The document provides an overview and guide to eHealth country profiles based on findings from the second global survey on eHealth conducted by the WHO Global Observatory for eHealth. It outlines the background and methodology of the survey, quality assurance measures, terminology used, and how primary and secondary data is presented in the country profiles. The country profiles themselves begin on page 3 and provide brief summaries of eHealth developments in 114 countries.
Information and Communication Technology for health and mankind, INDIAN HEALTHCARE PARADIGM, ROLE OF ICT IN HEALTHCARE, HEALTHCARE INFORMATION & COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (HICT), INDIAN HEALTHCARE SYSTEM, TECHNOLOGIES IN HEALTHCARE, EMR- Electronic Medical Record, EHR- Electronic Health Record, TELEMEDICINE, DIGITAL MEDICAL LIBRARY, HOSPITAL INFORMATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (HIMS), ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE, PENETRATION OF HIMS IN INDIA, TELEMEDICINE: A NEW HORIZON IN PUBLIC HEALTH, MOBILE HEALTH (M-HEALTH), LATEST TECHNOLOGIES IN HEALTHCARE SECTOR, SIGNIFICANCE OF BIG DATA IN HEALTHCARE, WEARABLE SENSORS FOR REMOTE HEALTH MONITORING, DIGITAL HEALTHCARE IN INDIA, DIGITAL HEALTH, DIGITAL HEALTH INITIATIVES BY GOVERNMENT OF INDIA, MOBILE BASED PROGRAMS (BY GOVERNMENT OF INDIA)
ICT BASED TELEMEDICINE FOR THE EGYPTIAN SOCIETYcsandit
The One of the most challenging problems that encounter the Egyptian society is the lack of
significant health care in the rural areas. This problem leads to more severe problems that face
the society; the patients from the different rural areas needs to travel to the Egyptian capital
where the most experienced physicians are available. This will make overhead not only on the
patient budget but on the country budget since the focus on the capital makes a severe traffic
problem which threaten most of the economic sectors. The telemedicine is considered one of the
most important solutions that could mitigate the accumulated problems of lack of experienced
physicians in the Egyptian rural areas. The application of the telemedicine encounters several
challenges in Egypt; the lack in the experience in dealing with the telemedicine in these areas
and the problem of insufficient medical experts that could fulfil the gab. In this paper, a new
ICT-based telemedicine system is proposed to serve the Egyptian society. The portal is already
released and snapshots are included
Information and Communication Technology for health and mankind, INDIAN HEALTHCARE PARADIGM, ROLE OF ICT IN HEALTHCARE, HEALTHCARE INFORMATION & COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (HICT), INDIAN HEALTHCARE SYSTEM, TECHNOLOGIES IN HEALTHCARE, EMR- Electronic Medical Record, EHR- Electronic Health Record, TELEMEDICINE, DIGITAL MEDICAL LIBRARY, HOSPITAL INFORMATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (HIMS), ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE, PENETRATION OF HIMS IN INDIA, TELEMEDICINE: A NEW HORIZON IN PUBLIC HEALTH, MOBILE HEALTH (M-HEALTH), LATEST TECHNOLOGIES IN HEALTHCARE SECTOR, SIGNIFICANCE OF BIG DATA IN HEALTHCARE, WEARABLE SENSORS FOR REMOTE HEALTH MONITORING, DIGITAL HEALTHCARE IN INDIA, DIGITAL HEALTH, DIGITAL HEALTH INITIATIVES BY GOVERNMENT OF INDIA, MOBILE BASED PROGRAMS (BY GOVERNMENT OF INDIA)
ICT BASED TELEMEDICINE FOR THE EGYPTIAN SOCIETYcsandit
The One of the most challenging problems that encounter the Egyptian society is the lack of
significant health care in the rural areas. This problem leads to more severe problems that face
the society; the patients from the different rural areas needs to travel to the Egyptian capital
where the most experienced physicians are available. This will make overhead not only on the
patient budget but on the country budget since the focus on the capital makes a severe traffic
problem which threaten most of the economic sectors. The telemedicine is considered one of the
most important solutions that could mitigate the accumulated problems of lack of experienced
physicians in the Egyptian rural areas. The application of the telemedicine encounters several
challenges in Egypt; the lack in the experience in dealing with the telemedicine in these areas
and the problem of insufficient medical experts that could fulfil the gab. In this paper, a new
ICT-based telemedicine system is proposed to serve the Egyptian society. The portal is already
released and snapshots are included
EHRs, PHRs, EMRs: Making Sense of the Alphabet SoupCHI*Atlanta
CHI*Atlanta's October program tackles health records and the potential of user experience to improve their adoption. Panelists include CDC, Kaiser Permanente, and Greenway Technologies. Hosted at Philips Design to cover public, private, and vendor perspectives.
Medical technologies and data protection issues - food for thoughtRenato Monteiro
Document prepared towards the modernization procedure of Council of Europe´s Convention 108 on the Protection of Personal Data. Available at: http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/standardsetting/dataprotection/TPD_documents/T-PD-BUR%282014%2904Rev%20-%20Medical%20Data%20%28By%20Renato%20Leite%29.pdf
SMS-Based System for Type-II Diabetes (NIDDM) Managementhiij
The study presents ‘Non-Insulin Depended Diabetics Mellitus’ (NIDDM), SMS-based system for Type-II
diabetes management by itself. The system is structured to be long term health assistance for patients with
type-II diabetes. It permits the patients to get touched to their doctor constantly. With the SMS exchange,
the patients can send their general and physical status, i.e., demographic & social characteristics,
awareness of Mobile phone applications, blood sugar measurements, insulin intake and other data to the
doctor, which makes continuous health monitoring possible. Based on the patient data sent, an SMS
messages can be return to motivate patients, it reminds them of physical activities such as, physical
exercise, and healthcare appointments. In addition, an offline mobile phone multimedia educational
system is also proposed with existed SMS based system. The system was discussed with the physician for
system applicability for type-II diabetic patients. It was found in primary testing that the involvement of
proposed system can be able to impact on some clinical outcomes, self-efficacy and diabetes
management. The SMS based system technology appears feasible in diabetic care and relief but this
technology must be made more user-friendly before clinical implementation at larger scale.
The World Health Organization (WHO) released the new International Classification of Disease (ICD-11) which would come into effect in January 2022. This document takes a closer look at revisions made to the document and its possible impact on healthcare payers.
The National Health Stack will facilitate collection of comprehensive healthcare data across the country. Designed to leverage India Stack, subsequent data analysis on NHS will not only allow policy makers to experiment with policies, detect fraud in health insurance, measure outcomes and move towards smart policy making, it will also engage market players (NGOs, researchers, watchdog organizations) to innovate and build relevant services on top of the platform and fill the gaps.
The design is geared to generate vast amounts of data resulting in some of the largest health databases with secured aggregated data that will put India at the forefront of medical research in the world.
A green Workspace, Fully Furnished Offices with GREEN Surroundings, First proposed Green Building in Greater Noida, Earth Sapphire Court: Walk-in & start playing.
EHRs, PHRs, EMRs: Making Sense of the Alphabet SoupCHI*Atlanta
CHI*Atlanta's October program tackles health records and the potential of user experience to improve their adoption. Panelists include CDC, Kaiser Permanente, and Greenway Technologies. Hosted at Philips Design to cover public, private, and vendor perspectives.
Medical technologies and data protection issues - food for thoughtRenato Monteiro
Document prepared towards the modernization procedure of Council of Europe´s Convention 108 on the Protection of Personal Data. Available at: http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/standardsetting/dataprotection/TPD_documents/T-PD-BUR%282014%2904Rev%20-%20Medical%20Data%20%28By%20Renato%20Leite%29.pdf
SMS-Based System for Type-II Diabetes (NIDDM) Managementhiij
The study presents ‘Non-Insulin Depended Diabetics Mellitus’ (NIDDM), SMS-based system for Type-II
diabetes management by itself. The system is structured to be long term health assistance for patients with
type-II diabetes. It permits the patients to get touched to their doctor constantly. With the SMS exchange,
the patients can send their general and physical status, i.e., demographic & social characteristics,
awareness of Mobile phone applications, blood sugar measurements, insulin intake and other data to the
doctor, which makes continuous health monitoring possible. Based on the patient data sent, an SMS
messages can be return to motivate patients, it reminds them of physical activities such as, physical
exercise, and healthcare appointments. In addition, an offline mobile phone multimedia educational
system is also proposed with existed SMS based system. The system was discussed with the physician for
system applicability for type-II diabetic patients. It was found in primary testing that the involvement of
proposed system can be able to impact on some clinical outcomes, self-efficacy and diabetes
management. The SMS based system technology appears feasible in diabetic care and relief but this
technology must be made more user-friendly before clinical implementation at larger scale.
The World Health Organization (WHO) released the new International Classification of Disease (ICD-11) which would come into effect in January 2022. This document takes a closer look at revisions made to the document and its possible impact on healthcare payers.
The National Health Stack will facilitate collection of comprehensive healthcare data across the country. Designed to leverage India Stack, subsequent data analysis on NHS will not only allow policy makers to experiment with policies, detect fraud in health insurance, measure outcomes and move towards smart policy making, it will also engage market players (NGOs, researchers, watchdog organizations) to innovate and build relevant services on top of the platform and fill the gaps.
The design is geared to generate vast amounts of data resulting in some of the largest health databases with secured aggregated data that will put India at the forefront of medical research in the world.
A green Workspace, Fully Furnished Offices with GREEN Surroundings, First proposed Green Building in Greater Noida, Earth Sapphire Court: Walk-in & start playing.
Το «Παιδί στην πόλη» δημιουργήθηκε στην Θεσσαλονίκη το 2010 από γονείς, παιδαγωγούς και φίλους.
Ζούμε καθημερινά σε μια πόλη με ελάχιστους χώρους πράσινου για ελεύθερο και ασφαλές παιχνίδι, με λίγες ευκαιρίες δημιουργικής απασχόλησης για το παιδί, μια πόλη που μοιάζει να χάνει τον ανθρώπινο χαρακτήρα της.
Έτσι δημιουργήσαμε το «Παιδί στην πόλη».
Μια ομάδα ανοιχτή και δυναμική, με διάθεση για δράσεις και παρεμβάσεις που να συμβάλλουν πρακτικά και ουσιαστικά στην αλλαγή αυτού του τοπίου.
E health in Nigeria Current Realities and Future Perspectives. A User Centric...Ibukun Fowe
In this era of the digital revolution, innovative computer software programs and Information and communications technologies (ICTs) are disrupting different industries of most economies and the healthcare sector is one of the nascent and emerging opportunities for technology disruption and innovation. This is an “inevitable” welcome development as Global health innovation is at the forefront of embracing the use of technology solutions in various parts of the world to improve access to health services and medicines, and Nigeria is not to be an exception. This symposium is focused on asking the fundamental questions; how much impact are e-health applications making in the Nigerian health sector and how do we improve the level of impact and
effectiveness of these applications via a user-centric approach?
Taking these proactive steps serve to ensure that we focus on the real needs of the Nigerian people and put in place quality and safety measures that will give users the confidence needed to use e-health applications and solutions adequately and appropriately. This symposium invites key-stakeholders in the e-health
ecosystem to share their views on the pains and gains of e-health as of today and how to shape the future of e-health in Nigeria (and similar countries). Some of the presentations and panelist sessions will include real field experience and user-centered qualitative research that will elicit the current level of impact and the real needs of e-health users in the southwest region of Nigeria.
Presentación de David Novillo en el nternational Workshop RITMOS, celebrado el pasado 14 y 15 de octubre en Barcelona con el apoyo de la UOC y Mobile World Capital de Barcelona (MWBC)
eHealth Practice in Europe: where do we stand?chronaki
eHealth as the use of Information and communication technologies in the practice of health care comprises Electronic health records, Healthcare information exchange cross-jurisdictions, Personal health records, Telehealth, telemedicine and remote monitoring.
There are several efforts to reflect and measure the practice of eHealth including efforts by the OECD and WHO, but in general there is little reported sharing of health data particularly with patients. Specific barriers frequently mentioned are supporting policies and coherent widely implemented standards.
The presentation discusses relevant efforts and programs supported by the European Commission such as the eHealth DSI, eStandards, ASSESS CT, and openMedicine aiming at large scale eHealth adoption It calls for engagement of European Society, its national societies, and its members.
Overview of Health Informatics: survey of fundamentals of health information technology, Identify the forces behind health informatics, educational and career opportunities in health informatics.
E-Health is alluded to as utilizing of information and communication technologies (ICT) in restorative field to control treatment of patients, research, and wellbeing training and checking of general wellbeing. The reason for this paper is thusly to investigate an institutionalized system for E-Health challenges confronted
by e-wellbeing A rundown of both e-wellbeing difficulties are given and a proposed structure is likewise accommodated E-Health and could give direction in the execution of e-wellbeing To understand the motivation behind the paper, an inductive substance examination procedure was taken after. The
fundamental outcomes were that in spite of the fact that the difficulties exceeds the advantages in the gave records, there is still trust that through appropriate ICT arrangements the advantages of e-wellbeing can develop all the more quickly. This can prompt to enhanced e-wellbeing administration conveyance and nationals in nations can all profit by this.
Modern Era of Medical Field : E-HealthFull Text ijbbjournal
E-Health is alluded to as utilizing of information and communication technologies (ICT) in restorative field
to control treatment of patients, research, and wellbeing training and checking of general wellbeing. The
reason for this paper is thusly to investigate an institutionalized system for E-Health challenges confronted
by e-wellbeing A rundown of both e-wellbeing difficulties are given and a proposed structure is likewise
accommodated E-Health and could give direction in the execution of e-wellbeing To understand the
motivation behind the paper, an inductive substance examination procedure was taken after. The
fundamental outcomes were that in spite of the fact that the difficulties exceeds the advantages in the gave
records, there is still trust that through appropriate ICT arrangements the advantages of e-wellbeing can
develop all the more quickly. This can prompt to enhanced e-wellbeing administration conveyance and
nationals in nations can all profit by this
I was asked by the US Commerce department to attend and present at a roundtable that took place in Sofia, Bulgaria on February 27th. This roundtable included people from president's office, National Healthcare Fund, Patient Groups and key vendors. Bulgaria had many efforts to kickstart eHealth. This was an overview of US legislation and lessons learned as well as a look forward into healthcare innovation trendds
Presentation “Harnessing EHRs and Health IT to Achieve Population Health”
Jonathan Weiner, DrPH
Professor Department of Health Policy and Management
Director of Center for Population Health IT
Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore Maryland
Professor Weiner’s presentation will focus on how electronic health records and other e-health tools can be harnessed to move beyond providing medical care for a single patient episode towards the achievement of “population health.” This provocative presentation will offer new conceptual paradigms and will review “big data” opportunities and challenges. The emphasis of the talk will be on how population focused care transformation can be brought about through the integration and application of e-health/EHR systems and claims/MIS systems. The talk will offer examples of analytic tools and methods designed to increase the effectiveness, efficiency and equity of care provided at a geographic community level and to “populations” of consumers enrolled in health plans, ACOs and other integrated delivery systems.
Key goals of presentation:
∙ To offer frameworks and paradigms to better understand how EHRs and other HIT can improve population health
∙ To outline opportunities and challenges for communities, ACOs and other integrated delivery systems
∙ To offer some case studies on the application of health IT to population health
Chapter 30 International Efforts, Issues, and InnovationsHyeoun-.docxchristinemaritza
Chapter 30 International Efforts, Issues, and Innovations
Hyeoun-Ae Park
To promote international development in health and nursing informatics it is necessary to provide tools for the development of national and regional ehealth initiatives and strategies.
Objectives
At the completion of this chapter the reader will be prepared to:
1.Outline key international health informatics initiatives
2.Describe key organizations leading international health informatics initiatives
3.Discuss the role of health practitioners such as nurses in international health informatics initiatives
Key Terms
Derived classifications, 482
eHealth initiatives, 474
Reference classifications, 482
Related classifications, 482
Abstract
This chapter highlights international health informatics initiatives, international organizations involved in these initiatives, and how health practitioners such as nurses are involved in the activities of these organizations. There are numerous international health informatics–related activities that have been initiated across the different regions of the world. In addition academic societies within these regions are pursuing health informatics theory and practice developments. These international health informatics initiatives, along with associated academic organizations, are introduced here with brief histories and the key activities of each region. There are also several international organizations involved in the development of health informatics, such as the World Health Organization, the International Medical Informatics Association, the International Organization for Standardization, the International Council of Nurses, the International Health Terminology Standards Development Organisation, and Health Level Seven. These organizations are introduced with a short description of health practitioners' contributions to their activities. Finally, global issues in health informatics initiatives are also described.
Introduction
In many parts of the world healthcare is one of the largest sectors of the economy. As a result, health spending plays a major role in economic policy throughout the world with growing pressure on the healthcare industry to streamline costs, gain efficiency, and become more innovative in improving and maintaining the health of the population. Today the health industry around the world is looking for better ways of providing healthcare and improved health for all. The application of health information technology (health IT), called information and communication technology or ICT in international settings, to healthcare is seen as key to realizing this aim. The World Health Organization (WHO) uses ehealth as an umbrella term to cover all aspects of the use of ICT in healthcare. While the terminology differs—from health IT to ICT to ehealth—the goal of using technology to effectively and efficiently improve the health of individuals, families, and communities remains the same. An important differenc ...
Reviewwww.thelancet.com Vol 395 May 16, 2020 1579Adessiechisomjj4
Review
www.thelancet.com Vol 395 May 16, 2020 1579
Artificial intelligence and the future of global health
Nina Schwalbe*, Brian Wahl*
Concurrent advances in information technology infrastructure and mobile computing power in many low and
middle-income countries (LMICs) have raised hopes that artificial intelligence (AI) might help to address challenges
unique to the field of global health and accelerate achievement of the health-related sustainable development goals. A
series of fundamental questions have been raised about AI-driven health interventions, and whether the tools,
methods, and protections traditionally used to make ethical and evidence-based decisions about new technologies can
be applied to AI. Deployment of AI has already begun for a broad range of health issues common to LMICs, with
interventions focused primarily on communicable diseases, including tuberculosis and malaria. Types of AI vary, but
most use some form of machine learning or signal processing. Several types of machine learning methods are
frequently used together, as is machine learning with other approaches, most often signal processing. AI-driven
health interventions fit into four categories relevant to global health researchers: (1) diagnosis, (2) patient morbidity
or mortality risk assessment, (3) disease outbreak prediction and surveillance, and (4) health policy and planning.
However, much of the AI-driven intervention research in global health does not describe ethical, regulatory, or
practical considerations required for widespread use or deployment at scale. Despite the field remaining nascent,
AI-driven health interventions could lead to improved health outcomes in LMICs. Although some challenges of
developing and deploying these interventions might not be unique to these settings, the global health community will
need to work quickly to establish guidelines for development, testing, and use, and develop a user-driven research
agenda to facilitate equitable and ethical use.
Introduction
AI is changing how health services are delivered in many
high-income settings, particularly in specialty care
(eg, radiology and pathology).1–3 This development has
been facilitated by the growing availability of large
datasets and novel analytical methods that rely on such
datasets. Concurrent advances in information technology
(IT) infrastructure and mobile computing power have
raised hopes that AI might also provide opportunities to
address health challenges in LMICs.4 These challenges,
including acute health workforce shortages and weak
public health surveillance systems, undermine global
progress towards achieving the health-related sustainable
development goals (SDGs).5,6 Although not unique to
such countries, these challenges are particularly relevant
given their contribution to morbidity and mortality.7,8
AI-driven health technologies could be used to address
many of these and other system-related challenges.4
For example, ...
C603 regional health observatory-its role in the generation and dissemination...Ramon Martinez
The Regional Health Observatory (RHO) of the Pan American health Organization (PAHO) is presented, highlighting its objective, functions and components. Its role as a mean to facilitate access to health data, disseminate health information and evidence to support decision-making in public health is also illustrated. Nowadays, the Health Observatory is an essential and key health information resource for PAHO, Member States, public health professionals and civil society.
La Version 2023 de la doctrine du numérique en santébenj_2
Dans la logique d’État-plateforme, la Doctrine du numérique en santé constitue le document de référence pour les acteurs de l’écosystème de la e-santé, qui développent ou opèrent des services numériques au bénéfice des professionnels du système de santé et in fine des usagers. Elle s’adresse principalement aux entreprises du numérique en santé et plus largement aux structures publiques ou privées, de toutes tailles, qui créent, maintiennent ou développent des services numériques en santé.
Etude Biomédicaments et Bioproduction 2023 en France et en Europebenj_2
Synthèse réalisée à partir d’Étude et caractérisation de la filière des biomédicaments en France, étude réalisée en 2023 par Mabdesign pour France 2030, l’Agence de l’innovation en santé et sa stratégie d’accélération Biomédicaments et Bioproduction en thérapies innovantes,
France Biotech et France Biolead.
Cette étude a été réalisée sur 8 pays : France, Royaume-Uni, Suisse, Portugal, Italie, Belgique, Irlande et Allemagne.
Les données utilisées s’arrêtent en juillet 2023.
État des lieux du marché des biomédicaments dans le monde et en Europe
3ème édition de l’Observatoire du transfert de technologie en Santébenj_2
États des lieux du transfert de technologie en Santé : vers une meilleure structuration des négociations d’accords publics/privés.
France Biotech, l’Association des entrepreneurs de l’innovation en santé et KPMG en France, avec le soutien de l’Agence Innovation Santé et de bpifrance, publient la 3ème édition de l’Observatoire du transfert de technologie en Santé.
Confiance et utilisation du numérique en santé, sécurité́ des données de santé, retours d’expérience de Mon espace santé... afin de mieux déceler les habitudes et les freins des Français en matière de numérique en santé, la Délégation au numérique en santé (DNS) a mené́, avec Verian (ex Kantar Public) et Harris Interactive, une vaste enquête qualitative et quantitative intitulée « Les Français et le numérique en santé ».
Décret n° 2023-1222 du 20 décembre 2023 relatif à la prescription électroniqu...benj_2
Le décret définit les conditions de mise en œuvre et d'entrée en vigueur de la prescription électronique entendue comme la dématérialisation des prescriptions de soins, de produits de santé et de prestations établies ou exécutées par les professionnels de santé et leur transmission à l'assurance maladie par voie électronique. Il définit également les droits des patients à l'égard de ces précisions dématérialisées et de leurs conditions d'exécution ainsi que les cas ou circonstances dans lesquels la dématérialisation pourra, par dérogation, ne pas être mise en œuvre par les professionnels.
Feuille de route décarbonation de l'industrie pharmaceutiquebenj_2
Décembre 2023: Afin de lutter contre le réchauffement climatique et réduire les émissions de gaz à effet de serre associées à la production et à la consommation de médicaments en France, le Gouvernement a annoncé un plan de décarbonation pour l'industrie pharmaceutique.
Ce guide du déposant est destiné aux déposants qui souhaitent suivre une procédure selon le Traité de coopération en matière de brevets (PCT) et insiste sur les particularités des procédures PCT devant l'OEB. Il est appelé "Guide euro-PCT" afin de le distinguer du Guide du déposant du PCT publié par l'OMPI ("Guide PCT de l'OMPI").
INPI : Le palmarès 2016 des déposants de brevets en France en 2016benj_2
Le Top 3 modifié et un nouvel entrant parmi les 10 premiers déposants. Des changements de stratégies de propriété industrielle. La recherche publique de plus en plus visible. Une concentration significative du nombre de demandes de brevets publiées.
Télémédecine et autres prestations médicales électroniquesbenj_2
France, 10 Février 2016, CNOM: Le Conseil national de l’Ordre des médecins publie son avis sur
« l’ubérisation » des prestations médicales
Répondre aux besoins médicaux des patients sans laisser s’installer une ubérisation de la médecine
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
3. eHealth
ATLAS country
profiles
Based on the findings of the
second global survey on eHealth
Global Observatory for
eHealth series - Volume 1 2010
4. Acknowledgments
This publication is part of a series of reports based on the second Global Observatory on
eHealth (GOe) Survey. The preparation of this report would not have been possible without
the input of hundreds of eHealth experts and the support of the numerous colleagues at
the World Health Organization headquarters, regional and country offices.
Our sincere gratitude goes to over 800 eHealth experts in 114 countries worldwide who
helped shape this report by sharing their knowledge through completing the survey. We
are also indebted to an extensive network of eHealth professionals and WHO staff who
assisted with the design and implementation of the survey. Names of contributors can be
found at http://www.who.int/goe
Special thanks to the many authors and reviewers who contributed their time and ideas
to this publication especially Titilola Falasinnu (Lola) who developed the template and
compiled the secondary data for each participating Member State. The document was
reviewed by colleagues Gael Kernen, Joan Dzenowagis and Ahmad Hosseinpoor.
Special appreciation to:
Messagio Studios and Jillian Reichenbach Ott for their design and layout, and Kai Lashley
for technical editing.
The global survey and this report were prepared by the WHO Global Observatory for eHealth:
Misha Kay, Jonathan Santos, and Marina Takane.
5. Table of contents
Background . . . . . . . ii
Methodological considerations . . . iii
Quality assurance . . . . . . iii
Terminology and interpretation . . . vi
Presentation of primary data . . . viii
Presentation of secondary data . . . ix
Country profiles . . . . . .1
i
6. 1 A guide to the
eHealth country
profiles
Background
This publication presents data on the 114 WHO Member States that participated in
the 2009 global survey on eHealth. Intended as a reference to the state of eHealth
development in Member States, the publication highlights selected indicators in the form
of country profiles.
The objectives of the country profiles are to:
describe the current status of the use of ICT for health in Member States; and
provide information concerning the progress of eHealth applications in these
countries.
Due to layout restrictions, additional information provided by Member States could not be
included in these profiles. The country survey tools may be downloaded from the following
web site: http://www.who.int/goe. All country profiles can be accessed at the same URL as
well as the full country data sets.
ii
7. Methodological considerations
A total of 114 countries (59% of WHO Member States, representing 81% of the world’s
population) completed at least one section of the survey (Figure 1). The survey responses
were based on self-reporting by a selected group of eHealth expert informants for
each participating country. Although national survey administrators were given detailed
instructions to maintain consistency, there was significant variation across participating
Member States in the quality and level of detail in the responses, particularly to
descriptive, open-ended questions. While survey responses were checked for consistency
and accuracy, it was not possible to verify all responses to every question.
The scope of the survey was broad; survey questions covered diverse areas of eHealth,
from policy issues and legal frameworks to specific types of eHealth initiatives being
conducted. While every effort was made to select the best national experts to complete
the instrument, it was not possible to determine whether they had the collective eHealth
knowledge to answer each question. Further, there is no guarantee that national experts
used the detailed instructions included with the survey when responding.
Quality assurance
Country profiles are intended to provide a ‘snapshot’ of the status of eHealth in WHO
Member States according to selected criteria. The Global Observatory for eHealth (GOe)
implemented a range of measures to assure their quality. The questionnaires received
from participating countries were reviewed for completeness. External sources of
information were used for validation of the data and to resolve inconsistencies. Data
were reviewed before entry and after layout for publication.
iii
8. Figure 1: Countries completing part or all of the global eHealth survey
Reponding Member State
Data not available
Not applicable
iv
10. Terminology and interpretation
The following terms and definitions were used in the survey and therefore apply to the
country profiles. The terms are listed in the order they appear in the country profiles.
National eGovernment policy: the vision and objectives for the use of information
and communication technologies (ICT) to exchange information, provide services,
and communicate with citizens, businesses, and other sectors.
National eHealth policy: the vision and objectives to promote the use of ICT
specifically for the health sector.
National ICT procurement policy: the principles for the acquisition of software,
hardware, and content for the health sector.
National multiculturalism policy: the vision and objectives to promote and respect
linguistic diversity, cultural identity, traditions, and religions within cultures.
Personal identifiable data: information which can specifically identify an individual.
This can include, but is not limited to, names, date of birth, addresses, telephone
numbers, occupations, photographs, fingerprints – regardless of the format or
medium in which it is held.
Health-related data: information recorded about an individual including their
illnesses and prescribed treatments. It generally includes details of prescribed
medication, and any medical or surgical procedures undertaken as well as
treatments received from other health-care providers.
eHealth: the use of ICT for health
Electronic Medical Records / Electronic Health Records (EMR/EHR): a real-time
longitudinal electronic record of an individual patient’s health information that
can assist health professionals with decision-making and treatment. Terms used
interchangeably in this survey.
Internet pharmacies: Internet sites selling pharmaceuticals and related products.
Funding: eHealth funding can come from a number of sources. Public funding
is support through financial resources provided by government be it national,
regional, or district level. Private funding is support through financial or in-kind
resources provided by the private or commercial sector. Donor/non-public funding
is support through financial or in-kind resources provided by development
agencies, banks, foundations or other non-public funding bodies. These can be
international, regional, or national bodies. Public-private partnerships are joint
ventures between public organizations and private sector companies to work
together to achieve a common goal.
vi
11. Capacity building: the development of the health work force through training. ICT
skills and knowledge are key elements in developing an information society. They
contribute to building capacity through their inclusion in education and training.
ICT continuing education: courses or programmes for health professionals (not
necessarily for formal accreditation) that bring participants up-to-date with ICT
knowledge or skills for health settings.
Telemedicine (or telehealth): involves the delivery of health services using ICT,
specifically where distance is a barrier to health care. It falls under the rubric of
eHealth.
mHealth (or mobile health): a term for medical and public health practice
supported by mobile devices, such as mobile phones, patient monitoring devices,
personal digital assistants (PDAs), and other wireless devices.
eLearning: the use of ICT for learning. It can be used to improve the quality of
education, to increase accessibility to education (for those geographically isolated
or those who have access to inadequate learning facilities), and to make new
and innovative forms of education available to more people.
vii
12. Presentation of primary data
Below is a sample of a typical table found in the country profiles. Descriptions follow,
which correspond to the boxed numbers.
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Yes 70
1
No 30
1.
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers No 26
With different health care entities within the country No 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
Prohibits
No
o 7
No 2.
Internet safety
Yes 47
Do not know 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
Yes 55
No 28 3.
Government intervention through laws or regulations No 26
No 23
No 16 4.
1. Country response is the country’s answer to “Yes/No/Do not know” questions in
the survey. It could also refer to the country’s selection of the options presented in
closed-ended questions. The country has instituted legislation to ensure privacy of
personally identifiable data of individuals irrespective of whether it is in analogue
or digital format. The global response is the percentage of participating Member
States responding “Yes” to questions. Alternatively, it also indicates the percentage
of countries selecting an option presented in closed-ended questions. Seventy per
cent of participating Member States responded that they have instituted legislation to
ensure privacy of personally identifiable data of individuals irrespective of whether it
is in analogue or digital format.
2.
The country has no legislation that either allows or prohibits Internet pharmacy
purchases from other countries. Globally, 6% of responding countries indicated that
they have legislation that allows Internet pharmacy purchases from other countries.
Twelve per cent have legislation that prohibits Internet pharmacy purchases from
other countries.
3.
The options in this section are listed in the order of global importance. Based on the
aggregated responses from all participating Member States, voluntary compliance
was the most cited answer (55%), while official approval through certification,
accreditation, or quality seals was the least cited.
4. The country does not utilize official approval through certification, accreditation, or
quality seals as a quality assurance approach to health-related Internet content.
In contrast, 16% of responding countries indicated that they have adopted official
approval through certification, accreditation, or quality seals as an approach to
health-related Internet content.
viii
13. Presentation of secondary data
The following socioeconomic indicators were selected for each country to complement
the country profile information. Indicators and their sources are included below.
1. Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs: http://esa.un.org/unpp
2. Gross national income (GNI) per capita (international $). PPP int. $ = Purchasing Power
Parity at international dollar rate (2008). World Development Indicators Database, 2009.
Washington, DC, World Bank, 2009: http://www.worldbank.org/data
3. World Bank income category. divided among income groups according to 2008 gross
national income (GNI) per capita, calculated using the World Bank Atlas method. The
groups are: low income, US$ 975 or less; lower-middle income, US$ 976–3855; upper-
middle income, US$ 3856–11 905; and high income, US$ 11 906 or more. http://www.
worldbank.org
4. Country grouping by OECD and non-OECD membership. For more information, see the
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development: http://www.oecd.org
5. Life expectancy at birth in years (2007). WHO Global Atlas of the Health Workforce.
Geneva, World Health Organization, 2009: http://www.who.int/whosis/whostat/EN_
WHS09_Table1.pdf
6. Total health expenditure (% GDP). Total expenditure on health as percentage of
gross domestic product (2010). WHO National Health Accounts (NHA) Country health
expenditure database. Geneva, World Health Organization: http:www.who.int/nha/country
7. Per capita total health expenditure (PPP international $). PPP int. $ = Purchasing Power
Parity at international dollar rate (2010). WHO National Health Accounts (NHA) Country health
expenditure database. Geneva, World Health Organization: http://www.who.int/nha/country
8. Hospital bed density per 10 000 population (2008). WHO World Health Statistics.
Geneva, World Health Organization, 2009: http://www.who.int/whosis/whostat/EN_
WHS09_Table6.pdf
9. Physician density per 10 000 population (2007). WHO World Health Statistics. Geneva, World
Health Organization, 2009: http://www.who.int/whosis/whostat/EN_WHS09_Table6.pdf
10. Nurse density per 10 000 population (2007): WHO World Health Statistics. Geneva, World
Health Organization, 2009: http://www.who.int/whosis/whostat/EN_WHS09_Table6.pdf
11. ICT Development Index 2008. International Telecommunication Union ICT Statistics: http://
www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/publications/idi/2010/Material/MIS_2010_Summary_E.pdf
12. ICT Development Index rank 2008. International Telecommunication Union ICT Statistics:
http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/publications/idi/2010/Material/MIS_2010_Summary_E.pdf
13. Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 population (2009). International Telecommunication
Union ICT Statistics: http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ICTEYE/Indicators/Indicators.aspx#
14. Internet users per 100 population (2009). International Telecommunication Union ICT
Statistics: http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ICTEYE/Indicators/Indicators.aspx#
15. Age-standardized disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) per 100 000 population.
The sum of years of potential life lost due to premature mortality and the years of
productive life lost due to disability (2004). Department of Measurement and Health
Information, World Health Organization, 2008: http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_
burden_disease/en/index.html
ix
16. Afghanistan
WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region
Population (000s) 27 208 Total health expenditure (%GDP) 7.3 —
indicators
Country
1 110 84 —
World Bank income group Low 4 42.63
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) 2.0 3.55
42 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 5.0 61 622
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy No 85 — —
No 55 — —
No 37 — —
No 30 — —
National telemedicine policy No 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Yes 70
1
No 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers No 26
With different health care entities within the country No 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
No
No 7
No
Internet safety
No 47
No 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
No data 56
No data 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No data 26
No data 23
No data 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
— 78 — 37 — — 28
Software — 76 — 35 — 56 —
— — 33 — 51 — 28
Skills training — 61 — 26 — 43 — 20
Ongoing support — 61 — — 35 — 18
Scholarships — 28 — 8 — — 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
No 77
No 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
— 73
Nursing — 62
Afghanistan
— 60
Dentistry — 54
Pharmacy — 54
§
1
ecords
3
17. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No 25
— —
Yes 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high No 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 40
Organizational culture not supportive No
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 38
Lack of policy frameworks No 37
No 37
No 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards No 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No 25
Lack of technical expertise Yes 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
No
Yes 58
Yes 52
No 46
Legal and ethical No 45
No 40
Patients' perception No 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
No 83
No 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
Yes 53
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 47
Lack of policy framework No 44
No 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 38
Perceived costs too high Yes 37
Lack of demand No
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 26
Lack of technical expertise No 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences No 72
Used in training health professionals No
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 64
Lack of policy framework No 63
Lack of skilled course developers Yes 55
WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region
Lack of knowledge of applications No 46
Perceived costs too high Yes 45
Yes 42
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
— 68 — 71
— 52 — 56
Nursing — 50 — 55
Pharmacy — 45 — 37
Dentistry — — 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 4
18. Albania
WHO European Region
Population (000s) 3 143 Total health expenditure (%GDP) 6.8 3.12
indicators
Country
8 170 536 83
World Bank income group Lower-middle
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) 11.5 41.20
73 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 40.3 16 106
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Partly 2004
Yes 55 Partly 2004
Yes 37 Yes 2007
No 30 — —
National telemedicine policy No 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Yes 70
1
No 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers No 26
With different health care entities within the country No 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
No
No 7
No
Internet safety
No 47
No 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
No 56
Yes 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No 26
No 23
No 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 — 37 Yes — 28
Software Yes 76 — 35 No 56 —
No — 33 No 51 — 28
Skills training No 61 — 26 No 43 — 20
Ongoing support No 61 — No 35 — 18
Scholarships No 28 — 8 No — 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Yes 77
Yes 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
No 73
Nursing No 62
Yes 60
Albania
Dentistry No 54
Pharmacy No 54
§
1
ecords
5
19. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No 25
— —
No 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high No 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 40
Organizational culture not supportive No
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 38
Lack of policy frameworks Yes 37
Yes 37
No 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards Yes 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No 25
Lack of technical expertise Yes 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
Yes
No 58
No 52
Yes 46
Legal and ethical Yes 45
No 40
Patients' perception Yes 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
No 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
Yes 53
Lack of knowledge of applications No 47
Lack of policy framework Yes 44
No 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 38
Perceived costs too high No 37
Lack of demand No
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 26
Lack of technical expertise Yes 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences No 72
Used in training health professionals No
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 64
Lack of policy framework Yes 63
Lack of skilled course developers No 55
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 46
Perceived costs too high No 45
Yes 42
Lack of demand No 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
WHO European Region
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
— 68 — 71
— 52 — 56
Nursing — 50 — 55
Pharmacy — 45 — 37
Dentistry — — 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 6
20. Argentina
WHO Region of the Amer icas
Population (000s) Total health expenditure (%GDP) 4.38
indicators
Country
14 120 1 385
World Bank income group Upper-middle 41 130.31
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) 31.6 34.00
76 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 4.8 15 371
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy Yes 85 Partly 2005
No 55 — —
No 37 — —
No 30 — —
National telemedicine policy No 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Yes 70
1
Yes 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers No 26
With different health care entities within the country No 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
Prohibits
No 7
Do not know
Internet safety
Yes 47
Do not know 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
Yes 56
No 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No 26
No 23
No 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
Yes 78 Yes 37 Yes Yes 28
Software Yes 76 Yes 35 Yes 56 Yes
Yes Yes 33 Yes 51 Yes 28
Skills training No 61 No 26 No 43 No 20
Ongoing support No 61 No No 35 No 18
Scholarships No 28 No 8 No No 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Yes 77
Yes 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
Yes 73
Nursing Yes 62
Argentina
Yes 60
Dentistry Yes 54
Pharmacy Yes 54
§
1
ecords
7
21. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No 25
— —
No 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high No 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 40
Organizational culture not supportive Yes
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 38
Lack of policy frameworks Yes 37
Yes 37
Yes 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards No 26
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
Yes
No 58
Yes 52
Yes 46
Legal and ethical Yes 45
Yes 40
Patients' perception Yes 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
Yes 83
No data 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
Yes 53
Lack of knowledge of applications No 47
Lack of policy framework No 44
Yes 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 38
Perceived costs too high No 37
Lack of demand Yes
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 26
Lack of technical expertise No 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Yes 72
Used in training health professionals Yes
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure Yes 64
Lack of policy framework Yes 63
Lack of skilled course developers No 55
Lack of knowledge of applications No 46
Perceived costs too high No 45
No 42
WHO Region of the Americas
Lack of demand Yes 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
Yes 68 Yes 71
Yes 52 Yes 56
Nursing Yes 50 Yes 55
Pharmacy Yes 45 Yes 37
Dentistry Yes Yes 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 8
22. Armenia
WHO European Region
Population (000s) 3 077 Total health expenditure (%GDP) 3.8
indicators
Country
5 420 228 88
World Bank income group Lower-middle 41
No Physician density (per 10 000 population) 37.0 6.75
70 Nurse density (per 10 000 population) 48.7 18 411
Sources: See page ix
1. eHealth foundation actions
policy, legal and ethical frameworks; adequate funding from various sources; infrastructure development; and developing the
capacity of the health work force through training.
I. Policy framework
Country response Global response (%)§ Policy implemented Year of implementation
National eGovernment policy No 85 — —
No 55 — —
No 37 — —
No 30 — —
National telemedicine policy No 25c — —
II. Legal and ethical frameworks for eHealth
Country response Global response (%)a§
Legislation on personal and health-related data
Yes 70
1
Do not know 31
Legislation for sharing health-related data between health care staff through EMR/EHR1
Within the same health care facility and its network of care providers Do not know 26
With different health care entities within the country No 23
With health care entities in other countries No 11
Internet pharmacies
Do not know
Do not know 7
Do not know
Internet safety
No 47
No 22
Quality assurance approaches to health-related Internet content
No data 56
No data 28
Government intervention through laws or regulations No data 26
No data 23
No data 17
III. eHealth expenditures and their funding source
Donor/non-public Public-private
Expenditure Public funding Private funding
funding partnerships funding
response response (%) response response (%) response response (%) response response (%)
No 78 Yes 37 Yes — 28
Software No 76 Yes 35 Yes 56 —
No Yes 33 Yes 51 — 28
Skills training No 61 Yes 26 Yes 43 — 20
Ongoing support No 61 No No 35 — 18
Scholarships No 28 No 8 Yes — 4
IV. Capacity building
Country response Global response (%)b§
ICT education
Yes 77
No 75
Professional groups offered ICT continuing education
— 73
Nursing — 62
— 60
Armenia
Dentistry — 54
Pharmacy — 54
§
1
ecords
9
23. 2. eHealth applications
I. Telemedicine
Country response Global response (%)c§
Telemedicine enabling actions
National telemedicine policy No 25
— —
No 22
Barriers to implementing telemedicine solutions
Perceived costs too high Yes 60
Lack of legal policies/regulation Yes 40
Organizational culture not supportive No
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 38
Lack of policy frameworks Yes 37
No 37
Yes 31
Lack of nationally adopted standards No 26
Lack of knowledge of applications No 25
Lack of technical expertise No 17
Information most needed in country to support telemedicine development
Yes
Yes 58
No 52
Yes 46
Legal and ethical No 45
No 40
Patients' perception Yes 30
II. mHealth
Country response Global response (%)b§
mHealth initiatives
No 83
No data 12
Barriers to implementing mHealth initiatives
Yes 53
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 47
Lack of policy framework Yes 44
No 40
Lack of legal policies/regulation No 38
Perceived costs too high No 37
Lack of demand Yes
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 26
Lack of technical expertise No 26
IIIa. eLearning
Country response Global response (%)c§
eLearning in health sciences at the tertiary level
Used in teaching health sciences Yes 72
Used in training health professionals Yes
Barriers to eLearning
Underdeveloped infrastructure No 64
Lack of policy framework Yes 63
Lack of skilled course developers Yes 55
Lack of knowledge of applications Yes 46
Perceived costs too high No 45
No 42
Lack of demand Yes 21
IIIb. eLearning target groups
WHO European Region
Profession Students Professionals
Country response Global response (%)c§ Country response Global response (%)c§
Yes 68 Yes 71
Yes 52 Yes 56
Nursing Yes 50 No 55
Pharmacy Yes 45 No 37
Dentistry Yes No 37
a
n=113
n=112
c
n=114 10