The document discusses various audio and visual technologies that can be used for teaching and learning. It describes traditional audio media like audio cassettes, broadcast audio, and telephones. It then covers digital audio media such as CDs, internet audio files like MP3s, and internet radio. The document also discusses visual communication, design principles, and traditional visual media such as non-projected items, bulletin boards, and projected visuals like overhead projectors and slide projectors. Finally, it touches on digital projectors, document cameras, and multimedia.

1. 1
TeachingandLearningwithTechnology
Audio and Visual
Technologies
Chapter 9
Teaching and Learning with Technology

2. 2TeachingandLearningwithTechnology
Audio in Teaching and
Learning
• Listening includes both hearing
and comprehending audio
• Effective listening for learning
includes
• Accurate hearing
• Focused listening
• Reinforcement to stimulate neural
connections

3. 3TeachingandLearningwithTechnology
Traditional Audio Media
Audio Cassette
• Economic, durable, and easy-to-use
• Uses magnetic tape to record voice,
music, and other sounds
• Can be used in centers, small
groups, or large group instruction to
add audio elements
• May be used for talking books,
multimedia kits, oral histories and
journals

4. 4TeachingandLearningwithTechnology
Traditional Audio Media
Broadcast Audio
• Received via radio or cable audio
channels
• Enhances content with current
events, music, and foreign language
Telephone
• May be used to bring speakers in via
phone
• Can also be used to include home-
bound students in class activities

5. 5TeachingandLearningwithTechnology
Digital Audio Media
Optical Media (CD-ROMs)
• Offer better clarity and greater
storage capacity when compared
with traditional audio media
• Easier to directly access target
audio for replay
• With CD-Rs and CD-RWs you can also
record audio

6. 6TeachingandLearningwithTechnology
Digital Audio Media
Internet Audio
• You can download audio rather than
acquire CDs
• While audio clips in Wav and MP3
formats are widely available, MP3 is
gaining popularity because it require
smaller files
• You will need media players
(typically free) to play back these
files

7. 7TeachingandLearningwithTechnology
Digital Audio Media
MP3 Files
• Sometime include visualizations
(graphics or video) displayed during
audio playback
• MP3 players usually include
recording and playback controls to
enhance quality and control
sequences
• Typically music but may also include
any other audio elements

8. 8TeachingandLearningwithTechnology
Digital Audio Media
Internet Radio
• Using streaming media, many radio
stations simultaneously broadcast
via the Web as well as the airwaves
• National and international stations
outside the local area are now
available via the Web
• Include music, news and talk
stations from around the world

9. 9TeachingandLearningwithTechnology
Visual Communication
• Visual literacy is the ability to
correctly interpret visual signals
• Visual experiences in education
should be designed to encourage
visual literacy
• Awareness of effective visual design
helps to impart visual literacy skills
to students

10. 10TeachingandLearningwithTechnology
Visual Communication
Visual Design Basics
• Visual design includes text, visual
elements, and affective elements
• Text refers to all aspects of text
including fonts, spacing, color, and
sizes
• Visual elements include graphics,
symbols, real objects, and
organizational elements
• Affective elements are visual
components that can elicit
responses from viewers

11. 11TeachingandLearningwithTechnology
Visual Communication
Visual Design Guidelines
• Relevance
• All elements should add clarity to
the visual
• Graphics should accurately
illustrate the intended concept
• Coherence and Consistency
• Include only those elements that
support the message
• All elements should be consistent
with each other and with the
message

12. 12TeachingandLearningwithTechnology
Visual Communication
Visual Design Guidelines
• Proportion and Contrast
• Proportion refers to relative size of
elements
• Contrast refers to the arrangement and
balance of the various elements
• Use proportion and contrast to draw
attention to the most significant aspects
of the message
• Unity and Direction
• Elements must work together to
communicate the focus of the message
and then to direct the viewer to
subsequent components

13. 13TeachingandLearningwithTechnology
Traditional Visual Media
Non-Projected Visuals
• Real objects include all objects that
can be brought into the classroom
and used as a visual enhancement
• Models are 3-D representations of
real objects or concepts
• Exhibits are displays or dioramas
that are created or arranged to
illustrate instructional concepts

14. 14TeachingandLearningwithTechnology
Traditional Visual Media
Non-Projected Visuals
• Print Materials include commercial and
teacher-made paper materials
• Graphics and Photos are pictorial images
used to illustrate and clarify
Technologies for Non-Projected visuals
include
•Bulletin Boards
•Flip Charts
•Magnetic Boards
•Chalk Boards
•White Boards
•Electronic White Boards

15. 15TeachingandLearningwithTechnology
Traditional Visual Media
Projected Visuals and their Technologies
• Overhead Projectors
• Shine light through transparencies for
large group projection of the images
• Transparencies can be drawn or printed
with ink jet or laser printers – the right
transparency film must be used with each
• Commercial transparencies are frequently
available with texts or in supplemental
books
• Transparencies can also be created with
common software such as word
processors

16. 16TeachingandLearningwithTechnology
Traditional Visual Media
Projected Visuals and their Technologies
• Slide Projectors
• Slides are small film images mounted in
cardboard which are typically organized in
trays
• Photographic slides remain popular
because they offer the most accurate,
high resolution color images
• Slides require limited equipment for
projection but may deteriorate with age

17. 17TeachingandLearningwithTechnology
Non-traditional Visual
Media
Digital Projectors
• Used to project digital images from
computers, digital cameras, and photo
CDs
• Allow for large group display of anything
digital
• Document Cameras
• Video camera mounted on a stand to
capture and display live video images
• May use monitor or digital projector for
display
• Can be use to zoom in on a real time
demonstration or to share images of small
objects

18. 18TeachingandLearningwithTechnology
Multimedia
• Combining multiple media into a single
integrated whole
• Multimedia includes audio and visual
elements typically stored on a CD-ROM
with hyperlinks between the elements
• Multimedia must be carefully evaluated for
good design and appropriate and
meaningful audio and visual elements