1. Mardi, 12 octobre 2021
L’hydrogène : promesses et défis
Aurore Richel (Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, ULiège)
Roland Héquet (John Cockerill)

2. LIEGE CREATIVE, en partenariat avec :

3. Et aussi :

4. AURORE RICHEL, PhD
Full Professor
University of Liège (Belgium)
a.richel@uliege.be
www.chem4us.be Chem.4.us
La chimie pour créer notre futur
Hydrogène: promesses et défis
Retour sur plus de 5 siècles de découvertes

5. H2
« hydrogène
moléculaire »

6. 0,5 ppm
(gaz)
Eau/roche
Radioactivité
naturelle

7. Dogukanincee, CC BY-SA 4.0
<https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via
Wikimedia Commons
“From a geological perspective, hydrogen
has been neglected”
(Smith et al., 2005)
7,5-11,3% H2
(Mont Chimère)
Credit: Lukas Kohl, Journal of Geophysical Research –
Biogeosciences,
35-40% H2
(The Cedars, CA)

8. H2O
Ressources fossiles
(hydrocarbures)
Biomasse

9. L’hydrogène: une petite molécule
complexe à identifier

10. Peinture: Rubens
Paracelse (1493-1541)
« l'air s'élève et se déchaîne comme
un souffle»
H2SO4

11. 17ème siècle
Nicolas Lémery
(1645-1715) FR
Robert Boyle
(1627-1691) UK
Théodore Turquet de Mayenne
(1573-1655) CH

12. Hydrogène
Air ?
Oxygène ?

13. Cavendish 1766
Lavoisier 1783
H2
H2O
Hydrogenium
Hydro-, du grec ὕδωρ (hudôr) : eau
-gène, du grec γεννάω (gennaô): produire

14. 1800: électrolyse de l’eau
H2 + O2
H2O H2O
électrolyte
+ -
Anode Cathode
O2 H2
2 H2O (aq) → 2 H2 (g) + O2 (g)

15. 1839-1889: pile à combustible
H2 + O2
H2O
Chaleur et électricité

16. Une molécule « artificielle »

17. LZ 129 Hindenburg
(New York City)

18. Réaction de Sabatier (1897)
400°C
4H2 CO2 2H2O CH4
+ +
Pression
(Catalyseur)
Production de méthanol
(1905-1925)
Equation bilan:
Pression
(Catalyseur)
DT
2H2
+
CO CH3OH
157 millions tonnes
(2020)
Raffinage du pétrole
36 millions de
tonnes de H2 (2018)
Réaction de Haber-Bosch (1910)
Air
(N2: 78%)
H2
Gaz naturel
(CH4)
N2
SÉPARATION
RÉFORMAGE
CO2
PROCÉDÉ
HABER-
BOSCH
NH3
CO2
235 millions tonnes
(2019)

19. 1975
30 millions de tonnes
2018
115 millions de
tonnes
Répartition de la demande en H2 par secteur industriel
Source: IEA, 2020
33,2 %
27,4 %
10,4 %
28,9 %
RAFFINAGE
AMMONIAC
METHANOL
AUTRES

20. Production de H2 en fonction de la source
Source (ULIEGE): Lepage, Kammoun, Schmetz, Richel, Biomass and Bioenergy, 2021, 144, 105920
76%
22%
CO2
GAZ NATUREL
(Steam Reforming Methane)
CHARBON
RENOUVELABLES (2%)
Ressources fossiles
CO2: 830 millions tonnes / an
(9-11 tonnes CO2 / tonne de H2)

21. CHARBON
GAZ NATUREL
ETC.
GAZ NATUREL
BIOMETHANE
BIOMASSE
REFORMAGE
(GAZEIFICATION)
REFORMAGE
HYDROGENE
GRIS
HYDROGENE
BLEU
2021
CO2
CO2
Captage
Ressources fossiles
CO2: 830 millions tonnes / an
Réduction des émissions
de CO2
Production de H2 en fonction de la source
Source (ULIEGE): Lepage, Kammoun, Schmetz, Richel, Biomass and Bioenergy, 2021, 144, 105920

22. Production de H2 en fonction de la source
Source: Energy Science & Engineering, Volume: 9, Issue: 10, Pages: 1676-1687, First published: 12 August 2021, DOI:
(10.1002/ese3.956)

23. CHARBON
GAZ NATUREL
ETC.
GAZ NATUREL
BIOMETHANE
BIOMASSE
EAU ELECTROLYSE
REFORMAGE
(GAZEIFICATION)
REFORMAGE
HYDROGENE
GRIS
HYDROGENE
BLEU
HYDROGENE
VERT
2021 2030
CO2
CO2 O2
Captage
Ressources fossiles
CO2: 830 millions tonnes / an
Réduction des émissions
de CO2
Exploitation de
ressources renouvelables
Production de H2 en fonction de la source
Source (ULIEGE): Lepage, Kammoun, Schmetz, Richel, Biomass and Bioenergy, 2021, 144, 105920

24. Production de H2 en fonction de la source
Source (ULIEGE): Lepage, Kammoun, Schmetz, Richel, Biomass and Bioenergy, 2021, 144, 105920
Gauche: https://news.wsu.edu/press-
release/2016/10/25/better-water-splitting-catalyst/
Droite: https://www.technologyvista.in/pin/2015/08/22/

25. Les propriétés et
applications de l’hydrogène

26. Propriétés physico-chimiques
Densité <
14,5 fois plus
léger que l’air
Gaz parfait
-253°C
Pouvoir diffusif >
Mobilité >
Pouvoir
calorifique >>
2 H2 (g) + O2 (g) → 2 H2O
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
MJ/Kg
H2
Charbon
Gaz naturel
Méthane
Essence
Diesel

27. Source: https://www.blueorigin.com
Source: NASA ©

28. Membrane
Electrolyte
H2 « in » O2 (air) « in »
Eau
e-
+ Chaleur
Alkaline Fuel Cell (AFC)
Bacon 1959
Source: https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections
Applications: piles à combustible
Membrane d'échange de protons (PEM)
Chaleur
© Steve Jurvetson

29. 1990: développements récents
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
Applications: piles à combustible
1979-
1995
1996-
2000
2001-
2005
2006-
2010
2011-
2015
2016-
2020
2021
Nombre de publications par an
SciFinder, 8/10/21 – « Fuel cell hydrogen »
5157 « biofuels »
© Spielvogel
© Alsom

30. Les orientations souhaitées
de la recherche

31. H2
Electrolyse
X-to-hydrogen
CO2 capture
and use CO2
Liquéfaction et
compression
Vecteurs
de H2
Propulsion
Piles à
combustible
Combined heat
and power
Hydrogen-to-X
Distribution
Période de recherche: 2010-2021
Source: SciFinder, Octobre 2021
~155.000
~45.000
~107.000
~28.000
~85.000
~
2
.
0
0
0
~12.000
~127.000
~
4
5
.
0
0
0
~18.000

32. Conclusions

33. Molécule
artificielle
ressources
fossiles
Propriétés
pertinentes
(énergétique,
réactif)
Recherche vs.
Business
strategy
Matériaux,
« X-to-hydrogen »
« Hydrogen-to-X »
ACV et émissions H2O
CO2
Innovation

34. AURORE RICHEL, PhD
Full Professor
University of Liège (Belgium)
a.richel@uliege.be
www.chem4us.be
Chem.4.us
La chimie pour créer notre futur

35. Liège Creative
Overcoming the major challenges in deploying
large-scale electrolysers
April 28th 2021

36. 2
5000+
EMPLOYEES WORLDWIDE
MOTIVATED TALENTS
25+ YEARS
OF EXPERIENCE AND EXPERTISE
IN HYDROGEN SOLUTIONS
PRIVATELY HELD
GROUP SINCE 2002
STABLE SHAREHOLDING
€1,014MIO
2021 SALES
50+
WORLDWIDE SUBSIDIARIES
LOCALLY ANCHORED
48
NATIO N A LITIE S
200 Y E A R S
OF TECHNOLOGY
SIN C E 1817
ENERGY TRANSITION
TOP RANKING PLAYER
John Cockerill Group at a glance

37. ▪ 3
§ 20% market share of produced alkaline electrolysers in 2020
§ Decades of experience in electrolysis and hydrogen, as well
as pressurized and gas treatment equipements
§ More than 1000 references in +30 countries in many different
industries (chemicals / glassmaking / steelmaking / power plants
etc.)
§ Largest pressurized electrolysers in the market : 5MW per unit
(already 33 references)
§ Focus on very large scale production with solutions at 100MW
and 1GW
§ Massive €100M investment plan in H2 developments and R&D
§ Mobility and refueling stations equipments and projects
# 1 in the world
In electrolyser manufacturing

38. 4
Oil refining
• H2 consumption 2020: 34 Mt (1)
• 45% of global H2 prod. (1)
• Represents 42 mil. Nm³/h. (2)
• 214 GW of electrolysis
Steelmaking
• H2 consumption 2020: 7,5 Mt (1)
• 10% of global H2 prod. (1)
• Represents 9,5 mil. Nm³/h. (2)
• 46 GW of electrolysis
Ammonia
• H2 consumption 2020: 24 Mt (1)
• 32% of global H2 prod. (1)
• Represents 30 mil. Nm³/h. (2)
• 151 GW of electrolysis
PO T E N T IA L MA R K E T SIZ E : 214GW + 46GW + 151GW = 411 GW
Industry will drive significant demand
¹France Hydrogène (2020)
² JC analysis
à Includes only potential demand for replacement of grey hydrogen !

39. Green hydrogen previsions and means in the World:
from theory to practice
View at year-end 2020 View at half-year 2021
+141 projects announced
+430 billion Euros of total value & Investments in
the decarbonated H2 industry

40. 28-01-21 ▪ 6
Low cost renewables gives new perspectives to
competitive
Green Hydrogen

41. ▪ 7
Technology
improvements
Value chain
integration of
electrolysers
Optimization of
supply chain
Bankability
and funding
4 levers to deploy large-scale H2 production plants
1GW electrolysis plant

42. Increase stack unit size
Increase current
density
Increase cell efficiency
An aggressive Roadmap - Capex
Execution &
construction

43. ▪ 9
Increase electrolyzer
output pressure
Increase life-expectancy
An aggressive Roadmap - Opex
John
Cockerill
Lab
John
Cockerill
Lab
Increase cell efficiency

44. ▪ 10
H2 production projects must be fully integrated in their value chain :
with upstream power and water supplies, as well as with downstream hydrogen uses
Value-chain integration of electrolysers

45. ▪ 11
ü Proven electrolyser technologies
ü Solid EPC contracts with creditworthy partners
ü Subsidies documentation tied to technology
and supply chain
H2 OFFTAKE
AGREEMENT
PPA
Bankability and funding of large-scale projects
¹Source: New Energy Outlook 2020. Bloomberg NEF
ü $150 billion may be needed by 2030 and over $10 trillion by 2050¹
ü Projects will be funded by a combination of equity + debt + subsidies
ü Only those projects with adequate risks allocation and mitigation will make it
HUGE FUNDING REQUIREMENTS WILL REQUIRE ROBUST APPROACH
Storage
Pipeline
à Need to develop each segment of the value chain simultaneously,
as Final Investment Decisions on H2 production require sufficient certainty on power supply and H2 offtake

46. Manufacturing capabilities
28-01-21 ▪ 12
• Key to follow the forecasted trend
• 12GW annual capacity workshops are already planned in the world; this is too little, too slow:
Europe alone aims 2 x 40GW of capacity by 2030!

47. 5
6
3
4
1
Worldwide
presence
Very solid
company with 200
years of history
State-of-the-art
proven alkaline
technolgy with
1000+ references
Largest stacks on
the market
Rapidly increasing
electrolyser
manufacturing in
Asia and Europe
John Cockerill
Your long-term partner to develop large H2 projects
2
Decades of
experience in
project execution
in complex
industrial
environments
5MW

48. 26/04/2021 ▪ 14
Q&A SESSION

49. https://h2.johncockerill.com/fr/
THANK YOU
12.10.2021 ▪ 15
#WeAreJohnCockerill