This study compared the levels of anxiety toward English language learning between postgraduate students in Pakistan and Indonesia. A sample of 340 students (170 from each country) completed the Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale. The results showed that both Pakistani and Indonesian students experienced anxiety related to English language learning. Specifically, male students and Indonesian students reported significantly lower anxiety levels than female students and Pakistani students respectively. The study concluded that collective efforts from teachers and students could help reduce English language learning anxiety.
Students’ Perceptions of Grammar Teaching and Learning in English Language Cl...iosrjce
The use of grammar teaching in the field of second language acquisition has been extensively
studied, but there is a lacuna in the literature, regarding the students’ perception of its importance. To
investigate this aspect, the study was conducted on a group of 15 students studying in Semester Five, in the
English Language Department of Misurata University, Libya. The students were interviewed in groups of three
with nine specific questions, and the responses were audio-taped and transcribed verbatim. The findings
revealed that although they all came from the same cultural, linguistic and educational backgrounds, they had
different perceptions regarding the form focused instruction of grammar. The information gathered is of
considerable significance to ESL teachers who intend to meet students’ needs as well as reduce conflicts caused
by different perspectives between teachers and students regarding whether or not grammar teaching should be
encouraged in the classroom.
This study focuses on the listening anxiety experienced by teacher candidates (TCs) in Iran and Turkey. Using different data collection methods, including two questionnaires, listening test, and semi-structured interviews, this study tried to investigate the factors behind Foreign Language Listening Anxiety (FLLA) among Iranian teacher candidates (TCs). The participants of the study in Iran context were 29 teacher candidates studying at BA level in English Language Teaching. All of the participants were asked to complete these two questionnaires with the background information regarding their age, gender, years of language study. The participants’ answers to FLLAS and FLCAS were analyzed with spss to obtain frequencies and percentages. The results were compared to the same study by Bekleyen. The findings revealed that Iranian TCs experienced a high level of FLLA compared to Turkish TCs and showed a significant positive correlation between FLLA and FLCA, which means that teacher candidates with higher levels of language anxiety tended to have higher levels of listening anxiety. In addition, interview data suggested that Iranian and Turkish participants’ FLLA mostly originated from the same source: inadequacy of past education in listening skill. Furthermore, practice was the most frequent strategy used by participants in these two countries to overcome this kind of anxiety.
IAR is is an open access, peer-reviewed and refereed journal that publishes scholarly research in the fields of humanities and social sciences. The journal provides an intellectual forum for the academic fraternity for disseminating theoretical, empirical, and pragmatic research in all the areas of humanities and social sciences. IAR welcomes publications of high-quality papers, review papers, conceptual framework, case studies, empirical research, and book reviews. Manuscripts for publication in IAR are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, relevance, and readability.
Language Anxiety among Selected Grade 7 ESL Learners in the Division of North...ijtsrd
This descriptive correlational study determined the language anxiety experienced by Grade 7 ESL learners from four selected junior high schools in the first district of the Division of Northern Samar, Philippines for School Year 2018 2019. The respondents of the study were 286 Grade 7 students who were determined using Slovin's formula. The instrument used in the study was composed of three parts the socio demographic profile of the respondents the factors causing second language anxiety and the language anxiety scale adopted from Horwitz, Horwitz, and Cope's 1986 model of language anxiety. The English performance of the respondents was based on their grades in the English subject. The data were treated statistically using frequency counts, percentages, weighted mean and Pearson r correlation. The findings revealed that in the English performance of the respondents, a majority of them obtained very satisfactory rating in English. Students' second language anxiety especially on language anxiety and fear of negative evaluation were found to be “either anxious or relaxedâ€. On the test of relationship, a significant relationship was found between demographic profile and their English performance. There was also a significant relationship between the demographic profile and the respondents second language anxiety. Age and sex were found significantly related with classroom related factors and teacher related factors. English performance was also found significantly related with communication anxiety and test anxiety. Dr. Rogelio A. Banagbanag ""Language Anxiety among Selected Grade 7 ESL Learners in the Division of Northern Samar, Philippines"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25074.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/english/25074/language-anxiety-among-selected-grade-7-esl-learners-in-the-division-of-northern-samar-philippines/dr-rogelio-a-banagbanag
This study focused on fostering learning experiences and improving students’ oral communicative potential by lowering their anxiety through technology. The participants were EFL students at the Zand Higher Education Institute in Shiraz, Iran. Their responses to the Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale (Horwitz et al., 1986) proved that they were suffering from some emotional factors; particularly anxiety interfering with their second language acquisition process. Voice Thread, an on-line program was introduced to them as a tool to achieve the above-mentioned goals. An oral survey based on items used by Von Worde (2003) showed this group of EFL language learners’ anxiety was alleviated by using the proposed tool. As speaking is one of the main productive skills in second language learning, the pedagogical implications of the study can be beneficial to both teachers and learners. The results can help teachers match instruction to learners’ needs.
Students’ Perceptions of Grammar Teaching and Learning in English Language Cl...iosrjce
The use of grammar teaching in the field of second language acquisition has been extensively
studied, but there is a lacuna in the literature, regarding the students’ perception of its importance. To
investigate this aspect, the study was conducted on a group of 15 students studying in Semester Five, in the
English Language Department of Misurata University, Libya. The students were interviewed in groups of three
with nine specific questions, and the responses were audio-taped and transcribed verbatim. The findings
revealed that although they all came from the same cultural, linguistic and educational backgrounds, they had
different perceptions regarding the form focused instruction of grammar. The information gathered is of
considerable significance to ESL teachers who intend to meet students’ needs as well as reduce conflicts caused
by different perspectives between teachers and students regarding whether or not grammar teaching should be
encouraged in the classroom.
This study focuses on the listening anxiety experienced by teacher candidates (TCs) in Iran and Turkey. Using different data collection methods, including two questionnaires, listening test, and semi-structured interviews, this study tried to investigate the factors behind Foreign Language Listening Anxiety (FLLA) among Iranian teacher candidates (TCs). The participants of the study in Iran context were 29 teacher candidates studying at BA level in English Language Teaching. All of the participants were asked to complete these two questionnaires with the background information regarding their age, gender, years of language study. The participants’ answers to FLLAS and FLCAS were analyzed with spss to obtain frequencies and percentages. The results were compared to the same study by Bekleyen. The findings revealed that Iranian TCs experienced a high level of FLLA compared to Turkish TCs and showed a significant positive correlation between FLLA and FLCA, which means that teacher candidates with higher levels of language anxiety tended to have higher levels of listening anxiety. In addition, interview data suggested that Iranian and Turkish participants’ FLLA mostly originated from the same source: inadequacy of past education in listening skill. Furthermore, practice was the most frequent strategy used by participants in these two countries to overcome this kind of anxiety.
IAR is is an open access, peer-reviewed and refereed journal that publishes scholarly research in the fields of humanities and social sciences. The journal provides an intellectual forum for the academic fraternity for disseminating theoretical, empirical, and pragmatic research in all the areas of humanities and social sciences. IAR welcomes publications of high-quality papers, review papers, conceptual framework, case studies, empirical research, and book reviews. Manuscripts for publication in IAR are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, relevance, and readability.
Language Anxiety among Selected Grade 7 ESL Learners in the Division of North...ijtsrd
This descriptive correlational study determined the language anxiety experienced by Grade 7 ESL learners from four selected junior high schools in the first district of the Division of Northern Samar, Philippines for School Year 2018 2019. The respondents of the study were 286 Grade 7 students who were determined using Slovin's formula. The instrument used in the study was composed of three parts the socio demographic profile of the respondents the factors causing second language anxiety and the language anxiety scale adopted from Horwitz, Horwitz, and Cope's 1986 model of language anxiety. The English performance of the respondents was based on their grades in the English subject. The data were treated statistically using frequency counts, percentages, weighted mean and Pearson r correlation. The findings revealed that in the English performance of the respondents, a majority of them obtained very satisfactory rating in English. Students' second language anxiety especially on language anxiety and fear of negative evaluation were found to be “either anxious or relaxedâ€. On the test of relationship, a significant relationship was found between demographic profile and their English performance. There was also a significant relationship between the demographic profile and the respondents second language anxiety. Age and sex were found significantly related with classroom related factors and teacher related factors. English performance was also found significantly related with communication anxiety and test anxiety. Dr. Rogelio A. Banagbanag ""Language Anxiety among Selected Grade 7 ESL Learners in the Division of Northern Samar, Philippines"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25074.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/english/25074/language-anxiety-among-selected-grade-7-esl-learners-in-the-division-of-northern-samar-philippines/dr-rogelio-a-banagbanag
This study focused on fostering learning experiences and improving students’ oral communicative potential by lowering their anxiety through technology. The participants were EFL students at the Zand Higher Education Institute in Shiraz, Iran. Their responses to the Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale (Horwitz et al., 1986) proved that they were suffering from some emotional factors; particularly anxiety interfering with their second language acquisition process. Voice Thread, an on-line program was introduced to them as a tool to achieve the above-mentioned goals. An oral survey based on items used by Von Worde (2003) showed this group of EFL language learners’ anxiety was alleviated by using the proposed tool. As speaking is one of the main productive skills in second language learning, the pedagogical implications of the study can be beneficial to both teachers and learners. The results can help teachers match instruction to learners’ needs.
The use and ranking of different english language learning strategies by engl...Dr. Seyed Hossein Fazeli
This study aims to rank types of English language learning strategies that are used by Iranian female university level learners of English language as a university major. The results show that except the Metacognitive Strategies category, the mean score for each of the five categories fell in the range of medium strategy use.
Tsai, min hsiu university students anziety focus n6 v1 2012 (1)-chiodoWilliam Kritsonis
NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS (Founded 1982 (www.nationalforum.com) is a group of national and international refereed journals. NFJ publishes articles on colleges, universities and schools; management, business and administration; academic scholarship, multicultural issues; schooling; special education; teaching and learning; counseling and addiction; alcohol and drugs; crime and criminology; disparities in health; risk behaviors; international issues; education; organizational theory and behavior; educational leadership and supervision; action and applied research; teacher education; race, gender, society; public school law; philosophy and history; psychology, sociology, and much more. Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, Editor-in-Chief.
Language attitudes of iranian junior high school students towards the English...Ehsan Abbaspour
In the 20th and 21st centuries English has become an indispensable part of educational curriculum in Iranian schools. Despite all the efforts and investments devoted to cultivate and popularize English among Iranian language learners, the resultant outcome could not live up to the authorities’ expectations. A great body of research has proved that learners’ attitude towards foreign language learning and success in learning a foreign language are highly related. This study is to investigate Iranian junior high school students’ overall attitude towards learning English as a foreign language. As well as, the possible difference that exists between boys’ and girls’ attitude towards learning English as a foreign language. The findings indicate that Iranian junior high school students generally have a positive view of using and learning English. It was also observed that there is no significant difference between female and male learners’ attitudes, although that of the girls was slightly more positive.
public Category: Research Reads: 82 Published: 10 / 09 / 2012 Save for later Add to Collections
Which method, isolated or integrated, of teaching vocabulary is more effectiv...Spyridoula Laizinou
This study compares 2 different methods of teaching vocabulary, isolated and integrated formats for instruction of new words for English Language Learners (ELLs). The study also evaluates participants’ opinions on what type of assessment they prefer to work with. There were two groups of students in an academic English language department for ELLs at the university level who are intending to further their college education in the United States. Each class did two readings that included target words and definitions with an assessment focused on the vocabulary. The first class was given the isolated version of one reading and the integrated of the other and the alternate versions were given to the second class.
In the isolated version, the participants were given target words with definitions and a sample sentence followed by a reading using but not highlighting the target words. The assessment of this portion was multiple-choice questions of definitions of the vocabulary. The integrated version had a second reading with the target words highlighted and their definitions below on the same page. The assessment in this case was a series of questions using one or two target words that participants answered about themselves.
The readings and words came from a vocabulary textbook that the participants had been using already for their class. For this reason, the standard of difficulty was assumed to be on par with their level. Their knowledge of the new vocabulary studied in this textbook was very low at the beginning of each lesson, so we assumed a low knowledge of the target words in our study. The statistical differences showed a variety of trends (we follow up with later) but it was also interesting to consider correlations between participants’ results and their assessment preferences. The delayed post-test showed definite acquisition of new vocabulary over time, and the need to use some FFI for vocabulary retention.
The use and ranking of different english language learning strategies by engl...Dr. Seyed Hossein Fazeli
This study aims to rank types of English language learning strategies that are used by Iranian female university level learners of English language as a university major. The results show that except the Metacognitive Strategies category, the mean score for each of the five categories fell in the range of medium strategy use.
Tsai, min hsiu university students anziety focus n6 v1 2012 (1)-chiodoWilliam Kritsonis
NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS (Founded 1982 (www.nationalforum.com) is a group of national and international refereed journals. NFJ publishes articles on colleges, universities and schools; management, business and administration; academic scholarship, multicultural issues; schooling; special education; teaching and learning; counseling and addiction; alcohol and drugs; crime and criminology; disparities in health; risk behaviors; international issues; education; organizational theory and behavior; educational leadership and supervision; action and applied research; teacher education; race, gender, society; public school law; philosophy and history; psychology, sociology, and much more. Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, Editor-in-Chief.
Language attitudes of iranian junior high school students towards the English...Ehsan Abbaspour
In the 20th and 21st centuries English has become an indispensable part of educational curriculum in Iranian schools. Despite all the efforts and investments devoted to cultivate and popularize English among Iranian language learners, the resultant outcome could not live up to the authorities’ expectations. A great body of research has proved that learners’ attitude towards foreign language learning and success in learning a foreign language are highly related. This study is to investigate Iranian junior high school students’ overall attitude towards learning English as a foreign language. As well as, the possible difference that exists between boys’ and girls’ attitude towards learning English as a foreign language. The findings indicate that Iranian junior high school students generally have a positive view of using and learning English. It was also observed that there is no significant difference between female and male learners’ attitudes, although that of the girls was slightly more positive.
public Category: Research Reads: 82 Published: 10 / 09 / 2012 Save for later Add to Collections
Which method, isolated or integrated, of teaching vocabulary is more effectiv...Spyridoula Laizinou
This study compares 2 different methods of teaching vocabulary, isolated and integrated formats for instruction of new words for English Language Learners (ELLs). The study also evaluates participants’ opinions on what type of assessment they prefer to work with. There were two groups of students in an academic English language department for ELLs at the university level who are intending to further their college education in the United States. Each class did two readings that included target words and definitions with an assessment focused on the vocabulary. The first class was given the isolated version of one reading and the integrated of the other and the alternate versions were given to the second class.
In the isolated version, the participants were given target words with definitions and a sample sentence followed by a reading using but not highlighting the target words. The assessment of this portion was multiple-choice questions of definitions of the vocabulary. The integrated version had a second reading with the target words highlighted and their definitions below on the same page. The assessment in this case was a series of questions using one or two target words that participants answered about themselves.
The readings and words came from a vocabulary textbook that the participants had been using already for their class. For this reason, the standard of difficulty was assumed to be on par with their level. Their knowledge of the new vocabulary studied in this textbook was very low at the beginning of each lesson, so we assumed a low knowledge of the target words in our study. The statistical differences showed a variety of trends (we follow up with later) but it was also interesting to consider correlations between participants’ results and their assessment preferences. The delayed post-test showed definite acquisition of new vocabulary over time, and the need to use some FFI for vocabulary retention.
The purpose of this study was to identify the factors related to the teacher’s attitude involved in oral communication of ESL students. The investigation was carried out at Bahawalpur, Pakistan. This research was reported on a survey study and used a questionnaire for the students and interview format for the teachers as tools to investigate the issue. The interview was taken from forty highly experienced ESL/EFL teachers; and for questionnaire almost 100 students from each college were selected, total 498 ESL students participated in this research. The data provided through interview from teacher was analyzed qualitatively and the data from the students was analyzed through SPSS and Microsoft Excel. The following conclusion was drawn from the data collected from this investigation: Instructor’s attitude motivates debilitating speaking factors. This investigation has proved explanatory implications and additionally this study also examined the attitudes and opinions of language teachers about second language learning and teaching. Furthermore, the research suggested a variety of strategies for learners to cope with second language anxiety.
The purpose of this study was to identify the psychological factors involved in oral communication of ESL students. The research aimed to uncover the psychological barriers like learner’s self-esteem and self-opinions in oral competency of ESL students at graduate level. The investigation was carried out at Bahawalpur, Pakistan. This research was reported on a survey study and used a questionnaire for the students and interview format for the teachers as tools to investigate the issue. The interview was taken from forty highly experienced ESL/EFL teachers; and for questionnaire almost 100 students from each college were selected, total 498 ESL students participated in this research. The data provided through interview from teacher was analyzed qualitatively and the data from the students was analyzed through SPSS and Microsoft Excel. The following conclusion was drawn from the data collected from this investigation: Psychological factors affect student’s oral competency. This investigation has proved informative implications and suggested a variety of strategies for learners to cope with second language anxiety and for teachers to recognize and handle the learner’s fears.
In second or foreign language learning, attitudinal factors were one of the key factors that determine language success and achievement. In Indonesia, foreign language (English) has been taught since elementary school, however research showed most Indonesian language learners in English showed unsatisfactorily result. This research aimed at disclosing the students’ attitudinal factors in learning foreign language by exploring their first experience in learning foreign language. This qualitative study employed exploratory case study design to interview students’ attitudinal factors by exploring the students past experience at first time learning foreign language. These students were from different education unit background when they were in elementary school. This study applied thematic analysis to interpret and analyze the data. The findings showed in case of attitudinal factors were categorized into three components that were cognitive, affective, and behavior. In case of cognitive and affective components, those who had good experiences felt happy in their first experience in foreign language and the vice versa. However, both were having similar learning behavior when they serve as an English teacher, they adopted particular learning behavior that was able to make students enjoy the foreign language learning.
Language attitude study has proven to reveal students’ success and failure in learning language. Attitude is not innate, but learned. Students learn to grow and improve their positive language attitudes towards foreign languages through certain programs at schools. The aim of this research is to investigate the language attitude of students in an Indonesian Islamic boarding school towards English as a foreign Language and to describe why they have the attitude. The respondents were 49 students of 2nd grade of senior high school classes from HAC (High-Achieving Class) and LAC (Low-Achieving Class). The design of this research was mixed method using explanatory sequential design. To obtain the data, the instrument used was a questionnaire consisting of cognitive, affective and conative components of language attitudes. Interview was carried out to acquire the reason the students had the attitudes. The finding was both HAC and LAC students’ language attitudes were mostly positive (91.83%) in cognitive, affective and conative language attitudes. Some (8.17%) had different language attitudes. They showed positive language attitudes, but acquired low scores and showed negative language attitudes, but acquired high scores. The interview revealed this phenomenon.
The main purpose of this article is to examine the level of Communication Apprehension (CA) among Third-Year Political Science students studying English for Specific Purposes (ESP) at Chlef University, and then investigate the main factors that lead to their CA in the ESP classroom. The instruments that were used for data collection in the study are a questionnaire administered to 50 students and an interview conducted with 4 teachers. The findings of the study revealed that most students had high level of CA with the relative contribution of two main reasons: instructional and psychological factors to the situation. Finally, some suggestions and recommendations on how to reduce communication apprehension among ESP students and improve their speaking skills were stated.
English - Majored Juniors’ attitudes towards learning the academic writing co...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : The study aims to investigate attitudes ofJuniors ofEnglish as a foreign language (EFL)
towards learning the academic writing course at TraVinh University (TVU) and to help these learners recognize
what benefits they have got and difficulties they have encountered during the course. The writer uses a
quantitative approach with aquestionnaire to collect data from80third-year English majors, whotook part in the
academic course at TVU. The findings indicate that all students have positive attitudes about this course and
concede the benefits of the academic writing course. One of the most crucial results from this study's data was
that academic writing skills were needed for students’ graduation thesis. Apart from that, the
studentsencountered challenges throughout the learning process. Particularly, due to the impact of their native
tongue on language learning, grammar is regarded as the most prominent difficulty. The study lastly suggests a
range of implications for students to enhance their academic writing skills.
KEYWORDS: academic writing, attitudes, difficulties, EFL Juniors
The impact of personality traits on the affective category of english languag...Dr. Seyed Hossein Fazeli
The present study aims at discovering the impact of personality traits in the prediction use of the Affective English Language Learning Strategies (AELLSs) for learners of English as a foreign language. Four instruments were used, which were Adapted Inventory for Affective English Language Learning Strategies based on Affective category of Strategy Inventory for Language Learning (SILL) of Rebecca L. Oxfords (1990), A Background
Questionnaire, NEO-Five Factors Inventory (NEO-FFI), and Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL). Two hundred and thirteen Iranian female university level learners of English language as a university major in Iran, were volunteers to participate in this research work. The intact classes were chosen. The results show that although there is a significant relationship between each of the two traits of personality and use of the AELLSs, personality cannot be a strong predictor with high percentage of contribution to predict use of the AELLSs.
Age as an Affective Factor in Influencing Public Speaking Anxiety of English ...FadilElmenfi1
The study is to show how age factor can influence public speaking anxiety among English Language Learners at Omar Al-Mukhtar University. To indicate the influence of age factor a questionnaire was distributed to the participants of the study.
Find Optum healthcare. Search Here Now! Search For Optum healthcare With Us. Updated Info. Relevant Results. Awesome Results. More Relevant. Get Latest Info. Services: Search Services, Web Results, Result Pages, Popular Searches.
The problems of Fluency in Spoken English among EFL Learners in Saudi Univers...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : This study aims to investigate the problems and challenges which is usually experienced by
English learner's students in the Saudi universities when trying to speak English. It also checks at the problems
that students face when learning English language in Saudi universities and try to find remedies to this problem.
The research uses a questionnaire, interviews, and descriptive methods in the collection of data about fluency in
English language in universities in KSU as an example. The data was then statistically analyzed using the SPSS
program. The results showed that there are various problems which hinder fluency of English learning in the
universities and among them include: under-qualified teachers, unsuitable teaching materials and the methods
used in teaching are also poor. The other problem is the psychological factor which makes student lack
motivation while learning English. The study also contains ways in which these problems can be handled to
bring efficiency in learning and teaching English in Saudi universities.
KEYWORDS: The challenges of fluency in spoken English among the EFL students.
Investigating the institutional policies that contribute toward the students’...Sam Rany
The purpose of the study is to investigate the institutional policies that contributed to the enhancement of students’ academic success and educational quality in a Cambodian university. In a context of knowledge-based economy, higher education plays an important role to develop the citizen physically, mentally, and spiritually as well as to enhance the economic, social, political and cultural values of the nation. In the aftermath of the civil war in 1998, the Royal Government of Cambodia has strived to restore its education system in order to be integrated into the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) Community by 2015 through adopting various strategies and policies to advance educational quality for Cambodia students’ academic success. This paper will investigate and discuss the status of institutional policies that can facilitate in reforming the educational system in Cambodian tertiary education. Astin’s theory (1984, 1993, 1999) is adopted to link the idea of institutional policies and Cambodian student’s academic success; the documents and data of governmental ministries, development partners, and higher education institutions will be employed in the study of such policies.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
2. Middle-East J. Sci. Res., 18 (11): 1563-1572, 2013
1564
The present study is an effort to find out the anxiety minor aspects involved in the process of language
level of the students from two different cultures, learning and anxiety should be explored in this respect,
languages and even different Asian countries such as whereas Horwitz [6] proposed to discover the effects of
Pakistan and Indonesia. A comparison has been made anxiety on communication in depth. The language anxiety
amongst the anxiety level of the students of also affects the students’ communicative faculty [19].
Soijigaparanata Catholic University Semarang, Indonesia The previous studies [2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 13, 20-31] concluded
and The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan. No that anxiety is one of the major factors that impede the
similar research could be found regarding these two Asian student’s performance in the English language learning.
countries [4]. However, this research would help the ESL According to the findings of Campbell and Ortiz [32],
students hailing from different nations to understand the more than 50% English language learners undergo
level of anxiety among Asian students. dreadful and a severe type of anxiety. It creates problems
Review of Literature: An anxiety is a state of mind or a capability [33]. It reduces the language learners’
natural uncontrollable fear that occurs due to some confidence too [24]. Moreover, Crookall and Oxford [21]
uncertainty. In other words, this is a kind of worry or stated that the language anxiety deteriorates and even
nervousness associated with the psychological system or damages the students’ caliber regarding the English
human mental health condition [6]. Commonly, anxiety is language learning.
divided into three categories such as state anxiety, trait The major purpose of the previous researches was to
anxiety and situation-specific anxiety. Scovel [9] find out the causes behind the arousal of anxiety amongst
illustrated that state anxiety is a severe kind of anxiety. It second language learners. Bailey [5] analyzed the diaries
seems to be a permanent mental disorder whereas both of 11 learners comprehensively and found that there are
the ‘state and situation-specific anxiety’ generally are three aspects; exams, competitive environment and
associated with any particular occasion or happening [10]. students expected relationship with their teachers that
The present study belongs to the last category, affect their level of anxiety. Subsequent researchers,
namely the situation-specific anxiety’ or, in other words, particularly Horwitz and Young [23] pointed out the same
language anxiety. It is a situational anxiety because the aspects and concluded that these are fundamental factors
English/second language learner faces such type of that cause the language anxiety.
anxiety during the learning process [11]. Young [30] carried out a research on anxiety related
There are multifarious factors that affect the second to language learning and concluded that there are six
language acquisition and learning. Positive attitudes and different prospective causes of language anxiety such as
motivational forces are worth mentioning in this respect. scheduled and unscheduled or surprise exams, teacher’s
Both the language learning and anxiety are associated style of teaching in the classroom, student-teacher
with each other. Therefore, most of the studies have been relationship, student’s intra-personal and interpersonal
carried out to explore this relationship since 1970s [12]. traits, student’s belief about language learning and
The researches, particularly related to language teacher’s belief about language teaching methodology.
anxiety, carried out by Horwitz [6] and MacIntyre and These six points show that all the causes of anxiety
Gardner [13, 14] indicate that the English language are related to three elements such as students, teachers
learning is strongly associated with language anxiety. and teaching methodology. Furthermore, these findings
Mostly, the non-native English-speaking students suffer are similar to the findings of Bailey’s [5] study. However,
from anxiety while learning the English language. The the findings of a research carried out by Horwitz et al. [1]
other researches show that the anxiety affects the are very significant in this respect. They divided the
student’s academic achievement and proficiency as well. language anxiety into three major categories namely the
The findings of the previous researches [3, 6, 11, 15, 16, student’s level or ability of understanding, teachers’
17] show the negative correlation between language behavior and exams. On the foundations of these three
anxiety and student’s academic performance. Matsuda components, they designed a comprehensive Foreign
and Gobel [18] concluded in their research that the Language Classroom Anxiety Scale (FLCAS) and
language anxiety puts negative impacts on students’ included thirty-three different items related to different
academic grades. They suggested that more subtle and aspects of anxiety. This scale has been used by many
and decreases the language learners’ communicative
3. Middle-East J. Sci. Res., 18 (11): 1563-1572, 2013
1565
researchers in different contexts to find out the level of language learning and production stage. The students
students’ anxiety towards the English language hesitate to participate in the classroom activities due to
learners. the high rate of anxiety [42]. They also avoid contributing
Alpert and Haber [34] conducted research on in the complex process of second language structure
different aspects of language anxiety and explored a [3, 43]. A research conducted by Stein and Seedat [44]
unique anxiety; that is known as the debilitating anxiety. revealed that the students suffer from an anxiety
Most other researches concluded that there is a negative associated with the English language learning. Moreover,
correlation between anxiety and student’s academic they recommended that the students, who are suffering
achievement, thus it can be said that anxiety is debilitating from anxiety, should be treated tenderly and
in the process of language learning. Krashen [24] found sympathetically to reduce the level of anxiety. Generally,
that the high rate of anxiety creates hindrance in the a multilingual country has a dilemma regarding the
smoothness of the process of language acquisition and acceptability of the English language for medium of
learning. Horwitz [35] also stated that sometimes language instruction. This situation is leading to the students into
anxiety becomes so uncontrollable that the learners have the realm of anxiety and uneasiness [45, 46]. Another
to postpone the study. study conducted by Mkuti [47] revealed that the
MacIntyre and Gardner [2] carried a research on students’ anxiety level is a significant factor that creates
ninety-seven college students who were studying French. complications in learning the English language.
Their findings show that the students feel more difficulty As regards the present study, it was an attempt to
in expressing their own views and the other students who examine the students’ anxiety level towards the English
were not learning French underestimated their caliber. language being taught as a second language in Pakistan
They also found that language input, information and Indonesia as well. The findings of this study
processing system and language output have negative indicated that anxiety affects on the English language
correlation with language anxiety. Pan [36] carried out a learning.
research to find out the correlation between language
anxiety and speaking. He found that the students with low Objectives of the Present Research: The key objective of
anxiety show better performance in speaking than that of this study was to identify those factors as perceived by
the students with high anxiety. the students that may cause to anxiety at postgraduate
However, few other studies show the positive level in learning English as a foreign or second language
correlation between anxiety and academic achievement in Pakistan and Indonesia. Another objective was to
in second language learning. A study, carried out by compare the level of anxiety amongst male and female
Bailey’s [37] in Taiwan, show that some other students of these universities.
factors like culture and learner’s proficiency also have
influence upon students’ academic achievement besides Research Questions: The main research questions used
anxiety. in this study were as follows:
A few more researches [19, 38-40] carried out in China
found a positive correlation between anxiety and Which factors do students believe contribute to
academic achievements at college level students. anxiety? 2. What is the difference between the level
Many researches [6] have used FALCAS and found a of anxiety among male and female students? 3. What
negative relationship between anxiety and language is the difference between the level of anxiety among
learning. Many researchers [35] have used this scale the Pakistani and Indonesian students?
because of its high reliability and validity for the
measurement of anxiety [20, 41]. The contribution of Hypotheses: Following hypotheses were made to find out
Horwitz [6] in measuring the language anxiety is valuable the level of anxiety among students:
in this respect [9, 13, 23, 33].
According to the findings of Campbell and Ortiz [32] H : There is no anxiety regarding the English language
and MacIntyre and Gardner [14], the majority of the learning.
learners thinks that anxiety is more associated with
language learning than any other subject. Different H : There is an anxiety regarding the English language
reports show that anxiety puts a tangible impact on learning.
o
1
4. Middle-East J. Sci. Res., 18 (11): 1563-1572, 2013
1566
H : There is no significant difference between male and each kind of anxiety to see the general situations ofo
female students’ level of anxiety regarding the English students’ anxiety in the English language classrooms.
language learning. Secondly, t-tests (t distribution tests) were employed to
H : There is a significant difference between male and among the Indonesian and the Pakistani students and1
female students’ level of anxiety regarding the English male and female students of both the countries as well.
language learning.
H : There is no significant difference between theo
Pakistani and Indonesian students’ level of anxiety All the items included in the FLCAS were analyzed
regarding the English language learning. separately. However, it was not possible to describe all
H : There is a significant difference between the Pakistani the consolidated results of the study were presented in1
and Indonesian students’ level of anxiety regarding the three Tables only consisting of important 16 items.
English language learning. Moreover, 16 important items have been mentioned in
Population and Sampling: The participants for this study
were selected from a diverse set of languages such as According to Table 1, the results of this study show
Urdu, Punjabi and Bahasa Indonesia. The subjects of the that out of the initial pool of 340 students, 49 (70%)
study were 340 university level students, out of which students strongly agreed that learning English is
170 (95 male and 75 female) were from Soijigaparanata really great for them. The average response to this
Catholic University Semarang Indonesia and 170 statement is 1.41 that lies between the 1 and the 2
(81 male and 89 female) were from The Islamia University options which are closer to ‘agree’ (2 option), it
of Bahawalpur Pakistan. All the students belonged to the means the students agreed with this statement.
postgraduate level. Their average age was 19.5. They all 51 (72.86%) students (Q.2) strongly agreed that they
had 5-7 years of experience of learning English as a feel hesitation while speaking in English. The
second language. average response to this statement is 1.56 that lies
Instrument: FLCAS designed and developed by Horwitz closer to ‘agree’ (2 option), it means they
et al. [1] consisting of 33 items, was partially adapted for collectively agreed that they feel hesitation while
this study. The Scale consisted of two parts. One was speaking in English.
intended to collect personal information about The majority of the students (58.57%) strongly
participants, such as their name, age and gender etc. and agreed that it frightens them when they could not
the other consisted of the relevant questions. The FLCAS understand what the teachers say in English. The
was scored on a five-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 average response (1.84) indicates that they agreed to
(strongly agree) to 5 (strongly disagree) to capture the this statement.
specific essence of second language anxiety in a 60% students (Q.3) stated that they think in their
classroom setting and to provide investigators with a mother tongue first and then they try to translate it
standard measure. into English, which is the sign of anxiety regarding
Data Collection and Analysis: FLCAS was administered 39 (55.71%) students strongly agreed that they feel
personally to the students of Soijigaparatana Catholic troublesome when they have to speak without any
University Semarang, Indonesia and The Islamia preparation (Q.5).
University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan for which the return 38 (54.29%) students strongly agreed that they feel
rate was 100%. The response of every respondent for troublesome when they have to speak to a native
each question on the scale was entered into a database. speaker. The average response (1.86) also lies
SPSS 20.0 was employed to analyze the data. Firstly, between ‘strongly agree’ and ‘agree’, which is the
descriptive analysis was performed to compute the clear sign of anxiety towards the English language
percentage and the average response of each item and learning (Q.6).
see if there were any differences in language anxiety
RESULTS
those results here that expanded in 33 tables. Therefore,
three Tables.
st nd
nd
between the 1 and the 2 options which is alsost nd
nd
the English language.
5. Middle-East J. Sci. Res., 18 (11): 1563-1572, 2013
1567
Table 1: Students’ level of Anxiety regarding the English Language Learning (n=340).
Q No Statements Strongly Agree(1) Agree (2) Undecided (3) Disagree 4) Strongly Disagree (5) Average Response
1 Learning English 49(70%) 17(24.29%) 0(0%) 4(5.71%) 0(0%) 1.41
is really great for me.
2 I feel hesitation while 51(72.86%) 9(12.86%) 2(2.86%) 6(8.571%) 2(2.857%) 1.56
speaking in English.
3 It frightens me when I do 41(58.57%) 15(21.43%) 3(4.285%) 3(4.29%) 8(11.43%) 1.84
not understand what the
teacher is saying in English.
4 I think in my 42(60%) 14(20%) 5(7.14%) 6(8.57%) 3(4.29%) 1.77
mother/national language
first and then try to convert
it into English while
writing or speaking.
5 I feel trouble when 39(55.71%) 7(10%) 12(17.14%) 9(12.86%) 3(4.29%) 1.73
I have to speak
without preparation.
6 I feel trouble while 38(54.29%) 16(22.86%) 8(11.43%) 4(5.71%) 4(5.71%) 1.86
speaking to a
native speaker.
7 I am afraid that my 52(74.28%) 8(11.43%) 3(4.29%) 3(4.29%) 4(5.71%) 1.56
teacher will find out
mistakes what I make.
8 I am afraid of thinking 53(75.72%) 6(8.58%) 4(5.71%) 2(2.85%) 5(7.14%) 1.57
that other students will
laugh at me in case of
any wrong pronunciation
during speaking.
9 I feel trouble in learning 22(31.43%) 33(47.14%) 11(15.71%) 2(2.86%) 2(2.86%) 1.98
the rules and regulations
of English.
10 I want to get rid 12(17.14%) 16(22.86%) 6(8.57%) 11(15.72%) 25(35.71%) 3.30
of English learning.
11 I need more courses 39(55.72%) 20(28.58%) 9(12.85) 2(2.85%) 0(0%) 1.63
to improve English.
12 I think that learning 5(7.14%) 4(5.72%) 3(4.29%) 24(34.28) 34(48.57%) 4.11
English is boring.
13 It embarrasses me to 49(70%) 4(5.71%) 7(10%) 3(4.29%) 7(10%) 1.78
volunteer to answer
in English.
14 I get nervous and 41(58.57%) 10(14.29%) 6(8.57%) 7(10%) 6(8.57%) 1.96
confused when I am
speaking in English.
15 I never feel confident 49(70%) 7(10%) 2(2.86%) 6(8.57%) 6(8.57%) 1.76
when I speak in English.
16 Do teachers help to 5(7.15%) 1(1.43%) 4(5.71%) 39(55.71%) 21(30%) 3.43
remove language anxiety?
6. Middle-East J. Sci. Res., 18 (11): 1563-1572, 2013
1568
About 75% students (Q.7) strongly agreed that they English because both the responses are closer
are afraid of thinking that the teacher will find out to ‘agree’ (option 2). It means both the genders
what mistakes they make. The average response agreed that they feel hesitation while speaking
(1.56) also lies between ‘strongly agree’ and ‘agree’, English.
which is the clear indication of anxiety towards the
English language learning. Moreover, the following two types of hypotheses
Three-fourth of the students (75%), with reference to were made to compare the level of overall anxiety on
Q.7, strongly agreed that they are afraid of thinking gender basis:
that the other students will laugh at them if they make
any wrong pronunciation during speaking. The H : There is no significant difference between male and
average response (1.57) also lies between ‘strongly female students’ level of anxiety regarding the English
agree’ and ‘agree’, which is also an observable mark language learning.
of anxiety towards the English language learning.
The average response of Q.9 is 1.98, which lies H : There is a significant difference between male and
between the 1 and the 2 options. It means the female students’ level of anxiety regarding the Englishst nd
students agreed that they feel trouble in learning the language learning.
rules and regulations of the English language. It
shows that they have anxiety regarding the English In the light of these hypotheses, a comparison
language learning. between male and female students’ level of anxiety
The average response (3.30) of Q.10 demonstrates regarding the English language was made in Table 2. The
that they do not want to get rid of the English results revealed significant difference between male and
language whereas they want to continue it willy-nilly female students’ level of anxiety regarding the English
and want to improve it by doing more courses (Q.11). language. The calculated t-value (1) for level of anxiety
The average response (1.63) of Q.11 shows that they was significant at p<0.05 level of significance because this
agreed to do more courses to improve the English calculated t-value does not lie between the accepted
language. region, therefore the null hypothesis (2-H ) was rejected
34 (48.57%) students think that English is not boring and it can be concluded that male and female students’
for them (Q.12). level of anxiety towards the English language was not the
The average responses; 1.78, 1.96 and 1.76 of Q14, 15 same.
and 16 respectively lie between the 1 and the 2st nd
options which show that the students feel According to data presented in Table 3, the average
embarrassment, confusion and lack of confidence response (Q 1) of the Pakistani and Indonesian
regarding the English language learning. students is 1.57 and 1.26 respectively. The
It can be concluded in the light of null and alternative ‘strongly agree’ (option 1) while the Pakistani
hypotheses that our null hypothesis is rejected because students’ average response is closer to ‘agree’
the anxiety regarding the English language learning exists (option 2), which means the Pakistani students’
amongst students. opinion is slightly different than that of the
According to data presented in the Table 2, the According to the responses of Q 2, both the
average response of male and female students is 1.21 Pakistani and Indonesian students have slightly
and 1.55 respectively. The male students’ average different views about the hesitation during speaking
response is closer to ‘strongly agree’ (option 1) while English.
female students’ average response is closer to ‘agree’ It was found, based on findings, that the results of
(option 2) which means the male students’ opinion is the remaining variables are slightly different.
slightly different than that of female students (Q 1).
According to the responses of Q 2, both the male and Moreover, following two types of hypotheses were
female students have almost the same views with the made to compare the level of overall anxiety on country
slight difference about the hesitation during speaking basis:
o
1
o
Indonesian students’ average response is closer to
Indonesian students.
7. Middle-East J. Sci. Res., 18 (11): 1563-1572, 2013
1569
Table 2: Comparison of male and female students’ level of anxiety towards the English Language Learning (n=340).
Male Students (n=176) Female Students (n=164)
Q No Strongly Strongly Average Strongly Strongly Average
(With ref to Table 1) Agree Agree Undecided Disagree Disagree Response Agree Agree Undecided Disagree Disagree Response t-value
1 22 6 0 0 0 1.21 27 11 0 4 0 1.55 1
2 2 10 5 9 2 2.89 9 14 7 12 0 2.52
3 2 8 5 7 6 3.25 3 10 6 21 2 3.21
4 4 16 2 5 1 2.39 10 16 9 5 2 2.36
5 2 12 4 9 1 2.82 5 17 8 10 2 2.69
6 3 7 3 13 2 3.14 3 21 5 11 2 2.71
7 3 7 5 8 5 3.18 5 11 4 15 7 3.19
8 1 5 2 16 4 3.61 5 12 2 16 7 3.19
9 3 7 5 12 1 3.04 4 19 5 11 4 2.88
10 5 4 3 4 12 3.50 5 12 3 9 13 3.31
11 16 8 3 1 0 1.61 23 12 6 1 0 1.64
12 1 0 1 12 14 4.36 4 4 2 12 20 3.95
13 18 9 1 0 0 1.39 21 12 3 1 5 1.98
14 3 7 5 6 7 3.25 6 7 16 6 7 3.02
15 2 9 2 11 4 3.21 4 15 4 12 7 3.07
16 3 5 3 12 5 3.39 3 15 2 18 4 3.12
Table 3: Comparison of the Pakistani and Indonesian Students’ Level of Anxiety towards the English Language Learning (n=340).
Pakistani Students (n=170) Indonesian Students (n=170)
Q No. Strongly Strongly Average Strongly Strongly Average
(With ref to Table 1) Agree Agree Undecided Disagree Disagree Response Agree Agree Undecided Disagree Disagree Response t-value
1 23 8 0 4 0 1.57 26 9 0 0 0 1.26 1
2 5 13 5 12 0 2.69 6 11 7 9 2 2.71
3 3 7 5 15 5 3.34 2 11 6 13 2 2.97
4 7 16 4 6 2 2.43 7 16 7 4 1 2.31
5 5 17 5 6 2 2.51 3 12 7 12 1 2.89
6 3 18 3 9 2 2.69 3 10 5 15 2 3.09
7 6 14 4 6 5 2.71 2 4 5 17 7 3.66
8 4 13 0 11 7 3.11 2 4 4 21 4 3.60
9 6 13 3 10 3 2.74 1 13 7 12 2 3.03
10 3 6 2 4 20 3.91 4 10 4 7 7 2.83
11 22 10 3 0 0 1.46 17 10 6 2 0 1.80
12 4 4 0 13 15 3.97 1 0 3 11 20 4.40
13 16 13 2 0 4 1.94 23 8 2 1 1 1.54
14 6 11 12 2 4 2.63 3 3 9 10 10 3.60
15 4 13 1 11 6 3.06 2 11 5 12 7 3.49
16 5 10 2 13 5 3.09 1 9 3 18 4 3.43
H : There is no significant difference between the DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONo
Pakistani and Indonesian students’ level of anxiety
towards the English language learning. With regard to the results of this study, it can be
H : There is a significant difference between the Pakistani regarding the English language learning. Previous1
and Indonesian students’ level of anxiety towards the researches [41, 48, 49] support these findings. The
English language learning. students state that learning English is really great for them
In the light of these hypotheses, a comparison worry about the taunt of the teacher in case they could
between the Pakistani and Indonesian students’ level of not understand what the teacher says in the English
anxiety regarding English language was made in Table 3. language. The majority of the students thinks in their
The results revealed a significant difference between the mother tongue first and then tries to translate it into
Pakistani and Indonesian students’ level of anxiety English while writing or speaking. They also feel trouble
regarding the English language. The calculated t-value (1) when they have to speak to a native speaker or without
for level of anxiety was significant at p<0.05 level of preparation. They are afraid of their teachers and fellows
significance because this calculated t-value does not lie that they would laugh at them in case of any wrong
between the accepted region, therefore the null pronunciation during speaking English with others. They
hypothesis (2-H ) was rejected and it can be concluded also feel trouble in learning the rules and regulations ofo
that the Pakistani and Indonesian students’ level of the English language. Therefore, they need more courses
anxiety towards the English language was not the same. to improve English. The majority of the students think
concluded that the overall students have anxiety
but they feel hesitation during speaking in English. They
8. Middle-East J. Sci. Res., 18 (11): 1563-1572, 2013
1570
that learning English is boring; that is a clear indication of doing this, they would be able to remove language
anxiety towards the English language learning. They also anxiety. The teachers should also help and encourage the
feel embarrassment to answer the questions in English students to learn English more and more, in this way the
voluntarily. They also become nervous and confused students would be able to minimize the anxiety towards
when they speak in English. They never feel confident the English language learning.
when they speak in English. All the above-mentioned Given the situation, that anxiety is prevalent in an
results show that they feel anxiety regarding the English English language classroom in Pakistan and Indonesia;
language learning. The results are similar to the findings teachers must pay more attention to it. They should try to
of Krashen [50, 51] who concluded that the English create a relaxed atmosphere for students, which can make
language learning creates risk, extroversion, introversion, them feel confident to speak or express their views in
field dependence and anxiety among students. English.
Subsequently, the students are unable to achieve a high
level of proficiency in English. The findings of another ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
study conducted by Carrier [52] revealed that the
students have complications in communication skills of It is our pleasure to thank Elaine K. Horwitz,
the English language that is inevitably due to the existing Professor and program area advisor; department of
element of the language anxiety. Mesthrie [53] revealed in curriculum and instruction; foreign language education at
his study that English, as a foreign/second language The University of Texas at Austin, USA, who furnished
remained a problematic language and one of the major us permission to use FLCAS for the present study.
factors in creating high level of anxiety among students.
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