This document discusses electronic health records (EHR) and the federal initiatives to promote their adoption in the United States. It describes how different government departments and agencies have implemented and supported EHR systems, including the Veterans Health Administration, Department of Defense, Indian Health Service, Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology, and Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services. It also outlines the goals and strategies of the federal government's strategic framework for health information technology development.

1. HCS II
NURSING INFORMATICS
By: Emerose C. Galves

2. Electronic Health Record
System
CHAPTER 14

3. EHR – S
 Is often used interchangeably with
computerized patient record clinical
information system, electronic medical –
record, and many others. Yet the choice of
the words in the term EHR – S reflects the
boarder focus on the health of the consumer
or patient and indicates that the EHR – S may
be used by all participants in the process of
achieving health, including all disiplins of
clinical, family caregivers and the patient.

4. An EHR – S includes the
following:
 Longitudinal collection of electronic health
information for and about persons, where health
information is defined as information pertaining to
the health of an individual or healthcare provided to
an individual.
 Immediate electronic access to person and
population – level information by authorized, and
only authorized, users.
 Provision of knowledge and decision support that
enhances the quality, safety, and efficiency of
patient care.
 Support of efficient process for healthcare delivery.

5. Federal Initiatives
 Different departments exert different
influence towards the common goal of an
EHR for most Americans. Other agencies
provide leadership by offering monetary
incentives; finding research, development
and demonstration projects; and shaping
regulations and policy.

6. Government as Provider and
Early Adopter
 The Veterans Health Administration in the
Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) and the
National Institutes of Health (NIH) in the
Development of Health and Human Services
(HHS) are two examples of the initiation of
system in the 1970’s that were activity used
by clinicians.

7. Department of Veterans Affairs
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The Veterans Health Information System and Technology Architecture (VISTA)
support day – to – day clinical and administrative operations at local VA
healthcare facilities. All electronic records are password protected to guarantee
patients privacy other features include the following:
A checking system that alerts clinicians if an order they are entering could cause
a problem.
A notification system that immediately alerts clinicians to clinically significant
events.
A visual posting system that alerts healthcare providers to issues specifically
related to the patient on the opening of the patients electronic chart, including
crisis notes, adverse reactions, and advance directives.
A template system that allows the healthcare provider to automatically create
reports.
A clinical reminder systems that electronically alerts clinicians when certain
actions, such as examinations, patien education, and laboratory test, need to be
performed.
Remote data viewing to allow clinicians to see the patient medical history at all
the VA facilities where the patient was seen.

8. Department of Defense
 Within DoD, providers have had a
computerized physician order entry capability
that enables them to order lab test and
radiology examinations and issue
prescriptions electronically for over 10 years.

9. Indian Health Service
 The IHS has long been pioneer in using
computer technology to capture clinical and
public health data. RPMS was developed in
1970 and many facilities have access to
decades of personal health information and
epidemiologic data local populations.

10. Government as Leader
 The government is also pursuing the
development of a public – private national
health information network to facilitate EHR
– S deployment.

11. Office of the National Coordinator
for Health Information Technology
 The executive order of April 2004, mentioned earlier
in the chapter, created the ONCHIT to coordinate
HIT efforts in the federal sector and to collaborate
with the private sectors in driving HIT adoption
across the healthcare system.
 The National Committee on Vital and Health
Statistics in 2000 and 2001, the National Committee
on Vital and Health Statistic (NCVHS) which advises
the secretary of HHS on health information policy,
held a series of national hearings to develop a
consensus vision of the national Health Information
Infrastructure (NHCII).

12. *Goals of the
Strategic
Framework*

13. Goal 1
Inform Clinical Practice: Informing clinical
practice
Is fundamental to improving care and making
healthcare delivery more efficient. Three
strategic for realizing goal are:
 Incentivize EHR adoption
 Reduce risk of EHR investment
 Promote EHR diffusion in rural and under
segued areas

14. Goal 2
Interconnect Clinicians: will allow information
to be portable and to more with consumer.
The three strategies for realizing this goal
are:
 Foster regional collaboration
 Develop national health information systems.
 Coordinate federal health information
systems.

15. Goal 3
Personalize care: consumer – centric
information helps individuals manage their
own wellness and assist with their personal
healthcare decisions. The three strategies for
realizing this goal are:
 Encourage use of personal health records
 Enhance informed consumer choice
 Promote use of telehealth systems

16. Goal 4
Improve Population Health: Requires the collection
of timely, accurate, and detailed clinical
information to allow for the evaluation of
healthcare delivery and the reporting of critical
findings to public health officials, clinical trials
other research and feedback to clinicians:
 Unify public health surveillance architecture
 Streamline quality and health status monitoring
 Accelerate research and dissemination of
evidence

17. Agency for Healthcare Research and
Quality
 In addition AHRQ funded demonstration
grants to establish and implement
interoperable health information systems
and data effectiveness of healthcare for
patients and populations on a specific state or
regional level.

18. Center for Medicare and
Medicaid Services
 Several large pilot programs were authorized
in the 2003 Medicare Modernization Act
(MMA) the 3 – year is intended to promote
continuity of care, help stabilize medical
conditions and reduce adverse health
outcomes, such as adverse drug interactions.

19. Public Private Partnership
 Among these private sector organizations are
those formed specifically to address issues of
connectivity, HIT, and standards
development.

20. Connecting for Health
 Is addressing the barriers to development of
an interconnected health information
infrastructure. It brings together several
dozen of the leading healthcare provider and
prayer organizations, HIT vendors and
representatives of federal and state agencies.

21. eHealth Initiative
 Is an independent, nonprofit affiliated
organizations established to foster improvement
in the quality safety, and efficiency of healthcare
through information and IT. Shares its mission
and providers funding for its initiatives.
 Is Connecting Communities for better, a nearly
$4miillion program that provides seed funding
and technical support to multi stakeholder
collaborative within communities that are using
electronic health information exchange and
other HIT tools to drive improvements in
healthcare quality, safety and efficiency.

22. Institute of Medicine
 As an independent adviser to the nation with
the goal of improving health, the 10M has
championed the advantages of use of IT to
improve healthcare since its 1991
foundational work: the report created a
framework for identifying core functions of
an EHR – S, along with the primary and
secondary uses of these systems.

23. Certifications Commission for
Health Information Technology
 The goal of this group is to support Goal 1,
strategy 2, “Reduce risk of EHR investment”
of the strategic framework. Twelve
commissioners serve on the certification
group, with two ex – officio representing the
federal government.

24. Health Level Seven
- Is known for its large body of work in the production of
technical specifications for the transfer of healthcare data.
This transport mechanism known as messaging, is widely
used domestically and internationally.
- The HL7 EHR –s functional model contains a list of
functions in three categories: direct care, supportive, and
information infrastructure.
 Direct care functions are familiar to clinicians.
 Supportive functions involves secondary use of the data
captured via the direct care functions.
 Information infrastructure section is the “backend” of the
systems.
Functional Model is the Creation of a Profile.

25. CHAPTER 15
Dependable System
for Quality Care

26. Guidelines for dependable
System
 In this section we discuss five fundamental
guidelines that can help increase the
dependability of healthcare systems.

27. Guidelines 2: Anticipate
Failures
 The infrastructure level, features that are
transparent to software applications should be
implemented to detect faults are detected and
to recover from failures before they become
catastrophic. To handle exceptions in the
execution of specific software applications,
application – specific feature should be
implemented security feature to detect, disable
and recover from malicious attacks, while
preserving system stability and security, should
be implemented.

28. Guidelines 1: Architect for
Dependability
 Fundamental Principle of System architecture
is that an enterprise system architecture
should be developed from the bottom up so
that no critical component is dependent on a
component less trustworthy than itself. At
the bottom of the architecture are the
physical and logical networks that support
the enterprise and provide the “pipes“ that
carry data from system to system.

29. Guidelines 3: Anticipate
Success
 The system planning process should
anticipate business success and the
consequential need for larger networks more
system, new applications, and additional
integration. Such models can provide
valuable input into planning for scalability
and future integration.

30. Guidelines 4: Hire Meticulous
Managers
 Managing and keeping complex network and
integrated system available and responsive
requires meticulous overseers – individuals
who know that failures will occur and accept
that failures are most likely to occur when
they are least expected.

31. Guidelines 5: Don’t be –
Adventurous
 Imagine that small start – up company called
Cute Chutes has announced the availability of
a new parachute unit that promises to
revolutionize the sport of sky diving.

32. Assessing the Healthcare
Industry
 This system provides an informal assessment
of how well healthcare provider organizations
follow the guidelines discussed above.

33. Healthcare Architectures
 Healthcare Organizations build – or perhaps “compose”
their systems from the top down rather than from the
bottom – up. The healthcare professionals select the user
interfaces they like, and the IT team negotiates terms with
the vendors who offer the systems that generate those
interfaces these systems are familiarly known as
“departmental” system because they generally are used
only in one department, such as registration laboratory, or
pharmacy.

The healthcare Portability and Accountability Act
(HIPAA) security regulation prescribes administrative.
Physical and technical safeguards for protecting the
confidentially and integrity of health information and the
availability of critical systems services.

34. Eight Required Administrative
 Security management, including security analysis and risk
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management.
Assigned security responsibility.
Information access management, including the isolation of
clearinghouse functions from clinical function.
Security awareness and training.
Security incident procedures, including response and reporting.
Contingency planning, including data back up planning disaster
recovery planning, and planning for emergency mode operation.
Evaluation.
Business associate contracts that lock in the obligations of
business partners in protecting health information to which they
may have access.

35. Five Specified Physical
 Access control, including unique user
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identification and an emergency access
procedure.
Audit control.
Data integrity protection.
Person or entity authentication.
Transmission security.

36. Anticipating Success
 Healthcare organization definitely expect
their software applications, computer
system, and networks to work.

37. Anticipating Failure
 Medical technology and prescription drugs,
as well as clinical treatment protocols, are
required to undergo extensive validation
before they can be used in clinical practice.

38. IT Management
 These organization have hired IT manager
who appreciate the important role of IT in a
healthcare environment and who recognize
the need for dependable systems that can
anticipate and recover from failures.

39. Chapter 16
NURSING MINIMUM DATA SET
SYSTEM

40. Includes three broad categories
of elements
 Nursing care
 Patient or client demographics
 Service Elements
The NMDS was develop by building on the
foundation establish by the United State
uniform hospital discharge.

41. Nursing Elements
 Nursing diagnosis
 Nursing intervention
 Nursing outcomes
 Intensity of nursing care

42.  The NMDS identifies essential, common and
core data elements to be collected for all
patients/client receiving nursing care.
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Is a standard approach that facilitates that
abstraction of these minimum, common,
essential care data elements to describe nursing
practice.
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The NMDS was conceptualized through a
small group work at the nursing information
system (NISS) conference help in 1977 at the
University of Illinois College of Nursing.

43. Patient or Client demographic
elements
 Personal identification
 Date of birth
 Sex
 Race and ethnicity
 Residence

44. Service elements
 Unique facility or service agency number
 Unique health record number or
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patient/client
Unique number of principle registered nurse
provider
Episode admission or encounter date
Discharge or termination date
Disposition of patient/client
Expected payer for most of this bill

45. Standards and Research Era –
Twenty – First Century
 The NMDS influenced the work of the professional nurses
association. In 1991, the Americans Nurses Association
(ANA) recognized the NMDS as the minimum data
elements to be included in any data set or patient record.

The NMDS servers as a key component of the
standards developed by the Nursing Information and Data
Set Evaluation Center (NIDSEC).

NIDSEC develops and disseminates standards related
to nomenclature, clinical associations, clinical data
repositories, and system characteristics/ decision
support/contextual variable pertaining to data sets in
information system that supports the documentation of
nursing practice (NMDS).

46. National Nursing Minimum Data
Sets

47. Establish NMDS’s
 The Early NMDS work in the United States
spurred the development of NMDS in
numerous other countries. A perusal of these
data set reveals a definite consensus on the
importance of the nursing care elements
across all countries which identified NMDS’s.

48. Emergent NMDS’s
 Several countries across most continents
beyond North America are exploring
development of NMDS systems.

It is clear that there is major work being
accomplished across the globe to ensure that
nursing essential data will be more
comprehensively available in the future.
 NMDSs relationship to International Nursing
Minimum Data Set (I – NMDS).

49. Evolution of Concept
 The i – NMDS includes the core,
internationally relevant, essential, minimum
data elements to be collected in the course
for providing nursing care.

These data can provide information to
describe compare and examine nursing
practice around the globe.

i-NMDS is intended to build on the efforts
already underway in individual countries.

50. Cosponsor ship
 The i-NMDS Research Center is lead by a
steering committee of international
representative of countries with existing and
emerging NMDS as well as professional
cosponsor ship and areas of informatics
expertise.

51. Purposes
 Describing the human phenomena
 Improving the performance of healthcare
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system
Enhancing the capacity of nursing
Addressing the nursing shortage
Testing credence based practiced
improvements
Empowering the public internationally

52. Data Elements
 The i-NMDS elements are organized into
three categories, subjects of care, and
nursing elements.

53. Future Directions
 The power of NMDS to describe nursing
practice from international perspective is
daunting.

54. THEORIES, MODELS AND
FRAMEWORK
Chapter 17

55. Foundational Documents Guide
Nursing Informatics Practice
 In 2001, the American Nurses Association (ANA)
published the code of Ethics for nurses with
Interpretive statements, a complete prevision
and interpretive statements that guide all nurses
in practice, be it in the domain of direct patient
care, education, administration, or research.
 Nursing informatics is the nursing specialty that
endeavors to make the collection, and
knowledge easier for the practitioner, regardless
of the domain and setting.

56. Informatics and Healthcare
Informatics
 Informatics is a science that combines a domain
science, computer science, information science,
and cognitive science.

Healthcare informatics may be defined as the
integration of healthcare information.

Healthcare informatics address the study of
management of healthcare information.

Nursing informatics reflects this duality as
well, moving in and out of integration and
separation as situations and needs demand.

57. Nursing Informatics
 In 1985, Kathryn Hannah proposed a
definition that nursing informatics in the use
of informatics technologies in relation to any
nursing function and action of nurses.

Nursing sciences, computer science and
information, and knowledge to manage and
communicate data, information, and
knowledge in nursing practice.

58. Nursing informatics as a
Specialty
 In early 1992, the ANA established nursing
informatics as a destine specialty in nursing
with a distinct body of knowledge.

The scope of nursing informatics practice
includes activities such as developing and
evaluating applications, tools, processes, and
strategies that assist registered nurses in
managing data to support decision – making.

59. Models for Nursing Informatics
 Models are representation of some aspect of
the real world. Models show particular
perspectives of a selected aspect and any
illustrate relationships. Models evolve as
knowledge about the selected aspect
changes and are dependent on the “world
view” of these developing the model.

60. Data Information and Knowledge
 Data, information and knowledge are defined
as current met structures or overarching
concepts for nursing informatics with specific
definitions in the scope and standards of
Nursing Informatics Practice. Data are
“discrete entities that are described
objectively without interpretation” and would
include some value assigned to a variable.

61. Registered Nurses as Knowledge
Workers
 Knowledge worker is the exercise of specialist
knowledge and competencies.

62. Knowledge and Competencies
 Registered nurses are consumable twenty
first century knowledge workers.

Knowledge work of course, depends on
access to data, information and knowledge.

63. Competencies
 This desired change in skills involves the
evolution from novice level to advanced
beginner to competent to proficient to finally
an expert level.

64. Electronic Health Record
 Healthcare environment is characterized by
significant emphasis on establishing the EHR
in all settings.

The concept of EHR emerged, initially, as
a computer – based patient record or CPR
and was given significant impetus ba a 1991
report from the institute of medicine that
advocate the adoption of the CPR as the
primary source of client healthcare data and
information.

65. Terminologies
 This is best accomplished by using standard
communication formats and terminologies
and recognized convention for describing the
concepts being presented. Concept
representation involves the set of terms and
relationship that describe the phenomena,
processes, and practices of a discipline, such
as nursing.

66. NANDA
 Has evolved from alphabetical listing in the
mid – 1980’s to a conceptual system that
guides the classification of nursing diagnoses
in a taxonomy and includes definitions and
defining characteristics.

Includes 167 recognized diagnoses that
every different from the pathology and
mortality focus of the ICD – 9 CM terms used
for medicine and third party payment claims.

67. Nursing Interventions
Classification (NIC)
 The fourth edition of NIC contains 514
nursing interventions that describe the
treatments nurses perform updated linkages
with NANDA diagnoses and core
interventions identified for 44 specialty
practice areas. There terms differ from the
surgically biased CPT – 4 code set terms used
by medicine and third party programs.

68. Nursing Outcome Classification
(NOC)
 To provide standardization of expected
patient, caregiver, family and community
outcomes for measuring the effect of nursing
interventions.
 Clinical Care Classification (CCC) Formerly
Home Health Care Classification (HHCC)

CCC system is a research – based
nomenclature designed to standardize the
terminologies for documenting nursing care
in all clinical care settings.

69. Ohama System
 Was released in November 2004, originally
developed for use un home practice, the
Ohama system is now used in all clinical
settings.

70. SNOMED CT
 Is a core clinical terminology containing over
357,000 healthcare concepts with unique
meanings and formal logic – based
definitions organized into multiple
hierarchies.

71. Perioperative Nursing Data Set
(PNDS)
 The PNDS provides a universal language for
peri – operative nursing and education and a
framework to standardize documents.

72. ABC Codes
 Provide a mechanism for coding integrative
health interventions by clinician by state
location for administrative billing and
insurance claims.

73. Patient Care Data Set (PCDS)
 Includes terms and codes for patient
problems, therapeutic goals, and patient care
orders. This data set was developed by Dr.
Judith Ozbolt from research data from nine
acute care hospitals throughout the United
State.

74. Logical Observation Identifiers
Name and Codes (LOINC)
 Originated as a database of standardized
laboratory term for result reporting for
chemistry, hematology, serology,
microbiology, and toxicology.

Includes about 32,000 terms including a
clinical portion with codes for observations at
key stages of the nursing process, including
assessments, goals and outcomes.

75. International Classification
for Nursing Practice (ICNP)
 Is a combinational terminologies for nursing
practice developed by the international
nursing community under sponsorship of the
International council of Nurses (ICN).

76. Nursing Management Minimum Data
(NMMD)
 Includes terms to describe the context and
environment of nursing practice, and includes
terms for nursing delivery unit/service,
patient/client population, care delivery
method, personnel characteristics and
financial resources.

77. Organization as Resources
 Provide information resources and value –
added membership benefits that support
those individuals interested in healthcare and
nursing informatics.