc., to study the variations of pressure, voltage verses clearance of work piece and depth micrometer.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Pile Foundation by Venkatesh Taduvai (Sub Geotechnical Engineering II)-conver...
Automatic drilling machine using plc ijiset
1. IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 2 Issue 3, March 2015.
www.ijiset.com
ISSN 2348 – 7968
520
Automated Drilling Machine Based on PLC
Yousef M. Abueejela1
, A. Albagul2
, Ibrahim A. Mansour3
and Obida M. Abdallah4
1,2,3,4
Control Engineering, College of Electronic Technology,
Bani Walid, Bani Walid 38645, Libya
yousef.yaqa@gmail.com
Abstract
This paper aimed to design and fabricate an automated drilling
machine based on PLC to produce holes (8mm depth) in the
center of a cubic work pieces (3 cm ×2 cm × 3cm). The drilling
machining process proposed for a cycle of drilling. The cycle
process is start when the start switch is pressed; the linear motor
is put in place the drilling head in home position, and rotate the
rotary disk to bring the first work pieces to desired position.
Meanwhile, the drilling process is running after the inductive
sensor in the (desired position) sense the object. Then the process
will stop automatically when made the hole and went back to the
home position, after that the rotary disk start to rotate quarter
cycle to carry the drilled object out the table during the lower
rotary disk. The PLC used to perform these operations, by
reading data from sensors and actuate the DC motors. At the end
of this project, the result shows that the designed system was
able to run the drilling process autonomously for three object per
minute based on the desired sequence.
Keywords: Drilling Machine, Automated, PLC, Switches,
Inductive Sensor, Limit Switches.
1. Introduction
The drilling process is an important process in industries
because it is used to made holes into or through metal,
wood, or other materials. Drilling machines use a drilling
tool that has cutting edges at its point. This cutting tool is
held in the drill machine by a chuck (quill) taper and is
rotated and fed into the work pieces at constant speeds.
Drilling machines may be used to perform other
operations. They can perform countersinking, boring,
counter boring, spot facing, reaming, and tapping, drilling
machine is the most common machining process in
industries. Control engineering is one of the aspects,
which have been given a great deal by many researchers.
It became to a great concerns in many areas such as
industry, agriculture, medicine, education and
infrastructure. Automatic control system have emerged as
an integrated part in telecommunication, electricity, and
other application. This project is devoted to the use of
control system in drilling system; the control system will
play a major role in control on all parts of the project as
shown in Figure 1.
Initially, when start switch (toggle switch) is pressed,
the linear motor is moving up until reach the home
position. Then the rotary disk starts to bring the work
piece until it reaches a certain position, which is felt by the
inductive sensor, after that the linear motor is work down
and then after a certain time starts drilling motor to drill
the work piece to a certain depth and finally disposed of
the work piece and bring another.
Fig. 1 Drilling System Prototype.
2. System Components and Hardware
Structure
The automated drilling machine system consists of four
important stages as shown in Figure 2. These stages are:
The first stage consists the sensors and switches (input
devices) those feed the controller by some information
about the machine situations.
The second stage is the controller, which is the brain of
the system, which get information from sensors and
take the decision before send the orders to the output
devices by actuators.
The third stage is the actuators and indicators of the
drilling machine (output devices), which get orders
from the controller.
The fourth stage is the mechanical structure and design
of drilling machine process.
2. IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 2 Issue 3, March 2015.
www.ijiset.com
ISSN 2348 – 7968
521
Fig. 2 Automated Drilling Machine System
2.1Sensors
Sensors are very important devices in industrial control
system, which translate a physical phenomenon into an
acceptable signal that can be analyzed. They can be used
during pre-process, in-process and post-process
operations. Sensors also can be divided into two types:
• Contact type.
• Non-contact type such as proximity sensors [2, 3].
2.1.1 Proximity Sensor
Proximity sensor is electronic device, non-contact type
used to detect an absence or presence an object. Proximity
sensors come of two types, inductive proximity sensor and
capacitive proximity sensor.
Inductive proximity sensor are able to detect and sense
nearby metallic objects without any physical contact
within range 1-7 mm. Otherwise, capacitive sensor are
used to detect metallic and non-metallic objects without
direct contact [3, 7].
2.1.1.1 Inductive Proximity Sensors
Inductive sensors use currents induced by magnetic
fields to detect nearby metal objects. All of inductive
sensors consists of four basic elements; the oscillator,
which produces the electromagnetic field, the coil, which
generates the magnetic field, the detection circuit, which
detects changes in the field when an object enters it and
the output circuit which produces the output signal [4].
The sensor was installed during the lower rotary disk in
order to sense the object when reach the desired position
as shown in Figure 3.
Fig. 3 Inductive Sensor Setup on the Project
In the prototype, the inductive sensor installed in the
lower disk, inside a hole in order to sense the work piece
before the operation start. The lower and upper disk
thickness is 2cm, and the diameter of each 25.4cm. with
gap between the upper and lower disk about (1cm).
2.2 Switches
Switches are electrical or electronic contact devices
used to turn (ON) or (OFF) the flow of electricity through
a circuit. Switches are essential components in almost all
the electronic devices used today. Switches require
another device or action (Force) to change their state from
open to close or close to open. Switches might operate
manually or mechanically.
• Manually Operated referred to types operated by hand,
which the operator must do an action, in order to start,
stop or reverse the state. Manually switches such as
(toggle and pushbutton switches).
• Mechanically Operated referred to switches those
controlled automatically (Mechanically) by factors such
as pressure, position, flow, or temperature. These
include (limit switch, inductive limit switch) [5, 6].
2.2.1 Limit Switch
The limit switch is one of the main of switches used in
automatic control. The limit switch has a set of connecting
points. In the event these points are collided with
anything, their positions will be changed .when the
situation of the connecting points is changed, the limit
switch operates or intercepts the running load (such as an
engine) or issues an alert and etc. The limit switch as
shown in the Figure 4.
Fig. 4 Limit Switch Used
2.2.1.1. Position of Limit Switch in Project
As shown below in Figure 5, two limit switches are
installed in the project, named X1, X2 on the vertical rod.
The upper limit switch (X1) is used to put the system at
home position and start drilling cycle by run the rotary
disk to bring the object to the desired position. The lower
limit switch (X2) is used to:
Stop the motion down of linear motor.
Drill (8mm) inside the object.
Move the linear motor up to home position.
Inductive Sensor
Position
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Rotate the rotary disk quarter cycle to push out the
finished object.
Fig. 5 Limit Switches Setup on the Project
2.2.2 Toggle Switch
A manually operated switch is on that is controlled by
hand. A single pole single throw toggle switch connects or
disconnects one terminal either to or from another. It is the
simplest switches. Figure 6 below is an example of
manually switches used in the project.
Fig. 6 Project Toggle Switch
2.3 Actuators
Actuation defines as the result of a direct physical
action on the process, such as drilling a work piece or
rotate the object from side to another side by rotating the
upper rotary disk.
2.3.1 DC Motor
DC motors have been used in industrial applications for
years. Coupled with a DC drive, DC motors provide very
precise control. DC motors can be used with conveyors,
elevators, extruders, marine applications, material
handling, paper, plastics, rubber, steel, and textile
applications. In this prototype project, we used three DC
motors for different movement as shown in Figure 7.
Rotary DC motor to rotate the upper rotary disk.
Rotary DC motor to rotate the spindle to drill the object.
Linear DC motor to move up and down the vertical rod,
which handle the drilling head [1, 8].
Fig. 7 DC Motors with Rotor and Linear Actuator.
2.4 Relays
Relays are simple switches operated both electrically
and mechanically . Relays consists of an electromagnet
and set of contacts .There are also other operating
principles for its working which differ according to their
applications, Figure 8 shows type of electro-mecanical
relays used in the project [1].
Fig. 8 Type of Relays.
2.5 Indicators
Indicators are used to monitor the operation or
condition and the telecommunication and electrical circuit
for indicator signal, accident signal, fault signal and other
indicator signals.
In our project as shown in Figure 9,we have chosen three
types of indicators in order to monitor different operations,
this indicators are:
Green indicator: To show that, system working state.
Read indicator: To indicate drilling motor operation.
Yalow indicator: To indicate rotary disk operation.
Fig. 9 Indicators.
Linear Motion
Rotary
Motion
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2.6 Mechanical Structure and Design
The project table dimension is 40cm × 40cm × 50cm
(length x width x height). On This table, a window DC
motor mounted to rotate the rotary disk, and DC linear
motor holding the drilling head and quill with spindle as
shown in Figure 7 and Figure 10.
The drilling head: Is the mechanism used to revolve the
cutting tool (spindle) by DC motor.
Quill: house of the spindle.
Spindle: round shaft holds cutting tool.
Fig. 10 Mechanical Strictures of the project
2.6.1 Fixed and Rotary Disk
The project consist of two circular disk rotary and fixed as
shown in Figure 11.
Fixed disk: Its dimension 25.4 cm diameter and 2 cm
thickness, with square hole 4cm x 3cm used to drop
the finished work piece, this disk is mounted over the
rotary DC motor during small hole.
Rotary disk: Its dimension 25.4 with two square hole
3cm x 2cm.this upper disk is mounted with the DC
motor. The square holes were used to bring work
pieces to the position and drop finished work pieces
with lower disk.
Fig. 11 Fixed and Rotary Disk
3. System Wiring and Implementation
Figure 12 shows the connection of each part that has
been used in this project, these parts are:
Toggle switch: Tow wires in this switch connected to the
PLC one of these wire connected to the 24V DC, the
other wire connected to the input of the PLC (X0).
Upper limit switch: Tow wires in this switch connected
to the PLC one of these wire connected to the 24V DC,
the other wire connected to the input of the PLC (X1).
Lower limit switch: Tow wires in this switch connected
to the PLC one of these wire connected to the 24V DC,
the other wire connected to the input of the PLC (X2).
Inductive sensor: Three wires in this sensor connected
to the PLC tow wire is to feed the sensor, first wire
connected to the 24V DC, the second wire connected to
the 0V, the other wire connected to the input of the PLC
(X3).
Linear dc motor: Since the motor is 30V DC and the
PLC is 24V DC, the 24V DC mechanical rely is used,
we are used tow mechanical rely to reverse the direction
of rotation of the motor, connected the NO of tow relies
to gather and NC to gather. The motor was connected to
the output of the PLC (Y1) for up motor and PLC (Y2)
for down motor.
Drill motor: since the motor is 5V DC and the PLC is
24V DC, the 24V DC mechanical rely is used. The
motor is connected to the output of the PLC (Y4).
Rotary motor: since the motor is 2.1V DC and the PLC
is 24V DC, the 24V DC mechanical rely is used. The
motor is connected to the output of the PLC (Y3).
Fig. 12 Drilling System Wiring Diagram.
3.1 Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC)
Technical specifications of PLC Mitsubishi FX2n-
32MT on the Table 1 [8].
Table 1: Technical Specifications of Mitsubishi PLC
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4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Tasks of the drilling system component are:
Toggle switch: is main switch to start up the system and
turn off the system.
Mechanical rely: is used to appropriate between the
motors and PLC.
Linear motor: is used to move up and down the drill head.
Drill motor: is used to rotor the spindle to drilling the
work pieces.
Rotor motor: is used to rotor the upper disk for bring
work pieces.
Inductive sensor: is used to detect the presence of the
sample at the desired position.
Indicators: are used to light different colors to show
system states.
Limit switches: are used to stop the linear motor upper
and down motion.
The prototype of the automated drilling system was
built by combining the mechanical design and electrical
design as shown in Figure 1 above.
Initially, when the toggle switch is pressed ON, the green
indicator is turn (ON) to show system running, the DC
linear motor is moving up to put in place the drilling
motor( Drilling Head) in home position, at the upper limit
switch (X1) as shown in the Figure 13.
Fig. 13 System Starting.
As the work pieces reach the desired position (over the
proximity sensor) the rotor disk stop rotating, and yellow
indicators turn OFF, after that the second stage start
running by moving down DC linear motor, and for certain
time about 7 seconds the drilling motor turn 0N till the
work pieces drilled about (8mm). with this operation the
read indicator turns ON, see Figure 14.
Fig. 14 Drilling Operation.
System start drilling the work piece until the lower limit
switch activate, then the system stop drilling and the up
linear DC motor activate to put the drill head at home
position.
Finally, new work piece feeded to empty square hole,
and the rotary uper disk start to rotat quarter cycle to push
out the drilled work piece during the lower disk hole as
show below in Figure 15.
Fig. 15 First Object drilled.
5. Conclusion
In conclusion, the automated drilling machine was
successfully designed and implemented based on PLC
control system. The prototype is done to drill a small hole
in wood work-piece about (8mm) in depth, and perform
drilling for 3 objects per minute, in order to increase the
efficiency of small drilling machines instead human work.
From the results of drilling performance testes, the system
was apple to drill small holes and all the objectives were
done successfully as proposed.
General features
Max .number inputs/outputs 16
Power supply 100-240 VAC
Output type Transistor
Power consumption [W] 30 V A
Weight [Kg] 0.65
Dimensions (WxHxD) [mm] 136x90x87
Finished Work Piece
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ISSN 2348 – 7968
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6. References
[1] A. Albagul, K. Alsharef, M. Saad, Y. Abujeela, "Design and
Fabrication of an Automated Multi-level Car Parking
System", in Manufacturing Engineering, Automatic Control
and Robotics, 2013.
[2] S. K., Robotics, McGraw-Hill, 2008.
[3] D. Shetty and R. Kolk, Mechatronics System Design.India,
2004.
[4] Hugh Jack, Automating Manufacturing system with PLC,
version5.New York, 2007.
[5] Allan R. Hambley, Electrical Engineering Principles and
Applications. Pearson Education Limited, 2013.
[6] Himanshu Mishra, PLC BASICS COURSE , Schneider
Electric. India New Delhi.
[7] S. k. Bhattacharya, Industrial Electronics and
Control,Delhi,2006.
[8] Khalid. A.alsudany, multi-level car parking system, College
of Electronic Technology, Bani Walid, Libya, B.Sc. project,
2012.
Yousef M. Abueejela was born in Baniwalid in 1979, received B. E &
M. E degrees in Control Engineering & Mechatronics and Automation
systems from Tripoli University, Tripoli, Libya & University of Ton
Husen onn, Malaysia, Johor, Malysia, in 2006 and 2009 respectively.
He is a Lecturer in the Department of Control Engineering at College of
Electronic Technology, Bani-walid, Libya. He has many publications
Journals and conferences. His research interest covers Automation
control and Robotics.
Yousef M. Abueejela is a MIEEE, MIEEE Control System Society,
RIEEE Robotic and Automation Society.
A. Albagul was born in Baniwalid in 1968. He received his B.Sc. degree
in electronic engineering (control engineering), The Higher Institute of
Electronics, Baniwalid, Libya, 1989. MSc, in control engineering,
University of Bradford, Bradford, UK, 1993. Ph.D, in electrical and
electronic engineering, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK in 2001.
His research interests are Control Systems, System Dynamics and
Modeling, Smart Sensors and Instrumentation, Robotics and Automation.
He was an Assistant Professor and then Associate Professor at the
Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,
International Islamic University Malaysia from 2001 to 2006. He is
currently a Professor at the Department of Control Engineering, College
of Electronic Technology Baniwalid, Libya.
Prof. Albagul is a MIEEE, MIEEE Control System Society, MIEEE
Robotic and Automation Society, MIEEE Measurement and
Instrumentation Society and Member of Libyan Engineers Society. He
has many publications in refereed international journals and conferences.