ABSTRACT: Agriculture is the backbone of our country. India is an agricultural country where the most of the population depends on agriculture. Research in agriculture is aimed towards increasing productivity and profit. There are several automated systems available in literature, which are developed for irrigation control and environmental monitoring in the field. However, it is essential to monitor the plant growth stage by stage and take decisions accordingly. In addition to monitoring the environmental parameters such as pH, moisture content and temperature, it is inevitable to identify the onset of plant diseases too. It is the key to prevent the losses in yield and quantity of agricultural product. Plant disease identification by continuous visual monitoring is very difficult task to farmers and at the same time it is less accurate and can be done in limited areas. Hence this projects aims at developing an image processing algorithm to identify the diseases in rice plant. Rice blast disease occurring in rice plant is due to magnaporthe grisea and this disease also occurs in wheat, rye, barley, pearl and millet. Due to rice blast disease, 60 million people are affected in 85 countries worldwide. Image processing technique is adopted as it is more accurate. Early disease detection can increase the crop production by inducing proper pesticide usage.
Pest Control in Agricultural Plantations Using Image ProcessingIOSR Journals
Abstract: Monocropped plantations are unique to India and a handful of countries throughout the globe. Essentially, the FOREST approach of growing coffee along with in India has enabled the plantation to fight many outbreaks of pests and diseases. Mono cropped Plantations are under constant threat of pest and disease incidence because it favours the build up of pest population. To cope with these problems, an automatic pest detection algorithm using image processing techniques in MATLAB has been proposed in this paper. Image acquisition devices are used to acquire images of plantations at regular intervals. These images are then subjected to pre-processing, transformation and clustering.
An Exploration on the Identification of Plant Leaf Diseases using Image Proce...Tarun Kumar
From the ancient years, humans and other
social species directly & indirectly dependent on Plants.
Plants play an enormous role in human life by providing
them food for living, wood for houses and other resources
to live life.So, human should take care of plants and
agricultural crops. But apart from the human, various
natural factors are there that are responsible for
destroying the growth of plants like unavailability of
accurate plant resources, deficiency of sunlight, weather
conditions, lack of expert knowledge for the accurate use
of pesticides. The major factor responsible for this
destruction of plant growth is diseases. Early detection
and accurate identification of diseases can control the
spread of infection.In the earlier days, it was not easy to
identify the plant diseases but with the advancements of
digital technology, it becomes easy to identify plant disease
with image processing techniques. In this paper, an
exploration is made on the exiting approaches of plant leaf
disease detection using image processing approach. Also a
discussion is made on the major disease types like fungal,
bacterial and viral diseases. Different authors have
presented the different approaches for the identification of
leaf diseases for the different plant types.
Agriculture is the backbone of human sustenance on this world. Now a days with growing population we need the productivity of the agriculture to be increased a lot to meet the demands. In olden days they used natural methods to increase the productivity, such as using the cow dung as a fertilizer in the fields. That resulted increase in the productivity enough to meet the requirements of the population. But later people started thinking of earning more profits by getting more outcome. So, there came a revolution called “Green Revolution”. In this paper we implemented image processing using MATLAB to detect the weed areas in an image we took from the fields.
Artifial intellegence in Plant diseases detection and diagnosis N.H. Shankar Reddy
in advancement with technology, nowadays plant diseases are detected by using AI, this topic clearly demonstrates various ways of AI in plant disease detection and technologies involved in it.
Pest Control in Agricultural Plantations Using Image ProcessingIOSR Journals
Abstract: Monocropped plantations are unique to India and a handful of countries throughout the globe. Essentially, the FOREST approach of growing coffee along with in India has enabled the plantation to fight many outbreaks of pests and diseases. Mono cropped Plantations are under constant threat of pest and disease incidence because it favours the build up of pest population. To cope with these problems, an automatic pest detection algorithm using image processing techniques in MATLAB has been proposed in this paper. Image acquisition devices are used to acquire images of plantations at regular intervals. These images are then subjected to pre-processing, transformation and clustering.
An Exploration on the Identification of Plant Leaf Diseases using Image Proce...Tarun Kumar
From the ancient years, humans and other
social species directly & indirectly dependent on Plants.
Plants play an enormous role in human life by providing
them food for living, wood for houses and other resources
to live life.So, human should take care of plants and
agricultural crops. But apart from the human, various
natural factors are there that are responsible for
destroying the growth of plants like unavailability of
accurate plant resources, deficiency of sunlight, weather
conditions, lack of expert knowledge for the accurate use
of pesticides. The major factor responsible for this
destruction of plant growth is diseases. Early detection
and accurate identification of diseases can control the
spread of infection.In the earlier days, it was not easy to
identify the plant diseases but with the advancements of
digital technology, it becomes easy to identify plant disease
with image processing techniques. In this paper, an
exploration is made on the exiting approaches of plant leaf
disease detection using image processing approach. Also a
discussion is made on the major disease types like fungal,
bacterial and viral diseases. Different authors have
presented the different approaches for the identification of
leaf diseases for the different plant types.
Agriculture is the backbone of human sustenance on this world. Now a days with growing population we need the productivity of the agriculture to be increased a lot to meet the demands. In olden days they used natural methods to increase the productivity, such as using the cow dung as a fertilizer in the fields. That resulted increase in the productivity enough to meet the requirements of the population. But later people started thinking of earning more profits by getting more outcome. So, there came a revolution called “Green Revolution”. In this paper we implemented image processing using MATLAB to detect the weed areas in an image we took from the fields.
Artifial intellegence in Plant diseases detection and diagnosis N.H. Shankar Reddy
in advancement with technology, nowadays plant diseases are detected by using AI, this topic clearly demonstrates various ways of AI in plant disease detection and technologies involved in it.
Plant disease detection using machine learning algorithm-1.pptxRummanHajira
Plant disease detection and classification using machine learning algorithm - It gives you a glance of introduction on why do we have to detect and classify the diseases along with the IEEE papers as a reference to the titled project
With so much of our lives computerized, it is vitally important that machines and humans can understand one another and pass information back and forth. Mostly computers have things their way we have to & talk to them through relatively crude devices such as keyboards and mice so they can figure out what we want them to do. However, when it comes to processing more human kinds of information, like an old-fashioned printed book or a letter scribbled with a fountain pen, computers have to work much harder. That is where optical character recognition (OCR) comes in. Here we process the image, where we apply various pre-processing techniques like desk wing, binarization etc. and algorithms like Tesseract to recognize the characters and give us the final document. T.Gnana Prakash | K. Anusha"Text Extraction from Image using Python" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-6 , October 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2501.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/simulation/2501/text-extraction-from-image-using-python/tgnana-prakash
Object detection is a computer technology related to computer vision and image processing that deals with detecting instances of semantic objects of a certain class (such as humans, buildings, or cars) in digital images and videos.
A Small Helping Hand from me to my Engineering collegues and my other friends in need of Object Detection
How artificial intelligence revolutionising agriculture industry in 2021 li...kalyanit6
Great Artificial Intelligence can diversify your company in a competitive market. As the world becomes increasingly digital, investing in an AI developer can help your business stand out from the rest.
: It is an End to End deep learning project to classify
disease in plants .I have built a web application in this project that can take a
picture of the plant and tell the farmer if the plant has a disease or not.
Abstract:
With an everyday increase in the number of cars on our roads and highways, we are facing numerous problems, for example:
• Smuggling of cars
• Invalid license plates
• Identification of stolen cars
• Usage of cars in terrorist attacks/illegal activities
In order to address the above issues, we took up the project of developing a prototype, which can perform license plate recognition (LPR). This project, as the name signifies, deals with reading, storing and comparing the license plate numbers retrieved from snapshots of cars to ensure safety in the country and ultimately help to reduce unauthorized vehicles access and crime.
License Plate Recognition (LPR) has been a practical technique in the past decades. It is one of the most important applications for Computer Vision, Patter Recognition and Image Processing in the field of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS).
Generally, the LPR system is divided into three steps, license plate locating, license plate character segmentation and license plate recognition. This project discusses a complete license plate recognition system with special emphasis on the Localization Module.In this study, the proposed algorithm is based on extraction of plate region using morphological operations and shape detection algorithms. Segmentation of plate made use of horizontal and vertical smearing and line detection algorithms. Lastly, template matching algorithms were used for character recognition.
The implementation of the project was done in the platforms of Matlab and OpenCV.
Application of Machine Learning in AgricultureAman Vasisht
With the growing trend of machine learning, it is needless to say how machine learning can help reap benefits in agriculture. It will be boon for the farmer welfare.
Plant disease detection using machine learning algorithm-1.pptxRummanHajira
Plant disease detection and classification using machine learning algorithm - It gives you a glance of introduction on why do we have to detect and classify the diseases along with the IEEE papers as a reference to the titled project
With so much of our lives computerized, it is vitally important that machines and humans can understand one another and pass information back and forth. Mostly computers have things their way we have to & talk to them through relatively crude devices such as keyboards and mice so they can figure out what we want them to do. However, when it comes to processing more human kinds of information, like an old-fashioned printed book or a letter scribbled with a fountain pen, computers have to work much harder. That is where optical character recognition (OCR) comes in. Here we process the image, where we apply various pre-processing techniques like desk wing, binarization etc. and algorithms like Tesseract to recognize the characters and give us the final document. T.Gnana Prakash | K. Anusha"Text Extraction from Image using Python" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-6 , October 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2501.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/simulation/2501/text-extraction-from-image-using-python/tgnana-prakash
Object detection is a computer technology related to computer vision and image processing that deals with detecting instances of semantic objects of a certain class (such as humans, buildings, or cars) in digital images and videos.
A Small Helping Hand from me to my Engineering collegues and my other friends in need of Object Detection
How artificial intelligence revolutionising agriculture industry in 2021 li...kalyanit6
Great Artificial Intelligence can diversify your company in a competitive market. As the world becomes increasingly digital, investing in an AI developer can help your business stand out from the rest.
: It is an End to End deep learning project to classify
disease in plants .I have built a web application in this project that can take a
picture of the plant and tell the farmer if the plant has a disease or not.
Abstract:
With an everyday increase in the number of cars on our roads and highways, we are facing numerous problems, for example:
• Smuggling of cars
• Invalid license plates
• Identification of stolen cars
• Usage of cars in terrorist attacks/illegal activities
In order to address the above issues, we took up the project of developing a prototype, which can perform license plate recognition (LPR). This project, as the name signifies, deals with reading, storing and comparing the license plate numbers retrieved from snapshots of cars to ensure safety in the country and ultimately help to reduce unauthorized vehicles access and crime.
License Plate Recognition (LPR) has been a practical technique in the past decades. It is one of the most important applications for Computer Vision, Patter Recognition and Image Processing in the field of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS).
Generally, the LPR system is divided into three steps, license plate locating, license plate character segmentation and license plate recognition. This project discusses a complete license plate recognition system with special emphasis on the Localization Module.In this study, the proposed algorithm is based on extraction of plate region using morphological operations and shape detection algorithms. Segmentation of plate made use of horizontal and vertical smearing and line detection algorithms. Lastly, template matching algorithms were used for character recognition.
The implementation of the project was done in the platforms of Matlab and OpenCV.
Application of Machine Learning in AgricultureAman Vasisht
With the growing trend of machine learning, it is needless to say how machine learning can help reap benefits in agriculture. It will be boon for the farmer welfare.
International Journal of Research in Advent Technology (IJRAT),
VOLUME-7 ISSUE-11, NOVEMBER 2019,
ISSN: 2321-9637 (Online),
Published By: MG Aricent Pvt Ltd
A study on real time plant disease diagonsis systemIJARIIT
We aim to develop a real time application to the farmers for managing crop diseases. However, disease detection requires
continuous monitoring of experts which might be prohibitively expensive in large farms area. Automatic detection of plant diseases
is an essential research topic as it may prove benefits in monitoring large fields of crops and thus automatically detect the symptoms
of diseases as soon as they appear on plant leaves. Regarding plant disease diagnosis methodologies to detect diseases on crops,
image processing in disease diagnosis and eAGROBOT was studied. This paper is aiming to all are collectively used and formed
semi real time system for a disease diagnosis which uses image processing and data mining concepts to give pesticide
recommendation and pesticide cost estimation system. Thus the android application makes a good foundation for following effective
characteristic parameters for the disease diagnoses and setting up recommender system. The system is to be designed and developed
using Android studio as front-end software and SQLite as back-end software. The pictures and remedial measures of the diseases
were stored in the database and can be retrieved whenever necessary. The challenge is to make the farmers listen to the crop disease
diagnosis system and to get the advice related to the crop diseases. The constraint here is to develop the expert in local languages so
that farmers can operate the ES by themselves and get expert advice from the system.
Detection of diseases in rice leaf using convolutional neural network with tr...IJECEIAES
Rice is the most cultivated crop in the agricultural field and is a major food source for more than 60% of the population in India. The occurrence of disease in rice leaves, majorly affects the rice quality, production and also the farmers’ income. Nowadays, new variety of diseases in rice leaves are identified and detected periodically throughout the world. Manual monitoring and detection of plant diseases proves to be time consuming for the farmer and also a costly affair for using chemicals in the disease treatment. In this paper, a deep learning method of convolutional neural networks (CNN) with a transfer learning technique is proposed for the detection of a variety of diseases in rice leaves. This method uses the ResNeXt network model for classifying the images of disease-affected plants. The proposed model’s performance is evaluated using accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score and specificity. The experimental results of ResNeXt model measured for accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and specificity, are respectively 99.22%, 92.87%, 91.97%, 90.95%, and 99.05%, which proves greater accuracy improvement than the existing methods of SG2-ADA, YOLOV5, InceptionResNetV2 and Raspberry Pi.
Food is one of the basic needs of human being. Population is increasing day by day. So, it has become important to grow sufficient amount of crops to feed such a huge population. Agricultural intervention in the livelihood of rural India is about 58%. But with the time passing by, plants are being affected with many kinds of diseases, which cause great harm to the agricultural plant productions. It is very difficult to monitor the plant diseases. It requires tremendous amount of work, expertise in the plant diseases, and also require the excessive processing speed and time. Hence, image processing is used for the detection of plant diseases by just capturing the images of the leaves and comparing it with the data sets available. Latest and fostering technologies like Image processing is used to rectify such issues very effectively. In this project, four consecutive stages are used to discover the type of disease. The four stages include pre-processing, leaf segmentation, feature extraction and classification. This paper aims to support and help the farmers in an efficient way.
The technology based modern agriculture industries are today‟s requirement in every part of agriculture in Bangladesh. In this technology, the disease of plants is precisely controlled. Due to the variable atmospheric circumstances these conditions sometimes the farmer doesn‟t know what type of disease on the plant and which type of medicine provide them to avoid diseases. This research developed for crops diseases detection and to provides solution by using image processing techniques. We have used Android Studio to develop the system. The crops diseases detection and solution system is compared the image of affected crops with database of CDDASS (Crops Diseases Detection and Solution system). If CDDASS detect any disease symptom, then provide suggestion so that farmers can take proper decision to provide medicine to the affected crops. The application has developed with user friendly features so that farmers can use it easily.
Predictive Data Mining with Normalized Adaptive Training Method for Neural Ne...IJERDJOURNAL
Abstract:- Predictive data mining is an upcoming and fast-growing field and offers a competitive edge for the benefit of organization. In recent decades, researchers have developed new techniques and intelligent algorithms for predictive data mining. In this research paper, we have proposed a novel training algorithm for optimizing neural networks for prediction purpose and to utilize it for the development of prediction models. Models developed in MATLAB Neural Network Toolbox have been tested for insurance datasets taken from a live data warehouse. A comparative study of the proposed algorithm with other popular first and second order algorithms has been presented to judge the predictive accuracy of the suggested technique. Various graphs have been presented to analyse the convergence behaviour of different algorithms towards point of minimum error.
The development of the Islamic Heritage in Southeast Asia tradition and futur...IJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This research explores the historical development of Islamic architecture in Southeast Asia from the first idea to design a mosque by the Prophet Mohammad until the development at these days with the various purism passages And as developed up these days with the passages of the development of the traditional type to the postmodern, finally to modern Southeast Asia. The Islamic architecture has been developed in six traditional typologies of types of mosques is renowned throughout the world. Southeast Asia mosques are divided into various types according to the regional culture as Arabic type, Turkish type, the Iranian type, the Indian type, the Chinese type and South East Asian type. This research describes the main characteristics of these types. The main purpose of this research is to draw a correlation between the descriptions of the mosques in Malaysia as presented in the traditional typology that contains in its features in main types, relations in common throughout the Islamic world, however, distinguishes itself with the architectural form according to the local tradition.
An Iot Based Smart Manifold Attendance SystemIJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:- Attendance has been an age old procedure employed in different disciplines of educational institutions. While attendance systems have witnessed growth right from manual techniques to biometrics, plight of taking attendance is undeniable. In fingerprint based attendance monitoring, if fingers get roughed / scratched, it leads to misreading. Also for face recognition, students will have to make a queue and each one will have to wait until their face gets recognised. Our proposed system is employing “manifold attendance” that means employing passive attendance, where at a time, the attendance of multiple people can get captured. We have eliminated the need of queue system / paper-pen system of attendance, and just with a single click the attendance is not only captured, but monitored as well, that too without any human intervention. In the proposed system, creation of database and face detection is done by using the concepts of bounding box, whereas for face recognition we employ histogram equalization and matching technique.
A Novel Approach To Detect Trustworthy Nodes Using Audit Based Scheme For WSNIJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: In multi-hop ad hoc networks there exists a problem of identifying and isolating misbehaving nodes which refuses to forward packets. Audit-based Misbehavior Detection (AMD) is a comprehensive system that effectively and efficiently isolates both continuous and selective packet droppers. The AMD system integrates reputation management, trustworthy route discovery, and identification of misbehaving nodes based on behavioral audits. Compared to previous methods, AMD evaluates node behavior on a per-packet basis, without employing energy-expensive overhearing techniques or intensive acknowledgment schemes. Moreover, AMD can detect selective dropping attacks even if end-to-end traffic is encrypted and can be applied to multichannel networks or networks consisting of nodes with directional antennas. This work implements the AMD approach by considering the rushing attack. The analysis of the results confirms that AMD based method with rushing attack performs better as compared to the non rushing attack.
Human Resource Competencies: An Empirical AssessmentIJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Human beings are the essential part of the process. Today, technology and machines are taking over the human resource, as claimed by many people; but technology and machines can never replace human resource entirely. Humans are required for operating and maintaining these machines. Human resource is extremely important for developing or bringing about new and required changes to these machines and technologies. The study of the history and the current Human Resource Management trends points out some important facts
Prospects and Problems of Non-Governmental Organizations in Poverty Alleviati...IJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The World Bank sponsored Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), launched in 1990 envisaged a world free of poverty by the year 2015. The North-East (where Gombe State is centrally located) is experiencing significantly higher poverty and lack of progress in poverty reduction efforts. With coming to end of 2015, much still need to be done to attain the MDGs. With over 62.6% Nigerian population still very poor, there is need for a continuous search for alternative planning & development options that would help ameliorate poverty and sustained our dream for a world free of poverty and wants. This study examines the prospects and investigates the constraints of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in poverty alleviation and community development. Literature review, questionnaire and interview methods were used for the study. The findings revealed that: finance, continuity of projects/programmes, conflicts and insecurity were the major problems confronting the NGOs. An interesting revelation is that majority of the respondents indicated that they wait for the NGOs or Government to initiate poverty alleviation programmes/projects. The implication is that the community dwellers need attitudinal change necessary for self reliance. The prospect of NGOs in poverty alleviation and community development in the study area is very bright due to rapid population growth & increasing poverty levels with the attendant positive effects on urban planning and regional development. The study recommends that NGOs should (1) form an association to enable them work together, and utilize social capital in their operation/services. (2) seek to explore avenues for funding from donor agencies. Finally, the Government needs to address some of its short comings.
Development of Regression Model Using Lasso And Optimisation of Process Param...IJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:- Metal Spinning is a concept of describing the forming of metal into seamless, axisymmetric shapes by a combination of rotational motion and force. Sheet metal spinning is one of the metal forming processes, which a flat metal blank is rotated at a high speed and formed into an axisymmetric part by a roller which gradually forces the blank on to a mandrel, bearing the final shape of the spun part. Over the last few decades, sheet metal spinning has developed significantly and spun products have been used in various industries. Nowadays the process has been expanded to new horizons in industries, since tendency to use minimum tool and equipment costs and also using lower forces with the output of excellent surface quality and good mechanical properties. The automation of the process is of greater importance, due to its wider applications like decorative household‟s goods, rocket nose cones, gas cylinders etc. The objective of the current work is to develop the mathematical model for the spinning process with surface roughness as response and the input parameters as Mandrel speed (rpm), geometry of the Roller and Thickness of sheet (mm). Type of mandrel (EN8 Material) considered in the spinning process has the geometrical profile of parabola and single roller and double roller tools (EN8 Material) are used to deform the Al2024-T3 sheet metal paper aims to understand the process parameters that affect the surface finish of the spun component. Full factorial Design of Experiments technique is used to find the minimum number of experimental trials that are required to develop the regression model. A regression model using Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (Lasso) is developed to further deepen the understanding between the input parameters and the surface roughness. The model was optimised using Sequential Quadratic Programming.
Use of Satellite Data for Feasibility Study And Preliminary Design Project Re...IJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: In the developing countries like India, need of infrastructure is very high as compared to the available resources. The various organizations put their demands to state and center government for sanction of their project, government depends upon its various department to provide an approximate cost so that priorities can be assigned. The conventional procedure depends upon the land surveying, collection of data from various departments resulting in delay in necessary decision making or some time shelving due to unreasonable cost estimate due to field data being very old. Survey of India, The National Survey and Mapping Organization single handily taking this responsibility thus up gradation of data is far behind the actual development. From the satellite data, which is available in the form of images and terrains (even in 3d LiDAR points for some areas) is very useful for Feasibility Study, and Preliminary Project Report. In the present study natural drain named „Chai Nala‟ meanders through the prime property of Greater Mohali Area Development Authority (GMADA) thus making a big chunk of commercial land inoperative. It was proposed to straighten and channelize to reclaim the land from drain regime. Being the precious land department wanted the most economical and technically sound design without taking any risk. It was decided to counter check the hydraulic data, ground profile, acquired from the Punjab Irrigation Department with the satellite data and Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS). The data from the Google Earth was acquired using Cad Earth software and water shed analysis was carried out using Autodesk Civil 3D software. Comparison of results shows that this technique is quite useful and can be for preliminary feasibility and project preparation. Thus saving huge money and time.
Microwave Assisted Sol Gel Synthesis of Magnesium Oxide(Mgo)IJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles have been synthesized by Microwave assisted Sol gel synthesis method by using the precursors citric acid (C2O4H2) and magnesium chloride (Mgcl2.6H2O). It is a simple, novel and cost effective method. The structure, morphology and crystalline phase of the magnesium oxide nanocrystals have been investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD).Presence of functional groups and optical characters are analyzed by using FTIR and UV- visible techniques
Development of Enhanced Frequency Drive for 3-Phase Induction Motors Submitte...IJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Three-phase induction motors produce mechanical power by electromagnetic induction and run on a 3-phase ac supply. They require efficient speed control, to enable them do variable speed operations, save power consumption and reduce machine noise. In this dissertation, a new switching device called MosControlled Thyristor (MCT) for frequency drive is introduced. Based on the new switching device and AT89C52 microcontroller, an enhanced frequency drive for controlling the speed and torque of 3-phase 15kW squirrel cage induction motor is modeled. Different voltages ranging from 342V to 415V and frequencies ranging from 50Hz to 60Hz are used in a systematic manner to simulate the system based on the new switching device. The simulation program is written in C language and tested with Proteus 7.6 simulation software. Voltage and frequency have significant impact on the actual speed and torque of the motor. Simulation results show that with the new model, the torque (56.66Nm) developed by the motor which is constant throughout each speed range is directly proportional to the ratio (6.7:1) of the applied voltage and the frequency of the supply and the selected speeds (1450, 1510, 1570, 1630, 1690 and 1750 rpm) are locked irrespective of change in load. This is unlike other models where magnetic saturation and conduction drop of IGBT lead to voltage/frequency imbalance resulting in excessive drawing of current by the motor and overheating. This new control method has a speed regulation of ±2 to 3% of maximum frequency, speed response of 3Hz, speed control range of 1: 40 and efficiency of 88%, as further advantages. Comparison of the system with other speed control techniques shows improved energy-saving, cost effectiveness and safety in operation. The contributions of this research aim to make Volts per Hertz speed control method based on MCT a reliable better alternative to other well known methods in speed control of three-phase induction motors
Short-Term Load Forecasting Using ARIMA Model For Karnataka State Electrical ...IJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Short-term load forecasting is a key issue for reliable and economic operation of power systems. This paper aims to develop short-term electric load forecasting ARIMA Model for Karnataka Electrical Load pattern based on Stochastic Time Series Analysis. The logical and organised procedures for model development using Autocorrelation Function and Partial Autocorrelation Function make ARIMA Model particularly attractive. The methodology involves Initial Model Development Phase, Parameter Estimation Phase and Forecasting Phase. To confirm the effectiveness, the proposed model is developed and tested using the historical data of Karnataka Electrical Load pattern (2016). The forecasting error of ARIMA Model is computed and results have shown favourable forecasting accuracy.
Optimal Pricing Policy for a Manufacturing Inventory Model with Two Productio...IJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: When a new product is launched, a manufacturer applies the strategy of offering a quantity incentive initially for some time to boost up the demand of the product. The present paper describes a manufacturing inventory model with price sensitive demand enhanced by a quantity incentive. Later on demand becomes time increasing also. Inventory cycle starts with low production rate which is followed by higher production rate when demand is boosted up. Shortages are not allowed in this model. Presentation of numerical examples, tables, graphs and sensitivity analysis describes the model very well. Lastly case without incentive illustrates that usually the quantity incentive offered initially is beneficial.
Analysis of failure behavior of shear connection in push-out specimen by thre...IJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:- This study analyzes the failure mechanism of shear connection by three-dimensional finite element analysis (FEA) of push-out specimens that was practically unaffordable experimentally or by twodimensional FEA. For the analysis of the failure behavior of the compression strut formed in the loaded concrete member, the three-dimensional principal stress space is transformed into two-dimensional space by means of the relation between the hydrostatic stress and the deviatoric stress. The analysis of the stress state in the compression strut revealed that the deviatoric stress increases with larger load particularly in the concrete surrounding the lower part of the shear stud. Accordingly, bearing failure of concrete occurred locally within a limited region in the slab. The steep increase of the deviatoric stress accompanying the increase of the load resulted in the failure of concrete around the lower part of the shear stud, which in turn provoked the deformation and the development of bending moment of the shear stud. Finally, plastic hinge formed in the shear stud leading it to reach its limit state. The proposed finite element model can also be used to model the shear connection of the composite beam and, the proposed stress analysis method can be applied to analyze its composite action behavior.
Discrete Time Batch Arrival Queue with Multiple VacationsIJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:- In this paper we consider a discrete time batch arrival queueing system with multiple vacations. It is assume that the service of customers arrived in the system between a fixed intervals of time after which the service goes on vacations after completion of one service of cycle is taken up at the boundaries of the fixed duration of time. This is the case of late arrival. In case of early arrival i.e. arrival before the start of next cycles of service. If the customer finds the system empty, it is served immediately. We prove the Stochastic decomposition property for queue length and waiting time distribution for both the models.
Regional Rainfall Frequency Analysis By L-Moments Approach For Madina Region,...IJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:- In arid regions, extreme rainfall event frequency predictions are still a challenging problem, because of the rain gauge stations scarcity and the record length limitation, which are usually short to insure reliable quantile estimates. Regional frequency analysis is one of the popular approaches used to compensate the data limitation. In this paper, regional frequency analysis of maximum daily rainfall is investigated for Madinah province in the Western Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). The observed maximum daily rainfall records of 20 rainfall stations are selected from 1968 to 2015. The rainfall data is evaluated using four tests, namely, Discordance test (Di), Homogeneity test (H), Goodness of fit test (Zdist) and L-moment ratios diagram (LMRD). The Di of L-moments shows that all the sites belong to one group (Di <3.0).><1). Finally, the Zdist is used to evaluate five probability distribution functions (PDFs) including generalized logistic (GLO), generalized extreme value (GEV), generalized normal (GNO), generalized Pareto (GPA), and Pearson Type III (PE3). Zdist and LMRD both showed that PE3 distribution is the best among the other PDFs. The regional parameters of the candidate PDF are computed using L-moments approach and accordingly the regional dimensionless growth curve is developed. The results enhance the accuracy of extreme rainfall prediction at-sites and also they can be used for ungauged catchment in the region.
Implementing Oracle Utility-Meter Data Management For Power ConsumptionIJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: In this digital mobile world, it‟s need of time to streamline and increase efficiency in business processes like effective data collection, measurement, automatic validation, editing and estimation of measurement data, analysis and dashboard for forecasting and ease in end user accessibility with Just in Time. This paper is following two methodology in this process. CEMLI is an extensive framework for developing and implementing for Oracle whereas OUM is business process and use case driven process which supports products, tool, technologies and documentation. This paper have focused on analytical data, system automation functionality along with prototype designing. For this, analysts and administrators will collect and define calculation rule for data collection and measurement, deployment methods, dashboards and security features. This paper gives measure understanding of cloud technologies and their features like services (SaaS), deployment methods, security and ability to reduce overhead cost, downtime, and automate business processes with 360 degree review and analysis. It consolidates data in one system with volumes of analog and interval data which facilitates new customer with offering and effective program. Also it maximizes return on investments and protects revenue through comprehensive exception management.
Business Intelligence - A Gift for Decision Maker for the Effective Decision ...IJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Business Intelligence is a socio-technical concept emerged to help managers especially in their decision making tasks. A manager with different decision making styles has been started to make use of business intelligence in their own ways. Are the all managers taking benefits of Business intelligence in the same way? Does Business intelligence give each category what they want in the decision making process? If the answer to these questions is – No, then what is the expectation of managers from BI having different decision making style? Will BI could satisfy their needs? If yes, then how? By using well-formed theory in different styles of decision making and taking BI capabilities into consideration this paper highlights the framework which defines appropriate BI capabilities with each decision making style. Study shows in order to serve each style of decision in which BI capabilities changes with respect to style. It is believed that by making BI customized based on decision making styles; BI would be the much more successful in serving all the categories of managers
Effect of Water And Ethyl Alcohol Mixed Solvent System on the Stability of Be...IJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The stabilities of ternary complexes of metal ions (copper, nickel, zinc and cobalt) with betahydroxy ketone(BHK) derivatives and benzotriazole(BTAZ) derivatives in various mixed solvent systems (Water+Ethyl Alcohol) medium in 0.1 M KNO3 ionic strength at 250C using pH metric titration method have been established. The data reveal that the copper forms more stable complexes, which is followed by zinc and Ni complexes with these ligands. Cobalt form less stable complexes with these ligands. The stabilities of these complexes are further quantified with Δ log K values, intra-molecular equilibrium constants and percentage of stacking interaction in the ternary systems. The observed positive Δ log K values suggest that the flexible side chain alkyl moiety (ethyl group, butyl group) or aromatic moiety (phenyl group) in BHK ligand overlaps with the fixed aromatic moiety of BTAZ ligand in the ternary complex, which results in the enhanced stabilities for the (BHK-Alk)-Metal(II)-BTAZ and (BHK-Ph)-Metal(II)-BTAZ systems. Interestingly, the positive Δ log K values for both BHK-Alk and BHK-Ph ligands in their corresponding ternary complexes are about the same. This suggests the flexible Alkyl or phenyl side chain of BHK is overlapping with the triazole ring, but not the phenoxy ring of the BTAZ ligand.
Design of Synthesizable Asynchronous FIFO And Implementation on FPGAIJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This paper presents a design of asynchronous FIFO which, along with the regular status signals, consists of some extra status signals for more user-friendly design and added safety. Gray code pointers are used in the design. For synchronisation purpose, two synchroniser modules are used which contain two D-flip-flops each. The design is implemented and synthesised at register transfer level (RTL) using Verilog HDL. Simulation and implementation is done using Xilinx ISE Design Suite. Further, the design is implemented on Basys 2 Spartan-3E FPGA Board. Asynchronous FIFO is used to carry out steady data transmission at high speeds between two asynchronous clock domains.
Prospect and Challenges of Renewable Energy Resources Exploration, Exploitati...IJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This paper enumerates the status and challenges of exploration, exploitation and development of renewable energy resources and its roles in sustainable development in Africa. A brief review of energy and renewable energy resources in Africa was succinctly done. The concept of sustainable development as it borders on the Renewable Energy Technologies and their roles were also discussed. The challenges facing the acceptance, deployment and promotion of Renewable Energy Technologies in Africa were also highlighted. The barriers were classified as; policy, regulation and institutional; information and technical capacity and financial. Recommendations were made towards solving problems peculiar to exploration, exploitation and development of Renewable Energy in entirety in Africa.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Automated Crop Inspection and Pest Control Using Image Processing
1. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN: 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com
Volume 13, Issue 3 (March 2017), PP.25-35
25
Automated Crop Inspection and Pest Control Using Image
Processing
J.Mahalakshmi1, Pg Student, G.Shanthakumari2,
1
sri Sairam Engineering College,Chennai, India.
2
Asst Professor, Department Of Ece, Sri Sairam Engineering College, Chennai, India.
ABSTRACT: Agriculture is the backbone of our country. India is an agricultural country where the most of
the population depends on agriculture. Research in agriculture is aimed towards increasing productivity and
profit. There are several automated systems available in literature, which are developed for irrigation control and
environmental monitoring in the field. However, it is essential to monitor the plant growth stage by stage and
take decisions accordingly. In addition to monitoring the environmental parameters such as pH, moisture
content and temperature, it is inevitable to identify the onset of plant diseases too. It is the key to prevent the
losses in yield and quantity of agricultural product. Plant disease identification by continuous visual monitoring
is very difficult task to farmers and at the same time it is less accurate and can be done in limited areas. Hence
this projects aims at developing an image processing algorithm to identify the diseases in rice plant. Rice blast
disease occurring in rice plant is due to magnaporthe grisea and this disease also occurs in wheat, rye, barley,
pearl and millet. Due to rice blast disease, 60 million people are affected in 85 countries worldwide. Image
processing technique is adopted as it is more accurate. Early disease detection can increase the crop production
by inducing proper pesticide usage.
I. INTRODUCTION
Hardware prototype of the proposed system will be developed by using Arm processor. The
agricultural sector plays an important role in economic development by providing rural employment.
Management of paddy plant from early stage to nature harvest state increases the yield. Paddy is one of the
nation’s most important products as it is considered as to be one of India stable food and cereal crops and
because of that, many efforts have taken to ensure its safety, one of them is monitoring of paddy plant. Paddy
plants are affected by various fungi. This work focus on recognizing paddy plant disease namely rice blast
disease. The proper detection and recognizing of the disease is very important for applying fertilizer. There will
be a decline in the production, if the diseases are not recognized at early stage. The main goal of this work is to
build up an image recognition system that identifies the paddy plant diseases affecting the cultivation of paddy.
The system also monitors the environmental parameters. The paddy leaf image is given as input image. To
reduce correlated colour information, convert RGB image to gray scale. Morphological process consists of
erosion, dilation, opening and closing operation. Apply morphological opening operation on a gray scale paddy
leaf image to reduce the small noise. Morphological closing operation is used to smooth the leaf structure and to
fuse the narrow breaks.
From the process, it leads to thresholding calculation. In this image segmentation is done here. After this
process, the infected region of the paddy leaf is found.
There are four main steps used for the detection of plant leaf diseases:
1) RGB image acquisition.
2) Convert the input image into gray scale
3) Segment the component
4) Obtain the useful segment
In Image Processing, whose goal is to investigate the history of an image using passive approaches, has
emerged as a possible way to solve the above crisis. The basic idea underlying Image Processing is that most, if
not all, image processing tools leave some (usually imperceptible) traces into the processed image, and hence
the presence of these traces can be investigated in order to understand whether the image has undergone some
kind of processing or not. In the last years many algorithms for detecting different kinds of traces have been
proposed which usually extract a set of features from the image and use them to classify the content as exposing
the trace or not. Computerized analysis of medical images is gaining importance day by day, as it often produces
higher sensitivity irrespective of experience of the analyst. For this reason various image analysis techniques are
used for automatic detection of various diseases in Paddy. Various methods have been developed for detection
2. Automated Crop Inspection And Pest Control Using Image Processing
26
of exudates. These include thresholding and edge detection based techniques, FCM based approach, gray level
variation based approach, multilayer perception based approach. Two principal research paths evolve under the
name of Digital Image Processing. The first one includes methods that attempt at answering question, was the
image captured by the device it is claimed to be acquired with? By performing some kind of ballistic analysis to
identify the device that captured the image or at least to determine which devices did not capture it.
The history of a digital image can be represented as a composition of several steps, collected into three
main phases: acquisition, coding, and editing. These methods will be collected in the following under the
common name of image source device identification techniques. The second group of methods aims instead at
exposing traces of semantic manipulation (i.e. forgeries) by studying inconsistencies in natural image statistics.
Digital image processing allows one to enhance image features of interest while attenuating detail
irrelevant to a given application, and then extract useful information about the scene from the enhanced image.
This introduction is a practical guide to the challenges, and the hardware and algorithms used to meet them.
Images are produced by a variety of physical devices.Such processing is called image enhancement; processing
by an observer to extract information is called image analysis. Enhancement and analysis are distinguished by
their output, images Vs scene information, and by the challenges faced and methods employed. Image
enhancement has been done by chemical, optical, and electronic means, while analysis has been done mostly by
humans and electronically. Digital image processing is a subset of the electronic domain wherein the image is
converted to an array of small integers called pixels, representing a physical quantity such as scene radiance
stored in a digital memory, and processed by computer or other digital hardware. Digital image processing,
either as enhancement for human observers or performing autonomous analysis, offers advantages in cost,
speed, and flexibility, and with the rapidly falling price and rising performance of personal computers it has
become the dominant method in use
Fig 1. Block Diagram
Paddy: A paddy field is a flooded parcel of arable land used for rowing semiaquatic rice. Paddy
cultivation should not be confused with cultivation of deep water rice, which is grown in flooded conditions
with water more than 50 cm (20 in) deep for at least a month. Genetic evidence shows that all forms of paddy
rice, both indica and japonica, spring from a domestication of the wild rice Oryza rufipogon that first occurred
8,200– 13,500 years ago South of the Yangtze River in present-day China.
However, the domesticated indica subspecies currently appears to be a product of the introgression of
favorable alleles from japonica at a later date, so that there are possibly several events of cultivation and
domestication. Paddy fields are the typical feature of rice farming in east, southand southeast Asia. Fields can be
built into steep hillsides as terraces and adjacent to depressed or steeply sloped features such as rivers or
marshes. They can require a great deal of labor and materials to create, and need large quantities of water for
irrigation. Oxen and water buffalo, adapted for life in wetlands, are important working animals used extensively
in paddy field farming.
During the 20th century, paddy-field farming became the dominant form of growing rice. Hill tribes of
Thailand still cultivate dry-soil varieties called upland rice. Paddy field farming is practiced in Cambodia,
Bangladesh, China, Taiwan, India, Indonesia, Iran, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Malaysia, Myanmar,
Nepal, Pakistan, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam, and Laos, Northern Italy, the Camargue in
France, the Artibonite Valley in Haiti, and Sacramento Valley in California. Paddy fields are a major source of
atmospheric methane and have been estimated to contribute in the range of 50 to 100 million tonnes of the gas
per annum. Studies have shown that this can be significantly reduced while also boosting crop yield by draining
the paddies to allow the soil to aerate to interrupt methane production, Studies have also shown the variability in
assessment of methane emission using local, regional and global factors and calling for better inventorisation
based on micro level data.
3. Automated Crop Inspection And Pest Control Using Image Processing
27
Table 1 Types of Diseases
Nursery diseases Main field diseases
Blast –PyriculariaBrown spot –
grisea(P.oryzae) Helminthosporium oryzae
Bacterial Leaf Blight –Sheath Rot- Sarocladium
Xanthomonas oryzaoryzae
pv.oryzae
Rice tungro disease –Sheath Blight –
Rice tungroRhizoctonia Solani
virus(RTSV, RTBV)
False Smut –
Ustilaginoidea virens
Grain discolouration –
fungal complex
Leaf streak –
Xanthomonas oryzae
pv.oryzicola
Grayscale Process
In photography and computing, a grayscale or grayscale digital image is an image in which the value of
each pixel is a single sample, that is, it carries only intensity information. Images of this sort, also known as
black-and-white, are composed exclusively of shades of gray, varying from black at the weakest intensity to
white at the strongest. Grayscale images are distinct from one-bit bi-tonal black-and-white images, which in the
context of computer imaging are images with only the two colours, black, and white (also called bi-level or
binary images). Grayscale images have many shades of gray in between.
Grayscale images are often the result of measuring the intensity of light at each pixel in a single band
of the electromagnetic spectrum (e.g. infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, etc.), and in such cases they are
monochromatic proper when only a given frequency is captured. But also they can be synthesized from a full
colour image; see the section about converting to grayscale. The intensity of a pixel is expressed within a given
range between a minimum and a maximum, inclusive. This range is represented in an abstract way as a range
from 0 (total absence, black) and 1 (total presence, white), with any fractional values in between. This notation
is used in academic papers, but this does not define what "black" or "white" is in terms of colorimetric.
Another convention is to employ percentages, so the scale is then from 0% to 100%. This is used for a
more intuitive approach, but if only integer values are used, the range encompasses a total of only 101
intensities, which are insufficient to represent a broad gradient of gray. Also, the percentile notation is used in
printing to denote how much ink is employed in half toning, but then the scale is reversed, being 0% the paper
white (no ink) and 100% a solid black (full ink). In computing, although the grayscale can be computed through
rational numbers, image pixels are stored in binary, quantized form. Some early grayscale monitors can only
show up to sixteen (4-bit) different shades, but today grayscale images (as photographs) intended for visual
display (both on screen and printed) are commonly stored with 8 bits per sampled pixel, which allows 256
different intensities (i.e., shades of gray) to be recorded, typically on a non-linear scale. Technical uses (e.g. in
medical imaging or remote sensing applications) often require more levels, to make full use of the sensor
accuracy (typically 10 or 12 bits per sample) and to guard against round off errors in computations. The TIFF
and the PNG (among other) image file formats support 16-bit grayscale natively, although browsers and many
imaging programs tend to ignore the low order 8 bits of each pixel. No matter what pixel depth is used, the
binary representations assume that 0 is black and the maximum value (255 at 8 sbpp, 65,535 at 16 bpp, etc.) is
white, if not otherwise noted.Conversion of a color image to grayscale is not unique; different weighting of the
color channels effectively represent the effect of shooting black-and-
white film with different-colored photographic filters on the cameras.
I = rgb2gray(RGB)
new map = rgb2gray(map)
I = rgb2gray (RGB) converts the truecolor image RGB to the grayscale intensity image I. The rgb2gray
function converts RGB images to grayscale by eliminating the hue and saturation information while retaining
the luminance. If you have Parallel Computing Toolbox installed, rgb2gray can perform this conversion on a
GPU. Newmap = rgb2gray(map) returns a grayscale colormap equivalent to map
A common strategy is to use the principles of photometry or, more broadly colorimetry to match the
luminance of the grayscale image to the luminance of the original color image. This also ensures that both
4. Automated Crop Inspection And Pest Control Using Image Processing
28
images will have the same absolute luminance, as can be measured in its SI units of candelas per square meter,
in any given area of the image, given equal whitepoints. In addition, matching luminance provides matching
perceptual lightness measures, such as L*
(as in the 1976 CIE Lab color space) which is determined by the
luminance Y (as in the CIE 1931 XYZ color space).
To convert a color from a colorspace based on an RGB color model to a grayscale representation of its
luminance, weighted sums must be calculated in a linear RGB space, that is, after the gamma compression
function has been removed first via gamma expansion.
For the sRGB color space, gamma expansion is defined as,
Where Csrgb represents any of the three gamma-compressed sRGB primaries (Rsrgb,
Gsrgb, and Bsrgb, each in range [0,1]) and Clinear is the corresponding linear-intensity value (R, G, and B, also in
range [0,1]).
Then, luminance is calculated as a weighted sum of the three linear-intensity values. The sRGB color space is
defined in terms of the CIE 1931 linear luminance Y, which is given by,
.
The coefficients represent the measured intensity perception of typical trichromat humans, depending
on the primaries being used; in particular, human vision is most sensitive to green and least sensitive to blue. To
encode grayscale intensity in linear RGB, each of the three primaries can be set to equal the calculated linear
luminance Y (replacing R, G,B by Y,Y,Y to get this linear grayscale). Linear luminance typically needs to be
gamma compressed to get back to a conventional non-linear representation.
For sRGB, each of its three primaries is then set to the same gamma-compressed
Ysrgb given by the inverse of the gamma expansion above as,
Web browsers and other software that recognizes sRGB images will typically produce the same
rendering for a such a grayscale image as it would for an sRGB image having the same values in all three color
channels.
Fig 2. Gray scale image
II. Morphological
Transformations
Morphology is a technique of image processing based on shape and form of objects. Morphological
methods apply a structuring element to an input image, creating an output image at the same size. The value of
5. Automated Crop Inspection And Pest Control Using Image Processing
29
each pixel in the input image is based on a comparison of the corresponding pixel in the input image with its
neighbours. By choosing the size and shape of the neighbour, you can construct a morphological operation that
is sensitive to specific shapes in the input image.
Morphological operations such as erosion, dilation, opening, and closing. Often combinations of these
operations are used to perform morphological image analysis. There are many useful operators defined in
mathematical morphology. They are dilation, erosion, opening and closing. Morphological operations apply
structuring elements to an input image, creating an output image of the same size. Irrespective of the size of the
structuring element, the origin is located at its centre. Morphological opening is ( )( ) B f x m g and
Morphological closing is,
Where m a homothetic parameter, size is m means a square of (2m +1)´(2m +1) pixels. B is the structuring
element of size 3 × 3 (here m = 1).
Dilation is a transformation that produces an image that is the same shape as the original, but is a
different size. Dilation stretches or shrinks the original. Dilation increases thevalleys and enlarges the width of
maximum regions, so it can remove negative impulsive noises but do little on positives ones.The dilation of A
by the structuring element B is defined by:
If B has a centre on the origin, as before, then the dilation of A by B can be understood as thelocus of
the points covered by B when the centre of B moves inside A. Dilation of image f by structuring element s is
given by f Ås . The structuring element s is positioned with its origin at (x, y) and the new pixel value is
determined using the rule:
The following Fig illustrates the morphological dilation of a gray scale image. Note how the structuring
element defines the neighbourhood of the pixel of interest, which is circled. The dilation function applies the
appropriate rule to the pixels in the neighbourhood and assigns avalue to the corresponding pixel in the output
image. In the Fig, the morphological dilationfunction sets the value of the output pixel to 16 because it is the
maximum value of all the pixels in the input pixel's neighbourhood defined by the structuring element is on.
Easiest way to describe it is to imagine the same fax/text is written with a thicker pen .In a binary image, if any
of the pixels is set to the value 1, the output pixel is set to 1.
Fig 3. Dilation Process
6. Automated Crop Inspection And Pest Control Using Image Processing
30
It is used to reduce objects in the image and known that erosion reduces the peaks and enlarges the
widths of minimum regions, so it can remove positive noises but affect negative impulsive noises little.
The erosion of the dark blue square resulting in light blue square.The erosion of the binary image A by
the structuring element B is defined by:
In binary image, if any of the pixels is set to 0, the output pixel is set to 0.
Erosion of image f by structuring element s is given by f _s. The structuring element s ispositioned with its
origin at (x, y) and the new pixel value is determined using the rule:
In the above equation fit means all on pixel in the structuring element covers an on pixel in the image.
The following Fig illustrates the morphological erosion of a gray scale image. Note how the structuring element
defines the neighbourhood of the pixel of interest, which is circled. The dilation function applies the appropriate
rule to the pixels in the neighbourhood and assigns a value to the corresponding pixel in the output image. In the
Fig, the morphological erosion function sets the value of the output pixel to 14. The opening of A by B is
obtained by the erosion of A by B, followed by dilation of the resulting image by B:
In the case of the square of side 10, and a disc of radius 2 as the structuring element, the opening is a square of
side 10 with rounded corners, where the corner radius is 2.The sharp edges start to disappear. Opening of an
image is erosion followed by dilation with the same structuring element.
Closing of an image is the reverse of opening operation.
The closing of A by B is obtained by the dilation of A by B, followed by erosion of the resulting
structure by B:
An edge in an image is a boundary or contour at which a significant change occurs in some physical
aspect of an image, such as the surface reflectance, illumination The first method proposed is the block analysis
where the entire image is split into a number of blocks and each block is enhanced individually. The next
proposed method is the erosiondilation method which is similar to block analysis but uses morphological
operations (erosion and dilation) for the entire image rather than splitting into blocks. All these methods were
initially applied for the gray level images and later were extended to colour images by splitting the colour image
into its respective R, G and B components, individually enhancing them and concatenating them to yield the
enhanced image. All the above mentioned techniques operate on the image in the spatial domain. The final
method is the DCT where the frequency domain is used. Here we scale the D C coefficients of the image after
DCT has beentaken. The DC coefficient is adjusted as it contains the maximum information. Here, we
movefrom RGB domain to YCbCr domain for processing and in YCbCr, to adjust (scale) the DCcoefficient, i.e.
Y (0, 0). The image is converted from RGB to YCbCr domain because if theimage is enhanced without
converting, there is a good chance that it may yield an undesiredoutput image. The enhancement of images is
done using the log operator.This is takenbecause it avoids abrupt changes in lighting. For example, if 2 adjacent
pixel values are 10 and100, their difference in normal scale is 90.But in the logarithmic scale, this difference
reduces tojust 1, thus providing a perfect platform for image enhancement.Many applications to get clear and
useful information from an image which may have beenpicturaized in different conditions like poor lighting or
bright lighting, moving or still etc. ThisSection deals with background analysis of the image by blocks. In this
project,D represent thedigital space under study.
7. Automated Crop Inspection And Pest Control Using Image Processing
31
For each analyzedblock, maximum ( i M ) and minimum ( i m ) values are used to
determine the backgroundmeasures. is used to select the background parameters.
Background parameters lie between
clear ( ) and dark ( ) intensity
levels. If is the dark region then backgroundparameters takes the maximum
intensity levels( i M ) then is the clear region,background parameters takes the minimum intensity
levels ( i m ).
Enhance images are we get after applying the below equation,and
Let fbe the original image which is subdivided into number of blocks with each block is thesub-image
of the original image. For each and every block n, the minimum intensity i m andmaximum intensity i M values
are calculated i m and i M values are
used to find the background criteria i in the following way:
It is used as a threshold between
clear and dark
intensity levels.
Based on the value of i , the background parameter is decided for each analyzed block. Correspondingly the
contrast enhancement is expressed as follows:
It is clear that the background parameter entirely is dependent up on THe background criteria value.
For i f , the background parameter takes the maximum intensity value i Mwithin theanalyzed block, and
the minimum intensity value i m otherwise. In order to avoid indetermination condition, unit was added to the
logarithmic function.
The more is the number of blocks; the better will be quality of the enhanced image As the size of the
structuring element increases it is hard to preserve the image asblurring and contouring effects are severe. The
results are best obtained by keeping the size of the structuring element as 2 (μ=2). Sample input (left half of the
image) and output image (righthalf) for block analysis is shown below:
Fig 4. Block Analysis for Gray level images
8. Automated Crop Inspection And Pest Control Using Image Processing
32
This method is similar to block analysis in many ways; apart from the fact that the manipulation is
done on the image as a whole rather than partitioning it into blocks. Firstly minimum Imin (x) and maximum
intensity max I (x) contained in a structuring element (B) of elemental size3 × 3 is calculated.The above
obtained values are used to find the background criteria i as described below
Where min I (x) and max I (x) corresponds to morphological erosion and dilation
respectively.Therefore,
In this way the contrast operator can be described as in equations By employing Erosion-Dilation
method we obtain a better local analysis of the image fordetecting the background criteria than the previously
used method of Blocks. This is because thestructuring element μB permits the analysis of eight boring pixels at
each point in the image. Byincreasing the size of the structuring element more pixels will be taken into account
for finding the background criteria. It can be easily visualized that several characteristics that are notvisible at
first sight appear in the enhanced images. The trouble with this method is thatmorphological erosion or dilation
when used with large size of μ to reveal the background,undesiredvalues maybe generated. In general it is
desirable to filter an image without generating any new components. Thetransformation function which enables
to eliminate unnecessary parts without affecting otherregions of the image is defined in mathematical
morphology which is termed as transformationby reconstruction. We go for opening by reconstruction because
it restores the original shape ofthe objects in the image that remain after erosion as it touches the regional
minima and mergesthe regional maxima. This particular characteristic allows the modification of the altitude
ofregional maxima when the size of the structuring element increases thereby aiding in detectionof the
background criteria as follows:
Where opening by reconstruction is expressed as
It can be observed from the above equation that opening by reconstruction first erodes the inputimage
and uses it as a marker. Here marker image is defined because this is the image whichcontains the starting or
seed locations. For example, here the eroded image can be used as themarker. Then dilation of the eroded image
i.e. marker is performed iteratively until stability isachieved. Image background obtained from the erosion of the
opening by reconstruction.
Median filtering is a nonlinear process useful in reducing impulsive, or salt-and-pepper noise. It is also
useful in preserving edges in an image while reducing random noise. For example, suppose the pixel values
within a window are 56, 55, 10 and 15, and the pixel being processed has a value of 55. The output of the
median filteringthe current pixel location is 10, which is the median of the five values. Like median filtering,
out-range pixel smoothing is a nonlinear operation and is useful in reducing salt-and-pepper noise. If the
difference between the average and the value of the pixel processed is above some threshold, then the current
pixel value is replaced by the average. Otherwise, the value is not affected. Because it is difficult to determine
the best parameter values in advance, it may be useful to process an image using several different threshold
values and window sizes and select the best result.
Detecting edges is very useful in a no of contexts. For example in a typical image understanding task
such as object identification, an essential step is to segment an image into different regions corresponded to
different objects in the scene. Edge detection is the 1st
step in image segmentation. Another example is in the
development of a low bit rate image coding system in which we can code only edges. It is well known that an
image that consists of only edges is highly intelligible. The significance of a physical change in an image
depends on the application. An intensity change that would be classified as an edge in some application might
not be considered an edge in other application.
9. Automated Crop Inspection And Pest Control Using Image Processing
33
Thresholding Calculation
The simplest method of image segmentation is called the thresholding method. This method is based on
a clip-level (or a threshold value) to turn a gray scale image into a binary image.The key of this method is to
select the threshold value (or values when multiple-levels are selected). Several popular methods are used in
industryincluding the maximum entropy method, Otsu's method (maximumvariance), and k-means
clustering.[Threshold> Strip of wood or stone forming the bottom of a doorway and crossed in enteringa house
or room.A level or point at which something starts or ceases to happen or come into effect. The level atwhich
one starts to feel or react to something.]. The purpose of thresholding is to extract those pixels from some
imagewhich represent an object (either text or other line image data such asgraphs, maps). Though the
information is binary the pixels represent a range of intensities.Thus the objective of binarization is to mark
pixels that belong to trueforeground regions with a single intensity and background regions withdifferent
intensities. Thresholding is the transformation of an input image f to an output(segmented). Binary image g as
follows
g(i,j)=1 for f(i,j) >=T.
g(i,j)=0 for f(i,j) <T.
Where T is the thresholding, g(i,j)=1 for image elements of objects, and g(i,j)=0 for image elements of
backgroundIf objects do not touch each other, and if their gray-levels are clearly distinct from background
gravy-levels, thresholding is suitable segmentation method. Correct threshold selection is crucial for successful
threshold segmentation, this selection can be determined interactively or it can be the result of some threshold
detection method. Only under very unusual circumstances can threshold be successful using asingle threshold
for whole image(global thresholding) since even in very simple images there are likely to be gray-level
variations in objects and background. This variation may be due to non-uniform lighting, no uniforminput
device parameters or a number of other factors.
Segmentation using variable thresholds (adaptive thresholding), in whichthe threshold value varies over
the image as a function of local imagecharacteristics. A global threshold is determined from the whole image f
:T=T (f).Local Thresholds are position dependentT=T(f, ),Where is that image part in which the threshold is
determined. Oneoption is to divide the image f into sub images and determine a thresholdindependently in each
sub images, it can be interpolated from thresholdsdetermined in neighbouring sub images. Each sub images is
then processedwith respect to its local threshold.Basic thresholding as defined has many modifications. One
possibility is tosegment an image into regions of pixels with gray-levels from a set D andinto background
otherwise (band thresholding):
g (i,j)=1 for f (i,j) D
g (i,j)=0 otherwise.
III. Results & Measurements
There are four main steps used for the detection of plant leaf diseases:
1.RGB image acquisition.
2.Convert the input image into gray scale
3.segment the component
4.obtain the useful segment
RGB Image Acquisition
The diseased paddy image is used as input
Sheath Blight Brown spot
Fig 5. Diseased paddy
10. Automated Crop Inspection And Pest Control Using Image Processing
34
Convert the input image into gray scale Input colour images have primary colours Red, Green, Blue. It is not
possible to implement applications using RGB because of the range,(0-255).
Hence they convert the RGB images into the LAB images.
Fig 6. Gray scale image
Segment the Component
Image segmentation is the process of partitioning a digital image into multiple segments (sets of pixels,
also known as super-pixels). The goal of segmentation is to simplify and/or change the representation of an
image into something that is more meaningful and easier to analyze. Image segmentation is typically used to
locate objects and boundaries (lines, curves, etc.) in images. More precisely, image segmentation is the process
of assigning a label to every pixel in an image such that pixels with the same label share certain characteristics.
After segmentation of the gray scaled image, required infected region of the paddy leaf.
Fig 7. Infected Leaf
IV. CONCLUSION
There are several automated systems available in literature, which are developed for irrigation control
and environmental monitoring in the field. However, it is essential to monitor the plant growth stage by stage
and take decisions accordingly. In addition to monitoring the environmental parameters such as ph, moisture
content is essential. In olden days only by human perception they have identified the problems and they faced
many issues and its difficult. Various paddy diseases are identified using image processing which is accurate
and easy for perception.
11. Automated Crop Inspection And Pest Control Using Image Processing
35
REFERENCES
[1]. Ajinkya Paikekari, Vrushali Ghule, Rani Meshram, V.B. Raskar, “Weed Detection using Image
processing”, International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, 2016, pp 1220-1222.
[2]. Jayamala.K.Patit, Rajkumar,”Advances in Image Processing for detection of plant diseases”, Journal of
Advanced Bio Informatics Applications and Research, 2011, pp 135-141.
[3]. Mrs. Latha, A Poojith, B V Amarnath Reddy, G Vittal Kumar, “ Image Processing in Agriculture”,
International Journal of Innovative Research in Electrical, Electrical, Instrumentation and Control
Engineering, 2014, pp 1562-1565.
[4]. J.S.Saijis, R.Rastogi, V.K.Chadda, “Application of Image processing in
BiologyandAgriculture”.BARC Newsletter, 2014
[5]. P.Usha,V.Maheswari, Dr.V.Nandagopal, “Design and Implementation of Seeding Agricultural Robot”,
Journal of Innovative Research and Solutions, 2015, 138-143.