1) Maslow's hierarchy of needs proposes that people must have their basic physiological and safety needs met before pursuing higher needs like belonging, esteem, and self-actualization. Early media theories viewed audiences as passive and easily influenced. 2) The hypodermic syringe model saw audiences as passive receivers of media messages. Cultivation theory also viewed audiences passively, suggesting repeated exposure shapes attitudes. 3) Later, more active audience theories emerged. Two-step flow theory and uses and gratifications propose audiences actively select media to fulfill needs, not passively accept messages. Reception analysis adds that personal experiences shape how media is interpreted.

1. Media Audiences
BY MAX GREEN

2. Hierarchy of Needs
Abraham Maslow, writing in A Theory of Human Motivation (1943) proposed
the motivational theory of the hierarchy of needs, often depicted as a pyramid.
This model suggests that people need to have their lower order needs met
before they are motivated by higher order needs such as self-actualisation.
 Physiological needs- this is seen as a basic need which includes audiences
having food, water warmth and rest
 Safety- this is also a basic need for people as they desire and find comfort in
feeling safe.
 Love and Belonging- Love and belonging are psychological needs and
centre audiences wanting friendship and intimate relationships.
 Esteem- Esteem is another psychological need: people value the sense of
esteem that comes from having their accomplishments recognised.
 Self Actualisation- these are needs that vary from person to person, this
need includes things like maturity, morals and interests

3. Passive Audiences
The hypodermic syringe model originated from Harrold
Lasswell. This is the idea that the mass media injects
thoughts and beliefs into the audiences who are passive
and inactive.
According to the hypodermic model, audiences will
receive the message of an advert, for example, and
submit to the propaganda used to sell the product and
aspire to be like the subject of the advert. For example if
an attractive person was wearing a Top man shirt then
audiences may aspire to be as attractive as them.
They believe that if they buy the same shirt or perhaps a
shirt from the same company they might accomplish
their aspirations or at least be that one step closer. This
is the Aspiration Model.

4. Cultivation theory
 This theory also treats the audience as passive. It suggests that
repeated exposure to the same message – such as an
advertisement – will have an effect on the audience’s attitudes
and values. A similar idea is known as desensitization, which
suggests that long-term exposure to violent media makes the
audience less likely to be shocked by violence. Being less
shocked by violence, the audience may then be more likely to
behave violently.
 However, the criticism of this theory is that screen violence is
not the same as real violence. Many people have been exposed
to screen murder and violence, but there is no evidence at all
that this has led audiences to be less shocked by real killings
and violence. Also, this theory treats the audience
as passive, which is an outdated concept.

5. Two step flow theory
 Katz and Lazarsfeld theory suggests that audiences are slightly more active and that
there are two ways in which audiences take In media messages.
 The first is that individuals who are opinion leaders receive messages from the media
and pass on their own interpretations, in addition to the actual media content. The
information does not flow directly from the text into the minds of its audience, but is
filtered through the opinion leaders, who then pass it on to a more passive audience.
This is very similar to Professor Hall’s reception analysis theory.
 The audience then mediate the information received directly from the media, with the
ideas and thoughts expressed by the opinion leaders. They are not being influenced
by a direct process, but by a two-step flow.

6. Reception Analysis
 Theorist Professor Stuart Hall in ‘The Television Discourse- Encoding/decoding’ in 1947 suggested a
theory that reception analysis is an active audience theory that looks at how audiences interact with
a media text taking into account their ‘situated culture’- this is their daily life.
 The theory suggests that social and daily experiences can affect the way an audience reads a media
text and reacts to it. Hall suggests that an audience has a significant role in the process of reading a
text, and this can be discussed in three different ways:
 The Dominant or Preferred Reading. The audience shares the code of the text and fully accepts
its preferred meaning as intended by the producers.
 The Negotiated Reading. The audience partly shares the code of the text and broadly accepts the
preferred meaning but can change the meaning in some way according to their own experiences.
 The Oppositional Reading. The audience understands the preferred meaning but does not share
the text’s code and rejects this intended meaning. This can be called a radical reading that may be,
say Marxist or feminist or right wing

7. Uses and gratifications model
 This model originates from the theory that audiences are a complex and unique group
of individuals who select media texts that best suits their needs – this goes back
to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs above.
 The users and gratifications model suggests that media audiences are active – that
they use media to gratify needs - and make active decisions about what they
consume in relation to their social and cultural setting and their needs (rather than
passive and inactive).
 This means that audiences choose to watch programs that make them feel good
(gratifications), e.g. dramas and sitcoms, or that give them information that they can
use (uses), e.g. news or information about new products or the world about them.

8. The 4 Gratifications
 Blumler and Katz (1975) identified four main uses:
Surveillance – our need to know what is going on in the world. This relates to Maslow’s need for security.
By keeping up to date with news about local and international events, we feel we have the knowledge to
avoid or deal with dangers.
 Personal relationships – our need for to interact with other people. This is provided by forming virtual
relationships with characters in soaps, films and all kinds of drama, and other programmed and other
media texts. Equally, it means the pleasure that audiences take in sharing texts.
 Personal identity – our need to define our identity and sense of self. Part of our sense of self is informed by
making judgements about all sorts of people and things. This is also true of judgements we make about TV
and film characters, and celebrities. Our choice of music, the shows we watch, the stars we like can be an
expression of our identities. One aspect of this type of gratification is known as value reinforcement. This is
where we choose television programmes or newspapers that have similar beliefs to those we hold.
 Diversion – the need for escape, entertainment and relaxation. All types of television programmes can be
‘used’ to wind down and offer diversion, as well as satisfying some of the other needs at the same time.

9. Media studies 2.0
 For Gauntlett, the distinction between media producers and
audiences is now much more blurred thanks to the interactivity
of Web 2.0
 Gauntlett published ‘Media Studies 2.0’ online in 2007, which
argues that classic media studies fails to define when the
categories of ‘audiences’ and ‘producers’ unite, and that new
altered teaching methods are needed.
 He states that because of web 2.0, we as audiences can become
our own producers thanks to websites such as YouTube (hence
the ‘You’) and Instagram. Through this we can create our own
identity and even influence other peoples.