Atmosphere
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The document summarizes the composition and structure of Earth's atmosphere. It is composed primarily of nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%), as well as smaller amounts of other gases like carbon dioxide, water vapor, and ozone. The atmosphere does not have a clear upper boundary and becomes less dense with increasing altitude due to decreasing air pressure. It can be divided into layers based on changes in temperature, density, and other factors. These layers include the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere.
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Structure and Composition of the Atmosphere
The atmosphere is composed of gases, water droplets, and particles surrounding Earth. It has four main layers - the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere - each decreasing or increasing in temperature with altitude. The troposphere is where weather occurs, extending 8-16km high. Above is the stratosphere where temperatures increase with little weather, then the mesosphere where temperatures decrease again up to 80km. The thermosphere is the outermost layer with increasing temperatures from 80km high. The atmosphere composition consists primarily of nitrogen, oxygen, argon, and trace gases. Water vapor is the most abundant variable gas.
Atmosphere
The atmosphere is composed of gases, vapour, and particulates that surround the Earth. It is divided into four main layers:
1) The troposphere, the lowest layer where weather occurs, decreases in temperature with height up to 16km.
2) The stratosphere temperature increases up to 50km where the ozone layer is located.
3) The mesosphere temperature decreases again up to 80km.
4) The thermosphere is the outermost layer where temperature rapidly increases with altitude up to 640km and beyond.
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3) Large bodies of water like oceans influence climate by slowly storing and transferring heat around the world.
Structure of atmosphere
The atmosphere is composed of several distinct layers. The innermost layer is the troposphere, which extends from the Earth's surface to around 17 km high at the equator. It contains around 75% of the atmosphere's mass. Above the troposphere is the stratosphere, which extends from 17-48 km high. It contains higher levels of ozone which absorbs over 99% of the sun's harmful UV radiation. The stratosphere is followed by the mesosphere and thermosphere, with temperatures decreasing and then increasing with altitude.
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The document discusses the layers of the atmosphere and their characteristics. It is divided into four main layers - the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere. The troposphere is the lowest layer where weather occurs. Above it is the stratosphere, which contains the ozone layer and has a temperature that initially increases with height. Next is the mesosphere where temperature decreases with height. The outermost layer is the thermosphere, which contains the ionosphere and has temperatures that increase with height due to ionization from solar radiation. Each layer plays an important role in protecting and sustaining life on Earth.
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Structure and Composition of the Atmosphere
The atmosphere is composed of gases, water droplets, and particles surrounding Earth. It has four main layers - the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere - each decreasing or increasing in temperature with altitude. The troposphere is where weather occurs, extending 8-16km high. Above is the stratosphere where temperatures increase with little weather, then the mesosphere where temperatures decrease again up to 80km. The thermosphere is the outermost layer with increasing temperatures from 80km high. The atmosphere composition consists primarily of nitrogen, oxygen, argon, and trace gases. Water vapor is the most abundant variable gas.
Atmosphere
The atmosphere is composed of gases, vapour, and particulates that surround the Earth. It is divided into four main layers:
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The document describes the composition and structure of Earth's atmosphere. It is divided into multiple layers based on chemical composition, thermal properties, and electromagnetic properties. The major layers from lowest to highest are: the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere. Each layer has unique characteristics such as varying temperature profiles and concentrations of different gases. The thermosphere and lower layers contain the ionosphere, where solar radiation ionizes gases to form a region that can reflect radio waves.
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The document summarizes the composition and structure of Earth's atmosphere in the following key points:
1. The atmosphere is composed primarily of nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%), as well as smaller amounts of gases like carbon dioxide, argon, and water vapor.
2. It is divided into five main layers based on changes in temperature: the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere.
3. Gases like carbon dioxide and water vapor play important roles in the greenhouse effect and moderating Earth's temperature to sustain life.
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The document discusses the distribution of water on Earth. It notes that:
- 71% of the Earth's surface is covered in water, but 97% of that water is salty ocean water, leaving only 3% as freshwater.
- The major stores of freshwater are glaciers/ice (2.15%), groundwater (0.61%), and freshwater lakes (0.009%). Smaller amounts are found in the atmosphere, inland seas, soil moisture, and rivers.
- Water is distributed through the hydrologic cycle and, while it changes forms, the amount of water on Earth remains fairly constant over time as it is recycled.
The earth’s atmosphere and energy transfer
The Earth's atmosphere consists of several layers including the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere. The troposphere contains most of the weather and extends from the Earth's surface to about 10 km. Above that, the stratosphere contains much of the ozone layer which protects the Earth from UV radiation. The mesosphere is a cold layer above the stratosphere where temperatures decrease with altitude. Above that, the thermosphere contains the ionosphere and absorbs solar radiation, causing temperatures to rise dramatically with altitude.
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3. Atmospheric circulation patterns like global wind belts and ocean currents play an important role in moderating Earth's climate by transporting heat energy from the tropics to poles and distributing it around the globe over long time periods.
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The document provides information on the composition and structure of Earth's atmosphere. It discusses the following key points:
1. Earth's atmosphere can be divided into layers based on temperature and composition, including the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere.
2. The principal gases that make up the atmosphere are nitrogen, oxygen, and argon, along with variable gases like carbon dioxide, methane, ozone, and water vapor.
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Heating of The atmosphere
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Atmospheric chemistry is the study of the chemistry of Earth's atmosphere and the atmosphere of other planets. It is a multidisciplinary field that draws from various areas including environmental chemistry, physics, meteorology, computer modeling, oceanography, geology, and volcanology. The Earth's atmosphere consists of different layers - the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere - each with unique characteristics and compositions. Atmospheric chemistry studies how the composition of the atmosphere changes through natural processes as well as human activities, which can negatively impact human health, ecosystems, and climate through issues like acid rain, ozone depletion, smog, and global warming.
Atmosphere chemistry
Atmospheric chemistry is the study of the chemistry of Earth's atmosphere and the atmospheres of other planets. It is a multidisciplinary field that draws from various areas including environmental chemistry, physics, meteorology, computer modeling, oceanography, geology, and volcanology. The Earth's atmosphere consists of different layers - the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere - each with unique characteristics and compositions. Atmospheric chemistry studies how the composition of the atmosphere changes through natural processes as well as human activities, which can negatively impact human health, ecosystems, and climate through issues like acid rain, ozone depletion, smog, and global warming.
power point presentation in atmospheric chemistry
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Chapter three
The document discusses Ronald Reagan's quote about air pollution from natural and man-made sources. It then provides definitions for atmospheric science vocabulary words and describes the composition, structure and layers of the atmosphere. It discusses how human activities like fossil fuel use and CFC emissions are changing the atmosphere and depleting the ozone layer.
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Chapter 4THE ATMOSPHERE14.1 THE ATMOSPHERE4.1.1 .docx
Chapter 4
THE ATMOSPHERE
1
4.1 THE ATMOSPHERE
4.1.1 INTRODUCTION
The atmosphere, the gaseous layer that surrounds the earth, formed over four billion years ago. During
the evolution of the solid earth, volcanic eruptions released gases into the developing atmosphere. Assuming
the outgasing was similar to that of modern volcanoes, the gases released included: water vapor (H2O),
carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrochloric acid (HCl), methane (CH4), ammonia (NH3),
nitrogen (N2) and sulfur gases. The atmosphere was reducing because there was no free oxygen. Most of
the hydrogen and helium that outgassed would have eventually escaped into outer space due to the inability
of the earth's gravity to hold on to their small masses. There may have also been signi�cant contributions
of volatiles from the massive meteoritic bombardments known to have occurred early in the earth's history.
Water vapor in the atmosphere condensed and rained down, eventually forming lakes and oceans. The
oceans provided homes for the earliest organisms which were probably similar to cyanobacteria. Oxygen
was released into the atmosphere by these early organisms, and carbon became sequestered in sedimentary
rocks. This led to our current oxidizing atmosphere, which is mostly comprised of nitrogen (roughly 71
percent) and oxygen (roughly 28 percent). Water vapor, argon and carbon dioxide together comprise a
much smaller fraction (roughly 1 percent). The atmosphere also contains several gases in trace amounts,
such as helium, neon, methane and nitrous oxide. One very important trace gas is ozone, which absorbs
harmful UV radiation from the sun.
4.1.2 ATMOSPHERIC STRUCTURE
The earth's atmosphere extends outward to about 1,000 kilometers where it transitions to interplanetary
space. However, most of the mass of the atmosphere (greater than 99 percent) is located within the �rst
40 kilometers. The sun and the earth are the main sources of radiant energy in the atmosphere. The
sun's radiation spans the infrared, visible and ultraviolet light regions, while the earth's radiation is mostly
infrared.
The vertical temperature pro�le of the atmosphere is variable and depends upon the types of radiation
that a�ect each atmospheric layer. This, in turn, depends upon the chemical composition of that layer
(mostly involving trace gases). Based on these factors, the atmosphere can be divided into four distinct
layers: the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere.
The troposphere is the atmospheric layer closest to the earth's surface. It extends about 8 - 16 kilometers
from the earth's surface. The thickness of the layer varies a few km according to latitude and the season of
the year. It is thicker near the equator and during the summer, and thinner near the poles and during the
1This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m16687/1.2/>.
Available for free at Connexions <http://cnx.org/content/col10548/1.2>
15
16 CHAPTER 4. THE ATMOS ...
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