This document discusses 4 types of attention processes: divided attention, selective attention, sustained attention, and saccadic eye movements during reading. It provides examples and details about divided attention tasks like simulated driving studies. It also covers selective attention experiments using dichotic listening and visual search tasks. Sustained attention, or vigilance, is discussed as the ability to maintain focus over long periods like in airport security screening.
This document discusses attention and consciousness. It defines attention as how we actively process limited information from our senses and memories. Consciousness is our awareness of thoughts, feelings, and environment. The document outlines different types of information processing like preconscious, controlled, and automatic processes. It describes divided and selective attention and various models of attention. Problems of attention discussed include spatial neglect, change blindness, and ADHD.
This chapter discusses attention and consciousness. Attention is how we actively process limited information from our senses and memories. Consciousness includes awareness and content of awareness. There are different conceptions of consciousness including biological levels of arousal, being aware of cognitive processes, unconscious information, and subjective experiences. The relationships between attention and consciousness are: attention + consciousness, no attention + no consciousness, attention + no consciousness, and no attention + consciousness. Examples of each are provided. Preconscious processing is also discussed where information is available for processing but outside conscious awareness, such as priming effects.
1. There are two main theories of selective attention: the selective filter theory and the attenuation theory. The selective filter theory proposes that only relevant information gets through to consciousness, while the attenuation theory says irrelevant information is weakened but can still get through.
2. Attentional resource theory posits that attention is a limited cognitive resource, and performing multiple complex tasks at once reduces available resources and leads to poorer performance and more mistakes.
3. Factors that influence attention include anxiety, arousal, task difficulty, and skills - being anxious, tired, or inexperienced with a task reduces attention while excitement or practice can enhance it.
Attention is the concentration of mental energy needed to process incoming information. It is selective and limited. There are two types of attention: conscious attention which we are aware of, and preconscious attention which occurs automatically below our awareness level. Examples of preconscious attention include priming effects and automatic habituation to repeated stimuli. Conscious attention allows us to selectively focus on specific information and divide our attention between multiple tasks, though the ability to divide attention is limited. Disorders of attention like ADHD are characterized by developmentally inappropriate inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
این پاورپوینت توسط دکتر محمدی در کارگاه آگاهی، توجه، عصب شناسی و توانبخشی ارائه شده است.
برای دریافت مطالب بیشتر در این زمینه به وب سایت فروردین مراجعه نمایید.
www.farvardin-group.com
Attention is the concentration of mental energy needed to process incoming information. It is selective and limited. There are two types of attention: conscious attention which we are aware of, and preconscious attention which occurs automatically below our awareness level. Examples of preconscious attention include priming effects, tip-of-the-tongue experiences, and automatization from repeated exposure or habituation to stimuli. With practice, attention becomes more automatic through habituation and less mental effort is required for certain tasks. Divided attention research shows that humans can perform multiple tasks simultaneously but performance suffers when tasks make competing demands on our limited attentional resources.
The document discusses signal detection theory and the four main functions of attention: signal detection, selective attention, divided attention, and search. It describes signal detection theory and the four possible outcomes of detecting or not detecting a target stimulus. It then discusses each of the four main functions of attention in more detail, including definitions, theories, and studies related to vigilance, selective attention, divided attention, and visual search. Finally, it discusses attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and its causes and symptoms.
This document discusses attention and consciousness. It defines attention as how we actively process limited information from our senses and memories. Consciousness is our awareness of thoughts, feelings, and environment. The document outlines different types of information processing like preconscious, controlled, and automatic processes. It describes divided and selective attention and various models of attention. Problems of attention discussed include spatial neglect, change blindness, and ADHD.
This chapter discusses attention and consciousness. Attention is how we actively process limited information from our senses and memories. Consciousness includes awareness and content of awareness. There are different conceptions of consciousness including biological levels of arousal, being aware of cognitive processes, unconscious information, and subjective experiences. The relationships between attention and consciousness are: attention + consciousness, no attention + no consciousness, attention + no consciousness, and no attention + consciousness. Examples of each are provided. Preconscious processing is also discussed where information is available for processing but outside conscious awareness, such as priming effects.
1. There are two main theories of selective attention: the selective filter theory and the attenuation theory. The selective filter theory proposes that only relevant information gets through to consciousness, while the attenuation theory says irrelevant information is weakened but can still get through.
2. Attentional resource theory posits that attention is a limited cognitive resource, and performing multiple complex tasks at once reduces available resources and leads to poorer performance and more mistakes.
3. Factors that influence attention include anxiety, arousal, task difficulty, and skills - being anxious, tired, or inexperienced with a task reduces attention while excitement or practice can enhance it.
Attention is the concentration of mental energy needed to process incoming information. It is selective and limited. There are two types of attention: conscious attention which we are aware of, and preconscious attention which occurs automatically below our awareness level. Examples of preconscious attention include priming effects and automatic habituation to repeated stimuli. Conscious attention allows us to selectively focus on specific information and divide our attention between multiple tasks, though the ability to divide attention is limited. Disorders of attention like ADHD are characterized by developmentally inappropriate inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
این پاورپوینت توسط دکتر محمدی در کارگاه آگاهی، توجه، عصب شناسی و توانبخشی ارائه شده است.
برای دریافت مطالب بیشتر در این زمینه به وب سایت فروردین مراجعه نمایید.
www.farvardin-group.com
Attention is the concentration of mental energy needed to process incoming information. It is selective and limited. There are two types of attention: conscious attention which we are aware of, and preconscious attention which occurs automatically below our awareness level. Examples of preconscious attention include priming effects, tip-of-the-tongue experiences, and automatization from repeated exposure or habituation to stimuli. With practice, attention becomes more automatic through habituation and less mental effort is required for certain tasks. Divided attention research shows that humans can perform multiple tasks simultaneously but performance suffers when tasks make competing demands on our limited attentional resources.
The document discusses signal detection theory and the four main functions of attention: signal detection, selective attention, divided attention, and search. It describes signal detection theory and the four possible outcomes of detecting or not detecting a target stimulus. It then discusses each of the four main functions of attention in more detail, including definitions, theories, and studies related to vigilance, selective attention, divided attention, and visual search. Finally, it discusses attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and its causes and symptoms.
The document discusses different aspects of attention. It defines attention as concentrating the mind on one task and withdrawing from others. There are two types of attention discussed - selective attention which involves focusing on one stimulus while ignoring others, and divided attention which involves sharing cognitive resources between two or more stimuli. Studies on selective and divided attention show that simultaneous performance across tasks is poor but improves with practice. Sustained attention refers to attending to stimuli over prolonged periods and can deteriorate due to fatigue. Automaticity develops from repetition and frees up cognitive resources.
This document discusses theories of attention from both historical and modern cognitive perspectives. It defines attention as the selection of certain stimuli for further processing while ignoring others. Early theories proposed filters that occurred early or late in processing to explain selective attention effects. Later, capacity theories viewed attention as a limited mental resource. Divided attention experiments found that tasks drawing from different resources could be performed concurrently better than those using the same resources. Visual attention research identified neurons responding selectively to features and the role of the thalamus in controlling receptive fields. Executive attention involves inhibiting inappropriate responses under demanding conditions. Feature integration theory proposed that attention is needed to bind distributed features into whole object perceptions.
This document defines attention and discusses various aspects of attention from a psychological perspective. It defines attention as the ability to focus selectively on a stimulus, sustain that focus, and shift it at will. It discusses factors that influence attention span such as age, enjoyment, and temperament. It also outlines different types of attention including overt vs covert and voluntary vs automatic attention. The document provides an overview of theories of attention such as the spotlight and premotor theories. It discusses the neural mechanisms underlying different types of attention shifts and outlines a clinical model of attention involving focused, sustained, selective, alternating, and divided attention.
این ارائه در کارگاه توانبخشی توجه از سری کارگاه های آخر هفته های شناختی توسط دکتر مهدی علیزاده تدریس شده است. برای مشاهده دیگر ارائه ها، به وب سایت فروردین به آدرس زیر مراجعه کنید:
www.farvardin-group.com
This document discusses theories of attention and human attention functions. It describes attention as a psychological process that allows individuals to take possession of information in a progressive manner for storage and retention. Several theories of attention are outlined, including Broadbent's filter theory, attenuation theory, and late selection theory. Automatic and visual attention are also discussed. Visual attention can be goal-directed or stimulus-driven, and involves parallel processing of features and focused integration. Theories of visual search and effects of brain damage on neglect are summarized as well.
The presentation is prepared according to the syllabus of Basic BSc nursing given by INC. for the better understanding and knowledge please refer the books
This Presentation is on the Topic of Perception types Motion Perception and Time Perception and the Topic of Attention and its kinds.This Presentation contain Real Life Examples and Its very easy to understand these Topics b these contents.
The document discusses the theory of signal detection and how it accounts for the influence of background neural noise and subjective criteria on sensory thresholds. It explains that neural activation is needed for stimulus detection and varies due to background neural noise. When the stimulus is present, neural excitation results from both the stimulus and noise. Different criteria affect detectability, with lax criteria resulting in more hits but also false alarms, while strict criteria yield fewer hits but also fewer false alarms. Rewards and penalties can influence a subject's criteria.
Attention is the concentration of consciousness on a particular subject or stimulus. It involves focusing on one thing while withdrawing from others. There are limited cognitive resources for attention, so individuals must select what to attend to. Attention can be driven top-down by goals and expectations or bottom-up by stimulus characteristics. The cocktail party effect demonstrates how people can focus on one conversation among many by selecting important auditory characteristics like voice pitch.
Attention allows us to focus our mental resources on important stimuli while ignoring others. It can be focused on a single object or divided among multiple objects. Two traditional forms are focused attention, concentrating on one thing, and divided attention, sharing mental resources among concurrent activities. Selection and organization are key perceptual processes in attention that help determine what we perceive. Feature detectors in the brain aid selection by responding only to certain sensory information. Selective attention allows filtering out irrelevant stimuli. The spotlight and zoom lens are common metaphors for how attention operates. Divided attention and automatic unconscious processes are also important aspects of attention.
1. Attention is the cognitive process of selectively concentrating on one aspect of the environment while ignoring others. There are several types of attention including selective visual attention, overt and covert attention, focused attention, sustained attention, alternating attention, and divided attention.
2. Attention disorders like ADHD are characterized by attention problems and hyperactivity. Common symptoms include inability to pay attention, distractibility, fidgeting, and difficulty waiting. Diagnosis involves ruling out other factors and behaviors persisting over time in multiple environments.
3. Treatment options for attention disorders include behavioral management, medication, psychological therapies, and educational support. Stimulant medications are commonly used but concerns exist about overprescription.
Attention is the process of concentrating on a particular object or activity while ignoring other things. It involves focusing one's consciousness. The span of attention refers to how long someone can concentrate on an object before becoming distracted. Several factors can influence attention, including both external factors like size, movement, and intensity as well as internal factors like interests, desires, habits, and past experiences. Distraction occurs when something interferes with one's attention and draws it away from the original object. Common sources of distraction include external noises and stimuli as well as internal states like emotions, fatigue, and lack of motivation.
The term "cognition" refers to all processes by which the sensory input is transformed, reduced, elaborated, stored, recovered, and used. It is concerned with these processes even when they operate in the absence of relevant stimulation, as in images and hallucinations. The presentation discusses various cognitive processes; such as, cognition,concept,language,learning,memory,perception,sensory registration,thinking, etc.
This document provides an overview of cognitive psychology and attention. It defines cognitive psychology and discusses the role of attention, including types of attention like visual and auditory attention. Theories of selective attention are presented, including early selection, attenuation, and late selection theories. Everyday problems of attention are discussed like inattentional blindness. Clinical problems like attention deficit hyperactivity disorder are also summarized.
This document discusses various aspects of attention including definitions, characteristics, types, determinants, duration, and implications for nursing. It defines attention as the concentration of consciousness on a particular object. Attention can be selective, shifting, and creates clarity and motor adjustments. It is influenced by both external factors like stimulus intensity and internal factors like interests, emotions, and past experiences. Attention can be voluntary or involuntary and can range from implicit to explicit types. The document also addresses the span and duration of attention and causes of distraction and inattention in learning contexts.
Attention is the cognitive process of selectively concentrating on one aspect of the environment while ignoring other things. It is an active process that allows us to focus on relevant information and filter out distractions. Concentration involves sustaining attention over time on a particular task or stimulus. However, concentration can be difficult to maintain due to various internal and external factors that can distract us or cause mental fatigue. The document discusses factors that influence attention and concentration like interests, desires, habits, and external stimuli in the environment. It also explores concepts like the span of attention, distraction, and approaches to improving focus.
This PPT contains Memory from Unit 3 Cognitive Process of the subject Psychology for F.Y.B.Sc. Nursing.
Memory is a cognitive process that involves the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information over time. It enables us to retain and recall past experiences, learning, and knowledge. Memory plays a fundamental role in learning, decision-making, problem-solving, and shaping our identity and interactions with the world.
In psychology, memory is a complex and multifaceted cognitive process that involves the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information over time. It is a fundamental aspect of human cognition and plays a crucial role in learning, decision-making, problem-solving, and overall functioning in daily life. Memory allows individuals to retain and recall past experiences, facts, skills, and knowledge.
This document discusses the key concepts of attention including:
- Attention is defined as the concentration of consciousness on one object rather than others.
- There are different types of attention including non-volitional (involuntary) and volitional (voluntary) attention.
- Factors that influence attention are both external (size, intensity, movement) and internal (interest, desires, motives).
- Distraction is any stimulus that interferes with attention or draws it away from the intended object. Sources of distraction can be external (noise, lighting) or internal (emotions, fatigue).
- The span of attention refers to the number of objects one can concentrate on at once, which varies
Perception is our sensory experience of the external world through recognizing stimuli and responding to it. It serves as an encoding process where we take in sensory information and interpret it, like seeing a building and labeling it as a "house". Perception is a concept studied in cognitive psychology relating to how we actively process information from our environment.
این پاورپوینت در کارگاه توانبخشی توجه توسط دکتر علیزاده ارائه شده است.
برای دریافت مطالب بیشتر در این زمینه به وب سایت فروردین مراجعه نمایید.
www.farvardin-group.com
This document discusses various mechanisms of attention in cognitive psychology. It begins by defining attention as the processes used to monitor incoming events, with vision and audition being the primary means. It describes limits on attentional capacity, including the concepts of a "spotlight" for visual attention and a "gateway" for auditory attention. Flexibility and attentional capture are identified as two adaptive characteristics of attention. The document then discusses pre-attentive versus post-attentive processing and the phenomenon of subitizing. It examines factors that influence visual search tasks and feature integration theory. Finally, it reviews theories of selective attention such as early selection, late selection, load theory and concepts of automaticity and dual-task interference.
The document discusses different aspects of attention. It defines attention as concentrating the mind on one task and withdrawing from others. There are two types of attention discussed - selective attention which involves focusing on one stimulus while ignoring others, and divided attention which involves sharing cognitive resources between two or more stimuli. Studies on selective and divided attention show that simultaneous performance across tasks is poor but improves with practice. Sustained attention refers to attending to stimuli over prolonged periods and can deteriorate due to fatigue. Automaticity develops from repetition and frees up cognitive resources.
This document discusses theories of attention from both historical and modern cognitive perspectives. It defines attention as the selection of certain stimuli for further processing while ignoring others. Early theories proposed filters that occurred early or late in processing to explain selective attention effects. Later, capacity theories viewed attention as a limited mental resource. Divided attention experiments found that tasks drawing from different resources could be performed concurrently better than those using the same resources. Visual attention research identified neurons responding selectively to features and the role of the thalamus in controlling receptive fields. Executive attention involves inhibiting inappropriate responses under demanding conditions. Feature integration theory proposed that attention is needed to bind distributed features into whole object perceptions.
This document defines attention and discusses various aspects of attention from a psychological perspective. It defines attention as the ability to focus selectively on a stimulus, sustain that focus, and shift it at will. It discusses factors that influence attention span such as age, enjoyment, and temperament. It also outlines different types of attention including overt vs covert and voluntary vs automatic attention. The document provides an overview of theories of attention such as the spotlight and premotor theories. It discusses the neural mechanisms underlying different types of attention shifts and outlines a clinical model of attention involving focused, sustained, selective, alternating, and divided attention.
این ارائه در کارگاه توانبخشی توجه از سری کارگاه های آخر هفته های شناختی توسط دکتر مهدی علیزاده تدریس شده است. برای مشاهده دیگر ارائه ها، به وب سایت فروردین به آدرس زیر مراجعه کنید:
www.farvardin-group.com
This document discusses theories of attention and human attention functions. It describes attention as a psychological process that allows individuals to take possession of information in a progressive manner for storage and retention. Several theories of attention are outlined, including Broadbent's filter theory, attenuation theory, and late selection theory. Automatic and visual attention are also discussed. Visual attention can be goal-directed or stimulus-driven, and involves parallel processing of features and focused integration. Theories of visual search and effects of brain damage on neglect are summarized as well.
The presentation is prepared according to the syllabus of Basic BSc nursing given by INC. for the better understanding and knowledge please refer the books
This Presentation is on the Topic of Perception types Motion Perception and Time Perception and the Topic of Attention and its kinds.This Presentation contain Real Life Examples and Its very easy to understand these Topics b these contents.
The document discusses the theory of signal detection and how it accounts for the influence of background neural noise and subjective criteria on sensory thresholds. It explains that neural activation is needed for stimulus detection and varies due to background neural noise. When the stimulus is present, neural excitation results from both the stimulus and noise. Different criteria affect detectability, with lax criteria resulting in more hits but also false alarms, while strict criteria yield fewer hits but also fewer false alarms. Rewards and penalties can influence a subject's criteria.
Attention is the concentration of consciousness on a particular subject or stimulus. It involves focusing on one thing while withdrawing from others. There are limited cognitive resources for attention, so individuals must select what to attend to. Attention can be driven top-down by goals and expectations or bottom-up by stimulus characteristics. The cocktail party effect demonstrates how people can focus on one conversation among many by selecting important auditory characteristics like voice pitch.
Attention allows us to focus our mental resources on important stimuli while ignoring others. It can be focused on a single object or divided among multiple objects. Two traditional forms are focused attention, concentrating on one thing, and divided attention, sharing mental resources among concurrent activities. Selection and organization are key perceptual processes in attention that help determine what we perceive. Feature detectors in the brain aid selection by responding only to certain sensory information. Selective attention allows filtering out irrelevant stimuli. The spotlight and zoom lens are common metaphors for how attention operates. Divided attention and automatic unconscious processes are also important aspects of attention.
1. Attention is the cognitive process of selectively concentrating on one aspect of the environment while ignoring others. There are several types of attention including selective visual attention, overt and covert attention, focused attention, sustained attention, alternating attention, and divided attention.
2. Attention disorders like ADHD are characterized by attention problems and hyperactivity. Common symptoms include inability to pay attention, distractibility, fidgeting, and difficulty waiting. Diagnosis involves ruling out other factors and behaviors persisting over time in multiple environments.
3. Treatment options for attention disorders include behavioral management, medication, psychological therapies, and educational support. Stimulant medications are commonly used but concerns exist about overprescription.
Attention is the process of concentrating on a particular object or activity while ignoring other things. It involves focusing one's consciousness. The span of attention refers to how long someone can concentrate on an object before becoming distracted. Several factors can influence attention, including both external factors like size, movement, and intensity as well as internal factors like interests, desires, habits, and past experiences. Distraction occurs when something interferes with one's attention and draws it away from the original object. Common sources of distraction include external noises and stimuli as well as internal states like emotions, fatigue, and lack of motivation.
The term "cognition" refers to all processes by which the sensory input is transformed, reduced, elaborated, stored, recovered, and used. It is concerned with these processes even when they operate in the absence of relevant stimulation, as in images and hallucinations. The presentation discusses various cognitive processes; such as, cognition,concept,language,learning,memory,perception,sensory registration,thinking, etc.
This document provides an overview of cognitive psychology and attention. It defines cognitive psychology and discusses the role of attention, including types of attention like visual and auditory attention. Theories of selective attention are presented, including early selection, attenuation, and late selection theories. Everyday problems of attention are discussed like inattentional blindness. Clinical problems like attention deficit hyperactivity disorder are also summarized.
This document discusses various aspects of attention including definitions, characteristics, types, determinants, duration, and implications for nursing. It defines attention as the concentration of consciousness on a particular object. Attention can be selective, shifting, and creates clarity and motor adjustments. It is influenced by both external factors like stimulus intensity and internal factors like interests, emotions, and past experiences. Attention can be voluntary or involuntary and can range from implicit to explicit types. The document also addresses the span and duration of attention and causes of distraction and inattention in learning contexts.
Attention is the cognitive process of selectively concentrating on one aspect of the environment while ignoring other things. It is an active process that allows us to focus on relevant information and filter out distractions. Concentration involves sustaining attention over time on a particular task or stimulus. However, concentration can be difficult to maintain due to various internal and external factors that can distract us or cause mental fatigue. The document discusses factors that influence attention and concentration like interests, desires, habits, and external stimuli in the environment. It also explores concepts like the span of attention, distraction, and approaches to improving focus.
This PPT contains Memory from Unit 3 Cognitive Process of the subject Psychology for F.Y.B.Sc. Nursing.
Memory is a cognitive process that involves the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information over time. It enables us to retain and recall past experiences, learning, and knowledge. Memory plays a fundamental role in learning, decision-making, problem-solving, and shaping our identity and interactions with the world.
In psychology, memory is a complex and multifaceted cognitive process that involves the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information over time. It is a fundamental aspect of human cognition and plays a crucial role in learning, decision-making, problem-solving, and overall functioning in daily life. Memory allows individuals to retain and recall past experiences, facts, skills, and knowledge.
This document discusses the key concepts of attention including:
- Attention is defined as the concentration of consciousness on one object rather than others.
- There are different types of attention including non-volitional (involuntary) and volitional (voluntary) attention.
- Factors that influence attention are both external (size, intensity, movement) and internal (interest, desires, motives).
- Distraction is any stimulus that interferes with attention or draws it away from the intended object. Sources of distraction can be external (noise, lighting) or internal (emotions, fatigue).
- The span of attention refers to the number of objects one can concentrate on at once, which varies
Perception is our sensory experience of the external world through recognizing stimuli and responding to it. It serves as an encoding process where we take in sensory information and interpret it, like seeing a building and labeling it as a "house". Perception is a concept studied in cognitive psychology relating to how we actively process information from our environment.
این پاورپوینت در کارگاه توانبخشی توجه توسط دکتر علیزاده ارائه شده است.
برای دریافت مطالب بیشتر در این زمینه به وب سایت فروردین مراجعه نمایید.
www.farvardin-group.com
This document discusses various mechanisms of attention in cognitive psychology. It begins by defining attention as the processes used to monitor incoming events, with vision and audition being the primary means. It describes limits on attentional capacity, including the concepts of a "spotlight" for visual attention and a "gateway" for auditory attention. Flexibility and attentional capture are identified as two adaptive characteristics of attention. The document then discusses pre-attentive versus post-attentive processing and the phenomenon of subitizing. It examines factors that influence visual search tasks and feature integration theory. Finally, it reviews theories of selective attention such as early selection, late selection, load theory and concepts of automaticity and dual-task interference.
This document discusses classroom observation methods. It defines classroom observation as a formal or informal observation of teaching used to provide teachers feedback to improve. It discusses the goals of observation including teacher development, placement of students, and quality assurance. Various procedures for observation are outlined, including checklists, recordings, and notes. The document also discusses systematic observation using preplanned categories and coding schemes, and analyzing coded transcripts. Naturalistic observation, where the classroom is observed without manipulation, is contrasted with other methods.
This document discusses cognition and cognitive syndromes. It covers several topics:
1. Definitions of cognition and cognitive domains like executive function, memory, and social cognition.
2. Cognitive syndromes like dysexecutive syndrome resulting from frontal lobe lesions.
3. Assessment of different cognitive domains using tests like verbal fluency tasks, trail making, and memory tests that evaluate working memory, recall vs recognition.
The document discusses the "cocktail party effect", which is our ability to focus attention on a single conversation among other noises. It describes early research by Colin Cherry in the 1950s studying how air traffic controllers distinguish pilot communications. The key challenges are sound separation and directing attention. Later studies showed little semantic information is obtained from unattended messages due to early filtering in the brain. While our understanding of these auditory processes is still limited, factors like expectations and divided attention can contribute to failures in sound separation known as "inattentional blindness."
This document discusses several non-experimental qualitative research methods, including interviews, observations, and case studies. It provides details on how each method is conducted and considerations for using each method ethically and effectively. Interviews can be structured, unstructured, or semi-structured and require informed consent. Observations can be participant or non-participant, and reactivity is a concern. Case studies provide rich insight but require protecting identities. Overall, the document outlines the purpose and process of key qualitative research techniques.
The document discusses observation, interviews, and checklists as qualitative research methods. It provides details on:
1) Types of observation including naturalistic, simulations, and issues like observer effect and bias.
2) Interview types such as structured, semi-structured, informal and focus groups. Strategies, behaviors, recording, and ethics are also covered.
3) Checklists as tools for data collection, with examples of performance and self-checklists. Purposes include enhancing research proposals and providing formative evaluation.
Developing 21st-Century Skills with Multimodal Learning AnalyticsXavier Ochoa
Collaboration, communication, creativity, critical thinking and problem-solving are among the skills that are needed to study and work in this 21st century. As important as they are, evaluating, assessing and teaching them in a practical, scalable and efficient way is still a challenge not fully met by current pedagogical-technological practices. Multimodal Learning Analytics (MmLA), the processing and analysis of multiple sources of data to better understand and improve learning processes, has been posed as a possible solution to augment the natural capabilities of both instructors and students to provide and receive feedback to support the development of those skills. During this session, we will have a hands-on demo of two systems to automatically generate feedback for communication and collaboration skills; then, we will explore the affordances that low-cost sensors and current advances in artificial intelligence provide to automatically record and analyze face-to-face, complex learning processes as those involved for the development of 21st-Century Skills. Finally, we will discuss and ideate practical MmLA tools that could be built to augment your current teaching and learning practices.
Presentation at NYU - November 2019.
This document discusses concepts related to thinking, language, and intelligence. It covers topics such as cognition, concepts, problem solving strategies, insight, intuition, mental sets, decision making heuristics, language, animal communication, theories of intelligence, nature vs nurture influences on IQ, and creativity. Key definitions and examples are provided for many of these topics.
The document provides an introduction to cognitive psychology. It discusses that cognitive psychology is the study of mental processes, including attention, learning, memory, language, and emotions. It notes that cognitive psychology informs other areas of psychology and has real-world applications in areas like attention while driving, improving learning techniques, and designing understandable text. The document also summarizes common frameworks for explaining cognition, such as the information processing approach, production systems, semantic networks, and connectionism.
The document provides an introduction to cognitive psychology. It discusses that cognitive psychology is the study of mental processes, including attention, learning, memory, language, and emotions. It notes that cognitive psychology informs other areas of psychology and has real-world applications in areas like attention while driving, improving learning techniques, and designing understandable text. The document also summarizes common frameworks for explaining cognition, such as the information processing approach, production systems, semantic networks, and connectionism.
Will They Love You Tomorrow? Conducting Effective Alumni ResearchSUNYCUAD
Presentation by Renee Kart, Director of Project Strategy at Simpson Scarborough, given at the 2011 SUNYCUAD Conference held in Saratoga Springs, NY on June 9.
This document discusses the psychological and physiological attributes of the human user that are relevant to designing computer systems. It covers the various human senses used for input and output, the different types of memory, and how information is processed, including reasoning, problem solving and the influence of emotion. The goal is to understand human capabilities and limitations in order to create successful designs.
Intelligence can be summarized in 3 sentences:
Intelligence refers to an individual's ability to adapt, learn, reason, and understand their environment. There are many theories about the nature of intelligence, including that it consists of general cognitive abilities as well as more specific abilities like linguistic, spatial, and interpersonal skills. Intelligence is measured through standardized tests that assess abilities related to problem-solving, learning, and adapting to new situations.
Evaluation techniques can be used at various stages of design to assess usability and functionality. Common techniques include cognitive walkthroughs, heuristic evaluation, and user testing in both laboratory and field settings. A variety of data collection methods exist such as think-aloud protocols, questionnaires, interviews, and physiological measures like eye tracking. The appropriate technique depends on factors like when in the design process evaluation occurs, desired objectivity, available resources, and whether the focus is on high-level or low-level information.
This document summarizes research on the relationship between consciousness and attention. It discusses studies using dual-task paradigms that aim to dissociate conscious perception from attention. The document reports that gender discrimination can occur with near absence of attention and is associated with insight, while discrimination of disks requires attention. Metacognition is lost for disks under dual-task conditions, suggesting they are not consciously perceived. Face discrimination is also possible without attention, not due to bottom-up spatial attention. The document explores possible mechanisms like differential latency of iconic/fragile memory or transient changes in pooling size. It questions how much is truly seen and remembered across eye movements in natural vision based on evidence from inattentional blindness and change blindness studies
Cognition, information processing, perception and attentionSaqib Shehzad
The document discusses various aspects of cognition including how information is processed through encoding, storage in memory, response selection, and response execution. It also covers cognitive models which are used by cognitive psychologists to predict human behavior and can help computer designers understand how users will interact with systems. The document outlines several cognitive processes like attention, perception, memory, learning, and problem solving and discusses design implications for supporting these processes.
Cognitive Level of Analysis: Cognitive ProcessesMackenzie
This document discusses cognitive psychology and cognitive processes. It provides information on key topics including:
- The mind and cognition are based on mental representations and processes like perception, memory, language, and attention.
- Cognitive psychology studies how the human mind acquires and uses knowledge through cognitive processes and representations.
- Working memory models have evolved from a single-store model to include multiple components like the central executive, phonological loop, and visuospatial sketchpad.
- Memory is reconstructive and influenced by schemas, which can lead to distortions. Eyewitness memory reliability has been questioned.
- Technology like PET scans and MRI scans have provided insights into brain activity during cognitive tasks.
This document discusses video research methods in education. It covers topics like approaches to data collection and analysis of video data. Some key points include:
- Video research allows observation of behaviors and interactions that may differ from self-reports. It provides a record that can be analyzed multiple times.
- Data collection should be carefully planned, including informing participants and gaining consent. Multiple cameras can provide different perspectives.
- Analysis involves interpreting events and interactions, identifying patterns, and checking interpretations with colleagues. Transcripts represent what the researcher wants to emphasize.
Experimental studies on groups are more difficult than single-user experiments due to issues with subject groups, task choice, data gathering, and analysis. Subject groups require more subjects and time to complete tasks, resulting in greater variation. The task must encourage cooperation and potentially involve multiple channels. Data gathering requires synchronizing multiple video cameras and application logs, resulting in large volumes of data. Analysis may involve within-group experiments, micro-analysis of interactions, and qualitative analysis looking at group and media interactions, as controlled experiments may waste resources. Field studies provide more realistic evaluations by studying work in context. Observational evaluation methods include think aloud protocols, cooperative evaluation, protocol analysis, and automated analysis. Physiological methods like eye tracking and physiological measurements can
3. Outline & Themes
• 4 Attention processes
– Divided attention
– Selective Attention
– Sustained Attention
– Saccadic Eye Movements during reading
• Attention is as limited resource and its
capacity depends on: the individual and
type of task
– Automatic or controlled processes
4. Divided Attention
• trying to pay attention to two or more
simultaneous messages or perform two
tasks at the same time
– Simulated-driving studies
•Usually there’s a cost associated with divided
attention
• Levy and coauthors (2006)
–braking & tone
• Strayer and colleagues (2003)
–hands-free cell phones, traffic, braking
• Ecological Validity
5. Divided Attention
• Divided attention usually leads to RT
or performance costs, but there are
exceptions…
1) Hemispheric specialization
2) Skills changing from controlled to
automatic
6. Divided Attention
Automatic Controlled
• Process occurs w/o • Process occurs w/
intention intention
• Mental process is not • Process is open to
open to introspection conscious awareness
• Process consumes few • Process consumes
if any conscious conscious resources
resources (esp. attention)
• Process operates • Process operates slower
rapidly
7. RED BLUE RED
BROWN YELLOW BROWN
GREEN GREEN GREEN
PURPLE GREEN YELLOW
YELLOW BROWN YELLOW
RED RED
BLUE
BLUE BLUE
YELLOW
PURPLE PURPLE
PURPLE
RED GREEN
BROWN RED
BROWN
YELLOW GREEN YELLOW
GREEN BLUE GREEN
PURPLE
8. Selective Attention
• respond selectively to certain kinds of
information, while ignoring other
information
• Examples:
– Stroop effect
– Dichotic listening task & Shadowing
– Visual search
9. Methodology
• Dichotic Listening Task
– 2 auditory messages played simultaneously— one
message presented to left ear and a different message
presented to right ear
• Shadowing Task (Broadbent & Cherry)
• 2 messages played, but participant
instructed to repeat aloud only one.
• Researchers interested in what (if anything)
gets through the other (unattended) ear.
10. Dichotic Listening
•Selective Attention
•people notice very little about the
unattended message
•in general, we can process only one message at a
time
•may process the unattended message when
–1. both messages are presented slowly
–2. the task is not challenging
–3. the meaning of the unattended message is relevant
»Cocktail party phenomenon
11. Selective Attention Visual Search
– Before next class go to:
– http://www.gocognitive.net/demo/visual-search
– Select 1 of 4 tasks (colored shapes, line orientation, etc.),
do some practice trials, & then choose 96 trials.
– Take a screen shot of your results and answer these
questions:
1) What happens when we search for a single, isolated
feature versus a combined set of features (conjunction
search)?
2) What happens when the feature is present vs. absent?
3) Are your results the same or different from what is
traditionally found?
Next class hand in 1 sheet of paper w/ results & answers.
12.
13.
14. Sustained attention (Vigilance):
• ability to maintain the focus of attention for
prolonged periods
• observer searches for target among non-
targets (e.g., airport baggage check, enemy
planes on a radar, tumors in radiology)
15. Sustained attention (Vigilance):
•McCarley et al. (2004) asked:
– Does training enhance search skills,
recognition skills, or both?
– Can training vigilance on one set of objects
transfer to a novel set of objects?
Editor's Notes
Military investigation of an American helicopter’s attack on 23 Afghan civilians (including children) found that a team analyzing data from a drone and other sources failed to pass along critical information about the group’s make-up. The cause of this mistake: Information overload! Drone teams have to monitor several videos, online chats, and emails simultaneously. Data is an important weapon in the 21st century but misinformation or miscommunication can be costly. Mindfulness training to increase attention capacity (Wiki topic) Dec. 29, 1972 Eastern Airlines Flight 401 developed problems with its landing gear on approach to Miami. While pilots tried to fix landing gear, they inadvertently disabled the autopilot. As a result, the plane started to descend. Pilots were so occupied with the landing gear problem they missed the ground proximity alarm and ended up crashing killing 98 people. Cognitive tunnel vision exacerbated by stress, fatigue, and workload. B. 4 Attention Processes 1. Divided Attention: e.g., NY times article 2. Selective Attention: e.g., Airplane, conversation w/ loud music: 3. Sustained attention or vigilance: maintain focus for a long period of time 4. Saccadic eye movements: e.g., during reading Attention can be viewed as limited resource whose capacity depends on the extent to which the tasks requiring attention are automatic or controlled.
A. Research shows there is a RT or accuracy cost when performing two tasking simultaneously or when switching from one task to another. B. Levy and colleagues (2006) had moderately experienced drivers perform a simulated driving game. 1. Follow a lead car that occasionally breaks and participants had to brake as soon as they could. (Driving task) 2. While following, they had to perform a second task: indicate whether a tone sounded once or twice. (Listening Task) 3. Results: People applied the break much faster when they performed the listening event and then the driving event than when both events occurred simultaneously. C. Strayer and colleagues: You’re not safer with hands free devices 1. Compared braking time of drivers with hands-free cell phones and drivers with no cell phone. Also varied amount of traffic: heavy and light 2. Results: During light traffic, there was a slight cost. During heavy traffic there was a significant increase in break time. 3. Evidence of inattentional blindness — attention narrow to center of visual field and miss things in the periphery D. Wikman and colleagues (increased ecological validity-changing CDs, dialing phone, switch the radio station) Even for these well-practiced behaviors you see driving impairment especially among novice drivers (eyes off of road for more than 3 sec). Experienced drivers were more efficient but still had their eyes of the road for some time. Ecological validity: extent to which experimental conditions are similar to natural setting
Two hemispheres are relatively specialized for certain processes and there’s some evidence that 2 tasks can be divided between the two hemispheres with no cost. e.g., Balancing dowel on left finger and talking should be better than with right finger. And conversely, balancing dowel on right finger and doing a spatial task should be better than with the left finger. 2 Cornell Grad students trained to read short stories and write lists of words dictated to them with high accuracy on both tasks (measured by reading speed/comprehension and memory for the random dictated words). With training one task (writing words) becomes automatic allowing the more attention to be devoted to the controlled reading task. Wiki Topic: Under what conditions, can divided attention led to few costs?
Process is automatic meaning it happens involuntarily—it occurs whether you want it to or not you’re not aware of its operation, and you can’t go in and think about it or dissect what just happened. With a conscious process, however, you can. Theorists believe you have a limited pool of attention; that is, there’s only so much to spread around. An automatic process doesn’t tap those resources too heavily; thus, they shouldn’t interfere with other mental tasks, particularly ones that use conscious processes. A conscious process, on the other hand, generally uses lots of attentional resources; that means they leave few rersources for other mental tasks
100% Congruent 50% congruent 33% congruent Larger congruency effect (more interference) when there’s a small proportion of incongruent trials Explanation: 1) Reading for adults automatic whereas naming color is a controlled process. Wouldn’t work for illiterate (children). Parallel Distributed Processing: Activates 2 pathways @ the same time (P1: name color and P2: read color). emotional Stroop task —naming the ink color of words related to a psychological disorder Phobics slower to name ink color when word is related to their phobia (spider—hairy, crawl, web) Depressed people are slower to name negative words
There examples of us being very good at selective attention (inattentional blindness and flight accident from intro) and other examples show us limitations. Dichotic listening demo
People notice changes in gender, but miss when unattended message is in a foreign language. Cocktail party effect: Ask class who they would expect is more susceptible to the cocktail party phenomenon. And then discuss individual differences in WM. Low WM people more easily distracted? Individuals with high working memory capacity are less likely to notice their names compared to individuals with low working memory (Cowan, 2005) Example of how limited resource varies between individuals (theme)
Using what you know about visual search to predict which of each pair would be easier to search for: The letter O among V’s or the letter P among R’s and Q’s As number of distractors increase for single feature trials what happens? How about for conjunctive search?
Training increased sensitivity (better able to find targets--knives), but this is specific to object trained (doesn’t generalize to different knives) -Search skills didn’t improve as much as recognition skills. Observers need to be trained on a variety of objects to increase chances of identifying targets. -From Session 1 to the final session, chances of fixating on target did not change (scanning effectiveness), but people became more efficient (faster and more sensitive) at recognizing the target.