IAR is is an open access, peer-reviewed and refereed journal that publishes scholarly research in the fields of humanities and social sciences. The journal provides an intellectual forum for the academic fraternity for disseminating theoretical, empirical, and pragmatic research in all the areas of humanities and social sciences. IAR welcomes publications of high-quality papers, review papers, conceptual framework, case studies, empirical research, and book reviews. Manuscripts for publication in IAR are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, relevance, and readability.
A) Learning Styles and Cognitive Styles +B) Language Learning Strategies an...faisal khallab
WHAT ARE LEARNING STYLES?
Basic Conceptual Issues
COGNITIVE STYLES
Problems with the Notion of Cognitive Style
Riding’s System
KOLB’S MODEL OF LEARNING STYLES
ASSESSING COGNITIVE AND LEARNING STYLES
Kolb’s Learning Style Inventory (LSI)
Riding’s Cognitive Styles Analysis (CSA)
COGNITIVE AND LEARNING STYLES IN L2 STUDIES
Field Dependence–Independence in L2 Studies
Sensory Preferences
Assessing Language Learning Styles
Perceptual Learning Style Preference Questionnaire and Learning Style Indicator
Style Analysis Survey and Learning Style Survey
The Ehrman & Leaver Construct
Skehan’s Conceptualization of a Learning Style Construct
PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS
CONCLUSION
IAR is is an open access, peer-reviewed and refereed journal that publishes scholarly research in the fields of humanities and social sciences. The journal provides an intellectual forum for the academic fraternity for disseminating theoretical, empirical, and pragmatic research in all the areas of humanities and social sciences. IAR welcomes publications of high-quality papers, review papers, conceptual framework, case studies, empirical research, and book reviews. Manuscripts for publication in IAR are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, relevance, and readability.
A) Learning Styles and Cognitive Styles +B) Language Learning Strategies an...faisal khallab
WHAT ARE LEARNING STYLES?
Basic Conceptual Issues
COGNITIVE STYLES
Problems with the Notion of Cognitive Style
Riding’s System
KOLB’S MODEL OF LEARNING STYLES
ASSESSING COGNITIVE AND LEARNING STYLES
Kolb’s Learning Style Inventory (LSI)
Riding’s Cognitive Styles Analysis (CSA)
COGNITIVE AND LEARNING STYLES IN L2 STUDIES
Field Dependence–Independence in L2 Studies
Sensory Preferences
Assessing Language Learning Styles
Perceptual Learning Style Preference Questionnaire and Learning Style Indicator
Style Analysis Survey and Learning Style Survey
The Ehrman & Leaver Construct
Skehan’s Conceptualization of a Learning Style Construct
PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS
CONCLUSION
The Motivated, The Encouraged, And The Willful Ignorant (Richter & Adelsberg...Richter Thomas
Pre-Publish version of: Richter, T. & Adelsberger, H.H. (2013). The Motivated, The Encouraged, And The Willful Ignorant. In: Paulsen, M.F. & Szücs, A. (Eds.), The Joy of Learning: Enhancing Learning Experience, Improving Learning Quality. Oslo – Norway, Proceedings of the EDEN 2013 Annual Conference, Oslo, Norway, European Distance and E-Learning Network, Budapest, Hungary, pp. 753-762.
5 factors affecting language learning strategies use (slides)Lisa Kwan
A task completed for the course GGGE6533 Language Learning Strategies Instruction with the National University of Malaysia (UKM), Bangi for Masters in Education (TESL). The topic is on the 5 factors affecting language learning strategies (LLS). This presentation mainly presents what has been discovered in previous research and studies on the topic.
Factors Affecting Language Learning Strategies_GE6533Vino_thini
This task has been done as a course requirement (GE6533 Language Learning Strategies Instruction), a program offered for Masters in Education (TESL) at National University of Malaysia. Our instructor Prof Amin Embi has required us to present some points on 5 factors affecting language learning strategies based on previous researches.
Factors affecting language learning strategieshannu938
The slide is about the factors affecting the language learning strategies. There are 6 main factors influence language learning strategies described by Oxford (1994).
The purpose of this study was to identify the factors related to the teacher’s attitude involved in oral communication of ESL students. The investigation was carried out at Bahawalpur, Pakistan. This research was reported on a survey study and used a questionnaire for the students and interview format for the teachers as tools to investigate the issue. The interview was taken from forty highly experienced ESL/EFL teachers; and for questionnaire almost 100 students from each college were selected, total 498 ESL students participated in this research. The data provided through interview from teacher was analyzed qualitatively and the data from the students was analyzed through SPSS and Microsoft Excel. The following conclusion was drawn from the data collected from this investigation: Instructor’s attitude motivates debilitating speaking factors. This investigation has proved explanatory implications and additionally this study also examined the attitudes and opinions of language teachers about second language learning and teaching. Furthermore, the research suggested a variety of strategies for learners to cope with second language anxiety.
The Motivated, The Encouraged, And The Willful Ignorant (Richter & Adelsberg...Richter Thomas
Pre-Publish version of: Richter, T. & Adelsberger, H.H. (2013). The Motivated, The Encouraged, And The Willful Ignorant. In: Paulsen, M.F. & Szücs, A. (Eds.), The Joy of Learning: Enhancing Learning Experience, Improving Learning Quality. Oslo – Norway, Proceedings of the EDEN 2013 Annual Conference, Oslo, Norway, European Distance and E-Learning Network, Budapest, Hungary, pp. 753-762.
5 factors affecting language learning strategies use (slides)Lisa Kwan
A task completed for the course GGGE6533 Language Learning Strategies Instruction with the National University of Malaysia (UKM), Bangi for Masters in Education (TESL). The topic is on the 5 factors affecting language learning strategies (LLS). This presentation mainly presents what has been discovered in previous research and studies on the topic.
Factors Affecting Language Learning Strategies_GE6533Vino_thini
This task has been done as a course requirement (GE6533 Language Learning Strategies Instruction), a program offered for Masters in Education (TESL) at National University of Malaysia. Our instructor Prof Amin Embi has required us to present some points on 5 factors affecting language learning strategies based on previous researches.
Factors affecting language learning strategieshannu938
The slide is about the factors affecting the language learning strategies. There are 6 main factors influence language learning strategies described by Oxford (1994).
The purpose of this study was to identify the factors related to the teacher’s attitude involved in oral communication of ESL students. The investigation was carried out at Bahawalpur, Pakistan. This research was reported on a survey study and used a questionnaire for the students and interview format for the teachers as tools to investigate the issue. The interview was taken from forty highly experienced ESL/EFL teachers; and for questionnaire almost 100 students from each college were selected, total 498 ESL students participated in this research. The data provided through interview from teacher was analyzed qualitatively and the data from the students was analyzed through SPSS and Microsoft Excel. The following conclusion was drawn from the data collected from this investigation: Instructor’s attitude motivates debilitating speaking factors. This investigation has proved explanatory implications and additionally this study also examined the attitudes and opinions of language teachers about second language learning and teaching. Furthermore, the research suggested a variety of strategies for learners to cope with second language anxiety.
Thesis Summary by Amir Hamid Forough Ameri
The Relationship Between Extraversion/Introversion
and Iranian EFL Learners’
Language Learning Strategy Preferences
Dr. Nafissi 15th Asia TEFL Indonesia, burnout 2017Zohreh Nafissi
Presentation slides for the 15th Asia TEFL Conference, Indonesia 2017, on English Language Teacher Burnout and the Effective Coping Strategies, presented by Dr. Nafissi of Alzahra University, Iran.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
2. Significance of Anxiety
• Dörnyei (2005) claimed that “there is no
doubt that anxiety affects L2
performance
• Arnold and Brown (1999), Anxiety is
generally seen as the affective factor
that most frequently hinders the
learning process.
3. What is Anxiety?
• It is intertwined with self-esteem, self
efficacy, inhibition and risk taking.
• it is not only difficult to define it but to
study it systematically because:
1. Learners are individualistic and
changeable.
2. Affective states are volatile and affect not
only overall progress but responses to
particular learning activities on a day by
4. Anxiety definition
• Spielberger (1983): “the subjective feeling of
tension, apprehension, nervousness, worry
associated with an arousal of the automatic
nervous system”
• Scovel (1978): feeling of uneasiness, frustration,
self-doubt, apprehension or worry
• Dornyei (2012): there is a general uncertainty
about the broader categorization of this concept:
1. It refers to a motivational component
2. Or it is a part of personality trait
3. It is often mentioned as one of the basic
emotions
5. Anxiety definition
• Schunk (2000):Anxiety has both cognitive and
affective components:
1. Cognitive side: worry and negative thought
and prediction some failure or negative
events
2. Affective side: it involves physiological
elements such as : sweaty palms, upset
stomach, racing heartbeats or emotional
reaction such as fear
6. Anxiety Types
1. Trait anxiety: permanent predisposition
to be anxious
2. State anxiety: : it is experienced at a
particular moment in time as a response
to definite situation
3. Situation specific anxiety : it is aroused
by a specific type of situation such as
public speaking examination, class
participation
7. Language anxiety:
• lg anxiety it is a specific situation anxiety
that associates with attempts to learn L2 and
communicate in it.
• High-anxiety foreign language students
exhibit many symptoms:
1. freezing up when asked to say something in
the L2 in front of the class
2. Blanking on the right answers during a
language test despite having studied hard
and even knowing the answers.
8. Language anxiety:
• Gregerson (2003) observed that
anxious language learners
1. Make more errors
2. Overestimate the number of their
errors
3. Self correct more than less anxious
learners
9. Components of language
anxiety:
:
1. Communication apprehension: arises
from learner inability to adequately
express mature thoughts and ideas
2. Fear of negative social evaluation:
arises from learner’s need to make a
positive social impression on others
3. Test anxiety over academic evaluation
10. • Self worth
• Intelligence (Bailey, Onwuegbuzie, & Daley. 2000)
• Learners’ competitive nature
• Perceived relationship with teacher
• Test and measurement tools
• Teacher’s classroom management competency
• Fear of losing oneself in the target culture- identity conflict
• perfectionism, set unrealistically high standards
(Gregerson and Horwits ,2002)
• Counterproductive beliefs about language
learning(Horwitz,1988) Misguided myths about language
learning
Questions1:
what causes state or situ anxiety?
11. Oxford (1992) listed the affective
states that are associated with this
anxiety:
Emotional regression, self pity
Anger, sadness
Indecision
Alienation
Reduced personality
12. Scales of anxiety:
1. Gardner and Smythe (1975): French class
anxiety scale and English test anxiety
2. Horwits, Horwits and Cope (1986): foreign lg
anxiety scale (33 5point Likert scale items)
• ‘Even if I am not well prepared for language
class, I feel anxious about it’
• ‘I always feel that the other students speak
the foreign language better than I do’.
• MacIntyre and Gardner (1994): Input,
Processing and Output Anxiety Scales
(IPOAS) 18 five-point Likert scale items
13. Input, Processing and Output
Anxiety Scales (IPOAS)
MacIntyre and Gardner (1994)
• Input stage of encountering aural or written input (‘I
get flustered unless French is spoken very slowly
and deliberately’),
• Processing stage of comprehending messages
and figuring out words and meanings (‘I am anxious
with French because, no matter how hard I try, I
have trouble understanding it’)
• Output stage of producing evidence of what one
has learned and can do in speaking or writing (‘I
may know the proper French expression but when I
am nervous it just won’t come out’).
14. Question 2: what effect does
anxiety have on learning?
• It affects three stages of learning:
1. Input
2. Processing
3. Output
• most studies have focused on the effect on
output and little is known about the influence of
anxiety on input and processing
15. There are several reasons for this
mixed result:
1) Curvilinear relationship:
The relationship btw them probably is not
linear one. It has a curvilinear effect on
performance
2) types of anxiety:
Alpert and Haber (1960) distinction btw
facilitation and debilitating anxiety
3) Sometimes these two types cancel out each
other so the apparent result is no
achievement
16. 2 dimensions of anxiety
• Dornyei (2005): there are 2 dimensions to
understand anxiety:
• 1) Beneficial vs. inhibitory anxiety:
• this dichotomy refers to whether or not anxiety
can be a positive or negative force
• Williams (1991) it is related to the intensity of
anxiety:
• Low-anxiety state has a facilitating role
• High-anxiety state has a debilitating effect.
• 2) Trait vs. state anxiety:
• this refers to whether anxiety is a part of
individuals make up across many situations or
17. A model to account for the role
anxiety in lg learning
• MacIntyre and Gardner (1991b) proposed a
model that
• anxiety -----------------------------------learning
1)Stages of learner’s
development
2) Specific situation
experiences
LearningAnxiety
18.
19. According to this model:
1. Poor performance can be the cause as
well as the result of anxiety (in line with
Skehan’s findings, 1989)
2. There is sufficient evidence that
anxiety is an important factor in SLA
3. It cannot be seen as a factor that its
presence or absence leads to success
or failure in SLA but a factor that
contribute in different degrees in
different learners
20. Sigmund Tobias (1985)
Suggested a model to explain how anxiety
interferes at 3 points in the learning and
performance cycle
• Attention: highly anxious learners divide the
attention btw new material and nervous
feelings
• Learning: if they pay attention, they have still
problems in learning
• use of memory, distraction, poor strategies
and habits
• Testing: the often know more than they can
demonstrate on tests so they may lack test
taking skills
21. The questions that has not been
answered adequately are:
1. Under What condition the anxiety has
an effect on lg learning?
2. How can anxiety be measured
adequately based on somatic
response rather that self report
questionnaire?
3. Is anxiety the cause of poor
performance in SLA or the product of
less satisfactory performance ?
22. LDCH hypothesis:
• Anxiety is the result of
1) Foreign lg learning difficulties
2) First lg deficits
Other disagree with LDCH because:
1) Raised strong objection to the validity of the
argument
2) Anxiety is the common source of interference in
all kinds of learning
3) Highly proficient lg learners experience anxiety
4) over one third of lg learners reported forms of
anxiety it seems highly implausible to attribute
23. Implications in ELT:
1. Hoffman (1986): anxiety can direct attention away
from meaning and toward pure form or physical
features of words such as acoustic properties,
order of presentation, and phonetic similarities
So when meaningful use of language is important
anxiety can be a negative factor
2. Teachers should try to determine whether a
student’s anxiety stems from a more global trait
or from a particular situation at the moment.
(both too much or too little anxiety may hinder
the process of SLA
24. Implications in ELT:
3. Class should promote low anxiety and non-
defensive posture among learners, where they
don’t feel they are in a competition with one
another
4. Teachers should identify learners with poor
studying skills and learning strategies and try
to equip them with useful ones.
5. Teachers should identify those “freeze and
forget” learners and present test taking skills in
class.
25. Implications in ELT:
6. Teachers should guide anxious students to
set appropriate short and long term goals
with goal cards, progress chart, or goal
planning journals.
7. If possible eliminate time limits on important
tests because high anxiety learners work too
quickly or slowly
26.
27. 8. Learners can use 3 kinds of coping
strategies:
A. Problem solving: plan a study schedule,
borrow good notes, find a protected place
to study
B. Emotional management: to reduce anxious
feelings by relaxation strategies, or
describing the feeling to a friend
C. Avoidance: go out with a friend, do some
chores
30. Where do they come from?
• It is the result of parents or peers’ attitudes of
contact with people who are different in a
number of ways
• Attitude develops early in childhood
• They form a part of person’s perception of self,
others, and the culture in which he is living
• Stereotyping implies some attitude toward the
culture or lg
31. Pioneers in this field:
• Gardner and lamberts studied extensively
the effect of attitude on lg learning and after
studying the interrelationship they defined:
• 1) motivation is made up of certain attitude
• 2) Positive attitude toward a nationality is a
desire to understand them and to empathize
with them
• 3) it will lead to an integrative orientation to
learn their lg
32. • Biased attitude are based on:
• Insufficient knowledge
• Misinformed stereotyping
• Extreme ethnocentric thinking
33. Social distance:
• Learners do not feel an affinity with L2
speakers
• It creates a psychological and social
distance from speakers of L2
• The immediate consequence is diminished
amount of data
34. Schumann’s (1978) acculturation
model.
• Acculturation is made up of:
1. Social variables
The extent of dominance over the other
group (dominant, non-dominant,
subordinate)
for instance colonization or immigration
The extent of integration (assimilation or
emphasis on preserving one’s own lifestyle
and lg) degree of disclosure
2. Affective variables
35. Schumann’s (1978) acculturation
model
• Cohesiveness (size of the L2 group)
• Congruence: similar in values and beliefs
systems
• Permanence: intended length of residence in
the target lg area
• These factors describe good or bad lg
learning situations
• The greater the distance-> the greater the
difficulty the learner will have in SLA
36. Problems with Schumann’s model:
• It is difficult to accept that acculturation
is the causal variable in SLA.
• There may be many other variable that
interact with it such as personality
variables
• these variables can set the stage for
learning but not causing learning
37. Attitude and motivation
• In the field of L2 motivation, attitudes have
been identified as emotional precursors of
the initiation of learning behavior.
• It is partly derived from one’s self-appraisal
(Skaalvik 1997).
• Bong and Skaalvik (2003) argue that this
affective dimension of one’s self-efficacy has
important motivating power.
• it is also suggested that irrespective of age,
attitudes to L2 learning have a strong
influence on effort and persistence
38. Dornyei’s (2005) and Kormos et al.
(2011) models
• language learning attitudes are inter-related
with the Ideal L2 self
• four learner-internal factors:
• goals, attitudes, self-guides, and self-efficacy
beliefs interact with each other.
• self-guides, self-efficacy beliefs, and attitudes
have direct links to goals
39. Dornyei’s (2005) and Kormos et al.
(2011) models
• motivated behavior influences effort and
persistence in language learning through the
mediation of attitudes and self-related
beliefs.
• learners are situated in the systems of their
social, cultural, and instructional setting and
these external factors influence the
components of learner internal motivation.
40.
41. Implication for ELT:
• Second lg learners benefit from positive
attitude and negative attitude may lead to
decreased motivation
• Negative attitude can be changed often by
exposure to reality or interaction with actual
persons.
• Negative attitude emerges from one’s
indirect exposure to a culture or group
through TV, movies, news, media, books that
may be less reliable
42. Implication for ELT:
• Teachers can dispel myth about other
cultures and replace them with an
accurate understanding of other
cultures.
• So learners move through awareness
and value, respect and appreciate
foreign culture.
43. Systems of
Goals, Attitudes, and Self-related Beliefs in Second-
Language- Learning Motivation. Applied Linguistics,
32(5), 495–516