Bipolar depression is a debilitating mental illness that affects approximately 5.7 million adults in the United States. It involves extreme shifts in mood from excessive highs to severe lows. If left untreated, bipolar depression can lead to suicidal thoughts or actions. Effective treatment requires a combination of medication and psychotherapy to manage symptoms and prevent mood episodes.
Treating Co-Occurring Mood & Anxiety Disorders with Substance Use DisordersGlenn Duncan
Evidence Based Treatment in the consideration of treating anxiety and depressive disorders in the substance using populations. Introduction into these disorders, DSM-5 preview with changes to substance use disorders, certain anxiety and mood disorders. Cultural and best practices treatment considerations (Mindfulness, DBT, MI, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy are in focus with mentions on other best practices such as EMDR). Issues of duty to warn and protect are covered also.
What is biofeedback therapy and who can benefit? Biofeedback therapy is a non-drug treatment in which patients learn to control bodily processes that are normally involuntary, such as muscle tension, blood pressure, or heart rate........
Maurice Prout is a professor and director at Widener University in Pennsylvania, where one of the specific areas he has focused on for many years is cognitive-behavioral theory. Maurice Prout also belongs to the the Society for the Exploration of Psychotherapy Integration (SEPI). Psychotherapy Integration seeks to take bits and pieces from many different theoretical approaches to understanding and treating mental health and combine them, in order to create a more efficient means of helping people.
Treating Co-Occurring Mood & Anxiety Disorders with Substance Use DisordersGlenn Duncan
Evidence Based Treatment in the consideration of treating anxiety and depressive disorders in the substance using populations. Introduction into these disorders, DSM-5 preview with changes to substance use disorders, certain anxiety and mood disorders. Cultural and best practices treatment considerations (Mindfulness, DBT, MI, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy are in focus with mentions on other best practices such as EMDR). Issues of duty to warn and protect are covered also.
What is biofeedback therapy and who can benefit? Biofeedback therapy is a non-drug treatment in which patients learn to control bodily processes that are normally involuntary, such as muscle tension, blood pressure, or heart rate........
Maurice Prout is a professor and director at Widener University in Pennsylvania, where one of the specific areas he has focused on for many years is cognitive-behavioral theory. Maurice Prout also belongs to the the Society for the Exploration of Psychotherapy Integration (SEPI). Psychotherapy Integration seeks to take bits and pieces from many different theoretical approaches to understanding and treating mental health and combine them, in order to create a more efficient means of helping people.
Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) for Psychosiscitinfo
Presented by: Dawn I. Velligan, Ph.D.
Professor, Department of Psychiatry
Director, Division of Schizophrenia and Related Disorders
Meredith L. Draper, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor, Department of Psychiatry
University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio
Concept of Neurosis and Psychosis. Differences between these psychiatric disorders. It is an important topic for students belongs disciplines such as psychiatry, psychology, psychiatric nursing and psychiatric social work.
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy as a Web-based Intervention for Depressive ...Tejas Shah
To compare the efficacy of a guided web-based intervention based on acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) with an active control (expressive writing) and a waiting-list control
condition.
In Psychiatry and Psychology, Insight means the recognition of one’s own condition. (mental illness)
It refers to:-
the conscious awareness and understanding of one’s own psychodynamics and symptoms of maladaptive behavior; highly important in effecting changes in the personality and behavior of a person.
insight,
true insight,
impaired insight,
judgement,
mental status examination,
Multi-dimensional model of Insight,
Grades of Insight, intellectual insight
assesment
Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) for Psychosiscitinfo
Presented by: Dawn I. Velligan, Ph.D.
Professor, Department of Psychiatry
Director, Division of Schizophrenia and Related Disorders
Meredith L. Draper, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor, Department of Psychiatry
University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio
Concept of Neurosis and Psychosis. Differences between these psychiatric disorders. It is an important topic for students belongs disciplines such as psychiatry, psychology, psychiatric nursing and psychiatric social work.
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy as a Web-based Intervention for Depressive ...Tejas Shah
To compare the efficacy of a guided web-based intervention based on acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) with an active control (expressive writing) and a waiting-list control
condition.
In Psychiatry and Psychology, Insight means the recognition of one’s own condition. (mental illness)
It refers to:-
the conscious awareness and understanding of one’s own psychodynamics and symptoms of maladaptive behavior; highly important in effecting changes in the personality and behavior of a person.
insight,
true insight,
impaired insight,
judgement,
mental status examination,
Multi-dimensional model of Insight,
Grades of Insight, intellectual insight
assesment
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CHAPTER SIXThe Age of AnxietyThe multiple perspectives we have.docxtiffanyd4
CHAPTER SIX
The Age of Anxiety
The multiple perspectives we have been using in this book are particularly useful in understanding the impact anxiety has on U.S. society. The word “anxiety” comes from a Latin root meaning to “choke or throttle” connoting a troubled state of mind (Tone, 2009). Anxiety disorders are believed to be the most common mental health problem in the United States. Two common measures are lifetime morbid risk (the theoretical risk of getting a disorder at any point in life) and 12-month prevalence (the proportion of the population thought to suffer from the disorder in any 12-month period). Baxter et al. (2013) conducted a meta-analysis of 87 studies from 44 countries between 1980 and 2009. They found that anxiety disorders are common across the globe with an estimated current prevalence of approximately as much as 28% of the global population. The prevalence of anxiety disorders in the United States is estimated for lifetime morbid risk/12-month prevalence as follows: Specific Phobia 18.4%/12.1%, Social Anxiety Disorder 13%/7.4%, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) 10.1%/3.7%, Generalized Anxiety Disorder 9%/2%, Separation Anxiety Disorder 8.7% /1.2%, and Panic Disorder, 6.8%/2.4%, (Kessler, Petukhova, Sampson, Zaslovsky, & Wittchen, 2012). Although anxiety disorders are prominent, it is important to realize that their incidence has remained steady over several decades despite pharmaceutically funded efforts to make the public think there is an epidemic that needs medicated (Baxter et al., 2014).
Although psychotropic medications are available for anxiety disorders, many psychological treatments also have excellent track records. Remember, from an integrative perspective it is not enough to describe anxiety symptoms, posit a biological explanation, then describe how certain drugs act biologically to (at least temporarily) decrease or eliminate these symptoms. With sentient beings, we have to look to the psychological, cultural and social variables that contribute to anxiety.
We recall a client (Elijah) who lived in what could be described as a “toxic environment.” Elijah's urban residence was the regular scene of violence, and he himself had witnessed two shootings in his 23 years. He was court-ordered to receive treatment for an alcohol-related charge (drunk and disorderly conduct). Even after abstaining from all drugs for 60 days, Elijah was what could only be described as “a nervous wreck.” He showed symptoms of both Panic Disorder and PTSD (the latter related to stimuli associated with the shootings he had witnessed). In consultation with a psychiatrist, who prescribed SSRI medication, Elijah asked why he had his symptoms, and the doctor replied, “Some people have a genetic predisposition to such things.” As Charlie Brown would say, “Good grief!” In this client's case, genetic predisposition not withstanding, there were clearly psychological, cultural, and social contributors to his anxiety. His alcohol use was a .
How do psychological disorders impact a person’s life? sneharathod39
Psychology is the examination of the conscious and unconscious mind and human behavior. A professional researcher involved in this specialty is called a psychologist. As per the WHO (world health organization), all over 450 million people currently suffer and affect by such conditions, placing mental illness or disorders among the leading causes of ill health and disability worldwide.
A total 8 type psychology disorders describe by professional scientists such as:
A Career as a Psychologist Essay
Introduction to Psychology Essay examples
Psychological Trauma Essay
Psychological Development Essay
Psychological Wellbeing
Psychological Stress Essay
Essay about Definition of Psychology
Psychological Care
Psychological Disorders Essay
psychopathology of learners in classroom education
Today, 12:32 PM
describing challenges of inclusive classrooms and understanding psychopath learners in order to accomodate them in classroom education
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
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Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
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Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
2. AbstractExamination of articles written specifically about bipolar depression gives insight to this condition. Some patients have many questions and suspect depression in themselves. Others are referred to a professional psychiatrist to be assessed. Bipolar depression can be debilitating unless correctly treated. The differing opinions contrast the findings of this disease. The negative mood regulations should correlate with the number of depressive episodes. The treatments have been disputed. Some argue it is environmental and therapy is good enough for the condition. Others believe it is a genetic disease that medications must be needed for treatment. This paper reviews some long-term styles of treatment.
3. Bipolar Depression Depression has long been a problem that a large amount of people are being diagnosed with during the past few years. The National Institute of Mental Health reports that the number of adults with Bipolar Depression Disorder is 2.6 percent in a 12 month period of time which calculates out to 5.7 million people in the United States (NIMH, 2005). Only 48.8 percent of these people are being treated properly (NIMH, 2005). The term bipolar describes the highs and the lows that are experienced emotionally. The individual can go into a high manic stage which brings on impulsive behaviors and a sense of euphoria (NIMH, 2005). Later, the individual can go into a low depression to the point of not enjoying anything that normally gives the person pleasure (NIMH, 2005). Bipolar depression can cause a person to be suicidal or have suicidal ideation. The emotions can go from happiness to irritable behaviors. Usually, panic attacks include a crushing feeling in the chest, a hard time breathing, and no peripheral vision(NIMH, 2005). Sometimes the symptoms are mistaken of a heart attack, when in reality it is usually severe stress and anxiety.
4. Method One of the most common ways to view personality, as well as, bipolar depression is to think of it as a composite of the following categories (Gandotra, Ram, Kour, & Praharji, 2011): Biology - your genetic makeup Environment- the people and events that have shaped your life experiences Cognition-intelligence and how your mind processes information Emotion-your ability to feel, express, and respond to meaningful life situations Spiritual-your values and beliefs (Argosy,2011).
5. Discussion The problem has been selected due to the suffering of so many families' loved ones that have this disease. People need more education about this problem to better understand the brain and how the chemicals are related to the behaviors. Some people question this illness as being one's personality. Personality is a combination of different traits. Theorists believe that personality is someone's genetic makeup of physical and biological traits (Argosy, 2011). Behaviorists conclude that a series of environmental reinforcements are necessary (Argosy, 2011). Social learning theorists have the idea that personality is learned by watching and emulating others (Argosy, 2005). Environmental influences are reinforcing behaviors that someone has been exposed to. For instance, a teenager that sees others in his or her family go to prison often, they learn from watching and emulating others, and continue those behaviors.
7. Medical Illness According to the DSM-IV-TR, the criteria of Bipolar Disorder I symptoms reports that the individual suffers from excessive anxiety and worry occurring more days than not for at least six months throughout a number of events or activities (Feist & Feist, 2009). He finds it difficult to control the worry and fear. Symptoms include difficulty concentrating, irritability, and excessive high and pervasive low mood depression (DSM-IV, 2006). In the past, it was described as manic-depression due to the mania episodes one experiences (Swartz, 2011). During these manic episodes, the individual tends to be impulsive and usually spends extra money on shopping or has sexual encounters that the individual would not normally be involved in. This disorder can be treated through psychotherapy. Diagnosis and Assessments How do we know we are not all mentally disordered in some manner? Individuals that have the ability to function in society may or may not be mentally ill. Some people can control their disease with therapy and medications and continue to function in society. The physician has to diagnosis upon what the patient tells him, which sometimes is not clear. The problem can be obvious, or it can be unidentifiable when the patient is first seen. The physician really needs to know if there have been any other family members that have had some type of mental illness. It can be genetically past through the family. This information can help with the diagnosis of bipolar disorder. Physicians use the DSM-IV-TR in order to pinpoint the exact symptoms, and they also have to see which variety of the disease it is before prescribing medications.
8. The ability to have healthy relationships with the family and friends is a good sign of health (Swartz, 2011). If the individual can cope with the stress of life, hold a job, or go to school, it usually means that that person is getting the good care and correct medications (Shwartz, 2011). The patient needs attention without stigma of the problems. Active listening skills are essential to build a good rapport. Management Psychotherapy is the next piece to the puzzle to treat this condition. There are many psychological theories in practice today. Many scientists and researchers have dedicated their lives to developing hypotheses and theories pertaining to maladaptive behavior. These historical findings were created to assess, diagnose, and treat the individual's conditions and behaviors. Sigmund Freud is perhaps the best-known theorist, but is probably also the most misunderstood personality theorist the world has seen. Psychoanalytic theory, which Freud was associated with, psychoanalysis which is the most famous of all personality theories (Fiest & Feist, 2009). The provinces of the mind are said to be the id, ego, and superego, to be one of his best discoveries. Early childhood experiences cause high levels of anxiety and are repressed and sometimes affect an individual's life later. Therapists today have great outlines to practice due to Freud and his discoveries. Freud's idea that all motivation can be traced to sexual and aggressive drives has been misunderstood. His three major stages of development are; infancy, latency, and a genital period. Other scientists greatly misunderstood the concept.
9. Psychotherapy Psychodynamic perspectives "measure the person's core (but unconscious) conflicted relationships" (Butcher, Mineka, & Hooley, 2010). In some cases, a therapist might look at what happened to an individual as a child and if any of these experiences connect with the anxiety that he demonstrates today as an adult (Swartz, 2011). In some cases, a therapist might look at what happened to an individual as a child and if any these experiences connect with the anxiety that he demonstrates today as an adult (Swartz, 2011). The ego does not function adequately to control impulse gratification or does not adequately use defense mechanisms when faced with internal conflicts (Butcher al et., 2010). This is a long-term type of therapy that looks at repressed feelings, memories, and fears that helps individuals come to terms with their conflicts. It teaches clients how to control their "fight or flight" mechanisms and face the problem hopefully with less anxiety (Butcher al et., 2010). This is one way considered to be the best choice of therapy for the condition (Butcher al et., 2010). The cognitive-behavioral perspective studies the cognitive processes such as thinking, planning, and decision making processes (Butcher, al et., 2010).This abnormal behavior focus on how thought and information-processing can become distorted and lead to maladaptive emotions and behavior (Butcher, al met., 2010). Learning the concept of thought-stopping
10. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy The cognitive-behavioral perspective studies the cognitive processes such as thinking, planning, and decision making processes (Butcher, al et., 2010).This abnormal behavior focus on how thought and information-processing can become distorted and lead to maladaptive emotions and behavior (Butcher, al met., 2010). Learning the concept of thought-stopping helps to identify the triggers to his anxiety. The therapist can help an individual to interpret events by reframing them in a positive perspective. Changing how the client thinks about himself, can strengthen his self-esteem, and experience less irrational beliefs (Butcher, al et., 2010). The therapist usually encourages positive self-talk to improve the state of mind the client is experiencing. The behavioral perspective believes the individual must be viewed by directly observing the behaviors (Butcher al et., 2010). The idea of operant conditioning is applied in order to change and reinforce behaviors. Reinforcement refers to the delivery of a reward or pleasant stimulus (Butcher,, al et., 2010). This helps the client to identify what is rewarding and what is unrewarding. The therapist would point out the behaviors that need to be changed and help the person to make those changes. Setting goals for himself and following the treatment plan can work well.
11. Medications Medications Patients that continue to have episodes can basically continue to deteriate. Neuroimaging studies of individuals with bipolar depression suggest evidence of brain cell loss (Soreff, 2011). Mood stabilizers and antidepressants alter mood by stimulating cell survival pathways and increasing levels of neurotropic factors to improve cellular resiliency (Soreff, 2011). Anticonvulsant medications help tremendously, such as (eg, carbamazepine and valproate) in the prevention of the highs and lows of depression (Soreff, 2010). There are several types of antidepressants and anticonvulsant drugs available today. Approximately 25 - 50 percent of individuals with bipolar disorder attempt suicide and 11 percent actually follow through and commit suicide.
13. Conclusion Assessment and diagnosis of bipolar depression disorder can be very difficult. This type of disease must be examined over an appropriate length of time. Any mature psychiatrist waits until the has given a thorough family history and completed assessment with questionnaires and assessment tools that have been approved by APA standards (Frye, 2011). The patient is not always accurate about their descriptions of symptoms right away due to embarrassment or exaggeration (Frye, 2011). The diagnosis, therapy, and medications are explored, but there are still questions. The old adage that these patients only need medications is absolutely untrue (Frye, 2011). This disorder must have both therapy and medication in order to manage this disease.
14. References References Argosy University (2011). Modules 6, PSY 492. Retrieved from myeclassonline.com Butcher, J, Mineka, S., & Hooley, J. (2010). Abnormal Psychology. (14th ed.). Allyn & Bacon. Boston, MA: Pearson. DSM-IV-TR (2000). Diagnostic & statistical manual of mental disorders. (4th ed.). Arlington, VA. American Psychiatric Association Publishing, Inc. Feist, J. & Feist, G. (2011). Theories of personality. (7th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Frye, M. A. (2011). Bipolar disorder-A focus of depression. New England Journal of Medicine, 15(3).
15. References Argosy University (2011). Modules 6, PSY 492. Retrieved from myeclassonline.com Butcher, J, Mineka, S., & Hooley, J. (2010). Abnormal Psychology. (14th ed.). Allyn & Bacon. Boston, MA: Pearson. DSM-IV-TR (2000). Diagnostic & statistical manual of mental disorders. (4th ed.). Arlington, VA. American Psychiatric Association Publishing, Inc. Feist, J. & Feist, G. (2011). Theories of personality. (7th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Frye, M. A. (2011). Bipolar disorder-A focus of depression. New England Journal of Medicine, 15(3).
16. Gandora, S., Ram, D., Praharaj, S. (2011). Association between affective temperaments and bipolar spectrum disorders. Preliminary Perspective, 4 (2). NIMH (2005). National institute of mental health. Retrieved from http://www.nimh.nih.gov/statistics/1BIPOLAR_ADULT.shtmal