This document discusses theories of audience and representation in media. It outlines Stuart Hall's reception theory, which describes how audiences can understand messages from media in different positions - dominant, negotiated, or oppositional. It also discusses George Gerbner's cultivation theory, which suggests that repeated media patterns can shape audiences' perceptions of reality. Regarding representation, it discusses how media provides resources for constructing identities, and how past media conveyed singular identities while modern media offers more diversity. It notes how the document aims to portray normal people achieving careers and encourage audiences to do the same.

1. AUDIENCE & REPRESENTATION

2. AUDIENCE
• Audience : an individual or group of people who read or consume any media texts.
• Stuart Hall – Reception Theory : the idea that communication is a process involving encoding by
producers and decoding by audiences
• The dominant-hegemonic position : the encoder’s intended meaning is fully understood and
accepted.
• The negotiated position : the legitimacy of the encoder’s message is acknowledged in
general terms although the message is negotiated to better fit the decoder’s own individual
context.
• The oppositional position : the encoder’s message is understood but the decoder disagrees
with it, reading it in a oppositional way.
• When referring to audience in my planning, I will be using Stuart Hall’s reception theory
to help understand how I can create a video suitable for my target audience. When
creating my video, I will try to place my audience in the negotiated position so they will
be able to interpret the message I encode and decode it to fit their own experiences and
thinking.

3. AUDIENCE CONTINUED…
• George Gerbner – Cultivation Theory : the idea that exposure to repeated patterns of
representation over long periods of time can shape and influence the way in which people
perceive the world around them
• The idea that cultivation reinforces mainstream values.
• I believe that this theory relates to my ideas and the video I want to create, throughout my video I
want it to follow two people achieving their dreams and the process of them getting what they
want in life. This theory suggests that a product can influence people’s ideas of real life, so I wish
to create a video that will influence people to achieve what they want in life.

4. REPRESENTATION
• Representation : is the aspects of society/ reality presented to the audience through the media.
• David Gauntlett – Theories of Identities : the idea that the media provides us with ‘tools’ or
resources that we use to construct our identities
• The idea that whilst in the past media tended to convey singular messages about the ideal
types of male and female identities, the media today offer us a more diverse range of stars,
icons and characters from whom we may pick and mix different ideas.
• When creating my music video, I am going to move away from portraying an ideal male or female
character. Instead I am presenting a message that shows normal people achieving a good
career/ideal life which will encourage the audience to do the same.

5. REPRESENTATION CONTINUED…
• Bell Hooks – Feminist Theory : the idea that feminism is a struggle to end sexist/patriarchal
oppression and the ideology of domination.
• The idea that feminism is a political commitment rather than a lifestyle choice.
• The idea that race and class as well as sex determine the extent to which individuals are
exploited, discriminated against or oppressed.
• Within my video, it will follow and female characters pursuing their dream. In relation to
feminism, in the past it was hard for women to work in a good job as they were seen as the
nurturing homemaker who would stay at home and care for the family. However my video goes
against this and sees female characters achieving a good job and focusing on themselves.