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IMC And Hollywood What Brand Managers Need To Know
1.
2 Admap •
November 2003 embeddedmarketing O NCE UPON A TIME, Hollywood studios and artists did not like to be associated with brands. Taking the money was thought to compromise artistic integrity: but not any more. Enter- tainment marketing, which ‘embeds’ brands seamlessly within entertainment experiences is the latest thinking in inte- grated marketing communications (IMC). Old favourites like product place- mentandfranchisedtoyshavemovedon. Now the advertising, marketing and entertainment industries are working closer together than ever. Just as movies are now regarded as brands,studiosandproducersareincreas- ingly willing to talk to brand marketers about mutually-beneficial integration. Each can gain from the ‘synergy’ of link- ing brands with entertainment. However, thecultureofbrandmarketingisverydif- ferent from that of Hollywood. There is a need for mutual understanding, because the cost of failed initiatives can be consid- erable. Getting branded products ‘placed’ in movies or TV shows is a well-recognised technique. Consumers are exposed to a brand when they are most relaxed and receptive to suggestion. In some cases the brand itself is a star: a recent Hollywood release – a high-tech re-make of sixties classic The Italian Job – stars the BMW Mini Cooper in numerous chase scenes. Within a week of the movie’s release you could not buy a Mini in Los Angeles – stockssoldoutandthereisalengthywait- ing list. Product placement now has to be inte- grated into the entertainment feature. The sportsman brandishing a logo- bedecked bottle in the post-match interview is too contrived for today’s audiences. There are still agencies that exist simply to ‘place’ branded products as scene props or game-show prizes, but currentthinkinginNorthAmericaisthat just‘showingthecan’doesn’tdomuchfor the brand. To leverage synergy effectively, thebrandhastobewovenintotheplotto ‘tell a story’. Brand presence may not require physical presence: the reference can be very subtle. Mutual cooperation I recently attended the 2003 American Advertising Federation conference in Los Angeles to learn about new develop- ments. Leading professionals held panel sessions discussing many aspects of IMC. Therewasaviewthat‘embeddedmarket- ing’, as it is sometimes called, is one area in which the USA is ahead of the world. In many countries regulations demand that use of a communications medium for promotion is explicit. Some authori- ties think it is unsporting to allow brand marketing to be delivered implicitly as a sub-text of a movie. In the USA the dis- tinction between promotional categories such as advertising, celebrity endorse- ment, sponsorship and product placement is increasingly blurred. It is almost taken for granted that media cov- erage will promote certain interests within editorial content. Since this is a cultural norm in US media, Hollywood movies are no exception. Closer relationships between advertis- ing and Hollywood reflect the incestuous nature of these industries. Several noted British directors – (Ridley Scott (Gladia- tor), Peter Jackson (Lord of The Rings) and Alan Parker (Fame, Mississippi Burning, Evita) to name just three – started in advertising. Advertising Age recently reported that Nike had hired director David Fincher (Panic Room, Fight Club) to film a new ad featuring champion sprint- er Tim Montgomery. The industries may be different, but they talk to each other and recognise the value of quality direc- tion. Ad agencies understand that high production values and striking creativity get ads talked about. Film techniques are Chris Hackley explains the power – and the potential problems – of teaming up with a major movie to help market a brand IMC and Hollywood – what brand managers need to know © World Advertising Research Center 2003 BMW Mini: All sold out after a remaking of The Italian Job
2.
November 2003 •
Admap 3 © World Advertising Research Center 2003 noguaranteethatthedirectorwon’tleave thevitalproductsequenceonthecutting- room floor. The right contract is essential: in some cases brand owners have found they had no redress in the event of their brand’s scene being cut. If a client is nego- tiating with a TV show producer there can be conflicts of interest. The network that airs the show has other advertisers to keep happy, who have bought conven- tional slots in the commercial break. If a rival is featured in the show, they might object. Conversely, a client might find that their carefully contrived placement islessthanexclusive.Theproducermight haveworkedotherdealswithbrandsthat do not fit the image. Again, the golden rule is – get the right contract. Brand managers, with their culture of strategic planning, can find the speed and opportunism of Hollywood unnerving. And Hollywood can fail to understand the strategic mentality of planners. How- ever, when the liaison works, results can be spectacular. Years ago Clark Gable famously destroyed the US under-vest market when he disrobed in a movie to reveal … no vest! Bogart and Bacall are often said to have been responsible for converting millions to cigarette smoking, such was the style they brought to this particular vice. The influence of Holly- wood over consumer trends is potentially enormous: harnessing and controlling it is the challenge. Why embedding works: sub-text and intertextuality. Media and cultural theorists have two concepts that shed light on why ‘embed- ded’ marketing can be so powerful in creating and reinforcing brand associa- tions. There is the rhetorical power of ‘sub-textual’ suggestion. In movies, brands are seen in an attractive context. The brand association exists at a sub-tex- tuallevel,beneaththenarrative.Showing canbemorepowerfulthantelling.Seeing astaruseorrefertoabrandcreatesamore powerful message for consumers than seeingthestarinanexplicit(andpatently insincere)productendorsement.Nikeare masters of sub-textual suggestion. The ‘Swoosh’ is ubiquitous on street clothing and in post-competition interviews with sports stars. No explicit reference is need- ed: the logo says it. The second concept, ‘intertextuality’, concernshowwemakelinksbetweendif- ferentaspectsofourmediatedexperience. This refers to how media draw on shared symbols and reference points, instantly conveying particular values in associa- tion with a brand. For example, conventional ads might use movie metaphors. Recently, Ford used clips of Steve McQueen movies with the car digi- tally replaced with a Ford Cougar. Conversely, movie dialogue, plots and props increasingly draw on brands as internationally-recognised symbols. Movies can use a brand reference as a shorthand to convey emotions and per- sonalities to audiences around the world. In the 1980s Levi’s shook up the jeans market with an ad set in a 1950s Ameri- can laundrette. It was packed with retro Americaniconography–cars,clothesand machines. Movie audiences had seen these in Marlon Brando and James Dean movies and the ad placed Levi’s in the same context. It didn’t matter whether Levi’s was the brand actually worn by Brando in Rebel Without a Cause or Dean in East of Eden. The link was created and for the following decade Levi’s were regarded by consumers as the quintessen- tial American jean. American provenance is now less cool. The market changed and the advertising had to change too. More recently, Bud- weiser campaigns have abandoned Americanheroadsandturnedtocontem- porary styles with irony and humour, while still keeping movie-standard pro- duction values. Many brands are now so iconic that intertextuality works both ways. Celebri- ties can reposition their personal brand and open up new audiences by lending their image to an ad campaign. It doesn’t hurt that this pays exceedingly well. interchangeable between the advertising and entertainment industries. There are agencies in the US that exist solely to find opportunities in entertain- ment products for brands. They keep in intimate contact with producers and stu- dios and know all their current projects. For the first time, brand representatives are allowed creative access, so they can influence plot and script. Clearly this occurs under strictly demarcated condi- tions and directors hold a creative veto. Nevertheless, the opportunities are grow- ing for brand involvement in the creative development of movies. Brands are inter- national symbols and their integration into a movie can, in context, help to enhance the storyline. Enterprising agents spot the potential for synergy in a plot and negotiate a deal that benefits all parties. In some cases the producers just get lots of free products – a substantial benefit when, for example, dozens of cars are going to be trashed in street chases. In other cases significant fees are paid to the studio. A brand refer- ence inserted into the movie can, if carefully thought-through, have a more powerfully suggestive effect than mil- lions of dollars’ worth of conventional promotion. The pitfalls for brand managers However, brand managers should beware: getting involved with entertain- ment carries risks. If the movie bombs, huge stocks stand still and the sales force can be left kicking its heels without the anticipated hike in demand. Studios can- not guarantee their movie will be a hit. These days a new Hollywood release typi- cally involves $30 million-worth of advance publicity, but if the first week- end’s gross is disappointing the movie could be pulled immediately and go straight to video rental. Studios know thatifamovielookslikeaturkeyinweek one there is little chance of recovery, so capital is better employed in a new proj- ect. Even if the movie is a success, there is Chris Hackley is head of the marketing group at Birmingham Business School. His research and consulting interests focus on advertising development and account planning.
3.
4 Admap •
November 2003 © World Advertising Research Center 2003 Celine Dion and Paul Newman are just two recent figures providing brand endorsements in paid-for advertising. Uma Thurman was pursued for years by Lancôme before she finally agreed to fea- ture in their ads. It is no longer uncool for serious artists to do advertising cam- paigns. The Levi’s ad was also notable for making an overnight star of Nick Kamen. His fame lasted little more than fifteen minutes, but more recent beneficiaries have seen advertising roles catapult them into mainstream entertainment. In the UK Melanie Sykes was a catalogue model untilastarringroleinaBoddington’sbeer campaign turned her into a regular host- ess on TV chat shows. Stars have always beenabletomakebrandsbutnowbrands can make stars. This has helped soften Hollywood attitudes towards involve- ment with marketing. The synergy of music and brands It is not only branded products that are placed in entertainment settings. You may hardly be conscious of the music but that too is a source of synergy for artist and brand. Music owners are keen to license music to advertisers and movie producers. In many cases a classic track can give an ad greater impact. Levi’s used Marvin Gaye’s ‘I heard it through the grapevine’. People in advertising recog- nise that the right music makes the targeted audience turn their heads to pay attention to the ad. In some cases an ad campaign provides an opportunity to showcase a new artist. Artists like Lenny Kravitz and the Dandy Warhols have had their careers and sales boosted through use of their music in ads. Brand exposure provides leverage for the entertainment property. Car ads for Mitsubishi and Ford have been recent successes, making stars out of the artists providing the sound- track. Music publishing companies like BMGlicenseclassicsfromartistslikeIggy Pop or Frank Sinatra or current stars like Christina Aguilera and Coldplay to pro- vide a musical hook to an ad. The track guarantees the attention of a particular audience. The legal issues of music licensing are complex. The advertiser who wants an originaltrackhastobuyrightstoboththe CD master and to the sheet music. These properties are often owned by different licensing houses. Then they have to get the agreement of the artists. Some music isoutofbounds:Beatlestrackshavenever been available. But never say never in branded entertainment: savvy agencies and artists’ representatives know there is a right brand for every artist, and huge potential benefits to both parties. IMC – what brands managers need to know Brand managers and communications directors need to understand exactly what IMC developments in Hollywood can, and cannot, deliver. Movie audiences are self-selecting target groups. They are influential, active consumers. The influ- ence of movies spreads beyond the theatre via press editorial, broadcast media coverage, word of mouth, outdoor, associated websites (with retail inter- faces) and franchised product links. IMC can become a web of influence around the brand, with numerous threads ema- nating from the same source. Movies and other broadcast entertain- ment like sport and TV drama provide huge potential for powerfully synergis- tic marketing links. If Pierce Brosnan chases the bad guys in a top-of-the-range BMW, it is no coincidence. The juxtapo- sition of brand with actor in a movie has been planned for mutual advantage. Even where sophisticated audiences are aware of this, the power of the link is undiminished, because embedded mar- keting acts at a sub-textual level. The streets are full of people wearing brand- ed clothing – we have become culturally primed for the appearance of a brand in any social context. It is inevitable, and natural, that movies and TV reflect this reality. Embedded marketing will become an ever-more-regular feature of entertain- ment and the leading edge of IMC. Brand managers need to be fully au fait with these developments to take full advan- tage of the opportunities opening up throughbroadcastingde-regulation,tech- nological advances and the changing commercial culture in Hollywood. Brands need to be seen in the most pow- erful settings – and movies fit the bill. Getting involved in this high-risk, high-gain scene requires careful planning and preparation. Brand representatives need to listen to US-based agencies to learn about the possibilities and pitfalls. They need to open a dialogue with pro- ducers and studios. Experienced lawyers are essential to negotiate a contract that will cover them properly. They need care- ful planning to establish exactly what they want to accomplish for their brand. If the project gets off the ground, they need the infrastructure to exploit the resultingdemand.Finally,theyneedluck, intuition and judgement to hook up with projects that will achieve the required exposure. And if it bombs, they need the resources and will to try again. ■ c.hackley@bham.ac.uk embeddedmarketing A star is born: Melanie Sykes in the Boddingtons ad
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