Asthma
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This document summarizes the case history, examination, and treatment for a 57-year-old female presenting with a one-day history of shortness of breath and chest tightness. She was found to have a moderate asthma exacerbation based on her peak expiratory flow rate of 50%. She was treated with nebulizers in the ambulance and started on prednisolone 40mg for 5 days. The document also provides overview information on the pathophysiology, clinical features, investigations, and treatment approaches for asthma.
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Pediatric Asthma Exacerbation Management
Basics of pediatric asthma exacerbation management, case presentation and clinical assessment points.
Severe asthma update and case discussion 20200603
This document discusses two cases of severe asthma. The first case is a 48-year-old woman with a mixed asthma phenotype who presented with acute respiratory failure. She was treated with high-dose corticosteroids and Xolair, which improved her symptoms and lung function. The second case is a 35-year-old woman diagnosed with eosinophilic pneumonia and asthma exacerbation. Her workup showed very high eosinophil counts. Both patients were treated with inhaled corticosteroids and monoclonal antibodies targeting interleukin-5 (IL-5).
A Case Report on Bronchial Asthma
A 50-year-old male presented with difficulty breathing, coughing, wheezing and chest tightness for 5 hours. He has a history of asthma for 5 years. Examination found reduced chest expansion and wheezing. Tests showed eosinophilia and reduced lung function. He was diagnosed with status asthmaticus and treated with oxygen, nebulized salbutamol, hydrocortisone and other drugs. He was prescribed inhaled corticosteroids, bronchodilators and montelukast for long-term control of his asthma.
Case on bronchial asthma
- The patient, an 82-year-old female, presented with fever, shortness of breath, and cough. She has a history of hypertension, heart valve surgery, and coronary artery bypass grafting.
- She was diagnosed with bronchial asthma exacerbated by a lower respiratory tract infection. Her treatment included nebulizers, steroids, antibiotics, bronchodilators, and fluids.
- Over five days her symptoms improved with treatment and monitoring. She was discharged on a regimen of maintenance medications and follow up appointments.
Asthma
Bronchial Asthma is characterized by hyperresponsiveness of the airways and narrowing in response to stimuli. The document defines different types of asthma including extrinsic, intrinsic, occupational, exercise-induced, and drug-induced asthma. Diagnosis involves patient history, examination, spirometry, and challenge tests. Treatment includes avoidance of triggers, quick-relief bronchodilators, and long-term anti-inflammatory medications through a stepwise treatment approach based on asthma severity. The goals of treatment are to control symptoms, prevent exacerbations, and maintain lung function.
Respiratory Distress & Status asthmaticus in Paediatrics
1. Respiratory distress is a clinical condition of increased respiratory rate and accessory muscle use that can progress to respiratory failure. Common causes include central or peripheral airway obstruction, diffuse lung damage, or issues with the respiratory pump.
2. Management involves ABCDE emergency care and non-invasive respiratory support with oxygen, nasal CPAP, or BiPAP if not in impending respiratory failure. The goal is restoring gas exchange with minimal complications by addressing underlying causes.
3. Mechanical ventilation may be needed for severe hypoxemia or hypercarbia from pneumonia, or when other systemic dysfunction jeopardizes gas exchange. Hypoxemia is prioritized over hypercarbia.
A case study on bronchial asthma
A 48-year old female patient presented with breathlessness, chest tightness, and cough with expectoration for one day. Her medical history noted these symptoms for 7 days. On examination, she had an elevated pulse, respiratory rate, hemoglobin, red blood cell count, white blood cell count, and eosinophils. A spirometry test found her FEV1 to be 62% of expected. She was diagnosed with an acute exacerbation of asthma and prescribed bronchodilators, antibiotics, leukotriene inhibitors, and vitamins supplements over 5 days.
Approach to Chronic Cough
A summary of key steps in diagnosis and management presented to Primary care Physicians in Hertfordshire, January 2020
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Pediatric Asthma Exacerbation Management
Basics of pediatric asthma exacerbation management, case presentation and clinical assessment points.
Severe asthma update and case discussion 20200603
This document discusses two cases of severe asthma. The first case is a 48-year-old woman with a mixed asthma phenotype who presented with acute respiratory failure. She was treated with high-dose corticosteroids and Xolair, which improved her symptoms and lung function. The second case is a 35-year-old woman diagnosed with eosinophilic pneumonia and asthma exacerbation. Her workup showed very high eosinophil counts. Both patients were treated with inhaled corticosteroids and monoclonal antibodies targeting interleukin-5 (IL-5).
A Case Report on Bronchial Asthma
A 50-year-old male presented with difficulty breathing, coughing, wheezing and chest tightness for 5 hours. He has a history of asthma for 5 years. Examination found reduced chest expansion and wheezing. Tests showed eosinophilia and reduced lung function. He was diagnosed with status asthmaticus and treated with oxygen, nebulized salbutamol, hydrocortisone and other drugs. He was prescribed inhaled corticosteroids, bronchodilators and montelukast for long-term control of his asthma.
Case on bronchial asthma
- The patient, an 82-year-old female, presented with fever, shortness of breath, and cough. She has a history of hypertension, heart valve surgery, and coronary artery bypass grafting.
- She was diagnosed with bronchial asthma exacerbated by a lower respiratory tract infection. Her treatment included nebulizers, steroids, antibiotics, bronchodilators, and fluids.
- Over five days her symptoms improved with treatment and monitoring. She was discharged on a regimen of maintenance medications and follow up appointments.
Asthma
Bronchial Asthma is characterized by hyperresponsiveness of the airways and narrowing in response to stimuli. The document defines different types of asthma including extrinsic, intrinsic, occupational, exercise-induced, and drug-induced asthma. Diagnosis involves patient history, examination, spirometry, and challenge tests. Treatment includes avoidance of triggers, quick-relief bronchodilators, and long-term anti-inflammatory medications through a stepwise treatment approach based on asthma severity. The goals of treatment are to control symptoms, prevent exacerbations, and maintain lung function.
Respiratory Distress & Status asthmaticus in Paediatrics
1. Respiratory distress is a clinical condition of increased respiratory rate and accessory muscle use that can progress to respiratory failure. Common causes include central or peripheral airway obstruction, diffuse lung damage, or issues with the respiratory pump.
2. Management involves ABCDE emergency care and non-invasive respiratory support with oxygen, nasal CPAP, or BiPAP if not in impending respiratory failure. The goal is restoring gas exchange with minimal complications by addressing underlying causes.
3. Mechanical ventilation may be needed for severe hypoxemia or hypercarbia from pneumonia, or when other systemic dysfunction jeopardizes gas exchange. Hypoxemia is prioritized over hypercarbia.
A case study on bronchial asthma
A 48-year old female patient presented with breathlessness, chest tightness, and cough with expectoration for one day. Her medical history noted these symptoms for 7 days. On examination, she had an elevated pulse, respiratory rate, hemoglobin, red blood cell count, white blood cell count, and eosinophils. A spirometry test found her FEV1 to be 62% of expected. She was diagnosed with an acute exacerbation of asthma and prescribed bronchodilators, antibiotics, leukotriene inhibitors, and vitamins supplements over 5 days.
Approach to Chronic Cough
A summary of key steps in diagnosis and management presented to Primary care Physicians in Hertfordshire, January 2020
Status asthmaticus by Pushpa Raj Sharma
The correct statement is B. Most devices require a gas flow rate of 10-12 L/min to generate optimal particle size.
Status asthmaticus
Status Asthmaticus in Children is a life-threatening form of asthma that is unresponsive to usual therapy. It involves a chronic inflammatory disorder of the small airways that causes recurrent wheezing, coughing, chest tightness and shortness of breath. Key treatments include delivering high flow oxygen, nebulized beta-agonists, systemic steroids, and ipratropium if beta-agonists are not effective. Clinical assessment is important to monitor for signs of impending respiratory failure like altered mental status or absent breath sounds.
Asthma attack(status asthmaticus) Groups
This document provides an overview of asthma, including:
1) Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by recurrent wheezing, chest tightness, coughing, and shortness of breath.
2) Risk factors include genetic and environmental factors such as exposure to allergens, tobacco smoke, and viral infections.
3) Diagnosis is based on a patient's respiratory symptoms and improvement following bronchodilator treatment; spirometry can also be used.
meningitis
Acute severe bronchial asthma is a medical emergency characterized by severe progressive asthmatic symptoms that require immediate recognition and treatment. Presentation includes acute breathlessness, wheezing, distress, and use of accessory muscles of respiration. Immediate management involves high dose oxygen, nebulized bronchodilators, steroids, and antibiotics if infection is present. Further management may include aminophylline infusion or salbutamol infusion if the patient is not improving. Mechanical ventilation may be required if hypoxia or hypercapnia develop. Discharge requires confirmation that the patient has been stable on medications for 24 hours with peak flow over 75% of predicted.
Management of acute asthma in adults
This document provides guidelines for managing acute asthma exacerbations. It outlines that severe asthma exacerbations are medical emergencies requiring close supervision. The initial treatment involves administering supplemental oxygen and repetitive doses of a short-acting beta-2 agonist such as albuterol via a nebulizer every 15-30 minutes or continuously for one hour. Patients should be monitored for signs of deterioration and those with severe or life-threatening features require immediate hospital admission.
Bronchial asthma (2)
This document discusses bronchial asthma, including its pathophysiology, clinical presentation, types, diagnosis and treatment. Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by reversible airflow obstruction. It involves bronchial smooth muscle spasm and excessive mucus secretion. Treatment includes short-acting bronchodilators for acute symptoms and long-term controllers like corticosteroids and leukotriene modifiers for inflammation.
childhood asthma
This document discusses paediatric asthma, including its various types, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis, investigations, management, and assessment in children. It describes how asthma is common in infancy and can be transient early wheezing or persist into childhood. The diagnosis is made based on a history of recurrent wheezing and reversible airflow obstruction. Investigations include assessing symptoms, triggers, lung function tests, and ruling out other conditions. Management involves reliever medications for acute symptoms and controller medications like inhaled corticosteroids to prevent exacerbations. Assessment of asthma in children evaluates severity, control, and monitors for growth, lung function, and appropriate treatment use.
4 bronchiolitis
Bronchiolitis is a common respiratory infection in children under 2 years old caused by viruses like respiratory syncytial virus. It presents with symptoms of cough, wheezing, difficulty breathing and feeding. Risk factors include premature birth, exposure to tobacco smoke and attendance at daycare. Diagnosis is clinical and treatment is supportive with oxygen, fluids and respiratory support if severe. Prevention focuses on handwashing and palivizumab prophylaxis in high risk infants to reduce spread of the virus. Prognosis is generally good even in high risk groups though complications can include respiratory failure.
Bronchial asthma Pediatrics Topic
This document provides information about bronchial asthma. It defines asthma as a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by variable airflow obstruction and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Common symptoms include wheezing, coughing, chest tightness and shortness of breath. Triggers include allergens, infections, pollution, stress and certain drugs. The pathophysiology involves chronic inflammation and constriction of the airways. Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms and using tests like spirometry and imaging. Management consists of pharmacological treatments like bronchodilators and anti-inflammatories as well as nursing care focused on airway clearance, breathing exercises, nutrition, education and managing exacerbating factors.
a case presentation on Acute bronchitis
A 5-year old female patient presented with cough, breathing difficulty, and fever. On examination, she had an increased respiratory rate and fever. Laboratory tests found an elevated white blood cell count and C-reactive protein level. She was diagnosed with acute bronchitis caused by a bacterial infection. Her treatment plan included bronchodilators, corticosteroids, antitussives, analgesics, antibiotics, and steam inhalation. With this regimen, her symptoms improved and she was discharged with additional medications to complete treatment at home.
Asthma exacerbation case study in pediatrics
A case study on asthma exacerbation in a pediatric patient. The case details have been anonymized to protect the patient's true identity.
Bronchial asthma
The document discusses bronchial asthma. It defines asthma as a disease of the airways characterized by increased responsiveness of the tracheobronchial tree. It notes that 234 million people worldwide have asthma, including an estimated 15-20 million people in India. Asthma is classified as extrinsic, intrinsic, or mixed. Extrinsic asthma is the most common type, usually beginning in childhood, and involves hypersensitivity to allergens. Intrinsic asthma develops later in life and is not associated with allergies. Mixed asthma has features of both types.
Bronchial asthma
This document provides an overview of bronchial asthma, including its definition, pathophysiology, types, triggers, symptoms, diagnosis, management, and differences from COPD. Key points include:
- Asthma is a disease characterized by reversible airway obstruction and inflammation in response to various stimuli. It is an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction.
- Common symptoms include wheezing, chest tightness, cough and breathlessness. Diagnosis is based on clinical history and pulmonary function tests showing improved airflow with bronchodilators.
- Management involves avoidance of triggers, bronchodilators, inhaled corticosteroids, and a stepped treatment plan escalating medications based on asthma control. Acute
Bronchial asthma
These lecture notes were prepared by Dr. Hamdi Turkey- Pulmonologist- Department of internal medicine - Taiz university
Do Not Forget To Visit Our Pages On Facebook on the following Links:
https://www.facebook.com/groups/569435236444761/
AND
https://www.facebook.com/groups/690331650977113/
Case study patient with copd
1. JS, a 74-year-old man with COPD, heart failure, and pneumonia, presents with shortness of breath and fever. His medical history and physical exam reveal severe COPD and risk factors for exacerbation.
2. Chest X-ray confirms right lower lobe pneumonia. ABG results show respiratory acidosis. The patient is treated with antibiotics and oral steroids in the hospital with improvement.
3. Proper management of COPD includes educating patients about self-care, monitoring for exacerbations, promoting smoking cessation, and referring to pulmonary rehabilitation.
Status asthmaticus
1) A 7-year-old girl with a history of recurrent asthma exacerbations presented with severe respiratory distress.
2) In the emergency department she was conscious but agitated, talking in short sentences, and had increased work of breathing with wheezing. Her oxygen saturation was 92% on 6L oxygen.
3) She was assessed as having moderate status asthmaticus. Treatment would include oxygen to maintain saturation above 92%, systemic corticosteroids started within the first 48 hours, and inhaled short-acting beta-agonists.
Acute Severe Asthma
Status asthmaticus is an acute exacerbation of asthma that does not respond to initial bronchodilator treatment. It can range from mild to severe, causing difficulty breathing, carbon dioxide retention, hypoxemia and respiratory failure. The airway obstruction is due to spasm, edema, increased secretions, inflammation and injury of the airway walls. Treatment involves bronchodilators, corticosteroids, oxygen and monitoring for ICU admission if the patient does not improve or their condition worsens. Prevention focuses on medication compliance and avoiding triggers.
Bronchial Asthma
pathology of bronchial Asthma
summary of the lecture
Define bronchial asthma, classify it
and list the triggers for attacks of intrinsic and extrinsic bronchial asthma.
Explain the pathogenesis of asthma and resulting effects.
Asthma case study by abhishek pandey
A 48-year-old female patient presented with breathlessness, chest tightness, and cough with expectoration. Physical examination revealed dyspnea, tachycardia, and abnormal lab results. Spirometry showed 62% of predicted FEV1. She was diagnosed with acute exacerbation of asthma. Her treatment plan included bronchodilators, antibiotics, leukotriene inhibitors, and vitamin supplements. A clinical pharmacist counseled the patient on medication use, disease management, and lifestyle modifications like exercise and diet.
Childhood asthma diagnosis and management
asthma in children, pediatric asthma, chronic respiratory disease in children, respiratory distress in pediatrics
Asthma formal
1) Asthma is a chronic lung disease characterized by airway inflammation and obstruction that is often reversible with treatment. It has both early and late phase responses to triggers.
2) Symptoms include dyspnea, cough, wheezing and chest tightness that may be worse at night or with exercise. Severe symptoms include difficulty speaking and responsiveness to usual treatment.
3) Treatment goals for asthma include preventing symptoms, maintaining lung function, infrequent use of rescue inhalers, normal daily activity and preventing exacerbations.
Symptomatology of Respiratory Disorders
This document summarizes common presenting symptoms of respiratory disorders including cough, sputum production, hemoptysis, breathlessness, chest pain, voice changes, and hiccups. For each symptom, it describes typical causes, associated features to ask about, and examples of patients presenting with that symptom. It provides clinical details to help physicians evaluate respiratory symptoms and determine potential etiologies.
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Status asthmaticus by Pushpa Raj Sharma
The correct statement is B. Most devices require a gas flow rate of 10-12 L/min to generate optimal particle size.
Status asthmaticus
Status Asthmaticus in Children is a life-threatening form of asthma that is unresponsive to usual therapy. It involves a chronic inflammatory disorder of the small airways that causes recurrent wheezing, coughing, chest tightness and shortness of breath. Key treatments include delivering high flow oxygen, nebulized beta-agonists, systemic steroids, and ipratropium if beta-agonists are not effective. Clinical assessment is important to monitor for signs of impending respiratory failure like altered mental status or absent breath sounds.
Asthma attack(status asthmaticus) Groups
This document provides an overview of asthma, including:
1) Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by recurrent wheezing, chest tightness, coughing, and shortness of breath.
2) Risk factors include genetic and environmental factors such as exposure to allergens, tobacco smoke, and viral infections.
3) Diagnosis is based on a patient's respiratory symptoms and improvement following bronchodilator treatment; spirometry can also be used.
meningitis
Acute severe bronchial asthma is a medical emergency characterized by severe progressive asthmatic symptoms that require immediate recognition and treatment. Presentation includes acute breathlessness, wheezing, distress, and use of accessory muscles of respiration. Immediate management involves high dose oxygen, nebulized bronchodilators, steroids, and antibiotics if infection is present. Further management may include aminophylline infusion or salbutamol infusion if the patient is not improving. Mechanical ventilation may be required if hypoxia or hypercapnia develop. Discharge requires confirmation that the patient has been stable on medications for 24 hours with peak flow over 75% of predicted.
Management of acute asthma in adults
This document provides guidelines for managing acute asthma exacerbations. It outlines that severe asthma exacerbations are medical emergencies requiring close supervision. The initial treatment involves administering supplemental oxygen and repetitive doses of a short-acting beta-2 agonist such as albuterol via a nebulizer every 15-30 minutes or continuously for one hour. Patients should be monitored for signs of deterioration and those with severe or life-threatening features require immediate hospital admission.
Bronchial asthma (2)
This document discusses bronchial asthma, including its pathophysiology, clinical presentation, types, diagnosis and treatment. Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by reversible airflow obstruction. It involves bronchial smooth muscle spasm and excessive mucus secretion. Treatment includes short-acting bronchodilators for acute symptoms and long-term controllers like corticosteroids and leukotriene modifiers for inflammation.
childhood asthma
This document discusses paediatric asthma, including its various types, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis, investigations, management, and assessment in children. It describes how asthma is common in infancy and can be transient early wheezing or persist into childhood. The diagnosis is made based on a history of recurrent wheezing and reversible airflow obstruction. Investigations include assessing symptoms, triggers, lung function tests, and ruling out other conditions. Management involves reliever medications for acute symptoms and controller medications like inhaled corticosteroids to prevent exacerbations. Assessment of asthma in children evaluates severity, control, and monitors for growth, lung function, and appropriate treatment use.
4 bronchiolitis
Bronchiolitis is a common respiratory infection in children under 2 years old caused by viruses like respiratory syncytial virus. It presents with symptoms of cough, wheezing, difficulty breathing and feeding. Risk factors include premature birth, exposure to tobacco smoke and attendance at daycare. Diagnosis is clinical and treatment is supportive with oxygen, fluids and respiratory support if severe. Prevention focuses on handwashing and palivizumab prophylaxis in high risk infants to reduce spread of the virus. Prognosis is generally good even in high risk groups though complications can include respiratory failure.
Bronchial asthma Pediatrics Topic
This document provides information about bronchial asthma. It defines asthma as a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by variable airflow obstruction and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Common symptoms include wheezing, coughing, chest tightness and shortness of breath. Triggers include allergens, infections, pollution, stress and certain drugs. The pathophysiology involves chronic inflammation and constriction of the airways. Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms and using tests like spirometry and imaging. Management consists of pharmacological treatments like bronchodilators and anti-inflammatories as well as nursing care focused on airway clearance, breathing exercises, nutrition, education and managing exacerbating factors.
a case presentation on Acute bronchitis
A 5-year old female patient presented with cough, breathing difficulty, and fever. On examination, she had an increased respiratory rate and fever. Laboratory tests found an elevated white blood cell count and C-reactive protein level. She was diagnosed with acute bronchitis caused by a bacterial infection. Her treatment plan included bronchodilators, corticosteroids, antitussives, analgesics, antibiotics, and steam inhalation. With this regimen, her symptoms improved and she was discharged with additional medications to complete treatment at home.
Asthma exacerbation case study in pediatrics
A case study on asthma exacerbation in a pediatric patient. The case details have been anonymized to protect the patient's true identity.
Bronchial asthma
The document discusses bronchial asthma. It defines asthma as a disease of the airways characterized by increased responsiveness of the tracheobronchial tree. It notes that 234 million people worldwide have asthma, including an estimated 15-20 million people in India. Asthma is classified as extrinsic, intrinsic, or mixed. Extrinsic asthma is the most common type, usually beginning in childhood, and involves hypersensitivity to allergens. Intrinsic asthma develops later in life and is not associated with allergies. Mixed asthma has features of both types.
Bronchial asthma
This document provides an overview of bronchial asthma, including its definition, pathophysiology, types, triggers, symptoms, diagnosis, management, and differences from COPD. Key points include:
- Asthma is a disease characterized by reversible airway obstruction and inflammation in response to various stimuli. It is an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction.
- Common symptoms include wheezing, chest tightness, cough and breathlessness. Diagnosis is based on clinical history and pulmonary function tests showing improved airflow with bronchodilators.
- Management involves avoidance of triggers, bronchodilators, inhaled corticosteroids, and a stepped treatment plan escalating medications based on asthma control. Acute
Bronchial asthma
These lecture notes were prepared by Dr. Hamdi Turkey- Pulmonologist- Department of internal medicine - Taiz university
Do Not Forget To Visit Our Pages On Facebook on the following Links:
https://www.facebook.com/groups/569435236444761/
AND
https://www.facebook.com/groups/690331650977113/
Case study patient with copd
1. JS, a 74-year-old man with COPD, heart failure, and pneumonia, presents with shortness of breath and fever. His medical history and physical exam reveal severe COPD and risk factors for exacerbation.
2. Chest X-ray confirms right lower lobe pneumonia. ABG results show respiratory acidosis. The patient is treated with antibiotics and oral steroids in the hospital with improvement.
3. Proper management of COPD includes educating patients about self-care, monitoring for exacerbations, promoting smoking cessation, and referring to pulmonary rehabilitation.
Status asthmaticus
1) A 7-year-old girl with a history of recurrent asthma exacerbations presented with severe respiratory distress.
2) In the emergency department she was conscious but agitated, talking in short sentences, and had increased work of breathing with wheezing. Her oxygen saturation was 92% on 6L oxygen.
3) She was assessed as having moderate status asthmaticus. Treatment would include oxygen to maintain saturation above 92%, systemic corticosteroids started within the first 48 hours, and inhaled short-acting beta-agonists.
Acute Severe Asthma
Status asthmaticus is an acute exacerbation of asthma that does not respond to initial bronchodilator treatment. It can range from mild to severe, causing difficulty breathing, carbon dioxide retention, hypoxemia and respiratory failure. The airway obstruction is due to spasm, edema, increased secretions, inflammation and injury of the airway walls. Treatment involves bronchodilators, corticosteroids, oxygen and monitoring for ICU admission if the patient does not improve or their condition worsens. Prevention focuses on medication compliance and avoiding triggers.
Bronchial Asthma
pathology of bronchial Asthma
summary of the lecture
Define bronchial asthma, classify it
and list the triggers for attacks of intrinsic and extrinsic bronchial asthma.
Explain the pathogenesis of asthma and resulting effects.
Asthma case study by abhishek pandey
A 48-year-old female patient presented with breathlessness, chest tightness, and cough with expectoration. Physical examination revealed dyspnea, tachycardia, and abnormal lab results. Spirometry showed 62% of predicted FEV1. She was diagnosed with acute exacerbation of asthma. Her treatment plan included bronchodilators, antibiotics, leukotriene inhibitors, and vitamin supplements. A clinical pharmacist counseled the patient on medication use, disease management, and lifestyle modifications like exercise and diet.
Childhood asthma diagnosis and management
asthma in children, pediatric asthma, chronic respiratory disease in children, respiratory distress in pediatrics
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Similar to Asthma
Asthma formal
1) Asthma is a chronic lung disease characterized by airway inflammation and obstruction that is often reversible with treatment. It has both early and late phase responses to triggers.
2) Symptoms include dyspnea, cough, wheezing and chest tightness that may be worse at night or with exercise. Severe symptoms include difficulty speaking and responsiveness to usual treatment.
3) Treatment goals for asthma include preventing symptoms, maintaining lung function, infrequent use of rescue inhalers, normal daily activity and preventing exacerbations.
Symptomatology of Respiratory Disorders
This document summarizes common presenting symptoms of respiratory disorders including cough, sputum production, hemoptysis, breathlessness, chest pain, voice changes, and hiccups. For each symptom, it describes typical causes, associated features to ask about, and examples of patients presenting with that symptom. It provides clinical details to help physicians evaluate respiratory symptoms and determine potential etiologies.
ASTHMA LECTURE.pptx
1) Asthma is a chronic condition characterized by recurring breathing problems caused by inflammation and narrowing of the airways. 2) It is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors such as allergens, infections, and air pollution. 3) During an asthma attack, the airways become inflamed, mucus-filled, and constricted, severely limiting airflow.
Bronchial Asthama
Asthma is a very common condition affecting around 1 in 11 children. It places a large disease burden due to associated morbidity and mortality. Effective management of asthma requires regular review to assess control, inhaler technique, patient understanding and compliance, and to question the accuracy of the diagnosis.
Case presentation on COPD
A 63-year-old male patient presented with cough, sputum, shortness of breath, loss of appetite, and chest pain over the past week. Examinations revealed abnormalities in hemoglobin, white blood cell count, and other lab parameters. Radiological exams showed the presence of E. coli and the patient was diagnosed with COPD and emphysema. He was treated with antibiotics, pantoprazole, theophylline, and other medications over a six day period. Upon discharge, the treatment plan focused on relieving symptoms, slowing disease progression, preventing exacerbations, and optimizing lung function through lifestyle changes and continued use of deriphyllin and pantocid.
Bronchopnuemonia
1) A 2-year-old male child, KW, was admitted with a 3-day history of cough but no difficulty breathing, fever, or other symptoms.
2) On examination, KW had an increased respiratory rate of 70 bpm and abnormal bloodwork. He was diagnosed with bronchopneumonia.
3) KW's treatment plan included intravenous ampicillin, gentamicin, and hydrocortisone for 5 days to treat the bronchopneumonia. By day 2, his symptoms had improved and he was continuing on the antibiotic treatment plan with the goal of discharging him on oral amoxicillin.
Bronchial Asthma Presentation.
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of conducting airways, usually caused by an immunologic reaction, due to an allergen.
Acute asthma
1. Abdul Hamid, a 7-year old boy, presents to the emergency department with cough and trouble breathing from an asthma exacerbation triggered by an upper respiratory infection.
2. On examination, he has signs of moderate respiratory distress including fast breathing and wheezing.
3. The document outlines guidelines for assessing, diagnosing, and managing acute asthma exacerbations in children, including criteria for admission, treatment with bronchodilators and corticosteroids, and educating patients and families.
Status asthmaticus
Most about status asthmaticus, you will find from etiology to treatment and ventilator management. This presentation is made with thanks to medscape and other resources.
statusasthmaticus-140524030120-phpapp01.pptx
Status asthmaticus is a severe exacerbation of asthma that is unresponsive to initial treatment. It involves both an early bronchospastic component and later inflammatory response leading to airway obstruction. Treatment goals are to reverse airway obstruction, correct hypoxemia, and prevent complications. Mainstay treatments include nebulized beta-2 agonists, systemic steroids, theophyllines, and mechanical ventilation if needed. Impulse oscillometry testing can objectively monitor response to treatment. With aggressive treatment, prognosis is generally good except when combined with other conditions.
Downs + pneum
Here is a summary of the treatment plan for the index case:
- Admit the patient and start IV antibiotics like ampicillin and gentamicin to treat pneumonia. Also give nebulization with asthalin.
- Provide supportive care including IV fluids, oxygen supplementation if needed, antipyretics and physiotherapy.
- Once pneumonia is treated and symptoms improve, discharge the patient with oral antibiotics like cotrimoxazole for a total course of 10-14 days.
- Monitor the patient regularly as per guidelines for Down syndrome for any associated health issues and provide appropriate long term care and supervision.
Downs + pneum
Here is a summary of the treatment plan for the index case:
- Admit the patient and start IV antibiotics like ampicillin and gentamicin to treat pneumonia. Also give nebulization with asthalin.
- Provide supportive care including IV fluids, oxygen supplementation if needed, antipyretics and physiotherapy.
- Once pneumonia is treated and symptoms improve, continue oral antibiotics like cotrimoxazole for a total of 10-14 days.
- Monitor the patient closely and watch for any deterioration which may require changing antibiotics.
- Follow guidelines for routine health supervision in Down syndrome including screening for cardiac, vision, hearing and other issues.
Childhood asthma 2021
This document discusses childhood asthma, including its classification, epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, complications, management, prognosis, and prevention. It provides case scenarios to demonstrate the diagnosis of asthma in children. Key points include that asthma is a chronic inflammatory condition of the airways causing episodic obstruction, it has a prevalence of 20% in Pakistani children, and is diagnosed based on a history of recurrent or intermittent respiratory symptoms and signs of bronchial obstruction on examination. Asthma is managed by avoiding triggers, using quick-relief and preventive medications, and treating exacerbations.
Approach to patient with chronic cough
This document discusses the approach to a patient presenting with chronic cough lasting more than 8 weeks. It describes the cough reflex pathway and etiologies of chronic cough, including upper airway cough syndrome, asthma, gastroesophageal reflux disease, non-asthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis, and ACE-inhibitor use. It provides details on diagnosing and managing these conditions through clinical history, examinations, diagnostic tests, and treatment trials. Other potential causes discussed include psychogenic cough and underlying structural lung diseases.
childhood_asthma.ppt
Asthma is a common chronic disease in childhood characterized by recurrent wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness and coughing. The key features are widespread and variable airflow limitation that is often reversible either spontaneously or with treatment. Asthma inflammation is driven by various cells and mediators. The development and expression of asthma is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors like allergens, infections, occupational sensitizers, tobacco smoke, indoor/outdoor air pollution and diet. Accurately diagnosing asthma in children requires taking a thorough history, conducting a physical exam, considering differential diagnoses, and potentially trialing therapy. Guidelines provide criteria for confirming a childhood asthma diagnosis based on symptom frequency, triggers, and response to treatment. Asthma
Childhood Asthma presentation for students
Asthma is the most common chronic disease in children and a leading cause of morbidity. It involves recurrent wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness and coughing, especially at night or in the morning. Diagnosis is challenging in young children due to non-specific symptoms. Guidelines recommend establishing chronicity, excluding other causes, and conducting a trial of therapy with bronchodilators to support an asthma diagnosis. Accurately diagnosing and managing childhood asthma requires a multifaceted approach.
Lower respiratory tract infections ppt
This document provides information on lower respiratory tract infections including bronchitis, pneumonia, and pulmonary tuberculosis. It defines each condition and discusses causes, risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnostic testing, medical management, nursing management, and prevention. Bronchitis is inflammation of the bronchial tubes caused by viruses or bacteria. Pneumonia is inflammation of the lungs that can be bacterial, viral, or fungal in origin. Pulmonary tuberculosis is a chronic lung infection caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Standard treatments and preventative measures are outlined for each condition.
INTRAOPERATIVE BRONCHOSPASM by Dr M.Karthik Emmanuel
Funny way to learn
Easy way to understand
Pictorial representation to learn quick
Smart way of creating complicated things into normal and simple and crazy way to learn
Case presentation in a morbiditi and mortalitiy meeting snakebite
This case presentation discusses a 14-year-old male who was admitted to the hospital with respiratory failure and weakness following a suspected neurotoxic snake bite. The patient reported abdominal pain and weakness in his lower and upper limbs after sleeping on the floor. He was intubated and treated with antivenom. Further workup found evidence supporting neurotoxic snake bite as the cause rather than conditions like myasthenia gravis. The patient was successfully extubated and had no residual symptoms after treatment. The case highlights that snake bites can initially present with abdominal pain and rapidly progress without visible marks, so it is important to consider in the differential diagnosis.
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INTRAOPERATIVE BRONCHOSPASM by Dr M.Karthik Emmanuel
INTRAOPERATIVE BRONCHOSPASM by Dr M.Karthik Emmanuel
Case presentation in a morbiditi and mortalitiy meeting snakebite
Case presentation in a morbiditi and mortalitiy meeting snakebite
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1. Brown-Séquard syndrome was first described in 1850 based on observations of machete injuries in sugar cane farmers, with key features being ipsilateral motor paralysis and mixed sensory loss below the level of the spinal cord lesion.
2. Understanding the anatomy of ascending and descending spinal tracts is important for explaining the clinical features of Brown-Séquard syndrome and other spinal cord injuries.
3. Injuries can disrupt motor or sensory tracts differently, causing varying neurological deficits depending on whether the lesion involves upper or lower motor neurons.
Spondylarthropathy
The document discusses several inflammatory arthropathies known as spondylarthropathies. They are commonly associated with the HLA B27 gene and involve entheses, synovium, and the spine. Major types include ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthropathy, reactive arthritis, and enteropathic arthritis. They often present with enthesitis, uveitis, and spondylitis and are treated with NSAIDs, DMARDs, anti-TNF drugs, or surgery depending on the specific condition and symptoms.
Diagnosing Lung cancer
Lung cancer is classified into two main types - non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) and small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC). NSCLC makes up about 80% of cases and can be further divided into squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell carcinoma. SCLC accounts for 10-15% of lung cancers and grows more quickly. The main symptoms are cough, chest pain, and coughing up blood. Risk factors include smoking, asbestos exposure, and radiation exposure. Diagnosis involves tests such as sputum analysis, biopsies, CT scans, and PET scans to determine the cancer type and stage. Treatment options depend on the cancer type and stage but may include surgery, chemotherapy
Eczema Herpeticum
Eczema herpeticum is a potentially life-threatening herpes infection that occurs when herpes simplex virus infects disrupted skin in patients with pre-existing skin conditions like eczema or atopic dermatitis. It presents with clusters of vesicles and punched-out erosions that spread and become hemorrhagic and crusted. Diagnosis involves identifying characteristic lesions along with fever and pain, and can be confirmed with tests like Tzanck smear, viral culture, or antibody testing. Aggressive treatment with IV acyclovir is required to prevent complications like herpes keratitis, which can lead to blindness. Early recognition and effective antiviral therapy are important given the potential severity of eczema her
The Vagus Nerve
The vagus nerve connects organs in the neck and below to the brainstem. It has both sensory and motor functions and helps control the heart rate, digestion, and other involuntary processes. Stimulation of the vagus nerve has been shown to reduce seizures, experimental pain, and inflammation, and may help treat conditions like epilepsy, obesity, and heart disease. Damage to the vagus nerve or its connections in the brainstem can impact swallowing, heart rate variability, and level of consciousness.
Water and sanitation and their impact on health
Poor water and sanitation are responsible for a huge global burden of disease, with contaminated water alone contributing to about 2.4 million preventable deaths per year, mainly in children. While progress has been made in increasing access to safe water and improved sanitation, current rates of progress will not meet the Millennium Development Goal targets. Water and sanitation remain a low priority on international development agendas despite their importance for health and achieving the MDGs. Coordinated efforts are still needed to address this critical issue.
The ethics of electives
This document discusses medical student electives in developing countries. It notes potential benefits like exposure to rare diseases and personal growth, but also flags ethical issues. Electives could exploit local health systems and raise false expectations. They may perpetuate neo-colonial practices by benefiting students and health systems in wealthy countries more than local populations. The document also examines how non-governmental organizations can undermine public health systems and calls for electives to minimize harm, respect local needs, and establish long-term exchange programs to provide mutual benefit.
Intro to Global Health
This document provides an overview of global health by defining key terms, outlining major players and organizations, and summarizing the history and evolution of the field from 1945 to the present day. It describes how global health has shifted from a focus on infectious disease control to addressing social determinants of health and health issues that transcend national borders. Major milestones discussed include the founding of the UN and WHO, the Alma-Ata Declaration, structural adjustment policies, the Millennium Declaration and MDGs, debt relief campaigns, and the establishment of the Global Fund. The summary highlights the ongoing tension between disease-specific and comprehensive primary healthcare approaches.
WTO and Health
The document discusses how international organizations like the WTO and treaties it has established like TRIPS and GATS impact healthcare. The WTO aims to liberalize trade and its dispute process enforces agreements. TRIPS established intellectual property standards that require drug patenting, raising prices. Some countries like Brazil and South Africa have issued compulsory licenses to produce cheaper generics, facing opposition from pharmaceutical companies but helping improve access to treatment.
Globalisation and Health
Global health examines influences on health across borders, including issues like globalization, poverty, and human rights. It draws from multiple disciplines. Globalization refers to reducing barriers between countries, leading to increased trade, investment, and communication. This has effects like economic growth but also rising inequalities. Agreements like TRIPS have increased pharmaceutical patent protection globally, raising concerns about access to medicines, especially in developing countries. Networks of both commercial and civil society actors have been important in debates over balancing intellectual property with public health.
Health Care Worker Migration
Migration of health care workers has both positive and negative effects on health. It reduces the availability of health services in source countries while increasing access in destination countries. This unequal distribution of health workers is driven by push factors like low pay and poor working conditions in source countries and pull factors like higher wages in destination countries. As a result, source countries experience worse health outcomes due to lack of health workers, while destination countries receive an indirect subsidy through the receipt and employment of trained medical professionals from poorer nations. Proposed policy responses aim to strengthen health systems in source countries, implement ethical recruitment practices, and foster partnerships between nations to promote more equitable health worker distribution.
International Institutions
Global institutions play major roles in health financing and policy. The key players discussed are the World Health Organization (WHO), World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF), and World Trade Organization (WTO). The WHO is the UN agency for health, working with 192 member states. The World Bank aims to reduce poverty through loans and policy advice to developing countries. The IMF promotes international monetary cooperation and provides temporary financial assistance. The WTO, formed in 1995, ensures trade flows freely through treaties and enforcement mechanisms, which some criticize can undermine public health systems.
Haemochromotosis brief overview
Haemochromatosis is an autosomal recessive condition characterized by excessive iron accumulation in the body. It affects around 0.5% of Caucasians and usually presents in the 40s-50s with a triad of pigmentation, diabetes mellitus, and hepatomegaly. Diagnosis involves blood tests showing elevated serum iron, transferrin saturation over 50%, and elevated serum ferritin. Liver biopsy can confirm iron deposition and damage. Treatment aims to reduce iron stores through weekly venesection of 1 unit of blood for 6-12 months followed by maintenance venesection.
Ascities overview
Ascites is an abnormal collection of fluid in the peritoneal cavity, commonly caused by portal hypertension due to cirrhosis. It results from sodium and water retention triggered by vasodilation and activation of the renin-angiotensin system, as well as increased hydrostatic pressure and transudation of fluid from the liver and spleen into the peritoneal cavity. Hypoalbuminemia due to decreased liver function also contributes by reducing plasma oncotic pressure. Spironolactone is used as treatment as it is an aldosterone antagonist. Management involves dietary sodium restriction, diuretics, stopping alcohol, monitoring for complications, and procedures such as paracentesis or shunts.
Overview of the Liver
The liver has two lobes, separated by veins, and is divided into sections supplied by individual blood vessels. Blood flows through hepatic arteries and portal veins into sinusoids, where waste is filtered by Kupffer cells in the space of Disse before draining into hepatic veins. The liver performs many functions including synthesizing proteins, metabolizing carbohydrates and lipids, and detoxifying hormones and drugs. Liver function can be assessed through blood tests of enzymes and proteins.
Overview of Antidepressants
Antidepressants such as SSRIs, TCAs, and MAOIs work by increasing levels of serotonin, norepinephrine, or both in the brain. SSRIs are generally first-line treatment and safer in overdose than TCAs, but TCAs may be better for severe depression. Both classes of drugs can cause side effects like dry mouth, nausea, and sexual dysfunction. Antidepressants may take 10-20 days to work and should be continued for at least 6 months after symptoms improve to prevent relapse. Combining certain antidepressants can be dangerous due to increased serotonin levels.
Gout Presentation
Gout is caused by deposition of uric acid crystals in the joints, which leads to acute inflammation. It typically presents as sudden severe pain, swelling and redness in one joint, most commonly the big toe. Diagnosis is made based on symptoms and identification of crystals in joint fluid under polarized microscopy. Treatment involves medications to reduce symptoms during acute attacks as well as long-term drugs like allopurinol or probenecid to lower uric acid levels and prevent future episodes. Without treatment, gout can progress to a chronic stage with multiple joint involvement and growth of tophi deposits in the tissues.
Review of orthopaedic services: Prepared for the Auditor General for Scotland...
1. Orthopaedics is a large specialty that treats musculoskeletal conditions through surgery, medication, and rehabilitation. It accounts for a significant portion of NHS spending and activity in Scotland.
2. Waiting times for orthopaedic services have reduced in recent years through changes to service delivery and additional funded activity. However, further improvements to meet 18-week referral targets will be challenging to sustain.
3. There is variation in orthopaedic efficiency across Scotland that is not fully explained by resources or procedures. The report finds opportunities to use existing resources more efficiently through measures like increasing day surgery and reducing hospital length of stay.
Sugammadex - a revolution in anaesthesia?
This document discusses the use of muscle relaxants in anesthesia and the potential role of sugammadex as a reversal agent. It provides background on why muscle relaxants are used, types of muscle relaxants, and current problems with reversal agents. It then summarizes research on sugammadex, which appears to be a more effective reversal agent than anticholinesterases, allowing faster recovery from neuromuscular blockade. Sugammadex may allow safer use of muscle relaxants and replace agents like suxamethonium, but economic factors will also influence its adoption.
Ophthamology Revision
This document contains a series of slides related to ophthalmology. It tests the reader's knowledge on topics like visual acuity measurements, refractive errors, eye abnormalities, causes of vision loss, and eye examination techniques. The slides include images showing conditions like cataracts, glaucoma, retinal detachments, and more. Key details are provided about diagnoses, symptoms, investigations, and treatments.
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Review of orthopaedic services: Prepared for the Auditor General for Scotland...
Review of orthopaedic services: Prepared for the Auditor General for Scotland...
Asthma
- 1. Asthma – Symptoms and Treatment
- 2. Case History • 57 year old female • 1 day history of shortness of breath and chest tightness • Started at 5pm • No cough / coryzal symptoms • Called 999 at 9pm – unable to speak on phone
- 3. Past medical history and drug history • Asthma since young child • Previous hospital admission aged 4/5 • No ITU admissions • Hayfever, slight eczema • Drugs: Salbutamol 2 puffs PRN inhaler • Beclometasone 2 puffs BD inhaler (non-concordant) • Stopped attending asthma clinics • Allergies: penicillin (rash)
- 4. Social and family history • Lives with partner • Two dogs – don’t trigger asthma • Non-smoker
- 5. On admission • Nebulisers in ambulance: salbutamol 5mg, ipratropium 500 micrograms • Peak flow 300 before nebs, 400 after nebs (best 600) • ABG on air: pO2 10.0, pCO2 4.4, lactate 3.5, base excess 1.9, H+ 37.4 • Bloods: Hb 13.9, WCC 12.6, Urea 6.2, Creat 94, K+ 3.4, Na+ 140 • ECG: sinus rhythm 90bpm • Obs: temp 36.6, pulse 109, bp 147/78, RR 21, SaO2 95% on air
- 6. Severity of exacerbation Moderate Severe Life threatening Able to talk Cannot complete sentences in one breath Silent chest, feeble respiratory effort, cyanosis RR <25 RR ≥25 Hypotension, bradycardia, arrthymia, exhaustion, agitation Pulse <110 Pulse ≥110 SaO2 ≥ 92% SaO2 < 92% SaO2 < 92% PEFR > 50% predicted PEFR 33-50% PEFR <33% Based on BTS/SIGN guidelines Severe exacerbation (PEFR 50%)
- 7. Examination and management • On examination: no use of accessory muscles • Expansion symmetrical • Percussion resonant • Reduced air entry throughout • Inhaler technique assessed: good technique • Started prednisolone 40mg for 5 days
- 8. Ideas/concerns/expectations • Wishes asthma would go away – only ‘niggle’ in life at the moment • Copes with it • Would like further training – plans to reattend asthma clinics • Treatment: Discharged same day with home nebs and asthma nurse follow-up
- 9. Pathophysiology of asthma • Bronchial inflammation • Eosinophilic infiltration • Airway remodelling • Bronchial hyperresponsiveness • Airflow limitation • Thick mucus production
- 10. Clinical features • Cough • Dyspnoea • Wheeze – diffuse, polyphonic • Diurnal variation • Variable symptoms • Many triggers • Other atopic features
- 11. Investigations • PEFR – diurnal variation • Bloods – infective exacerbations • Cultures • CXR – often normal • Spirometry – bronchodilator responsiveness - methacholine/histamine challenge - low FEV1/FVC
- 12. Treatment - acute • Oxygen • Salbutamol – b2 agonist • Ipratropium – anticholinergic • Steroids • If severe consider IV aminophylline (caution in pregnancy)/magnesium/ITU – need senior advice
- 13. Treatment – chronic asthma • Step 1 - Inhaled SABA • Step 2 - Inhaled steroid 200-800 mcg/day (start at 400 mcg) • Step 3 – Inhaled LABA • Step 4 – Increase steroid/add 4th drug • Step 5 - Oral steroids
- 14. Which of these people have or had asthma?
- 15. Answers • Answer: Bottom left and Top right: Antonio Vivaldi and Bill Clinton • Photos from www.wikipedia.org