Audience theory
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This document summarizes four theories of audience: 1) The Frankfurt School viewed audiences as passive recipients of media messages. 2) Katz and Lazarsfield's Two Step Flow Theory proposed that opinion leaders influence others through interpersonal communication. 3) Katz and Blumler's Uses and Gratifications Theory found that audiences actively consume media to fulfill specific needs and desires. 4) David Morley's Nationwide Audience Theory described different ways audiences can interpret media messages based on their social position.
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Audience theory
This document discusses four theories of audience:
1) The Frankfurt School viewed audiences as passive recipients of media messages through a "hypodermic needle" model.
2) The Two Step Flow theory proposed by Lazarsfeld and Katz found that people are more influenced by interpersonal relationships than media itself, with opinion leaders influencing others.
3) Uses and Gratifications theory sees audiences as active in choosing media to fulfill needs like diversion, relationships, identity and surveillance.
4) David Morley's theory proposed dominant, negotiated and oppositional readings of media based on how much the audience shares the producer's intended meanings.
Audience theory
This document discusses several theories of audience:
- The Frankfurt School viewed audiences as passive, accepting media messages without question.
- The Two-Step Flow Theory proposed that opinions are influenced through opinion leaders who interpret media for others. This established audiences as active participants.
- Uses and Gratifications Theory found audiences actively consume media to fulfill personal needs like diversion, social interaction, and identity.
- Later theories expanded reasons for media use and proposed different "readings" that audiences can take, from fully accepting to opposing the preferred message.
Audience theory
The document discusses several theories of media audiences:
1. The Frankfurt School viewed audiences as isolated individuals susceptible to media messages like hypodermic needles.
2. The two-step flow theory proposed that opinion leaders receive media messages and pass them on to others, showing audiences are part of a social process.
3. Uses and gratifications theory expanded on active audiences, explaining that individuals choose media to fulfill purposes like diversion, social interaction, identity, and information gathering.
4. David Morley's study identified three types of audience readings: dominant/hegemonic (fully accepting a program's messages), negotiated (modifying messages to personal views), and oppositional/counter-hegemonic (reject
Audience theory
The document discusses several theories of audience in media studies:
1) The Frankfurt School viewed audiences as isolated individuals susceptible to media messages like a hypodermic needle, while two-step flow theory proposed information spreads from media to opinion leaders to others.
2) Uses and gratifications theory saw active audiences choosing media to fulfill purposes like diversion, relationships, and identity.
3) David Morley's research identified dominant, negotiated, and oppositional readings reflecting how audiences interpret preferred meanings.
Section a audience theory
This document discusses several theories of audience and media effects:
- The Frankfurt School viewed audiences as susceptible to media messages like a hypodermic needle.
- The two-step flow theory proposes that opinion leaders receive media messages and pass them to others in their social networks.
- Uses and gratifications theory argues that audiences actively choose media to fulfill needs like diversion, social interaction, identity, and information.
- David Morley's reading positions include dominant readings where audiences fully accept the message, negotiated readings where audiences modify the message, and oppositional readings where audiences reject the intended message.
Audience theory
This document summarizes several theories of audience from the 20th century:
- The Frankfurt School in the 1920s-30s viewed audiences as passive receivers of media messages.
- The Two Step Flow theory from the 1940s argued that opinion leaders influence how audiences interpret media messages.
- Uses and Gratifications from the 1960s saw audiences as active individuals who choose media to fulfill specific needs like diversion, relationships, identity, and information.
- David Morley's work in the 1980s identified different types of readings that audiences can take, from fully sharing the media's intended meanings to negotiating or opposing them based on their own views.
Audience+theory
This document discusses various audience theories in media studies. It addresses two key questions around how influential media is and how it shapes audience perceptions of the world. It also discusses different types of media consumption and contrasts market-liberal and political economy perspectives on audience-producer relationships. Different audience theories are outlined, including hypodermic needle, two-step flow, uses and gratifications, and encoding/decoding models. The document also contrasts views of passive versus active audiences.
Audience theory
The document discusses theories of audience from the 1920s to present. It covers:
- The Frankfurt School's "effects model" viewed audiences as passive receivers of media messages.
- The two-step flow theory found opinion leaders influence others by interpreting media for them.
- Uses and gratifications theory proposes individuals actively consume media to fulfill purposes like diversion, social interaction, identity, and information gathering.
- Later theories recognize audiences can have dominant, negotiated, or oppositional readings of media influenced by their own perspectives.
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Audience theory
This document discusses four theories of audience:
1) The Frankfurt School viewed audiences as passive recipients of media messages through a "hypodermic needle" model.
2) The Two Step Flow theory proposed by Lazarsfeld and Katz found that people are more influenced by interpersonal relationships than media itself, with opinion leaders influencing others.
3) Uses and Gratifications theory sees audiences as active in choosing media to fulfill needs like diversion, relationships, identity and surveillance.
4) David Morley's theory proposed dominant, negotiated and oppositional readings of media based on how much the audience shares the producer's intended meanings.
Audience theory
This document discusses several theories of audience:
- The Frankfurt School viewed audiences as passive, accepting media messages without question.
- The Two-Step Flow Theory proposed that opinions are influenced through opinion leaders who interpret media for others. This established audiences as active participants.
- Uses and Gratifications Theory found audiences actively consume media to fulfill personal needs like diversion, social interaction, and identity.
- Later theories expanded reasons for media use and proposed different "readings" that audiences can take, from fully accepting to opposing the preferred message.
Audience theory
The document discusses several theories of media audiences:
1. The Frankfurt School viewed audiences as isolated individuals susceptible to media messages like hypodermic needles.
2. The two-step flow theory proposed that opinion leaders receive media messages and pass them on to others, showing audiences are part of a social process.
3. Uses and gratifications theory expanded on active audiences, explaining that individuals choose media to fulfill purposes like diversion, social interaction, identity, and information gathering.
4. David Morley's study identified three types of audience readings: dominant/hegemonic (fully accepting a program's messages), negotiated (modifying messages to personal views), and oppositional/counter-hegemonic (reject
Audience theory
The document discusses several theories of audience in media studies:
1) The Frankfurt School viewed audiences as isolated individuals susceptible to media messages like a hypodermic needle, while two-step flow theory proposed information spreads from media to opinion leaders to others.
2) Uses and gratifications theory saw active audiences choosing media to fulfill purposes like diversion, relationships, and identity.
3) David Morley's research identified dominant, negotiated, and oppositional readings reflecting how audiences interpret preferred meanings.
Section a audience theory
This document discusses several theories of audience and media effects:
- The Frankfurt School viewed audiences as susceptible to media messages like a hypodermic needle.
- The two-step flow theory proposes that opinion leaders receive media messages and pass them to others in their social networks.
- Uses and gratifications theory argues that audiences actively choose media to fulfill needs like diversion, social interaction, identity, and information.
- David Morley's reading positions include dominant readings where audiences fully accept the message, negotiated readings where audiences modify the message, and oppositional readings where audiences reject the intended message.
Audience theory
This document summarizes several theories of audience from the 20th century:
- The Frankfurt School in the 1920s-30s viewed audiences as passive receivers of media messages.
- The Two Step Flow theory from the 1940s argued that opinion leaders influence how audiences interpret media messages.
- Uses and Gratifications from the 1960s saw audiences as active individuals who choose media to fulfill specific needs like diversion, relationships, identity, and information.
- David Morley's work in the 1980s identified different types of readings that audiences can take, from fully sharing the media's intended meanings to negotiating or opposing them based on their own views.
Audience+theory
This document discusses various audience theories in media studies. It addresses two key questions around how influential media is and how it shapes audience perceptions of the world. It also discusses different types of media consumption and contrasts market-liberal and political economy perspectives on audience-producer relationships. Different audience theories are outlined, including hypodermic needle, two-step flow, uses and gratifications, and encoding/decoding models. The document also contrasts views of passive versus active audiences.
Audience theory
The document discusses theories of audience from the 1920s to present. It covers:
- The Frankfurt School's "effects model" viewed audiences as passive receivers of media messages.
- The two-step flow theory found opinion leaders influence others by interpreting media for them.
- Uses and gratifications theory proposes individuals actively consume media to fulfill purposes like diversion, social interaction, identity, and information gathering.
- Later theories recognize audiences can have dominant, negotiated, or oppositional readings of media influenced by their own perspectives.
Class 1
The document provides an overview of what media is and why media studies is important. It defines media as the plural of medium, which is an intervening substance that transmits or carries something else. It discusses how everyone can produce some form of media today, but not everyone has equal power. Media studies is important because media is ubiquitous and impacts our time, memory, and money. Studying media helps us understand its power dynamics, how information is constructed and transformed, and communicate more effectively.
Audience theory
1) Audience theory examines how media producers construct target audiences and how audiences interpret messages.
2) David Morley identified three types of audience readings: dominant, negotiated, and oppositional.
3) Stuart Hall argued that audiences actively interpret meanings based on their own frameworks, rejecting the idea that media directly injects meanings.
4) Later theorists rejected effects models of passive audiences in favor of seeing audiences as active interpreters who pick and choose what to accept.
Stuart Hall - Audience Positioning
Stuart Hall was a cultural theorist who developed a model for how audiences interpret mass media texts. The model suggests there are three ways of reading: the dominant reading where the audience fully accepts the intended message, the negotiated reading where the audience partly accepts it but modifies it based on their own views, and the oppositional reading where the audience rejects the intended message based on how it conflicts with their own social position. Hall was interested in how the media propagates ideologies and frames public debates by positioning audiences, and the concept that texts can have multiple meanings open to different interpretations.
Media theories
The document discusses several media theories:
- The Hypodermic Needle Model suggests audiences respond passively to media in the same way.
- Encoding/Decoding theory holds that meanings are not fixed and audiences decode media differently based on their backgrounds.
- The Two Step Flow theory proposes influential opinion leaders interpret media for others.
- Uses and Gratifications assumes audiences choose media actively to meet needs like entertainment, social interaction, and education.
- Other sections cover types of film readings, auteur theory, formalist theory, and the Male Gaze theory about gender in cinema.
Media theories
The document discusses several media theories:
- The Hypodermic Needle Model suggests audiences respond passively to media in the same way.
- Encoding/Decoding theory holds that meanings are not fixed and audiences decode media differently based on their backgrounds.
- The Two Step Flow theory proposes influential opinion leaders interpret media for others.
- Uses and Gratifications assumes audiences choose media actively to meet needs like entertainment, social interaction, and education.
- Other sections cover types of film readings, the Auteur Theory of directors as creative forces, and the Male Gaze theory of how films present women as objects of desire for male viewers.
Audience theory
This document summarizes several theories about media audiences:
- Cultivation theory suggests that repeated exposure to similar media representations can shape people's views of the world.
- Reception theory examines how audiences can interpret media messages in preferred, negotiated, or oppositional ways.
- Participatory culture theory describes how audiences actively engage with media texts by creating and sharing their own works.
- More recent theories argue that digital technologies have transformed passive audiences into active producers who can respond to and create their own media content.
Audience theories
This document summarizes several theories of audience reception of media:
- The hypodermic needle model suggests media directly injects opinions into passive audiences' minds, exemplified by Nazi propaganda. It is now obsolete as audiences are more active.
- Uses and gratifications theory proposes audiences seek to fulfill needs like surveillance, identity, and diversion through media consumption.
- Encoding/decoding theory describes how institutions encode messages while audiences decode based on their own interpretation, which can differ due to age, culture, etc.
- Social and cultural context theory holds that audiences' interpretations vary according to their social position, culture, class, gender, and preexisting knowledge.
Hall encoding and decoding
This document discusses key concepts about audience in media, including different audience types and theoretical approaches to understanding the audience-media relationship. It outlines effects theory, which views audiences as passive receivers, and reception theory, which sees audiences as active interpreters. The document focuses on Stuart Hall's encoding-decoding model, explaining that media producers encode meanings but audiences can decode meanings in preferred, negotiated, or oppositional ways based on their own experiences and perspectives.
Evaluation Question 2
The document discusses how a magazine represents social groups in its content. It uses language, colors, images, and articles tailored to its main audience of male teenagers and young adults. Specifically, it uses informal slang, dark but colorful tones, and features mostly male artists to portray this target demographic. The articles also frame this group as a misunderstood population often facing unfair stereotypes.
How do audiences read media texts
The document discusses different theories around how audiences engage with media texts, ranging from passive to active models of consumption. It describes the passive "hypodermic needle" effects theory from the 1920s, which viewed audiences as empty vessels absorbing media messages. More recent theories see audiences as active, such as Stuart Hall's encoding/decoding model where people make their own interpretations based on their experiences. The document also discusses reception theory and the idea that audiences play an active role in how they interpret and make meaning from media texts.
2 Uses and Gratifications Theory
The document discusses the audience theory proposed by Blumler and Katz in 1974. This theory suggests that the audience controls what media produces in order to ensure its success. There are four criteria for audience satisfaction with media: diversion from daily life, surveillance of helpful or interesting information, finding personal identity through media representations, and using media for social relationships and conversation topics. The document provides examples of how a magazine called NME satisfies these criteria for its audience.
Stuart hall (1980) audience reception theory
Reception theory proposes that media texts contain encoded messages from producers but audiences decode texts in different ways based on their own experiences and perspectives. According to Stuart Hall, audiences may have a dominant, oppositional, or negotiated reading of a text. A dominant reading accepts the producer's intended meaning while an oppositional reading rejects this. A negotiated reading finds a compromise by accepting some aspects but not others. How a text is read depends on individual audience characteristics and context.
Unit 25 Assignment 2 Passive vs Active Audiences
This document discusses a media effects theory that suggests audiences passively consume media like having messages injected straight into their subconscious brains. This theory is often used to argue against certain media types, claiming their violent content will be replicated by consumers. However, another theory suggests audiences actively choose media to gratify individual needs, such as escape, social interaction, reflection, or finding useful information, as described in four categories of media gratification.
Audience Theory
A2 Media Studies Audience Theory Research.
Disclaimer: Information collated from the work of KippMajors.
Political Cartoon Steps
Materials for the 27 January 2010 Gilder Lehrman Institute TAH Workshop for the Newark Public Schools
Uses and gratification theory
The Uses and Gratifications Theory focuses on what audiences gain from media rather than how media affects them. It suggests that audiences are active in choosing media to fulfill needs like information, entertainment, social interaction, or escape. The theory proposes that people use different media sources to meet cognitive, affective, personal, social, and tension release needs. Modern applications continue to demonstrate how new media technologies allow audiences to gratify these various needs.
Audience theory
This document discusses several audience theories related to how audiences interact with and make meaning from media texts:
1) Hypodermic needle/effects theory proposes media have a direct influence on passive audiences, while cultivation theory argues for a more gradual, "drip-drip" effect over time.
2) Two-step flow theory recognizes indirect influence as audiences discuss media with others they respect.
3) Uses and gratifications theory views audiences as active in using media to fulfill needs rather than being directly influenced.
4) Reception analysis and semiotics examine how audiences construct different meanings based on their backgrounds and can reject or reinterpret dominant meanings.
Stuart Hall’s Reception Theory
The document discusses three ways that an audience can decode media texts:
1) Dominant/preferred reading: The audience decodes the text as intended by the producer.
2) Negotiated reading: The audience accepts the producer's views but also has their own interpretation.
3) Oppositional reading: The audience rejects the producer's intended meaning and creates their own interpretation, often opposing the producer's messages and ideology.
EDM CD Cover Analysis
1) Electronic dance music (EDM) CD covers commonly use bright, bold colors like purple, blue, and green with an enhanced light glow to evoke a nightclub setting. Artist photos are sometimes featured but DJ covers often omit faces to maintain mystery.
2) Designs also include abstract shapes, landscapes, and artistic alterations of photos to make them stylized. Fonts are typically artistic deco styles. Song titles are larger than artist names.
3) EDM CD covers can be categorized into groups based on design elements but designs ultimately depend on the artist and music, with established artists focusing more on music over themselves.
Electronic Dance Music Genre Research
Electronic dance music, or EDM, is a genre of electronic music meant to be danced to, often in nightclubs or parties. It uses electronic instruments like synthesizers, drum machines, and computers to create upbeat beats. EDM originated from a fusion of disco and electronic music in the 1970s, as seen in Donna Summer's "I Feel Love." Pioneers like Giorgio Moroder and Kraftwerk helped develop early forms of EDM. In the late 1980s and 1990s, genres like house and techno gained popularity, and Madonna singles helped bring EDM more into the mainstream. Today, EDM includes many genres and is popular among 18-24 year old audiences,
Alesso Poster Analysis
The poster for Alesso's song "Heroes (We could be)" featuring Tove Lo splits the content into two sections promoting both the artist and song. The font, colors, and design mimic the single's CD cover, maintaining consistency across formats. By not including his face but rather a symbolic image from the music video, the poster directs viewers to watch the video to see Alesso's starring role. His neutral expression on the black and white photo aims to portray him as taking his music seriously while remaining approachable.
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Class 1
The document provides an overview of what media is and why media studies is important. It defines media as the plural of medium, which is an intervening substance that transmits or carries something else. It discusses how everyone can produce some form of media today, but not everyone has equal power. Media studies is important because media is ubiquitous and impacts our time, memory, and money. Studying media helps us understand its power dynamics, how information is constructed and transformed, and communicate more effectively.
Audience theory
1) Audience theory examines how media producers construct target audiences and how audiences interpret messages.
2) David Morley identified three types of audience readings: dominant, negotiated, and oppositional.
3) Stuart Hall argued that audiences actively interpret meanings based on their own frameworks, rejecting the idea that media directly injects meanings.
4) Later theorists rejected effects models of passive audiences in favor of seeing audiences as active interpreters who pick and choose what to accept.
Stuart Hall - Audience Positioning
Stuart Hall was a cultural theorist who developed a model for how audiences interpret mass media texts. The model suggests there are three ways of reading: the dominant reading where the audience fully accepts the intended message, the negotiated reading where the audience partly accepts it but modifies it based on their own views, and the oppositional reading where the audience rejects the intended message based on how it conflicts with their own social position. Hall was interested in how the media propagates ideologies and frames public debates by positioning audiences, and the concept that texts can have multiple meanings open to different interpretations.
Media theories
The document discusses several media theories:
- The Hypodermic Needle Model suggests audiences respond passively to media in the same way.
- Encoding/Decoding theory holds that meanings are not fixed and audiences decode media differently based on their backgrounds.
- The Two Step Flow theory proposes influential opinion leaders interpret media for others.
- Uses and Gratifications assumes audiences choose media actively to meet needs like entertainment, social interaction, and education.
- Other sections cover types of film readings, auteur theory, formalist theory, and the Male Gaze theory about gender in cinema.
Media theories
The document discusses several media theories:
- The Hypodermic Needle Model suggests audiences respond passively to media in the same way.
- Encoding/Decoding theory holds that meanings are not fixed and audiences decode media differently based on their backgrounds.
- The Two Step Flow theory proposes influential opinion leaders interpret media for others.
- Uses and Gratifications assumes audiences choose media actively to meet needs like entertainment, social interaction, and education.
- Other sections cover types of film readings, the Auteur Theory of directors as creative forces, and the Male Gaze theory of how films present women as objects of desire for male viewers.
Audience theory
This document summarizes several theories about media audiences:
- Cultivation theory suggests that repeated exposure to similar media representations can shape people's views of the world.
- Reception theory examines how audiences can interpret media messages in preferred, negotiated, or oppositional ways.
- Participatory culture theory describes how audiences actively engage with media texts by creating and sharing their own works.
- More recent theories argue that digital technologies have transformed passive audiences into active producers who can respond to and create their own media content.
Audience theories
This document summarizes several theories of audience reception of media:
- The hypodermic needle model suggests media directly injects opinions into passive audiences' minds, exemplified by Nazi propaganda. It is now obsolete as audiences are more active.
- Uses and gratifications theory proposes audiences seek to fulfill needs like surveillance, identity, and diversion through media consumption.
- Encoding/decoding theory describes how institutions encode messages while audiences decode based on their own interpretation, which can differ due to age, culture, etc.
- Social and cultural context theory holds that audiences' interpretations vary according to their social position, culture, class, gender, and preexisting knowledge.
Hall encoding and decoding
This document discusses key concepts about audience in media, including different audience types and theoretical approaches to understanding the audience-media relationship. It outlines effects theory, which views audiences as passive receivers, and reception theory, which sees audiences as active interpreters. The document focuses on Stuart Hall's encoding-decoding model, explaining that media producers encode meanings but audiences can decode meanings in preferred, negotiated, or oppositional ways based on their own experiences and perspectives.
Evaluation Question 2
The document discusses how a magazine represents social groups in its content. It uses language, colors, images, and articles tailored to its main audience of male teenagers and young adults. Specifically, it uses informal slang, dark but colorful tones, and features mostly male artists to portray this target demographic. The articles also frame this group as a misunderstood population often facing unfair stereotypes.
How do audiences read media texts
The document discusses different theories around how audiences engage with media texts, ranging from passive to active models of consumption. It describes the passive "hypodermic needle" effects theory from the 1920s, which viewed audiences as empty vessels absorbing media messages. More recent theories see audiences as active, such as Stuart Hall's encoding/decoding model where people make their own interpretations based on their experiences. The document also discusses reception theory and the idea that audiences play an active role in how they interpret and make meaning from media texts.
2 Uses and Gratifications Theory
The document discusses the audience theory proposed by Blumler and Katz in 1974. This theory suggests that the audience controls what media produces in order to ensure its success. There are four criteria for audience satisfaction with media: diversion from daily life, surveillance of helpful or interesting information, finding personal identity through media representations, and using media for social relationships and conversation topics. The document provides examples of how a magazine called NME satisfies these criteria for its audience.
Stuart hall (1980) audience reception theory
Reception theory proposes that media texts contain encoded messages from producers but audiences decode texts in different ways based on their own experiences and perspectives. According to Stuart Hall, audiences may have a dominant, oppositional, or negotiated reading of a text. A dominant reading accepts the producer's intended meaning while an oppositional reading rejects this. A negotiated reading finds a compromise by accepting some aspects but not others. How a text is read depends on individual audience characteristics and context.
Unit 25 Assignment 2 Passive vs Active Audiences
This document discusses a media effects theory that suggests audiences passively consume media like having messages injected straight into their subconscious brains. This theory is often used to argue against certain media types, claiming their violent content will be replicated by consumers. However, another theory suggests audiences actively choose media to gratify individual needs, such as escape, social interaction, reflection, or finding useful information, as described in four categories of media gratification.
Audience Theory
A2 Media Studies Audience Theory Research.
Disclaimer: Information collated from the work of KippMajors.
Political Cartoon Steps
Materials for the 27 January 2010 Gilder Lehrman Institute TAH Workshop for the Newark Public Schools
Uses and gratification theory
The Uses and Gratifications Theory focuses on what audiences gain from media rather than how media affects them. It suggests that audiences are active in choosing media to fulfill needs like information, entertainment, social interaction, or escape. The theory proposes that people use different media sources to meet cognitive, affective, personal, social, and tension release needs. Modern applications continue to demonstrate how new media technologies allow audiences to gratify these various needs.
Audience theory
This document discusses several audience theories related to how audiences interact with and make meaning from media texts:
1) Hypodermic needle/effects theory proposes media have a direct influence on passive audiences, while cultivation theory argues for a more gradual, "drip-drip" effect over time.
2) Two-step flow theory recognizes indirect influence as audiences discuss media with others they respect.
3) Uses and gratifications theory views audiences as active in using media to fulfill needs rather than being directly influenced.
4) Reception analysis and semiotics examine how audiences construct different meanings based on their backgrounds and can reject or reinterpret dominant meanings.
Stuart Hall’s Reception Theory
The document discusses three ways that an audience can decode media texts:
1) Dominant/preferred reading: The audience decodes the text as intended by the producer.
2) Negotiated reading: The audience accepts the producer's views but also has their own interpretation.
3) Oppositional reading: The audience rejects the producer's intended meaning and creates their own interpretation, often opposing the producer's messages and ideology.
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EDM CD Cover Analysis
1) Electronic dance music (EDM) CD covers commonly use bright, bold colors like purple, blue, and green with an enhanced light glow to evoke a nightclub setting. Artist photos are sometimes featured but DJ covers often omit faces to maintain mystery.
2) Designs also include abstract shapes, landscapes, and artistic alterations of photos to make them stylized. Fonts are typically artistic deco styles. Song titles are larger than artist names.
3) EDM CD covers can be categorized into groups based on design elements but designs ultimately depend on the artist and music, with established artists focusing more on music over themselves.
Electronic Dance Music Genre Research
Electronic dance music, or EDM, is a genre of electronic music meant to be danced to, often in nightclubs or parties. It uses electronic instruments like synthesizers, drum machines, and computers to create upbeat beats. EDM originated from a fusion of disco and electronic music in the 1970s, as seen in Donna Summer's "I Feel Love." Pioneers like Giorgio Moroder and Kraftwerk helped develop early forms of EDM. In the late 1980s and 1990s, genres like house and techno gained popularity, and Madonna singles helped bring EDM more into the mainstream. Today, EDM includes many genres and is popular among 18-24 year old audiences,
Alesso Poster Analysis
The poster for Alesso's song "Heroes (We could be)" featuring Tove Lo splits the content into two sections promoting both the artist and song. The font, colors, and design mimic the single's CD cover, maintaining consistency across formats. By not including his face but rather a symbolic image from the music video, the poster directs viewers to watch the video to see Alesso's starring role. His neutral expression on the black and white photo aims to portray him as taking his music seriously while remaining approachable.
Reece Photos and Floor Plan
This document provides location details and floor plans for 14 scenes in a video. Scene 1 takes place in the countryside to show rural beauty. Scene 2 is a forest at sunset to show the transition to evening. Scene 3 is a beach sunset to grab attention. Scene 4 is a bedroom for intimacy. Scene 5 is a street for arguments. Scenes 6 and 10 use a green screen for effects. Scene 7 and 12-14 take place in a field for dancing. Scene 8 is a forest for privacy. Scene 9 is an alleyway for bullying. Scene 11 is a neutral street location. Locations provide opportunities for shots and movement between scenes.
Andrew Goodwin theorist
1. Goodwin identifies 6 key features of music videos: the relationship between the music and visuals, the relationship between lyrics and visuals, genre characteristics, record label demands, intertextual references, and references to looking.
2. Goodwin also discusses 5 things to analyze in a music video: the structure and voice of the song, the artist's mode of address, the narrative and performance, the star image, and the relationship between visuals and song.
3. Technical aspects like camerawork, editing, and synchronization with the beat are also important elements that hold a music video together.
Types of Music Videos
There are three main types of music videos: performance videos focus on showing the artist live or in a casual environment; concept videos are based on a single unusual idea to engage audiences; and narrative videos tell a story through imagery that follows the song's lyrics. Performance videos have the lowest production cost but require recognition or interesting camerawork. Concept videos combine genres and styles for accessibility. Narrative relies on imagery to convey a story.
Genre Theory
1. Genre theory involves classifying films into categories based on shared conventions rather than viewing each film as unique. This allows audiences and the film industry to understand what to expect from different types of films.
2. Audiences enjoy genres because they provide a familiar structure and enable anticipation of predictable features. However, deviations from conventions can confuse or entertain audiences when conventions are broken within reason.
3. Genres are constantly evolving as societies and values change. Audiences influence genres by reviving them and increasingly expect genres to be played with given exposure to more films over time. Generic conventions from the past are giving way to hybridization and cross-pollination between genres.
Poster preliminary evaluation
I chose a poster design for a hip hop song that features the main artist in the foreground and backing artist in the background to clearly show their roles. Four lines of three bright colors were used to represent hip hop style without looking like a hippie design. The black and white photo helps emphasize the colors, and a bold font resembling hip hop was chosen. The entertainment logo was modified to fit with the rest of the poster and demonstrate unity within the band rather than just being the owning company.
Narrative theory
This document summarizes several narrative theories and theorists that are relevant to analyzing media texts. It discusses narrative as involving a chain of causally linked events with a beginning, middle, and end. The narrative theory analyzes how media conveys meaning through stories. Various theorists contributed approaches for analyzing characters, plot structure, codes, and underlying cultural themes/oppositions. Narrative analysis examines elements like mise-en-scene and editing that construct meaning and how audiences make sense of narratives.
Evaluation on prelim digipack
The document discusses the design choices for a preliminary digipack cover. The front cover features a cropped photograph of a knuckle gesture stamped in black on an orange background, representing rock culture symbols like the knuckles and black color. The back cover depicts a black filtered wall with an orange circle, continuing the orange theme and symbolizing toughness, solidness, and night associated with rock.
Narrative theory 'Wake me up by Avicii'
Within the music video for "Wake Me Up" by Avicii, several narrative theories can be seen at work. Vladimir Propp's character archetypes of hero, princess, villain and helper are represented by the two sisters and the people of their town. Tzvetan Todorov's five-stage model of narrative is also evident, as the sisters disrupt the equilibrium of their town, leading one sister to search for where they truly belong. Roland Barthes' codes, including the symbolic tattoo motif, help establish differences between groups. Finally, Claude Levi-Strauss' concept of binary oppositions, such as modern/old-fashioned and happy/sad, reflect cultural values through the two contrasting towns depicted
Pre-Production Schedule
This document outlines a pre-production schedule for a music video project over 15 weeks. It includes activities such as analyzing similar music videos and genres, researching the target audience, drafting storyboards and shot lists, conducting location scouting, and developing plans for costumes, actors, and props. The schedule culminates in a production schedule detailing when filming and editing will take place. Regular blog posts are assigned to document and share the findings and progress of the pre-production research.
Production Schedule
This production schedule outlines the filming and editing timeline for a media studies project. It includes 8 scenes to be filmed between December 9th and December 29th requiring various actors in costume with props. Filming will use a Canon 1200D camera and take place at locations including a green screen, bedroom, field, forest, and street. Editing in Premiere Elements and After Effects is scheduled to take place between December 20th and February 3rd to complete the project.
Special Effects List
The document lists various special effects that were added to video clips for a media studies project, including turning clips shot during the day to look like they were filmed at night, adding sun streaks of light, using green screens for studio shots, adding glowing balls, animated hearts, glowing lights on chests, glowing writing in the air, slow motion, glowing lines of light using motion tracking, and an explosion in the sky like fireworks at the very end. It provides a brief description of when each effect was used in the video.
Shot List
The document is a shot list for a music video. It contains 14 scenes with descriptions of the shots planned for each scene including shot type, camera movements, and sound. The shots involve various outdoor and indoor locations and will feature establishing shots, medium shots, close-ups, pans, tracks and zooms to follow the actors' movements. The narrative appears to involve a couple hiding out together and feeling like outsiders, but that they have power within themselves and each other.
Actors and Props
The document discusses the casting choices for various roles in a music video. Frances was chosen as the main character due to her acting experience. Elishia was selected as the singer for her caring face and some singing experience. Beth and Karis were chosen as professional dancers due to their dance competition experience. Sam was picked as the doubting character because he has acting experience and knows Frances. Mike, Jack and Eleanor were selected as the bullies due to intimidating heights and previous experience playing similar roles. Cameron will play the victim role due to his acting experience. Emily was chosen as the love heart character for her loving face. Ben will play the sad to happy character since he can convey those emotions with limited experience. Minimal props may
Media language
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Production schedule
The document outlines the production schedule for a music video project including pre-production, production, and post-production tasks. It details dates, tasks, required personnel, equipment, and locations for filming scenes, editing footage, designing packaging, and completing other necessary jobs from August 2016 through March 2017. The schedule includes filming in both Ringwood, UK and locations in New York City.
Floor plan
This document provides a floor plan and shot list for an A-level music video. It details three different outdoor location areas - an underpass, Times Square, and the Empire State Building. For each location, specific shots are planned which focus on architectural details like walls, lights, exits, buildings, observation decks, and spires. The underpass shots will focus on the walls, lights, and entrance/exit, while the Times Square shots will include the subway station below and buildings. The Empire State Building shots will feature the spire, broadcast station, outer frame, and observation deck elements.
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This document provides an overview of audience theory, including key theorists and concepts. It discusses primary, secondary and tertiary media; passive and active audiences; and effects versus uses and gratifications models. Key theorists mentioned include Katz & Bulmer, Morley, Hall, Ang, and Katz & Lazerfield. Central concepts covered include encoding/decoding, cultivation analysis, situated culture, and moral panics. The document also references studies by Morley, Ang, and Buckingham and evaluates whether older audience models still apply given changes in media forms and technologies.
Audience theory
The document discusses several theories of audiences and media consumption:
1. Audience theory proposes that all media has a target audience, and sometimes tries to construct audiences. Products can have mass or niche audiences.
2. The Frankfurt School proposed the "effects model" which viewed audiences as passive individuals susceptible to media messages. This view has been disproven as audiences can interact with media in more complex ways.
3. The two-step flow theory developed by Lazarsfeld and Katz suggests that opinion leaders first receive information from media, then pass it along to friends and family with their own interpretation, making personal connections more influential than mass media.
4. More recent theories view audiences as active participants who
Key concept audience
- The document discusses audience theory and how to evaluate coursework with consideration of the target audience.
- It defines key terms in audience theory like passive audience, active audience, and theories like uses and gratifications theory and reception theory.
- It provides questions to help identify the target audience and how the coursework was designed to appeal to and be interpreted by that audience based on different audience theories.
1 b audience
The document discusses theories of audience in media studies. It describes three main theories: the effects model which sees audiences as passive, the uses and gratifications model which sees audiences as active, and the reception model which examines how media texts are encoded and decoded. It also provides context on these theories and notes they were developed before modern media so may be outdated today.
Media effects pm media
The document discusses several theories about the potential effects of playing violent video games like Grand Theft Auto (GTA) and how people interact with media in general:
1. Hypodermic needle theory suggests media directly influences audiences in a passive way, like injecting ideas into them. However, other theories argue audiences are more active.
2. Uses and gratifications theory says people deliberately choose media to fulfill certain needs like information, entertainment, or social connection.
3. Cultivation theory proposes media's repetitive messages shape people's views over the long-term in a subtle, "drip by drip" manner.
4. Reception theory focuses on how audiences interpret and make their own
Media effects
The document discusses several theories about the potential effects of playing violent video games like Grand Theft Auto (GTA) and how people interact with media in general:
1. Hypodermic needle theory suggests media directly influences audiences in a passive way, like injecting ideas into them. However, other theories argue audiences are more active.
2. Uses and gratifications theory says people deliberately choose media to fulfill certain needs like information, entertainment, or social connection.
3. Cultivation theory proposes media's repetitive messages shape people's views over the long-term in a subtle, "drip by drip" manner.
4. Reception theory focuses on how audiences interpret and make their own
Lesson
This document provides an overview of audience theory, including key theorists such as Katz & Bulmler, Morley, Hall, and Ang & Katz & Lazersfeld. It discusses key concepts in audience theory, such as primary, secondary, and tertiary media. It also covers debates around active vs passive audiences and the effects of media vs how audiences interact with media. The document provides examples of hypodermic theory, cultivation analysis, and the two-step flow model to illustrate different perspectives on audiences. It encourages students to research uses and gratification theory and reception theory as part of learning about audience theory.
Audience Theory
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The document summarizes a lecture on introductory mass communication. It discusses two main perspectives on studying mass communication - the functional approach and critical/cultural approach.
The functional approach examines how media fulfills certain roles or functions for society, such as surveillance, interpretation, and entertainment. It also looks at uses and gratifications theory, which analyzes how individuals use media to fulfill needs.
The critical/cultural approach developed from Marxist and feminist theories. It examines concepts like ideology, hegemony, and culture. It views media as reinforcing existing power structures and promoting dominant values. Both approaches provide useful ways to analyze media but come to different conclusions.
Uses and gratification theory
Uses and Gratification theory suggests that media users actively select and use media to fulfill certain needs and goals. According to the theory, users take an active role in the communication process by seeking out media that satisfies their needs, which can include needs for information, personal identity, social interaction, and entertainment. The theory assumes users have choices and will select the media that best fulfills their particular needs.
Audience
This document discusses key concepts relating to audience in media studies. It begins by defining different types of audiences, such as target, mass, niche, and secondary audiences. It then discusses how audience demographics like age, gender, social class can be analyzed. Several audience theories are outlined, including uses and gratifications theory, which discusses how audiences use media to fulfill needs like information, entertainment, and social interaction. Effects theory and its models (hypodermic needle, two-step flow, cultivation) are covered, as well as reception theory and Hall's encoding/decoding model of how audiences can interpret texts in preferred, negotiated, or oppositional ways. Genre theory and its relationship to audience expectations and pleasures is also discussed.
Audience
This document discusses key concepts relating to audience in media studies. It defines audience as the people who consume a media product or text. Media texts have intended target audiences that can be mass/mainstream or niche. Audiences can also be passive or active in how they engage with media. The relationship between producers, texts, and audiences affects how meaning is constructed and understood. Demographic details about audiences like age, gender, social class are important to consider. Theories discussed include uses and gratifications theory, which argues media satisfies audience needs and desires, and Stuart Hall's encoding/decoding model of how audiences can interpret meanings differently than intended.
Audience Theory
The document discusses three major audience theories:
1) The effects/hypodermic model views audiences as passive recipients who are directly influenced by media messages. It suggests media can negatively impact behavior.
2) Uses and gratifications theory sees audiences as active, using media to meet needs like information, identity, and social interaction. Power lies with audiences who choose what to accept.
3) Reception theory examines how producers encode meaning in media and how audiences can decode it in dominant, negotiated, or oppositional ways based on their own views. It gives audiences more agency than the effects model.
The Media Zones Where People Live
Lee Rainie, Director of the Pew Internet Project, will discuss the Project’s research about how people use technology and the different ways they allocate their attention, connect with organizations, and act as citizens. He will explore how civic institutions can navigate this complicated, diversified environment.
G325 audience theory applied march 2014
This document discusses several audience theories that can be applied when analyzing a media product. It begins by asking the reader to reflect on who their target audience was, how they tried to meet audience expectations, and what motivated their audience. It then provides overviews of several key audience theories, including hypodermic theory, uses and gratifications theory, two-step flow theory, encoding/decoding, and cultural studies approaches. The document asks the reader to consider how these different theories are evidenced in or applicable to their own media product, and how their product sought to engage audiences.
Audience theories
This document discusses several theories about how audiences engage with media texts:
1. Active/passive audience theories which describe audiences that actively or passively engage with media messages.
2. Uses and gratifications theory which suggests audiences seek out media to fulfill needs like companionship, identity, and diversion.
3. Encoding/decoding theory which says audiences can read texts differently from intended meanings.
4. Pick and mix theory argues audiences selectively engage with parts of texts based on their own lives.
5. Two-step flow theory suggests opinions of friends/leaders, not just media, influence audience responses.
Audience theory
The document discusses several theories about the relationship between media and audiences:
- The hypodermic needle/effects model views audiences as passive, directly influenced by media messages.
- Cultivation analysis sees media shaping audiences' worldviews over time through repeated exposure.
- Uses and gratifications theory argues audiences actively use media to fulfill needs like diversion, social interaction, identity, and surveillance.
- Encoding/decoding theory holds that media texts contain encoded meanings which audiences can read in dominant, negotiated, or oppositional ways depending on their perspectives.
The document evaluates whether these models fully account for modern media landscapes and active audiences using an increasing variety of platforms. It explores how new technologies may require updating or replacing existing
Audience theory
Media producers identify target audiences during planning to shape content and style appropriately. Target audiences are defined by demographics like age, gender, social class and interests. While a text may target a specific group, other audiences may interpret it differently based on their own characteristics and experiences.
L11 audience theories
The document discusses audience research and targeting audiences for media products. It defines primary and secondary research methods. It also discusses theories of how to identify and group target audiences, including by social factors, media habits, motivations and how different groups may respond to different message strategies. Key aspects covered include Burton's social and media audience groupings, Hartley's seven subjective categories to further define audiences, Dyer's theory of offering solutions to inadequacies, and how motives and delivery methods should be tailored to different audience groups.
Media effects revision - mass media section A2
This document summarizes four models of media effects:
1) Uses and Gratification Model - Views audiences as active in choosing media to fulfill needs and shape identities. It recognizes audience power but ignores social factors.
2) Cultural Effects Model - Views media as tool of dominant groups to gradually influence audiences based on factors like class, gender, ethnicity.
3) Hypodermic Syringe Theory - Views audiences as passive, with media having immediate effects on behavior. It does not recognize outside influences.
4) Two Step Flow Model - Views influence as from media to opinion leaders to audiences, recognizing audiences are not entirely passive but still assumes media ultimately shapes opinions. It does not fully recognize independent audience views.
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1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
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学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(SMU毕业证书)南卫理公会大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
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如果您处于以下几种情况：
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留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
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3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
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Audience theory
- 1. Audience Theory What is audience? - All products have an audience (niche/mass) - The producer’s texts need to know the importance of their audience when making products Theory 1: The Frankfurt school (1920s & 1930s) - Message had an effect on the audience - Hypodermic syringe/needle theory- purely passive audience and believe what they are told without question - Linear communication - No individual difference Theory 2: The two step flow (1940s & 1950s) Katz & Lazarsfield - First- opinion leaders get information from a media source - Second- opinion leaders then pass the information along with their interpretation, to others (friends; family; acquaintances) - Lazarsfield- book called ‘The people’s choice’- More likely to be influenced by individuals than the mass media - Katz- book called ‘Personal influence’ - Audience is no longer passive - 2012 twitter found it finds ways of passing information through multiple opinion leaders-influences people’s opinions - More likely to buy a product if it’s been recommended by a friend/family member - Strengths: Audiences are active and seen as part of a society - Limitations: More than two steps in the flow of communication? - Theory 3: Uses and Gratifications (1960s) Katz and Blumler - The first generations to grow up with TV became grown-ups- audiences made choices about what they did when consuming texts. - Far from being a passive mass, audiences were made up of individuals who actively consumed texts for different reasons and in different ways.
- 2. - 4 reasons why we watch/use texts: - Diversions-Escape from everyday problems and routine - Personal relationships- Using the media for emotional and other interaction e.g. substituting family soap operas for family life. - Personal identity- Finding yourself reflected in texts, learning behaviour and values from texts. - Surveillance- Information which could be useful for living e.g. weather reports, holiday bargains - Uses of gratification in messaging/online gaming: - Instant messaging- Relaxations/entertainment/inclusion (social group)/sociability/fashion/escape/affection - Heavy users-motivated by affection/sociability - Light users-motivated by fashion - Female- Chat longer/sociability - Male-chat less/entertainment/relaxing - Online gaming- Enjoyment/social interactions/accomplishment/success - If you are good at it you are more likely to go back to it Theory 4: The nationwide audience (1980s) David Morley - Dominant reading (Hegemonic) - the reader shares the programme’s ‘codes’ (meaning) and fully accepts the programme’s ‘preferred reading’ - Negotiated reading- The reader partly shares the programme code and broadly accepts the preferred reading, but modifies it in a way which reflects their position and interests - Oppositional reading (Counter-hegemonic) - The reader doesn’t share the programme’s codes and rejects the preferred reading, bringing to bear an alternative frame of interpretation.