This document summarizes an article that proposes using image processing techniques in agriculture to detect weed areas in crop fields. The researchers took images from agricultural fields and used MATLAB to implement image segmentation algorithms to identify weed areas. The article provides background on how image processing can be used for various agricultural applications like detecting diseased plants, quantifying affected areas, and determining fruit size and shape. It also reviews different existing image classification techniques used for agricultural disease detection, such as neural networks, support vector machines, and others.
Plant disease detection using machine learning algorithm-1.pptxRummanHajira
Plant disease detection and classification using machine learning algorithm - It gives you a glance of introduction on why do we have to detect and classify the diseases along with the IEEE papers as a reference to the titled project
Plant disease detection and classification using deep learning JAVAID AHMAD WANI
Diseases in plants cause major production and economic losses as well as a reduction in both the quality and quantity of agricultural products. In India, 70% of the population depends on agriculture and contributes 17% towards the GDP of the country. Now a day’s plant disease detection has received increasing attention in monitoring large fields of crops. Farmers experience great difficulties in switching from one disease control policy to another. The naked eye observation of experts is the traditional approach adopted in practice for the detection and identification of plant diseases.
Crop diseases are a major threat to food security, but their rapid identification remains difficult in many parts of the world due to a lack of the necessary infrastructure. The combination of increasing global smartphone penetration and the recent advancement, in computer vision made possible by deep learning, and transfer learning has paved the way for smart systems to diagnose diseases at initial stages, as soon as they appear in plant leaves.
Therefore, a convolutional neural network is created and developed to perform plant disease detection and classification using leaf images of healthy and diseased of 18 crops. Recent developments in deep neural networks have allowed researchers to drastically improve the accuracy of object detection and recognition systems. Deep Learning (DL) is the fastest growing and a broader part of the machine learning family. Deep learning uses convolutional neural networks for image classification as it gives the most accurate results in solving real-world problems.
Creating and training a CNN model from scratch is a tedious process when compared to the usage of existing deep learning models for various applications to achieve maximum accuracy. So depending on the application various models can be used or retrained. In this project, we have implemented VGG16 and VGG19 architecture for the leaf diseases of 18 crops and compare their accuracy, VGG16 have shown slightly good accuracy as compared to that of VGG19, using “New Plant Disease Dataset” to train and validate both the models, which contains 87k images of 38 different plant leaf diseases.
Image Processing is any form of signal processing for which our input is an image, such as photographs or frames of videos and our output can be either an image or a set of characterstics related to the image
Plant disease detection using machine learning algorithm-1.pptxRummanHajira
Plant disease detection and classification using machine learning algorithm - It gives you a glance of introduction on why do we have to detect and classify the diseases along with the IEEE papers as a reference to the titled project
Plant disease detection and classification using deep learning JAVAID AHMAD WANI
Diseases in plants cause major production and economic losses as well as a reduction in both the quality and quantity of agricultural products. In India, 70% of the population depends on agriculture and contributes 17% towards the GDP of the country. Now a day’s plant disease detection has received increasing attention in monitoring large fields of crops. Farmers experience great difficulties in switching from one disease control policy to another. The naked eye observation of experts is the traditional approach adopted in practice for the detection and identification of plant diseases.
Crop diseases are a major threat to food security, but their rapid identification remains difficult in many parts of the world due to a lack of the necessary infrastructure. The combination of increasing global smartphone penetration and the recent advancement, in computer vision made possible by deep learning, and transfer learning has paved the way for smart systems to diagnose diseases at initial stages, as soon as they appear in plant leaves.
Therefore, a convolutional neural network is created and developed to perform plant disease detection and classification using leaf images of healthy and diseased of 18 crops. Recent developments in deep neural networks have allowed researchers to drastically improve the accuracy of object detection and recognition systems. Deep Learning (DL) is the fastest growing and a broader part of the machine learning family. Deep learning uses convolutional neural networks for image classification as it gives the most accurate results in solving real-world problems.
Creating and training a CNN model from scratch is a tedious process when compared to the usage of existing deep learning models for various applications to achieve maximum accuracy. So depending on the application various models can be used or retrained. In this project, we have implemented VGG16 and VGG19 architecture for the leaf diseases of 18 crops and compare their accuracy, VGG16 have shown slightly good accuracy as compared to that of VGG19, using “New Plant Disease Dataset” to train and validate both the models, which contains 87k images of 38 different plant leaf diseases.
Image Processing is any form of signal processing for which our input is an image, such as photographs or frames of videos and our output can be either an image or a set of characterstics related to the image
Application of Machine Learning in AgricultureAman Vasisht
With the growing trend of machine learning, it is needless to say how machine learning can help reap benefits in agriculture. It will be boon for the farmer welfare.
LEAF DISEASE DETECTION USING IMAGE PROCESSING AND SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINE (SVM)Journal For Research
in the study on leaf disease detection can be a helpful aspect in keeping an eye on huge area of fields of crops, but it’s important to detect the disease as early as possible. This paper gives a method to detect the disease caused to the leaf calculating the RGB and HSV values. Primarily the image is blurred in order reduce noise. Then the image is converted from RGB to HSV form, after this color thresholding is done. After thresholding foreground or background detection is performed. Background detection leads to feature extractions of the leaf. Then k-means algorithm is applied which can help to clot the clusters. The following system is a software based solution for detecting the disease with which the leaf is infected. In order to detect the disease some steps are to be followed using image processing and support vector machine. Improving the quality and production of agricultural products detection of the leaf disease can be useful.
India being agricultural driven country faces lot of challenges in agricultural sector because of several reasons. I have listed how GIS Technology can help in overcoming such issues
APPLICATION OF REMOTE SENSING AND GIS IN AGRICULTURELagnajeetRoy
India is a country that depends on agriculture. Today in this era of technological supremacy, agriculture is also using different new technologies like some robotic machinery to remote sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS) for the betterment of agriculture. It is easy to get the information about that area where human cannot check the condition everyday and help in gathering the data with the help of remote sensing. Whereas GIS helps in preparation of map that shows an accurate representation of data we get through remote sensing. From disease estimation to stress factor due to water, from ground water quality index to acreage estimation in various way agriculture is being profited by the application of remote sensing and GIS in agriculture. The applications of those software or techniques are very new to the agriculture domain still much more exploration is needed in this part. New software’s are developing in different parts of the world and remote sensing. Today farmers understand the beneficiaries of these kinds of techniques to the farm field which help in increasing productivity that will help future generation as technology is hype in traditional system of farming.
precise weed management is very useful under large land holdings which reduces cost of cultivation to a greater extent. remote sensing plays a major role in site specific weed management
PRECISION FARMING
It is an approach where inputs are utilized in precise amounts to get increased average yields, compared to traditional cultivation techniques. It is also known as precision Agriculture, A science of improving crop yield and assisting management decisions using high technology sensor and analysis tools. It is an approach to farm management that uses information technology (IT).
Crop modeling for stress situations, cropping system , assessing stress through remote sensing, understanding the adaptive features of crops for survival under stress .
In India, agriculture is one of the major application areas of the remote sensing technology. Various national level agricultural applications have been developed which showcases the use of remote sensing data provided by the sensors/satellites launched by the country’s space agency, Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)
Application of Machine Learning in AgricultureAman Vasisht
With the growing trend of machine learning, it is needless to say how machine learning can help reap benefits in agriculture. It will be boon for the farmer welfare.
LEAF DISEASE DETECTION USING IMAGE PROCESSING AND SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINE (SVM)Journal For Research
in the study on leaf disease detection can be a helpful aspect in keeping an eye on huge area of fields of crops, but it’s important to detect the disease as early as possible. This paper gives a method to detect the disease caused to the leaf calculating the RGB and HSV values. Primarily the image is blurred in order reduce noise. Then the image is converted from RGB to HSV form, after this color thresholding is done. After thresholding foreground or background detection is performed. Background detection leads to feature extractions of the leaf. Then k-means algorithm is applied which can help to clot the clusters. The following system is a software based solution for detecting the disease with which the leaf is infected. In order to detect the disease some steps are to be followed using image processing and support vector machine. Improving the quality and production of agricultural products detection of the leaf disease can be useful.
India being agricultural driven country faces lot of challenges in agricultural sector because of several reasons. I have listed how GIS Technology can help in overcoming such issues
APPLICATION OF REMOTE SENSING AND GIS IN AGRICULTURELagnajeetRoy
India is a country that depends on agriculture. Today in this era of technological supremacy, agriculture is also using different new technologies like some robotic machinery to remote sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS) for the betterment of agriculture. It is easy to get the information about that area where human cannot check the condition everyday and help in gathering the data with the help of remote sensing. Whereas GIS helps in preparation of map that shows an accurate representation of data we get through remote sensing. From disease estimation to stress factor due to water, from ground water quality index to acreage estimation in various way agriculture is being profited by the application of remote sensing and GIS in agriculture. The applications of those software or techniques are very new to the agriculture domain still much more exploration is needed in this part. New software’s are developing in different parts of the world and remote sensing. Today farmers understand the beneficiaries of these kinds of techniques to the farm field which help in increasing productivity that will help future generation as technology is hype in traditional system of farming.
precise weed management is very useful under large land holdings which reduces cost of cultivation to a greater extent. remote sensing plays a major role in site specific weed management
PRECISION FARMING
It is an approach where inputs are utilized in precise amounts to get increased average yields, compared to traditional cultivation techniques. It is also known as precision Agriculture, A science of improving crop yield and assisting management decisions using high technology sensor and analysis tools. It is an approach to farm management that uses information technology (IT).
Crop modeling for stress situations, cropping system , assessing stress through remote sensing, understanding the adaptive features of crops for survival under stress .
In India, agriculture is one of the major application areas of the remote sensing technology. Various national level agricultural applications have been developed which showcases the use of remote sensing data provided by the sensors/satellites launched by the country’s space agency, Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)
Wheat leaf disease detection using image processingIJLT EMAS
India is a agricultural based county where approx 70%
of population depend on agriculture. Now a days the plant
disease detection is very important because agriculture is the
backbone of the county like india. Farmer is not aware what type
of disease plant having and how to prevent them from these
diseases. To overcome from these we are going to develop a
technique in which we can able to detect plant disease using
image processing technique. This includes following steps: image
acquisition image pre-processing, feature extraction and at last
we apply a classifier know as neural network.
Review of Image Segmentation Techniques based on Region Merging ApproachEditor IJMTER
Image segmentation is an important task in computer vision and object recognition. Since
fully automatic image segmentation is usually very hard for natural images, interactive schemes with a
few simple user inputs are good solutions. In image segmentation the image is dividing into various
segments for processing images. The complexity of image content is a bigger challenge for carrying out
automatic image segmentation. On regions based scheme, the images are merged based on the similarity
criteria depending upon comparing the mean values of both the regions to be merged. So, the similar
regions are then merged and the dissimilar regions are merged together.
A novel medical image segmentation and classification using combined feature ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Diagnosis is the first step before giving a medicine to the patient. In the recent past such diagnosis is performed using medical images where segmentation is the prime part in the medical image retrieval which improves the feature set that is collected from the segmented image. In this paper, it is proposed to segment the medical image a semi decision algorithm that can segment only the tumor part from the CT image. Further texture based techniques are used to extract the feature vector from the segmented region of interest. Medical images under test are classified using decision tree classifier. Results show better performance in terms of accuracy when compared to the conventional methods. Key Words: Medical Images, Decision Tree Classifier, Segmentation, Semi-decision algorithm
Pest Control in Agricultural Plantations Using Image ProcessingIOSR Journals
Abstract: Monocropped plantations are unique to India and a handful of countries throughout the globe. Essentially, the FOREST approach of growing coffee along with in India has enabled the plantation to fight many outbreaks of pests and diseases. Mono cropped Plantations are under constant threat of pest and disease incidence because it favours the build up of pest population. To cope with these problems, an automatic pest detection algorithm using image processing techniques in MATLAB has been proposed in this paper. Image acquisition devices are used to acquire images of plantations at regular intervals. These images are then subjected to pre-processing, transformation and clustering.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) ijceronline
nternational Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
A brief review of segmentation methods for medical imageseSAT Journals
Abstract For medical diagnosis and laboratory study applications we cannot directly use image that are acquired and detect the disorder because it is not efficient and unrealistic. These images need processing and extracting portions from them that can be used for further study or diagnosis. The main goal of this paper is to give overview about segmentation methods that are used for medical images for detecting the edges and based on this detection the disease prediction and diagnosis is done. There are a lot of tools available for this purpose such as STAPLE and FreeSurfer whole brain segmentation tool etc. Some of these methods are semi-automatic i.e. they require human intervention for their completion and some of them are automatic. The methods are totally divided into four types namely, edge based segmentation, region based segmentation, data clustering and matching. The aim of segmenting medical images is that to detect the ROI and diagnose for a disease based on the detected part. Segmentation is partitioning a image into meaningful regions based upon a specific application. Generally segmentation can be based on the measurements like gray level, color, texture, motion, depth or intensity. Segmentation is necessary in two situations, namely, set-off segmentation i.e. when the object to be segmented is interesting in itself and can be used separately for further studies, and secondly concealing segmentation i.e. suppose there are some noise or vision blockers in the image, so this segmentation aims at deleting the disturbing elements in an image. This paper focuses only on the working of different methods that are used for segmentation whether they segment well or poor. Index Terms: Image Registration, Image Segmentation, Reinforcement Learning,
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Image Segmentation Based Survey on the Lung Cancer MRI ImagesIIRindia
Educational data mining (EDM) creates high impact in the field of academic domain. The methods used in this topic are playing a major advanced key role in increasing knowledge among students. EDM explores and gives ideas in understanding behavioral patterns of students to choose a correct path for choosing their carrier. This survey focuses on such category and it discusses on various techniques involved in making educational data mining for their knowledge improvement. Also, it discusses about different types of EDM tools and techniques in this article. Among the different tools and techniques, best categories are suggested for real world usage.
Content-Based Image Retrieval (CBIR) systems have been used for the searching of relevant images in various research areas. In CBIR systems features such as shape, texture and color are used. The extraction of features is the main step on which the retrieval results depend. Color features in CBIR are used as in the color histogram, color moments, conventional color correlogram and color histogram. Color space selection is used to represent the information of color of the pixels of the query image. The shape is the basic characteristic of segmented regions of an image. Different methods are introduced for better retrieval using different shape representation techniques; earlier the global shape representations were used but with time moved towards local shape representations. The local shape is more related to the expressing of result instead of the method. Local shape features may be derived from the texture properties and the color derivatives. Texture features have been used for images of documents, segmentation-based recognition,and satellite images. Texture features are used in different CBIR systems along with color, shape, geometrical structure and sift features.
The cyber attacks have become most prevalent in the past few years. During this time, attackers have discovered new vulnerabilities to carry out malicious activities on the internet. Both the clients and the servers have been victimized by the attackers. Clickjacking is one of the attacks that have been adopted by the attackers to deceive the innocuous internet users to initiate some action. Clickjacking attack exploits one of the vulnerabilities existing in the web applications. This attack uses a technique that allows cross domain attacks with the help of userinitiated clicks and performs unintended actions. This paper traces out the vulnerabilities that make a website vulnerable to clickjacking attack and proposes a solution for the same.
Performance Analysis of Audio and Video Synchronization using Spreaded Code D...Eswar Publications
The audio and video synchronization plays an important role in speech recognition and multimedia communication. The audio-video sync is a quite significant problem in live video conferencing. It is due to use of various hardware components which introduces variable delay and software environments. The objective of the synchronization is used to preserve the temporal alignment between the audio and video signals. This paper proposes the audio-video synchronization using spreading codes delay measurement technique. The performance of the proposed method made on home database and achieves 99% synchronization efficiency. The audio-visual
signature technique provides a significant reduction in audio-video sync problems and the performance analysis of audio and video synchronization in an effective way. This paper also implements an audio- video synchronizer and analyses its performance in an efficient manner by synchronization efficiency, audio-video time drift and audio-video delay parameters. The simulation result is carried out using mat lab simulation tools and simulink. It is automatically estimating and correcting the timing relationship between the audio and video signals and maintaining the Quality of Service.
Due to the availability of complicated devices in industry, models for consumers at lower cost of resources are developed. Home Automation systems have been developed by several researchers. The limitations of home automation includes complexity in architecture, higher costs of the equipment, interface inflexibility. In this paper as we have proposed, the working protocol of PIC 16F72 technology is which is secure, cost efficient, flexible that leads to the development of efficient home automation systems. The system is operational to control various home appliances like fans, Bulbs, Tube light. The following paper describes about components used and working of all components connected. The home automation system makes use of Android app entitled “Home App” which gives
flexibility and easy to use GUI.
Semantically Enchanced Personalised Adaptive E-Learning for General and Dysle...Eswar Publications
E-learning plays an important role in providing required and well formed knowledge to a learner. The medium of e- learning has achieved advancement in various fields such as adaptive e-learning systems. The need for enhancing e-learning semantically can enhance the retrieval and adaptability of the learning curriculum. This paper provides a semantically enhanced module based e-learning for computer science programme on a learnercentric perspective. The learners are categorized based on their proficiency for providing personalized learning environment for users. Learning disorders on the platform of e-learning still require lots of research. Therefore, this paper also provides a personalized assessment theoretical model for alphabet learning with learning objects for
children’s who face dyslexia.
Agriculture plays an important role in the economy of our country. Over 58 percent of the rural households depend on the agriculture sector as their means of livelihood. Agriculture is one of the major contributors to Gross Domestic Product(GDP). Seeds are the soul of agriculture. This application helps in reducing the time for the researchers as well as farmers to know the seedling parameters. The application helps the farmers to know about the percentage of seedlings that will grow and it is very essential in estimating the yield of that particular crop. Manual calculation may lead to some error, to minimize that error, the developed app is used. The scientist and farmers require the app to know about the physiological seed quality parameters and to take decisions regarding their farming activities. In this article a desktop app for seed germination percentage and vigour index calculation are developed in PHP scripting language.
What happens when adaptive video streaming players compete in time-varying ba...Eswar Publications
Competition among adaptive video streaming players severely diminishes user-QoE. When players compete at a bottleneck link many do not obtain adequate resources. This imbalance eventually causes ill effects such as screen flickering and video stalling. There have been many attempts in recent years to overcome some of these problems. However, added to the competition at the bottleneck link there is also the possibility of varying network bandwidth which can make the situation even worse. This work focuses on such a situation. It evaluates current heuristic adaptive video players at a bottleneck link with time-varying bandwidth conditions. Experimental setup includes the TAPAS player and emulated network conditions. The results show PANDA outperforms FESTIVE, ELASTIC and the Conventional players.
WLI-FCM and Artificial Neural Network Based Cloud Intrusion Detection SystemEswar Publications
Security and Performance aspects of cloud computing are the major issues which have to be tended to in Cloud Computing. Intrusion is one such basic and imperative security problem for Cloud Computing. Consequently, it is essential to create an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) to detect both inside and outside assaults with high detection precision in cloud environment. In this paper, cloud intrusion detection system at hypervisor layer is developed and assesses to detect the depraved activities in cloud computing environment. The cloud intrusion detection system uses a hybrid algorithm which is a fusion of WLI- FCM clustering algorithm and Back propagation artificial Neural Network to improve the detection accuracy of the cloud intrusion detection system. The proposed system is implemented and compared with K-means and classic FCM. The DARPA’s KDD cup dataset 1999 is used for simulation. From the detailed performance analysis, it is clear that the proposed system is able to detect the anomalies with high detection accuracy and low false alarm rate.
Spreading Trade Union Activities through Cyberspace: A Case StudyEswar Publications
This report present the outcome of an investigative research conducted to examine the modu-operandi of academic staff union of polytechnics (ASUP) YabaTech. The investigation covered the logistics and cost implication for spreading union activities among members. It was discovered that cost of management and dissemination of information to members was at high side, also logistics problem constitutes to loss of information in transit hence cut away some members from union activities. To curtail the problem identified, we proposed the
design of secure and dynamic website for spreading union activities among members and public. The proposed system was implemented using HTML5 technology, interface frameworks like Bootstrap and j query which enables the responsive feature of the application interface. The backend was designed using PHPMYSQL. It was discovered from the evaluation of the new system that cost of managing information has reduced considerably, and logistic problems identified in the old system has become a forgotten issue.
Identifying an Appropriate Model for Information Systems Integration in the O...Eswar Publications
Nowadays organizations are using information systems for optimizing processes in order to increase coordination and interoperability across the organizations. Since Oil and Gas Industry is one of the large industries in whole of the world, there is a need to compatibility of its Information Systems (IS) which consists three categories of systems: Field IS, Plant IS and Enterprise IS to create interoperability and approach the
optimizing processes as its result. In this paper we introduce the different models of information systems integration, identify the types of information systems that are using in the upstream and downstream sectors of petroleum industry, and finally based on expert’s opinions will identify a suitable model for information systems integration in this industry.
Link-and Node-Disjoint Evaluation of the Ad Hoc on Demand Multi-path Distance...Eswar Publications
This work illustrates the AOMDV routing protocol. Its ancestor, the AODV routing protocol is also described. This tutorial demonstrates how forward and reverse paths are created by the AOMDV routing protocol. Loop free paths formulation is described, together with node and link disjoint paths. Finally, the performance of the AOMDV routing protocol is investigated along link and node disjoint paths. The WSN with the AOMDV routing protocol using link disjoint paths is better than the WSN with the AOMDV routing protocol using node disjoint paths for energy consumption.
Bridging Centrality: Identifying Bridging Nodes in Transportation NetworkEswar Publications
To identify the importance of node of a network, several centralities are used. Majority of these centrality measures are dominated by components' degree due to their nature of looking at networks’ topology. We propose a centrality to identification model, bridging centrality, based on information flow and topological aspects. We apply bridging centrality on real world networks including the transportation network and show that the nodes distinguished by bridging centrality are well located on the connecting positions between highly connected regions. Bridging centrality can discriminate bridging nodes, the nodes with more information flowed through them and locations between highly connected regions, while other centrality measures cannot.
Now a days we are living in an era of Information Technology where each and every person has to become IT incumbent either intentionally or unintentionally. Technology plays a vital role in our day to day life since last few decades and somehow we all are depending on it in order to obtain maximum benefit and comfort. This new era equipped with latest advents of technology, enlightening world in the form of Internet of Things (IoT). Internet of things is such a specified and dignified domain which leads us to the real world scenarios where each object can perform some task while communicating with some other objects. The world with full of devices, sensors and other objects which will communicate and make human life far better and easier than ever. This paper provides an overview of current research work on IoT in terms of architecture, a technology used and applications. It also highlights all the issues related to technologies used for IoT, after the literature review of research work. The main purpose of this survey is to provide all the latest technologies, their corresponding
trends and details in the field of IoT in systematic manner. It will be helpful for further research.
Automatic Monitoring of Soil Moisture and Controlling of Irrigation SystemEswar Publications
In past couple of decades, there is immediate growth in field of agricultural technology. Utilization of proper method of irrigation by drip is very reasonable and proficient. A various drip irrigation methods have been proposed, but they have been found to be very luxurious and dense to use. The farmer has to maintain watch on irrigation schedule in the conventional drip irrigation system, which is different for different types of crops. In remotely monitored embedded system for irrigation purposes have become a new essential for farmer to accumulate his energy, time and money and will take place only when there will be requirement of water. In this approach, the soil test for chemical constituents, water content, and salinity and fertilizer requirement data collected by wireless and processed for better drip irrigation plan. This paper reviews different monitoring systems and proposes an automatic monitoring system model using Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) which helps the farmer to improve the yield.
Multi- Level Data Security Model for Big Data on Public Cloud: A New ModelEswar Publications
With the advent of cloud computing the big data has emerged as a very crucial technology. The certain type of cloud provides the consumers with the free services like storage, computational power etc. This paper is intended to make use of infrastructure as a service where the storage service from the public cloud providers is going to leveraged by an individual or organization. The paper will emphasize the model which can be used by anyone without any cost. They can store the confidential data without any type of security issue, as the data will be altered
in such a way that it cannot be understood by the intruder if any. Not only that but the user can retrieve back the original data within no time. The proposed security model is going to effectively and efficiently provide a robust security while data is on cloud infrastructure as well as when data is getting migrated towards cloud infrastructure or vice versa.
Impact of Technology on E-Banking; Cameroon PerspectivesEswar Publications
The financial services industry is experiencing rapid changes in services delivery and channels usage, and financial companies and users of financial services are looking at new technologies as they emerge and deciding whether or not to embrace them and the new opportunities to save and manage enormous time, cost and stress.
There is no doubt about the favourable and manifold impact of technology on e-banking as pictured in this review paper, almost all banks are with the least and most access e-banking Technological equipments like ATMs and Cards. On the other Hand cheap and readily available technology has opened a favourable competition in ebanking services business with a lot of wide range competitors competing with Commercial Banks in Cameroon in providing digital financial services.
Classification Algorithms with Attribute Selection: an evaluation study using...Eswar Publications
Attribute or feature selection plays an important role in the process of data mining. In general the data set contains more number of attributes. But in the process of effective classification not all attributes are relevant.
Attribute selection is a technique used to extract the ranking of attributes. Therefore, this paper presents a comparative evaluation study of classification algorithms before and after attribute selection using Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis (WEKA). The evaluation study concludes that the performance metrics of the classification algorithm, improves after performing attribute selection. This will reduce the work of processing irrelevant attributes.
Mining Frequent Patterns and Associations from the Smart meters using Bayesia...Eswar Publications
In today’s world migration of people from rural areas to urban areas is quite common. Health care services are one of the most challenging aspect that is must require to the people with abnormal health. Advancements in the technologies lead to build the smart homes, which contains various sensor or smart meter devices to automate the process of other electronic device. Additionally these smart meters can be able to capture the daily activities of the patients and also monitor the health conditions of the patients by mining the frequent patterns and
association rules generated from the smart meters. In this work we proposed a model that is able to monitor the activities of the patients in home and can send the daily activities to the corresponding doctor. We can extract the frequent patterns and association rules from the log data and can predict the health conditions of the patients and can give the suggestions according to the prediction. Our work is divided in to three stages. Firstly, we used to record the daily activities of the patient using a specific time period at three regular intervals. Secondly we applied the frequent pattern growth for extracting the association rules from the log file. Finally, we applied k means clustering for the input and applied Bayesian network model to predict the health behavior of the patient and precautions will be given accordingly.
Network as a Service Model in Cloud Authentication by HMAC AlgorithmEswar Publications
Resource pooling on internet-based accessing on use as pay environmental technology and ruled in IT field is the
cloud. Present, in every organization has trusted the web, however, the information must flow but not hold the
data. Therefore, all customers have to use the cloud. While the cloud progressing info by securing-protocols. Third
party observing and certain circumstances directly stale in flow and kept of packets in the virtual private cloud.
Global security statistics in the year 2017, hacking sensitive information in cloud approximately maybe 75.35%,
and the world security analyzer said this calculation maybe reached to 100%. For this cause, this proposed
research work concentrates on Authentication-Message-Digest-Key with authentication in routing the Network as
a Service of packets in OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) implementing Cloud with GNS3 has tested them to
securing from attackers.
Microstrip patch antennas are recently used in wireless detection applications due to their low power consumption, low cost, versatility, field excitation, ease of fabrication etc. The microstrip patch antennas are also called as printed antennas which is suffer with an array elements of antenna and narrow bandwidth. To overcome the above drawbacks, Flame Retardant Material is used as the substrate. Rectangular shape of microstrip patch antenna with FR4 material as the substrate which is more suitable for the explosive detection applications. The proposed printed antenna was designed with the dimension of 60 x 60 mm2. FR-4 material has a dielectric constant value of 4.3 with thickness 1.56 mm, length and width 60 mm and 60 mm respectively. One side of the substrate contains the ground plane of dimensions 60 x60 mm2 made of copper and the other side of the substrate contains the patch which have dimensions 34 x 29 mm2 and thickness 0.03mm which is also made of copper. RMPA without slot, Vertical slot RMPA, Double horizontal slot RMPA and Centre slot RMPA structures were
designed and the performance of the antennas were analysed with various parameters such as gain, directivity, Efield, VSWR and return loss. From the performance analysis, double horizontal slot RMPA antenna provides a better result and it provides maximum gain (8.61dB) and minimum return loss (-33.918dB). Based on the E-field excitation value the SEMTEX explosive material is detected and it was simulated using CST software.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Welocme to ViralQR, your best QR code generator.ViralQR
Welcome to ViralQR, your best QR code generator available on the market!
At ViralQR, we design static and dynamic QR codes. Our mission is to make business operations easier and customer engagement more powerful through the use of QR technology. Be it a small-scale business or a huge enterprise, our easy-to-use platform provides multiple choices that can be tailored according to your company's branding and marketing strategies.
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We are here to make the process of creating QR codes easy and smooth, thus enhancing customer interaction and making business more fluid. We very strongly believe in the ability of QR codes to change the world for businesses in their interaction with customers and are set on making that technology accessible and usable far and wide.
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Ever since its inception, we have successfully served many clients by offering QR codes in their marketing, service delivery, and collection of feedback across various industries. Our platform has been recognized for its ease of use and amazing features, which helped a business to make QR codes.
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GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
FIDO Alliance Osaka Seminar: Passkeys and the Road Ahead.pdf
A Study of Image Processing in Agriculture
1. Int. J. Advanced Networking and Applications
Volume: 09 Issue: 01 Pages: 3311-3315 (2017) ISSN: 0975-0290
3311
A Study of Image Processing in Agriculture
Dr K. Prakash1
, Dr P. Saravanamoorthi2
, Mr R. Sathishkumar3
, Dr M. Parimala4
Department of Mathematics, BIT, Sathyamangalam
prakashk@bitsathy.ac.in,saravanamoorthip@bitsathy.ac.in,sathishkumarr@bitsathy.ac.in, parimalam@bitsathy.ac.in
------------------------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT----------------------------------------------------------
Agriculture is the backbone of human sustenance on this world. Now a days with growing population we need the
productivity of the agriculture to be increased a lot to meet the demands. In olden days they used natural methods
to increase the productivity, such as using the cow dung as a fertilizer in the fields. That resulted increase in the
productivity enough to meet the requirements of the population. But later people started thinking of earning more
profits by getting more outcome. So, there came a revolution called “Green Revolution”. In this paper we
implemented image processing using MATLAB to detect the weed areas in an image we took from the fields.
Keywords: Image Processing, Agriculture, Image segmentation, classification, Plant diseases.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Date of Submission: July 18, 2017 Date of Acceptance: July 29, 2017
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I. Introduction:
Control of plant diseases is crucial to the reliable
production of food, and it provides significant reductions
in agricultural use of land, water, fuel and other inputs.
Plants in both natural and cultivated populations carry
inherent disease resistance, but there are numerous
examples of devastating plant disease impacts as well as
recurrent severe plant diseases. However, disease control
is reasonably successful for most crops. Disease control is
achieved by use of plants that have been bred for good
resistance to many diseases, and by plant cultivation
approaches such as use of pathogen-free seed, appropriate
planting date and plant density, control of field moisture,
and pesticide use. Across large regions and many crop
species, it is estimated that diseases typically reduce plant
yields by 10% every year in more developed settings, but
yield loss to diseases often exceeds 20% in less developed
settings. Continuing advances in the science of plant
pathology are needed to improve disease control, and to
keep up with changes in disease pressure caused by the
ongoing evolution and movement of plant pathogens and
by changes in agricultural practices.
The image processing can be used in agricultural
applications for following purposes:
1. To detect diseased leaf, stem, fruit
2. To quantify affected area by disease.
3. To find shape of affected area.
4. To determine color of affected area
5. To determine size & shape of fruits.
1.1 Image Acquisition
The data collection is the major aspect of the data
collection in area. The same collection has been used in
other studies of automatic scan images segmentation.
Various image databases’ available world-wide along their
name, description and applications. The image acquisition
is required to collect the actual source image. An image
must be converted to numerical form before processing.
This conversion process is called digitization.
1.2 Image Preprocessing
The principle objective of the image enhancement is to
process an image for a specific task so that the processed
image is better viewed than the original image. Image
enhancement methods basically fall into two domains,
spatial and frequency domain.
Spatial domain: as the name suggests in this
approach different methods are used, which will
affect the manipulation of pixel values of an
image
Frequency domain: in this method first a Fourier
transform of the image is computed and then
different operations are performed on them and
finally results are obtained by getting the inverse
Fourier transform of the image.
1.3 Image Segmentation
In image processing, segmentation falls in to the category
of extracting different image attributes of an original
image. Segmentation subdivides an image into constituent
regions or objects. The level to which that subdivision
carried out is a problem specific. The simplest method
among all segmentation methods is threshold-based
method, whose volume uses either a manually or
automated generated threshold values for segmentation. In
this method first the histogram of the image is computed
then a particular value of threshold (intensity) is selected
to segment the region. However in this method the
intensity values often suffer from non-uniformly
distributed contrast values inside the vessels. So, in case of
small structure vessel segmentation, global threshold
based methods are not useful.
1.4 Image Representation and Description
Representation and description almost always follow the
output of a segmentation stage. The first decision must be
made whether the data should be represented as a
boundary or complete region. Boundary representation is
appropriate when the focus is on external shape
characteristics whereas regional representation is focusing
on internal properties, such as texture and skeletal shape.
In plant species identification using digital morphometrics,
image representation is done by using leaf shape analysis.
The [9] have made a review of previous methods used to
analyze the leaf shape using three ways: two-dimensional
outline shape of leaf petal, the structure of the vein
2. Int. J. Advanced Networking and Applications
Volume: 09 Issue: 01 Pages: 3311-3315 (2017) ISSN: 0975-0290
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network and the characters of leaf margin. The two-
dimensional outline shape of leaf petal is a boundary
representation while the structure of the vein network and
the characters of leaf margin are regional representation.
1.5 Image Recognition
Recognition is the process that assigns a label to an object
based on information provided by its descriptors.
Classification is a usual process used to recognize image.
Classification is needed to distinguish a plant species with
other species based on the data obtained from feature
selection. The descriptors from the image data stored in
database are compared with the descriptors from the query
image. The closer gap within those descriptors is then
chosen to appoint the query image to be in which class.
Artificial neural network (ANN) and fuzzy logic are the
most commonly techniques used in classification.
The purpose of image processing is divided into 5 groups.
They are:
1. Visualization - Observe the objects that are not
visible.
2. Image sharpening and restoration - To create a better
image.
3. Image retrieval - Seek for the image of interest.
4. Measurement of pattern – Measures various objects
in an image.
5. Image Recognition – Distinguish the objects in an
image.
II. Literacy Review
Various image classification approaches are defined
briefly:
1. On The Basis Of Characteristic Used:
a. Shape based: This methods make use of the objects’
2D spatial information. Common features used in
shape-based classification schemes are the points
(centroid, set of points),primitive geometric
shapes(rectangle or ellipse), skeleton, silhouette and
contour
b. Motion-based: This methods use temporal tracked
features of objects for the classification
2. On The Basis Of Training Sample Used:
a. Supervised Classification: The process of using
samples of known informational classes (training sets)
to classify pixels of unknown identity. Example:
minimum distance to means algorithm, parallelepiped
algorithm, maximum likelihood algorithm
b. Unsupervised Classification: In this type of
classification is a method which examines a large
number of unknown pixels and divides it into number
of classes based on natural groupings present in the
image values. Computer determines spectrally
separable class and then defines their information
value. No extensive prior knowledge is required.
Example: K means clustering algorithm.
3. On The Basis Of Assumption Of Parameter on Data:
a. Parametric classifier: The parameters like mean vector
and covariance matrix are used. There is an assumption
of Gaussian distribution. The parameters like mean
vector and covariance matrix are frequently generated
from training sample .Example: Maximum likelihood,
linear discriminant analysis.
b. Non Parametric classifier: There is no assumption
about the data. Non-parametric classifiers do not make
use of statistical parameters to calculate class
separation. Example: Artificial neural network, support
vector machine, decision tree classifier, expert system.
4. On The Basis Of Pixel Information Used:
a. Per pixel classifier: Conventional classifier
generates a signature by using the combination of the
spectra of all training-set pixels from a given feature.
The contributions of all materials present in the
training-set pixels are present in the resulting signature.
It can be parametric or nonparametric the accuracy
may not meet up because of the impact of the mixed
pixel problem. Example: maximum likelihood, ANN,
support vector machine and minimum distance.
b. Sub pixel classifiers: The spectral value of each
pixel is assumed to be a linear or non-linear
combination of defined pure materials called end
members, providing proportional membership of each
pixel to each end member. Sub pixel classifier has the
capability to handle the mixed pixel problem, suitable
for medium and coarse spatial resolution images.
Example: spectral mixture analysis, sub pixel classifier,
Fuzzy-set classifiers.
c. Per-field classifier: The per-field classifier is
intended to handle the problem of environmental
heterogeneity, and also improves the classification
accuracy. Generally used by GIS-based classification
approaches.
d. Object-oriented classifiers: Pixels of the image
are united into objects and then classification is
performed on the basis of objects. It involves 2 stages:
image segmentation and image classification Image
segmentation unites pixels into objects, and a
classification is then implemented on the basis of
objects. Example: e Cognition.
5. On The Basis Of Number Of Outputs For Each
Spatial Element:
a. Hard Classification: Also known as crisp
classification in this each pixel is required or forced to
show membership to a single class.eg maximum
likelihood, minimum distance, artificial neural
network, decision tree, and support vector machine.
b. Soft classification: also known as fuzzy
classification in this each pixel may exhibit numerous
and partial class membership. Produces more accurate
result.
III. Image Classification Technique
Difference Techniques for Classification
Classification
The classification methods can be seen as extensions of
the detection methods, but instead of trying to detect only
one specific disease amidst different conditions and
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Volume: 09 Issue: 01 Pages: 3311-3315 (2017) ISSN: 0975-0290
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symptoms, these ones try to identify and label whichever
pathology that is affecting the plant. As in the case of
quantification, classification methods almost always
include a segmentation step, which is normally followed
by the extraction of a number of features that will feed
some kind of classifier. The methods presented in the
following are grouped according to the kind of
classification strategy employed.
Neural networks
A very early attempt to monitor plant health was carried
out by Hetzroni et al. [1]. Their system tried to identify
iron, zinc and nitrogen deficiencies by monitoring lettuce
leaves. The capture of the images was done by an analog
video camera, and only afterwards the images would be
digitized. The first step of the proposed algorithm is the
segmentation of the images into leaf and background. In
the following a number of size and color features are
extracted from both the RGB and HSI representations of
the image. Those parameters are finally fed to neural
networks and statistical classifiers, which are used to
determine the plant condition. Artificial Neural networks
used to segment the images[13].
Pydipati et al. [2] compared two different approaches to
detect and classify three types of citrus diseases. The
authors collected 39 texture features, and created four
different subsets of those features to be used in two
different classification approaches. The first approach was
based on a Mahalanobis minimum distance classifier,
using the nearest neighbor principle. The second approach
used radial basis functions (RBF) neural network
classifiers trained with the backpropagation algorithm.
According to the authors, both classification approaches
performed equally well when using the best of the four
subsets, which contained ten hue and saturation texture
features.
Huang [3] proposed a method to detect and classify three
different types of diseases that affect Phalaenopsis orchid
seedlings. The segmentation procedure adopted by the
author is significantly more sophisticated than those found
in other papers, and is composed by four steps: removal of
the plant vessel using a Bayes classifier, equalization of
the image using an exponential transform, a rough
estimation for the location of the diseased region, and
equalization of the sub-image centered at that rough
location. A number of color and texture features are then
extracted from the gray level co-occurrence matrix.
Modified Bee Colony optimization for the selection of
different combinations of food sources P.Saravanamoorthi
[12] Finally, those features are submitted to an MLP
artificial neural network with one hidden layer, which
performs the final classification.
Sanyal et al. [14] tackled the problem of detecting and
classifying six types of mineral deficiencies in rice crops.
First, the algorithm extracts a number of texture and color
features. Each kind of feature (texture and color) is
submitted to its own specific MLP neural network. Both
networks have one hidden layer, but the number of
neurons in the hidden layer is different (40 for texture and
70 for color). The results returned by both networks are
then combined, yielding the final classification. A very
similar approach is used by the same authors in another
paper, but in this case the objective is to identify two kinds
of diseases (blast and brown spots) that affect rice crops.
The method proposed by AI tries to identify five different
plant diseases. The authors did not specify the species of
plants used in the tests, and the images were captured in
situ. After a preprocessing stage to clean up the image, a
K-means clustering algorithm is applied in order to divide
the image into four clusters. According to the authors, at
least one of the clusters must correspond to one of the
diseases. After that, for each cluster a number of color and
texture features are extracted by means of the so-called
Color Co-Occurrence Method, which operates with images
in the HSI format. Those features are fed to a MLP Neural
Network with ten hidden layers, which performs the final
classification.
Kai et al. [15]proposed a method to identify three types of
diseases in maize leaves. First, the images are converted to
the YCbCr color representation. Apparently, some rules
are applied during the thresholding in order to properly
segment the diseased regions. However, due to a lack of
clarity, it is not possible to infer exactly how this is done.
The authors then extract a number of texture features from
the gray level co-occurrence matrix. Finally, the features
are submitted to an MLP neural network with one hidden
layer.
Kai [15] proposed a method to discriminate between pairs
of diseases in wheat and grapevines. The images are
segmented by a K-means algorithm, and then 50 color,
shape and texture features are extracted. For the purpose
of classification, the authors tested four different kinds of
neural networks: Multilayer Perceptron, Radial Basis
Function, Generalized Regression, and Probabilistic. The
authors reported good results for all kinds of neural
networks.
Support vector machines
SVM proposed a method to identify and classify diseases
that affect grapevines. The method uses several color
representations (HSI, L*a*b*, UVL and YCbCr)
throughout its execution. The separation between leaves
and background is performed by an MLP neural network,
which is coupled with a color library built a priori by
means of an unsupervised self organizing map (SOM).
The colors present on the leaves are then clustered by
means of an unsupervised and untrained self-organizing
map. A genetic algorithm determines the number of
clusters to be adopted in each case. Diseased and healthy
regions are then separated by a Support Vector Machine
(SVM). After some additional manipulations, the
segmented image is submitted to a multiclass SVM, which
performs the classification into either scab, rust, or no
disease.
Here proposed a method to identify two diseases that can
manifest in cucumber leaves. The segmentation into
healthy and diseased regions is achieved using a statistic
pattern recognition approach. In the following, some color,
shape and texture features are extracted. Those features
4. Int. J. Advanced Networking and Applications
Volume: 09 Issue: 01 Pages: 3311-3315 (2017) ISSN: 0975-0290
3314
feed an SVM, which performs the final classification. The
authors stated that the results provided by the SVM are far
better than those achieved using neural networks.
The system proposed aimed to identify and classify three
types of diseases that affect rice crops. The algorithm first
applies a particular color transformation to the original
RGB image, resulting in two channels (y 1 and y 2). Then,
the image is segmented by Otsu’s method, after which the
diseased regions are isolated. Color, shape and texture
features are extracted, the latter one from the HSV color
space. Finally, the features are submitted to a Support
Vector Machine, which performs the final classification.
The method proposed tries to identify three different
kinds of diseases that affect cotton plants. The authors
used images not only of leaves, but also of fruits and
stems. The segmentation of the image is performed using a
technique developed, which was described earlier in this
paper (Section ‘Thresholding’). After that, a number of
features is extracted from the diseased regions. Those
features are then used to feed an SVM. The one-against-
one method was used to allow the SVM to deal with
multiple classes. The authors concluded that the texture
features have the best discrimination potential.
Jian and Wei proposed a method to recognize three kinds
of cucumber leaf diseases. As in most approaches, the
separation between healthy and diseased regions is made
by a simple thresholding procedure. In the following, a
variety of color, shape and texture features are extracted.
Those features are submitted to an SVM with Radial Basis
Function (RBF) as kernel, which performs the final
classification.
Fuzzy classifier
The method proposed by Hairuddin et al. [10] tries to
identify four different nutritional deficiencies in oil palm
plants. The image is segmented according to color
similarities, but the authors did not provide any detail on
how this is done. After the segmentation, a number of
color and texture features are extracted and submitted to a
fuzzy classifier which, instead of outputting the
deficiencies themselves, reveals the amounts of fertilizers
that should be used to correct those deficiencies.
Unfortunately, the technical details provided in this paper
are superficial, making it difficult to reach a clear
understanding about the approach adopted by the authors.
Xu et al. [9] proposed a method to detect nitrogen and
potassium deficiencies in tomato plants. The algorithm
begins extracting a number of features from the color
image. The color features are all based on the b*
component of the L*a*b* color space. The texture features
are extracted using three different methods: difference
operators, Fourier transform and Wavelet packet
decomposition. The selection and combination of the
features was carried out by means of a genetic algorithm.
Finally, the optimized combination of features is used as
the input of a fuzzy K-nearest neighbor classifier, which is
responsible for the final identification.
Feature-based rules
In their two papers, Kurniawati et al. [15] proposed a
method to identify and label three different kinds of
diseases that affect paddy crops. As in many other
methods, the segmentation of healthy and diseased regions
is performed by means of thresholding. The authors tested
two kinds of thresholding, Otsu’s and local entropy, with
the best results being achieved by the latter one.
Afterwards, a number of shape and color features are
extracted. Those features are the basis for a set of rules
that determine the disease that best fits the characteristics
of the selected region. Region based object extraction
using ANFIS combined with support vector machines
discussed by R.Sathishkumar[11]
Zhang [8] proposed a method for identifying and
classifying lesions in citrus leaves. The method is mostly
based on two sets of features. The first set was selected
having as main goal to separate lesions from the rest of the
scene, which is achieved by setting thresholds to each
feature and applying a weighted voting scheme. The
second set aims to provide as much information as
possible about the lesions, so a discrimination between
diseases becomes possible. The final classification is,
again, achieved by means of feature thresholds and a
weighted voting system. A more detailed version of S.
Annadurai [7] can be found in Alasdair McAndrew [6].
Color analysis
The method proposed by Anup Vibhute, et al. [5] aims to
detect and discriminate among four types of mineral
deficiencies (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and
magnesium). The tests were performed using faba bean,
pea and yellow lupine leaves. Prior to the color analysis,
the images are converted to the HSI and L*a*b* color
spaces. The presence or absence of the deficiencies is then
determined by the color differences between healthy
leaves and the leaves under test. Those differences are
quantified by Euclidean distances calculated in both color
spaces.
Pugoy and Mariano [4] proposed a system to identify two
different types of diseases that attack rice leaves. The
algorithm first converts the image from RGB to HSI color
space. The K-means technique is applied to cluster the
pixels into a number of groups. Those groups are then
compared to a library that relates colors to the respective
diseases. This comparison results in values that indicate
the likelihood of each region being affected by each of the
diseases.
IV. Implementation Part:
In this paper we have developed a method by which we
can detect weed by using image processing. Then we gave
the input of the various diseases affected leaves. By doing
so we can reduce the usage of weedicides, thus saving the
environment.
If we have two are more types of weeds of different edge
frequencies present in the same field. Then the threshold
value must be less than the minimum edge frequency of
the weeds present. If a small weed is present separately in
the field means not in a group then it cannot be detected
5. Int. J. Advanced Networking and Applications
Volume: 09 Issue: 01 Pages: 3311-3315 (2017) ISSN: 0975-0290
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because it cannot meet the threshold condition. If both the
weed and crop have nearly same edge frequency we
should be very careful in selecting the threshold value.
The weed block numbers from the filtering step cannot be
block numbers from the filtering step cannot be given
automatically to the motor, it has to be done manually.
This will take some time.
V. Conclusion:
The wide-ranging variety of applications on the subject of
counting objects in digital images makes it difficult for
someone to prospect all possible useful ideas present in the
literature, which can cause potential solutions for
problematic issues to be missed. In this context, this paper
tried to present a comprehensive survey on the subject,
aiming at being a starting point for those conducting
research on the issue. Due to the large number of
references, the descriptions are short, providing a quick
overview of the ideas underlying each of the solutions. It
is important to highlight that the work on the subject is not
limited to what was shown here. Many papers on the
subject could not be included in order to keep the paper
length under control – the papers were selected as to
consider the largest number of different problems as
possible.
REFERENCES
[1] Hetzroni , Hossein Nejati, Zohreh Azimifar, Mohsen
Zamani; “Using Fast Fourier Transform for weed
detection in corn fields”; IEEE; 2008.
[2] Pydipati, Xavier P. Burgos-Artizzu, Angela Ribeiro,
Maria Guijarro, Gonzalo Pajares; “Real- time image
processing for crop/weed discrimination in maize
fields”; Elsevier; 2010.[4]
[3] Huang , Grianggai Samseemoung, Peeyush Soni,
Hemantha P. W. Jayasuriya, Vilas M. Salokhe;
“Application of low altitude remote sensing (LARS)
platform for monitoring crop growth and weed
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[4] Pugoy and Mariano,G. Jones, Æ Ch. Ge´e, Æ F.
Truchetet; “Modeling agronomic images for weed
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[5] Anup Vibhute, S K Bodhe; “Applications of Image
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[6] Alasdair McAndrew; “Introduction to digital image
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[10]Hairuddin ,S.Phadikar and J.Sil, “Rice disease
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[11] R. Sathiskumar, Dr B Nagarajan, R.Karthigamani, Dr
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[12] P. Saravanamoorthi “ Modified Bee Colony
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[13] Prakash, K & Nagarajan, B 2014, ‘A Mathematical
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[14] Sanyal, Abak, T, Barış, U & Sankur, B 1997, ‘The
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[15] Kai , Kurniawati Ackley, D & Littman, M 1992,
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G. Langton, C. Taylor, J. D. Farmer, and S.
Rasmussen, eds., Artificial Life II. Addison−Wesly