India is the highest TB burden country accounting for more than one-fourth of the global incidence .Genital TB is found in 5-10% of women with infertility problems, with low rates in Australia (1%) and high rates of up to 19% in India (ICMR,2011)
Leucorrhoea
Dr. Yashika
Abnormal Vaginal Discharge
Frequent complaint.
Discharge may vary from excess to normal.
Discharge may be blood-stained / contaminated with urine or stool.
Characteristics of normal vaginal fluid
Nature - watery
Colour - white
Odour - Odourless
pH - 4.0
Microscopically - Squamous epithelial cells,
Leucorrhoea
Leucorrhoea is defined as excessive normal vaginal discharge.
Features of vaginal discharge in leucorrhoea :
Excess secretion.
Non purulent
Non offensive
Non irritant
Never causes pruritis.
Etiology :
Physiological excess
Cervical causes
Vaginal causes
Physiologic excess
Puberty
Menstrual Cycle
Pregnancy
Sexual excitement
Cervical causes:
Cervicitis
Cervical ectopy
Cervical polyp
Treatment
General health improvement
Surgical treatment of cervical factors
Pill users are asked to stop pill immediately
Local hygiene
In cases of Nulliparous prolapse or even patients deserving child bearing uterus preserving surgeries are done.
Recently even for prolapse if women want to preserve uterus for variety of reasons ,with newer minimally invasive methods it is now gaining popularity.Larger studies and longer followup is required.
India is the highest TB burden country accounting for more than one-fourth of the global incidence .Genital TB is found in 5-10% of women with infertility problems, with low rates in Australia (1%) and high rates of up to 19% in India (ICMR,2011)
Leucorrhoea
Dr. Yashika
Abnormal Vaginal Discharge
Frequent complaint.
Discharge may vary from excess to normal.
Discharge may be blood-stained / contaminated with urine or stool.
Characteristics of normal vaginal fluid
Nature - watery
Colour - white
Odour - Odourless
pH - 4.0
Microscopically - Squamous epithelial cells,
Leucorrhoea
Leucorrhoea is defined as excessive normal vaginal discharge.
Features of vaginal discharge in leucorrhoea :
Excess secretion.
Non purulent
Non offensive
Non irritant
Never causes pruritis.
Etiology :
Physiological excess
Cervical causes
Vaginal causes
Physiologic excess
Puberty
Menstrual Cycle
Pregnancy
Sexual excitement
Cervical causes:
Cervicitis
Cervical ectopy
Cervical polyp
Treatment
General health improvement
Surgical treatment of cervical factors
Pill users are asked to stop pill immediately
Local hygiene
In cases of Nulliparous prolapse or even patients deserving child bearing uterus preserving surgeries are done.
Recently even for prolapse if women want to preserve uterus for variety of reasons ,with newer minimally invasive methods it is now gaining popularity.Larger studies and longer followup is required.
Research Proposal Presentation For Research Proposal Writing and Grantsmanship Module, Msc Clinical Epidemiology program, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town.
Vaginitis is an inflammation of the vagina. About 1 in every 3 women will suffer from Vaginitis at some point in her life. Vaginitis affects women of all ages, but is most common during the reproductive years.
It is often caused by infections, which are sometimes linked to more serious diseases.
The most common vaginal infections are:
-- Bacterial Vaginosis
-- Trichomin
-- Vaginal Yeast Infection
Although most vaginal infections are caused by bacterial vaginosis, trichomoniasis, or yeast, there may be other causes as well. These causes include sexually transmitted diseases, allergic reactions, and irritations.
Allergic symptoms can be caused by spermicides, vaginal hygiene products, detergents, and fabric softeners. Inflammation of the cervix (opening to the womb) from these products often is associated with abnormal vaginal discharge, but healthcare providers can tell them apart from true vaginal infections by doing lab tests.
http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/vaginitis/Pages/default.aspx
Infections of the Genital Tract - Part IIIHelen Madamba
Heavily lifted from the CDC STD Treatment Guidelines 2015, this is a discussion of cervicitis, pelvic inflammatory disease and prevention of sexually transmitted infections in victims of sexual assault. This was a lecture delivered to an audience of second year medical students at the Cebu Doctors University College of Medicine.
Infections of the Genital Tract - Part IHelen Madamba
Lifted from the CDC STD Treatment Guidelines 2015, this is a discussion of infections affecting the vulva, such as infections of the Bartholin's gland, ectoparasites and infections presenting as vulvar ulcers. This was a lecture delivered to an audience of second year medical students at the Cebu Doctors University College of Medicine.
It is the expulsion or extraction from its mother of an embryo or fetus weighing 500 gm or less when it is not capable of independent survival (WHO).
The 500gm of fetal development is attained approximately at 22 weeks of gestation.
Expelled fetus- Abortus
Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is a group of rare diseases in which abnormal trophoblast cells grow inside the uterus after conception. It encompasses a spectrum of proliferative abnormalities of trophoblast associated with pregnancy. In GTD, a tumor develops inside the uterus from tissue that forms after conception. This tissue is made of trophoblast cells and normally surrounds the fertilized egg in the uterus. Trophoblast cells help connect fertilized egg to the wall of the uterus and form part of the placenta. Sometimes there is problem with the fertilized egg and trophoblast cells. Instead of a healthy fetus developing, a tumor forms. Until there are signs or symptoms of the tumor, the pregnancy will seem like a normal pregnancy.
Most GTD is benign and does not spread, but some types become malignant and spread to nearby tissues or distant parts of the body. It is a general term and includes different types of disease:
• Hyaditiform Moles (HM)
o Complete HM
o Partial HM
• Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia (GTN)
o Invasive moles
o Choriocarcinomas
o Placental site trophoblastic tumors (very rare)
o Epithelioid trophoblastic tumor (even more rare)
Hyatid is the greek term which means “watery”. Hyaditiform mole is a rare mass or growth that forms inside the womb (uterus) at the beginning of the pregnancy. It is type of gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD).
Vesicular mole is defined as the abnormal condition of the placenta where partly degenerative and partly proliferative changes occur in the young chorionic villi.
• These changes results in the formation of clusters of small cysts of varying sizes. It is best regarded as a benign Neoplasia of the chorion with malignant potential.
Approximately 1 in every 1000 pregnancies is diagnosed as a molar pregnancy. In India the incidence is 1 in 400.The highest incidence is in Philippines being 1 in 80 pregnancies.
Pelvic organ prolapse
Etiology of pelvic organ prolapse
Vaginal vault prolapse
Etiological factors of vault prolapse
Signs and symptoms of vaginal vault prolapse
Diagnosis of vaginal vault prolapse
Treatment measures
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